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Terrestrial Fauna of the SouthGoast - a review

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Terrestrial Fauna of the SouthGoast - a review

a supporting document to

Souttem St ores- a strategy

to guide coastal and marine planning and managementin the south coast region of Western Australia

Prepared bySandra Gillfillan

BiologisUConsultantPO Box 446

Albany WA 6331

May 2000

SUMMARY

This report revie\4's the existing knowledge ofthe terrestrial{fauna of the south coastof Westem Australia, from Nomalup to Eucla, with the aimbf providing a synthesisof this knowledge. Sources of information are summarised in terms of type ofinformation, taxa, land category and geographical area. Gaps in the existingknowledge are identified and recommendations for future research and investigationare put forvl'ard. Broad faunal assemblages and threatened species are also discussed.

The south coast is an important area for faunal biodiversity owing to its variedbiogeography and its role as a stronghold for relict populations ofa number ofthreatened species.

The major gaps identified in the knowledge ofsouth coast fauna are: basic regionaldistribution data on two groups, the bats and invertebrates; basic ecologicalinformation on most non-threatened species; the effects offire and Phytophthoracinnamomi on single species and communities; information relating to communitystructure and function and faunal biodiversity of off-reserve (non-CALM managed)land (particularly corridors of native vegatation).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Funding has been provided through the Natural Heritage Trust Coast and Clean Seasprogram.

Many thanks to Nic Middleton of the South Coast Regional Information Centre forproducing maps and to Jude Allen, Sarah Barrett and Alan Danks for commenting ona draft of this report.

Thanks also to Peter Collins, Sarah Comer, Alan Danks, Tony Friend and SylviaLeighton for their help and advice in obtaining information.

CONTENTS

SUMMARYACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

1, INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overryiew1.2 Review area

1,1.1 Boundaries1.1.2 Climate1.1.3 Biogeographical zones within the review area1,1.4 Faunal habitats

1.3 Scope and intent of report

2. OVERVIEW OF THE TERRESTRIAL FAT]NA OF'THE SOUTHCOAST2.1 Faunal biodiversity - general2.2 Important areas for faunal biodiversity on the south coast

2.l.lDepartment of Conservation and Land Management (CALM)Managed Lands (Reseme System)

2.1.2 Areas outside the reserve sJ,stemCorridorsRe rnnant nativ e v e ge tat i onWetlandsCommunity involvement in fauna conservation

2,3 Terrestrial faunal assemblages on the south coast2.3.1 Mammals2,3.2 Birds2.3.3 Reptiles2.3.4 Frogs2.3.5 Invertebrates2.3.6 Summary

2.4 Threatened species2.5 Threatening processes

2.5.1 Fire2,5.2 Feral Predators

Western Shield MonitoringWestern Shield Monitoring - preliminary results

2.5.3 Phytophthora cinnamomi2. 5.4 Ha bilat fragmentation2. 5. 5 I n trod uced h e rbivores

3. SOURCES OF INI'ORMATION ON TERRESTRIAL FAUNA ON THESOUTH COAST

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3.1 Historical and fossil records3. 1. I Historical records3.1.2 Fossil records

3.2 Museum records3.3 Documents providing detailed information on single species ecolory3.4 Documents providing information on community ecolory3.5 Documents providing information on fauna surveys3.6 Species lists3.7 Documents outlining general distributions of species in WA

4. GAPS IN THE KNOWLEDGE OF SOUTH COAST FAUNA

4.1 Study type4.2Taxa4.3 Land category4.4 Geographical area

5. EXTRAPOLATION OF INFORMATION TO OTHER AREAS

6. SPECIF'IC ACTIONS AI\D R-ECOMMENDATIONS

BIBLIOGRAPITYPLATESAPPENDICES

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1, INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview

This review was undertaken to provide information on the existing knowledge ofterrestrial fauna of the south coast of Western Australia. The information contained inthe report is to be used by the South Coast Managemenr Group (SCMG) for thepreparation of a South Coast Regional Coastal Strategy. The SCMG is a regionalbody consisting of members from State Govemment, Local Govemment andcommunity representatives. The SCMG's primary aim is to promote best practicecoastal planning and management throughout the south coast region of WestemAustralia, from Denmark in the west to Eucla in the east. The South Coast RegionalCoastal Strategy's aim is to produce a regionally integrated approach to coastalplanning and management, involving all interested and effected bodies.

