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FTCE 6.7. Determine how human body systems adapt to physical activity. Muscle Fiber Types. Slow Twitch Type I Fast Twitch Type II. EventType IType II 100-m sprintLowHigh 800-m runHighHigh MarathonHighLow Olympic weightliftingLowHigh Barbell squatHighHigh SoccerHighHigh - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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FTCE 6.7
Determine how human body systems adapt to physical activity.
Muscle Fiber Types
• Slow Twitch– Type I
• Fast Twitch– Type II
Table 2.2 Relative Involvement of Muscle Fiber Types in Sport Events
Event Type I Type II
100-m sprint Low High
800-m run High High
Marathon High Low
Olympic weightlifting Low High
Barbell squat High High
Soccer High High
Field hockey High High
Football wide receiver Low High
Football lineman High High
Basketball Low High
Distance cycling High Low
Table 2.3 Major Adaptations to Resistance Versus Aerobic Endurance Training
Variable Resistance Aerobictraining endurance training
Size of muscle Increase No changefibers
Number of muscle No change No changefibers
Movement speed Increase No change
Strength Increase No change
Aerobic capacity No change Increase
Anaerobic capacity Increase No change
Adaptations to resistance training are specific to the
type of exercise performed.
Although aerobic endurance training increases
aerobic power, it does not enhance muscle strength or
size. In fact, intense aerobic endurance training can
actually compromise the benefits of resistance training.
Table 4.1 Exercise Prescription Guidelines for Stimulating Bone Growth
Variables Specific recommendations
Volume 3-6 sets of up to 10 repetitions
Load 1-10RM
Rest 1-4 min
Variation Typical periodization schemes designed to increase muscle strength and size
Exercise selection Structural exercises: squats, cleans, deadlifts, bench presses,
shoulder presses
The components of mechanical load that stimulate
bone growth are the magnitude of the load (intensity),
rate (speed) of loading, direction of the forces, and
volume of loading (number of repetitions).
The process of hypertrophy involves both an
increase in the synthesis of the contractile proteins actin
and myosin within the myofibril and an increase in the
number of myofibrils within a muscle fiber. The new
myofilaments are added to the external layers of the
myofibril, resulting in an increase in its diameter.
Stimulating Muscular Adaptations
For strength: high loads, few repetitions, full recovery periods
For muscle size: moderate loads, high volume, short to moderate rest periods
For muscular endurance: low intensity, high volume, little recovery allowed
Table 4.2 Proportion of Type II Fibers in Athletes Who Perform Anaerobic Activities
Type of athlete Type II fibers
Bodybuilders 44%
Javelin throwers 50%
800-m runners 52%
Weightlifters 60%
Shot-putters 62%
Discus throwers 63%
Sprinters and 63% jumpers
A general connective tissue
response to aerobic endurance exercise
is increased collagen metabolism.
It has been theorized that the endocrine system can be manipulated naturally with resistance training to enhance the development of various target tissues, thereby improving performance.
Endocrine Glands of the BodyEndocrine Glands of the Body
The force produced in the activated fibers stimulates
receptor and membrane sensitivities to anabolic factors,
including hormones, which lead to muscle growth and
strength changes.
Hormone responses are tightly linked
to the characteristics of the resistance
exercise protocol.
Large-muscle group exercises result in
acute increased serum total testosterone
concentrations in men.
Growth hormone is important for a child’s normal
development and appears to play a vital role in adapting
to the stress of resistance training. However, GH
injections result in a wide variety of secondary effects
not related to changes in muscle size or strength and
can, in fact, result in hypertrophy with less force
production than results from exercise-induced
hypertrophy.
Training protocols must be varied to allow the
adrenal gland to engage in recovery processes and to
prevent the secondary responses of cortisol, which can
negatively affect the immune system and protein
stuctures.
Human Heart Structure and Blood FlowHuman Heart Structure and Blood Flow
Arterial and Venous Components of the Circulatory System
Arterial and Venous Components of the Circulatory System
The cardiovascular system transports nutrients and
removes waste products while helping to maintain the
environment for all the body’s functions. The blood
transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues for use
in cellular metabolism; blood also transports carbon
dioxide—the most abundant by-product of metabolism
—from the tissues to the lungs, where it is removed
from the body.
The primary function of the
respiratory system is the basic exchange
of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Acute aerobic exercise results in increased cardiac
output, stroke volume, heart rate, oxygen uptake,
systolic blood pressure, and blood flow to active muscles
and a decrease in diastolic blood pressure. Resistance
exercise with low intensity and high volume generally
results in similar responses, some to a lesser degree.
Acute bouts of high-intensity, low-volume resistance
exercise result in increased heart rate and increased
diastolic and systolic blood pressure but no change in
oxygen uptake, no change or a slight increase in cardiac
output, and no change or a slight decrease in stroke
volume.
During aerobic exercise, large amounts of oxygen
diffuse from the capillaries into the tissues, increased
levels of carbon dioxide move from the blood into the
alveoli, and minute ventilation increases to maintain
appropriate alveolar concentrations of these gases.
Aerobic exercise training results in increased
maximal cardiac output and maximal oxygen uptake,
slower resting heart rate, increased capillarization,
improved ventilation efficiency, increased oxygen
extraction, and OBLA occurring at a higher percentage of
aerobic capacity.