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8/12/2019 Fruit Structure Complete
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Mature ovaries or pistils of flowering plants plus any
associated accessory parts.
Accessory parts
organs attached to a fruit but not
derived directly from the ovary or ovaries, including
the bracts, axes, receptacle, hypanthium, or
perianth.
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Protects the developing seeds and the embryos they
in turn contain
Provide a means for dispersing seeds
Parthenocarpydevelopment of fruits without
passing through the processes of pollination and
fertilization
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The pericarp may be fleshy or dry and usually consists
of three distinct layers:
1. Exocarp
outermost layer; may consist of one ormore layers of cells
2. Mesocarpmiddle layer; cell thickness varies from
a few layers thin to several layers thick3. Endocarp- innermost layer; may also consist of one
to several layers of cells
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1. Simplederived from a single pistil of one flower
2. Aggregatederived from multiple pistils of a single
flower
3. Multiplederived from many coalescent flowers
Unit fruitthe component derived from an individual
pistilInfructescencedenotes a mature inflorescence in fruit
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Criteria for classification:
1. Whether fleshyor dryat maturity
2. Whether indehiscentor dehiscent
3. If dehiscent, the type of dehiscence
4. Carpel and locule number, including presence of septa
5. Seed/ovule number6. Placentation
7. Structure of the pericarp wall
8. Ovary position
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One-seeded, dry, indehiscent fruit with seedattached to the pericarp at one point only
Pericarp free from seed coat
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Seed coat adnate to pericarp wall The fruit type of all Poaceae (grasses)
Embryo : germ:: Pericarp + seed coat : bran
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One-seeded fruit with a hard pericarp
Usually derived from a one-loculed ovary
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Tryma
a nutsurrounded byan involucrethat dehisces at
maturity
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Winged achene
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Small, bladder-like or inflated, and thin-walled
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Most dry, dehiscent fruits open by means of a valve,
pore, or mericarp
Some are explosively dehiscent
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Dry dehiscent fruit (with exceptions)
Composed of several fused carpels
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One carpel that splits along one seam/suture
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Derived from one carpel that splits along two
longitudinal sutures
Characteristic of Fabaceae
Note: Some legumes are indehiscent and do not split open
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Peanut, an indehiscent legume
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A secondarily-modified legume that splits
transversely into 1-seeded segments
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Two carpels separated by a seed-bearing
septum, the replum
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Two carpels separated by a seed-bearing
septum, the replum
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General, unspecialized term for a fruit with asucculent pericarp
Note: In most fleshy fruits, the carpels are fused together and are not as
distinct as in dehiscent dry fruits (except hesperidium).
Example: Vitis(grape)
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A fruit with a hard, stony endocarp and a fleshymesocarp
Seed enclosed within a stony endocarp (pit)
Example: Prunus(peach, plum, cherry, etc.)
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1. Exocarp
2. Mesocarp
3. Endocarp
4. Endosperm
5. Embryo
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A septate fleshy fruit with a thick-skinned leatheryouter pericarp wall and fleshy modified trichomes
(juice sacs) arising from the inner walls
Example: Citrus(orange, lemon, grapefruit, etc.)
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A nonseptate fleshy fruit with parietal placentationand a leathery exocarp derived from an inferior
ovary.
The fruit type of Cucurbitaceae
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A fleshy fruit with an endocarp derived from an
inferior ovary, with the bulk of the fleshy tissue
derived from the outer, adnate hypanthial tissue
Examples: Malus(apple) and Pyrus(pear)
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Derived from two or more pistils (ovaries) of one
flower
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An aggregate fruit of achenes
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An aggregate fruit, typically of berries, in which the
units fuse together
Example:Annona(soursop, sugar apple)
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Derived from two or more flowers that fuse together
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A multiple fruit in which the unit fruits are fleshyberries and are laterally fused along a central axis
Example:Ananas(pineapple)
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