It is hoped that the review will also be of interest and benefit to anyone involved infauna conservation on the south coast and surroundins areas

1.1 Review area

1.1.1 Boundaries

The review area encompasses the mainland south coast of Westem Australia, fiom theeastem shore of Nornalup Inlet in the west, to Eucla (on the WA / SA border) in theeast. It extends inland to the major coastal highways, and thus forms a nanow strip ofno more than 70 km inland from the coast from it's eastem boundary to Esperance,and then a larger inland area, bounded by Esperance, Norsemen and Eucla (Figure l).

1.1.2 Climate

The majority of the area has a Mediterranean climate, characterised by mild wetwinters and hot dry summers. The eastem portion of the area experiences a semi-aridclimate, however, in the coastal belt, extremes of aridity and temperature are modifiedby oceanic influences. The rainfall varies considerably, decreasing eastwards from939 mm annual average in Albany to 263 mm at Eucla. Rainfall occurs predominantlyin the winter months (> 50%), with occasional heavy summer falls (Department ofConservation and Land Management 1992). (Figure 1).

1.1.3 Biogeographical zones within the review area

The revie*' area is biogeographically diverse. Two broad zoogeographical zonesoccur. There is a central arid zone with irregular and variable rainfall and a SouthWest temperate zone with reliable winter rainfall and dry summers. Some species canbe categorised as being broadly adapted to conditions in one or the other ofthesezones. Thus, the Eyrean faunal element consists ofspecies adapted to arid conditions,and the Bassian faunal element consists of species adapted to winter rainfallconditions. The distribution of some species enables them to be categorised into oneof these elements, however some species with wide distributions cannot becatesorised into either element.

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Three broad phl.togoegraphic provinces and five districts as defined by Beard (1980)are also represented within the review area as follows;

South West Province (Nomalup to Toolina Cove (Nuytsland Nature Reserve)). Thisprovince occupies the wetter south-west comer of WA and is characterised by heath,thicket. mallee. woodland and forest. Three Botanical Districts within the South WestProvince are represented in the review area (Darling, Eyre and Roe). The EyreDistrict covers a major portion of the review area.

South West Interzone (Toolina Cove to Eyre) This province is a transitional zonebetween the South West Province and the Eremeaean Province (below). This provinceconsists of open Eucalyptus woodland with a saltbush-bluebush understorey on themore calcareous soils and scrub-heath and I llocasuarina thickets on the sandplains.The Coolgardie Botanical District is represented in the review area.

Eremaean Province (Eyre to Eucla). This province comprises hummock grassland,scrub and low woodland. The Eucla Botanical District is reoresented in the reviewatea.

The review area comprises all, or part of, seven of the 80 Bioregions in Australia asdefined by the Interim Biogeographical Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA)(Thackway and Cresswell 1995). The regions, or parts thereof, represented in thereview area are shown in Figure 2 alitd are as follows;

ll/arren Region. Mainly Marri-Wandoo woodlands, paperbark (Melaleuca spp.)/sedge swamps, peppermint (lgo nis flexuosa) woodlands and scrub heath on coastaldunes

Jarrah Forrest Region. Janah-Kani and Janah-Marri forest, Janah-Casuarina lowforest, mixed heath and scrub-heath on coastal dunes, Peppermint (4. Jlexuosa) lowwoodland and mallee-heath to the east.

Esperance Plains Region. Proteaceous scrub and mallee-heaths (Eucalyptustetragona) on sandplain overlying Eocene sediments.

Mallee Region. The part of this region represented in the review area consists mainlyofa mosaic of mixed eucalypt woodlands, with spinifex ground layer or sclerophyllshrub understorey, and mallee with a myrtaceous-proteaceous understorey.

Coolgardie Region. Diverse woodlands rich in endemic eucalypts with a mainlyacacia shrub layer in the review area.

Hampton Regior. Mallee, eucalypt woodlands and Myall (Acacia papyrocarpa) openlow woodlands.

Nullarbor. The peripheral areas consist of low open woodlands of Myall overbluebush (rValre ana sedifulia) steppe.

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The relationship between the above three systems ofecological classification isshown in Table 1.

Table l: Relationship between three ecological classifications within the reviewarea.

A detailed description of the vegetation within the review area can be found in Craig(2000)

1.1.4 Faunal habitats

As a consequence of the varied biogeographical regions described above, the reviewarea comprises many faunal habitats. These include forests, woodlands, mallee,nrallee-heath, coastal heath, permanent and seasonal Yate (Eucalyptus occidentalis),peppermint (lgo nis Jlexuosa) and paperbark (Melaleuca spp. ) swamps, sedgelandsand some bluebush steppe.

1.3 Scope and intent ofreport

While knowledge ofthe fauna of the south coast is by no means comprehensive,considerable information is available. This report is intended to compile, synthesiseand identi$ gaps in this knowledge. It is not intended to provide comprehensivespecies lists of fauna ofthe area, but to guide the reader as to where that informationis available.

The report summarises the extent and scope ofthe knowledge ofthe fauna of thesouth coast in terms ofgeographical area, land category, taxa (or particular species oftlreatened fauna), and the type of information available (eg. ecology, biology,distribution, abundance). This information can then be used as a guide formanagement decisions to aid in the conservation ofbiodiversity on the south coast.Where appropriate, extrapolation from existing knowledge to other areas is made,however this is often spurious and does not negate the need for on the groundcollection of information in these areas.

The fauna covered in this review includes all tenestrial vertebrates and invertebrates,plus reptiles, frogs and waterbirds associated with freshwater wetland systems (all arereferred to as terrestrial fauna in the text). Information on the fauna of estuaries andcoastal lagoons in the review area may be found in Hodgkin and Clark (1987, 1988

a,b,c, 1989,1990 a,b). A review ofthe fauna inhabiting streams in the south-west canbe found in Pen (1999).

Abbreviations of localities frequently used in the text are shown in Appendix 1 .

2. OVERVIEW OF THE TERRESTRIAL FAUNA OF THE SOUTH COAST

2.1 Faunal biodiversity - general

Biodiversity refers to the variety of species, the genetic information they contain andthe conmunities ofthose organisms and associated ecosystem processes. A centralfocus ofconservation biology is the maintenance ofbiodiversity by preventing theextinction ofspecies (Hobbs and Mooney 1998). This focus is critical because speciesextinctions are irreversible. In many cases however, species do not go extinct but arelost from a large part oftheir former range through habitat loss and fragmentation.These population extinctions or range contractions, which may lead to the loss offunctional groups from ecosytems, are also important for biodiversity conservation(Hobbs 1992, Lambeck 1992).

In Westem Australia, mammals have suffered both a high extinction rate andextensive range contractions (Burbidge and McKenzie 1989). The state has thehighest extinction rate for mammals in the world (10 species), which is highest amongthe critical weight range mammals (CWR: non-flying mammals with a mean bodyweight between 35g and 5.5 kg). These species are particularly vulnerable toenvironmental change because of their limited mobility coupled with a relatively highdaily metabolic requirement (Burbidge and McKenzie 1989). An exception amongmammals is the bats, which have not suffered any extinctions since Europeansettlement due to their ability to fly and therefore forage widely and recolonise areasfollowing food shortage (Start and McKenzie 1988).

Two species of birds, Dasyornis broadbenti liloralls (Rufous Bristlebird) and Ralluspectoralis clelandii (Lewin's Water Rail), are presumed to be extinct in WA, andmany species have undergone significant range contractions, ie. populationextinctions, at a local and regional scale (eg. Carnaby's Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchuslatirostris) Smith 1987, Gamett 1992). No species of reptile or frog has becomeextinct in Westem Australia and little is known about range contractions of these taxa.Reptiles are less vulnerable to modifications in the environment due to their lowenergy requirements and physiological adaptations (Recher and Lim 1990), and canpersist in remnant patches and corridors ofvegetation (Kitchener et al 1980a).Biological and ecological information about frogs is quite limited (Tyler 1997), butthere is some evidence that WA frog species have followed the global trend of adecline in numbers and species diversity (Fenaro and Burgin 1993), through habitatdestruction, and susceptibility to pollution (eg. Geocrinia alba,Majors et al. 1991).

2.2 Important areas for terrestrial faunal biodiversity on the south coast

2.1.1 Department of Conservation and Land Management (CALM) Managed Lands(Reserve System)

CALM managed public lands are protected under the Conservation and LandManagement Act (1984) and vested in the National Parks and Nature ConservationAuthority (NPNCA). They form a system of reserves that are primarily managed fornature conservation (Figure 3). Historically, these areas were created after broadscaleclearing ofnative vegetation for agricultural use, which accelerated in the 1950's and60's, resulted in many remnants of natural vegetation scattered within clearedfarmland (Alan Danks, CALM. pers com). Most of the reserves were thereforecreated to protect remnants that remained after clearing, and were not identified apriori as areas ofhigh conservation value (eg. high species diversity, presence of rareor threatened species, representation of biotic communities). However, by the merefact that they are remnants they represent valuable areas for the conservation ofbiodiversity because of their role as refuges.

Sbme reserves on the south coast v)ere set aside with specific conservation purposesin mind. Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve was created in 1967 solely for theprotection of the threatened Noisy Scrub-bird (Atrichornis clamoszs) and its habitat(Department of Conservation and Land Management 1995b) and Mt ManypeaksNature Reserve w'as created as a site for relocation ofthis species. Although the bulkof the area now known as the Fitzgerald River National Park was left unclearedbecause of its unsuitability for agriculture, its reserve status was created in 1954mainly because of recognition of its uniquely diverse flora (Chapman and Newbeyl99s).

2.1.2 Areas outside the reserve sJ)stem

While the system ofprotected areas is valuable in contributing to tlre conservation offaunal biodiversity, it is generally agreed that these nature conservation reserves alonedo not adequately represent the full anay of ecosystem diversity (Bennett 1990, Sheaet al. 1997). Bennett (1990) outlines reasons why reserve systems may be inadequatefor the effective conservation of biodiversity:

. the size of many are too small to support long-term viable popuiationso movement patterns of many animals cross boundaries of reserves. some animals use resources that occur in markedly different habitats. ecological, environmental and disturbance processes operate at scales thatmay be much greater than the size of reserves. numerous species whose populations occur mainly outside nature reserves.

In Westem Australia, the current reserve system as a whole is seen to be inadequatefor the conservation of biodiversity, as evidenced by, for example, high mammalextinction rates and the occurrence of 70 o/o of threatened flora populations outsidethis system (Shea et al. 1997). Some threatened fauna species also occur on private ornon CALM managed lands in the review area, for example, Leipoa ocellata (MalleeF owl), Atrichornis clamosus Q'loisy Scrub-bird) and Pseudocheirus occidentalis(Westem Ringtail Possum). As a consequence of these inadequacies, one of CALM'spresent objectives is to develop a Comprehensive, Adequate, Representative (CAR)

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Reserve System (based on the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation of Australia(IBRA), Thackway and Cresswell 1995) and research is cunently underway by theCALM Science Division to provide the knowledge to achieve this aim.

The "representativeness" ofthe reserve system in the review area can be seen in Table2 (see table for criteria used to determine "representativeness"). The wheatbelt region,where vast tracts of land have been cleared for agriculture and only small isolatedremnants ofnative vegetation remain, is included for comparison. It can be seen thatwithin the review area, "representativeness" is quite high, with all but one of theIBRA regions having greater than 10oZ reservation status and low to moderate indicesofbias. This is a reflection ofthe existence ofreserves such as the Fitzgerald RiverNational Park (FRNP) and Nuytsland Nature Reserve (I.INR) that comprise very largeareas of relatively undisturbed habitat.

Table 2: "Representativeness" ofreserves in each ofthe IBRA regions ofthereview area (adapted from Thackway and Cresswell 1995).Reservation status : a measure of the percentage of land area within an IBRA regionwhich is dedicated as protected area (> l0 % is the highest category); Index of bias= o measure ofhow well the reserve network samples known environmental variationin the same proportion as it occurs within an IBRA region.The Avon Wheatbelt region is included for comparison.

Despite the existence ofa fairly representative reserve system, there are areas on thesouth coast that are important for the conservation ofbiodiversity which are notrepresented within this system. These areas may constitute corridors of nativevegetation, isolated remnant native vegetation and wetlands.

Corridors

The loss and fragmentation of native vegetation is a major concem for theconservation of biodiversity. However, habitat corridors in the form oflinear strips ofuncleared native vegetation exist in most landscapes. The reserve system within thereview area, essentially consists of isolated vegetation "islands" within a landscapecleared for agriculture (Department of Conservation and Land Management 1992).However, in some cases well-defined corridors remain linking major reserves(Watson 1991). A project is underway by CALM to identiry these macro-conidors,with the aim of developing a landscape approach to biodiversity conservation (PeterWilkins, CALM, pers. com.). The main macro-corridors in the review area, thatcomprise a combination of CALM Reserve, Shire Reserve, unallocated crown landand private land are: Hassel NP, Pallinup River / Corackerup Creek, Fitzgerald River,Phillips River, Ravensthorpe Range, OldJield River, Munglinup River, Young River,

Lort River (Watson and Leighton 1992, Department of Conservation and LandManagernent 1992b).

Another important macro-corridor from a biodiversity conservation perspective is thecoastal corridor that forms an almost continuous corridor ofvegetation extendingfrom Oyster Harbour, near Albany, to the uncleared regions east ofEsperance. Thiscorridor consists ofCALM Reserves, Shire Reserves, vacant crown land, and someprivate land. However, all ofthe vegetation types that occur within this corridor arerepresented within the resen/e system (Peter Wilkins, CALM, pers. com.).

Watson and Leighton (1992) surveyed four macro-corridors that are present or extendinto the review area (Corackerup Creek, Fitzgerald River, Young River, Lort River).Their work provides valuable baseline data on the presence of faunal species in thesecorridors, however, little work has been caried out investigating faunal use ofcorridors. Where corridors provide links between isolated habitats for the interchangeof individuals between populations, they may reduce the mlnerability of smallpopulations to local extinction (Bennett 1990), and are therefore very important for anintegrated approach to biodiversity conservation. An example within the review areais the role of corridors in allowing the dispersal, decolonisation and genetic exchangebetween sub-populations ofthe Noisy Scrub-bird, Atrichornis clamosus, atTwoPeoples Bay Nature Reserve (TPBNR) (Danks 1991).

The ideal corridor for animal movement is a continuous corridor. A number of"stepping stone" corridors exist within the review area ie. areas linking major patchesofvegetation that consist of discontinuous patches of smaller remnant vegetation.However, the value ofthese corridors to fauna is not known. A project currentlyunderway by CSIRO is investigating the faunal use ofplantations of bluegums whichare either isolated or adjacent to remnant vegetation (Richard Hobbs, CSIRO, pers.com.). This study may elucidate the role ofdiscontinuous corridors in faunaconservation.

Remnant native ve getdtio n

Fifty-two percent and 44 %6 of the two main phytogoegraphic districts (Eyre and Roerespectively) represented in the review area has been cleared for agriculture (Beardand Sprenger 1984). While this clearing is not as dramatic as the wheatbelt area to thenorth (Avon District; 93%), ft does constitute a large loss of faunal habitat. The landeast of Esperance is largely intact, and the role of remnants in the conservation ofbiodiversity is not as relevant for this area. As well as clearing of vegetation, habitatfragmentation can occur through fire creating patches of differing successional stagesand thus isolating fauna that require particular seral stages (Bennett 1990). Somethreatened species that occur within the review area depend on long-unbumt patchesof vegetation (eg. Atrichornis clamosus (l.Joisy Scrub-bird) Smith 1985a), and it maybe that populations are essentially isolated within them.

Fragmentation and isolation of habitat has a profound effect on fauna. Three mainconsequences of habitat loss are (from Bennett 1990):

r changes to the number ofspecies in fragments. changes to the composition of faunal assemblages. changes to ecological processes in fragments

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The effects of habitat fragmentation on fauna has been quite extensively studied in thewheatbelt region (Kitchener e/ al 1980a,b, 1982). No similar studies have beencarried out in the review area, however, information does exist on the role of habitatloss in the decline ofa number of threatened species (eg. Potorous gilbertii (Gilbert'sPotoroo) (Courtney et al. 1998) and Dasyurus geoflroii (Chuditch) (Orell and Monis1994)) (see Appendix 7 for further information).

While much of this remnant vegetation is represented in the reserve system, there aresignifrcant patches that occur outside the system. Shire road reserves often containvegetation that is a good representation ofpreviously existing ecosystems, which arenow limited in extent (Napier 1997). These are valuable in isolation, particularly forflora, however, they may also be important as corridors fbr animals to 'move' overtime. Remnant vegetation exists on private land, generally in areas unsuitable foragriculture (eg. swamps and sandy soils)

A significant area ofhabitat located outside the reserve system is that containedwithin the Fitzgerald Biosphere Reserve Buffer Zone. In 1978 the FRNP wasdesignated as one of 12 Australian Biosphere Reserves under UNESCO's Man andthe Biosphere program. The FRNP represents the core of this reserve, and thesurrounding remnant vegetation included in the buffer zone is a combination of shirereserve, unallocated crown land and private land. The purpose ofthe buffer zone is toact as an area where threatening influences on the core area are minimised (Sanders1996). A survey of the vertebrate fauna ofthe remnant vegetation within theFitzgerald Biosphere Reserve Buffer Zone was carried out in the mid nineties toevaluate the conservation value ofthis zone (Sanders 1996). This is one of only a fewbiological surveys carried out on non-reserve system land in the review area (seesection 3.5).

Wetlands

The Directory of Important Wetlands (Australian Nature Conservation Agency(ANCA) 1996) lists all *'etlands in Australia that have a uniqueness orrepresentativeness according to biological, historical and cultural criteria set out bythe Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council (ANZECC)Wetlands Network. To reduce the difficulty in applying these criteria, the Directoryattempts to increase the representation of wetlands in each of the bioregions outlinedby Thackway and Cresswell (1995). Nine non-estuarine wetlands occur within thereview area. Most ofthese are under the jurisdiction ofCALM , however, some dooccur outside the reserve system (eg. Yellilup Yate Swamp near Bremer Bay, andparts ofthe Lake Gore System near Esperance, which are under freehold title).

Community involvement in fauna consert)ation

Valuable information on fauna outside the reserve system comes from variouscommunity groups; Malleefowl Preservation Society, Friends of the Ground Parrot,Frogwatch, Birds on Farms Project, Land for Wildlife. These groups consist ofvolunteer land-holders or community members with an interest in fauna conservation,and their contribution to the knowledge of the fauna on the south coast is highlybenefi cial to biodiversity conservation.

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2.3 Terrestrial faunal assemblages

Faunal endemism is low in Mediterranean climates through out Australia. This isparticularly so for birds and mammals but less so for reptiles. Frogs are an exceptionto this trend with a greater than 50 % level of endemism (Lambeck 1992). The lowlevel of endemism suggests that the distribution of many vertebrate species in theregion may be largely a consequence ofhistorical and biogeographic factors, ratherthan a result ofadaptations to local ecological conditions (Lambeck 1992).

In terms of distribution, the fauna within the review area can be categorised as one ofthe following:

Endemic: As the review area covers three botanical provinces and two broadzoogeographical zones, it is not surprising that there are no species which are endemicto the review area as a whole. Only two species, the reptiles Lerista baynesi andAprasia inaurita, which occur on the Roe Plain near Eucla, have ranges totallyconfined within the review area. However, there are a number ofspecies that havevery restricted distributions, parts of which extend into the review area. For example,Pseudomys occidentalis, which has a small distribution in a triangle from Tambellup,Bendering to Ravensthorpe, the snakes Rhinoplocephalus bicolor and Notechis minor,which are restricted to coastal areas in the far south-west (Christensen e/ a/.1985) andthe lizards Ctenotus brooksi euclae and, Lerista arenicola. which are restricted to theeastern coastal area but extend into SA (Ston el al. 1999).

Relict : These species are now reshicted to areas within the review area but once hadwider distributions, for example, TPBNR supports relict populations of Potorousgilbertii (Gilbert's Potoroo) ar'd Atrichornis clamosus (Noisy Scrub-bird).

Restricted to south-west WA but also occurring in south-eastern Australia: Ahigher rainfall on the south coast of Australia in the past enabled a more continuousdistribution of mesic adapted fauna. Present day south-west and south-east Australiaare now separated by extensive arid and semi-arid plains. This results in distjunctdistributions of the same or similar species on both lower extremes of continent(Wilson 1984). Examples incl:ude Isoodon obesuhts (Southem Brown Bandicoot),Pseudomys shortridgei (HeathRat), Notechis sc*aras (Tiger snake) and the pygopodAprasia striolata.

Widespread: There are several species that occur in the review area, particularlybirds, which have wide distributions over WA or the whole of Australia, for example,Charadrius ntficapillus (Red-capped Plover) and, Tachyglossus acttleatus (Echidna).

Broad faunal assemblages within the review area change from west to east, mainly asa result of climate (particularly rainfall amount and timing) and proximity to otherbiogeographic regions which act as source areas. This is particularly so for mammalsand repliles. These changes can be investigated by synthesising results of surveys orreviews that have been canied out in each of the IBRA bioregions represented in thereview area. These are as follows:

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lilarren (Ctristensen et al. 1985:. How et al. 1987; Smith 1990; Regan 1996,1997,1998; Abbott 1999)farrah Forrest (TPBNR (Bannister 1970, Hopper 1981)Esperance Plains (FRNP (Chapman and Newbey 1995, Sanders 1996, 1997); SNp(.{ewbey and Bradby 1989); CLGNP (Kitchener et al. 1975); Harold 1996; Anon (a)).Mallee and Coolgardie (McKenzie et al. 1993)Eampton (McKenzie and Robinson 1987, Eastern Goldfields)Hampton / Mallee border (Eyre Bird Observatory Reports (RAOU 1980, 1982, 1985,1988, 1989)tr[allee, Coolgardie and Hampton (Ston et a1.1981a, Great Australian Bight)

2.3.1 Mammals

The Warren bioregion within the review area was represented in a major survey of thesouthern forests (Christensen et al. (1985)). These authors identified five faunal zoneswith distinct assemblages of fauna. They found a fairly distinct mammal fauna of thesouthern coastal banksia woodland and heathland areas of the forest region (includingthe ll'arren bioregion) which included Tarsipes rostatas (Honey Possum) andCercartetus concinnus (Westem Pygmy Possum) (Christensen et al. 1985). However,no mammals are restricted to the part of the Warren bioregion that occurs in thereview area. Much overlap occurred between zones and many species of the coastalareas are generally those which also occur in the southem forests (eg. Phascogaletapoatafa (Brushtail Phascogal e), Rattus fuscipes (Bush Rat), and Antechinusflavipes (Yellow-footed Antechinus)). How et al. (1987) surveyed the coastal areasbetween Busselton and Albany, however, mammal captures were too infrequent toascertain the complete assemblages at the subregional level. They recorded thesouthem most live record of Pse udomys albocinerens (Ash-grey Mouse) in WA,within the part of the Warrenbioregion represented in the review area.

Further towards Albany, but still in theWarren bioregion , Smith (1990) recorded asimilar assemblage of mammals in Tomdimrp NP (TNP) to that of Christensen ef a/.(1985)'s Fauna Zone 1, as did Regan (1998) at Qunam NR and William Bay NP. Theexception was the presence ofthe threatened species Parantechinus apicalis(Dibbler), and the absence of Cercartetus concinnus (Western Pygmy-possum) atTNP. Parantechinus apicalis was probably never present in the forest region and arenot expected to occur west of TNP (Baczocha and Start 1997).

Species which occur in the wetter parts ofthe south-west reach the eastem limit oftheir ranges at various points along the coast. Further east at TPBNR and MtManypeaks, in the Jarrah Forest bioregion, the mammalian fauna is predominantlysouth-western but contains some species that are at or near the eastem limit oftheirrange (Bannister 1970, Hopper 1981) eg. Pseudocheirus occidentalis (fungtailedPossum) (Jones et al. l994a,Barretl 1996) and Setonix brachyurus (Quokka) (TonyFriend pers. com.).

In the central area of the Esperance Plains bioregion, the mammal fauna of the FRNPrepresents a transition from the influence ofthe wetter southem forests to a strongerinfluence from the drier wheatbelt to the north. Mammals of the wetter south-weststill occur here (eg. Bettongia pencillata (Woylie)), but some are at the eastern limitoftheir range (eg. Hydromys chrysogaster at the Gairdner River (Chapman and

l 3

Newby 1995)). The FRNP supports a highly diverse mammal fauna, and containsmore species (20) than any other conservation reserve in the south-west, owing to ablending of serni-arid and mesic components (Chapman and Newbey 1995). Many ofthese species are remnants of a much more widespread and rich fauna of thewheatbelt. These include, Macropus eugenii (Tammar Wallaby) and two threatenedspecies, Phascogale calura (Red-tailed Phascogale or Wambenger) andParantechinus aplcaiis (Dibbler), whose best long-term survival prospects lie in theFRNP. At Cheyne Bay, west of FRNP only 9 species of native mammals wererecorded (Anon.a). The only species recorded here and not at FRI'IP was Antechinusflavipes (Yellorv-footed Antechinus), and this may represent the eastern most range ofthis species.

Still within the Esperance Plains bioregion but further east ofFRNP, another surveyat Stokes NP (SNP) recorded a quite impoverished mammal fauna (five nativespecies, excluding bats) compared to FRNP (20). At Lake Monjingup, nearEsperance, Harold (1996) recorded only three native species (excluding bats), butlisted four additional species that may be expected to occur here.

The area north-east of Esperance, bounded by Norseman in the north, Eucla in theeast and the coastline in the south encompasses four IBRA bioregions, and includespart ofthe SW Interzone Botanical Province. This area represents a transition zonebetween the faunas of the moist south-west and the arid interior. For the purpose ofthis discussion the area north-east ofEsperance can be divided into the coastal regionwhich contains sections of the Esperance, Mallee, Coolgardie ard Hamptonbioregions (largely Nuytsland NR (NNR) with Cape Arid NP (CANP) and Cape LeGrand NP (CLGNP) at the western end), and the inland region covering the Malleeand C o o I gar di e bioregions.

Within the coastal region, CLGNP falls into the same rainfall belt as FRNP (500-600mm), but the southem end of CLGNP receives as much as 200 mm more on averagebecause it is a headland. The number of mammal species recorded here is also lessthan that at FRNP (8 vs. 20), probably due to the lack ofblending of semi-arid andmesic components seen in the latter park. Thus, the higher rainfall of CLGNP resultsin the absence ofdrier country species such as Notomys mitcftel/ii (which occurs inFRNP) and Sninthopsis crassicaudata (Kitchener et al. 1975). The widespreadspecies of wetter south coastal areas, Isoodon obesulus (Southem Brown Bandicoot),is quite common in CLGNP and has its eastem most range here.

The NNR and Israelite Bay area in particular represents the southem boundary oftheoverlap zone between the faunas ofthe moist south-west and the arid zone (Burbidge1976). The mammal fauna of the NNR has a dominant Eryean element and a lowdiversity (Burbidge 1976), which may result in part from the loss of medium sizedmammals from semi-arid communities (see section 2.1). Many south-west specieshave their eastem most distribution in the NNR. For example Raltus fiscipes(Southem Bush Rat) extends to Bilbunya Dunes , and Tarsipes rostratus (HoneyPossum) extends to Eyre (Watkins 1989).

A rnajor biological survey of the Nullarbor Region (McKenzie and Robinson 1987)included sites within the coastal region east ofEsperance. These sites containedmammal species that are widespread across southern WA (eg. Cercdrtetus concinnus

l 4

(Westem Pygmy-Possum), Notomys mitchel/i (Mitchells Hopping Mouse), andSminthopsis gilberlii (Gilbert's Dunnart), which has outlying populations in this areawith a main distribution in the wheatbelt. In a regional survey ofthe EastemGoldfields, one survey study area between Norseman and Balladonia (largely theDundas NR), falls into the inland region east of Esperance (McKenzie et al. 1993).The mammal assemblage here is a mixture of semi-arid (eg. Pseudomys bolami(Bolam's Motse), Ningaui yvonneae (Southern Ningaui)) and mesic adapted species(eg. Cercartetus concinnus (Westem Pygmy Possum). Lasiorhinus latifrons(Southem Hairy-nosed Wombat) occurs in the far north-east of the review area(McKenzie and Robinson 1987, Wells 1995)

Bats

The bats have never been systematically documented within the review area, andtherefore not much can be concluded about assemblages ofthis group of mammals insouth coastal areas. Commonly recorded and widespread bats in the forest region(Warren bioregion) recorded by Christensen el al (1985) were Vespadelus regulus (asEptesicus regulus, King River Eptesicus) and Falsistrellus mackenziei (Western FalsePipistrelle) (as Pipistrellus tasmaniensis, Great Pipistrelle). The range ofF.mackenziei probably does not extend out of the forest region, it forages under theforest canopy but above the understory (Tony Start, CALM, pers com). Vespadelusregulus however has a wide distribution throughout south-west and south-eastAustralia.

Bat species recorded from the south coast lodged in the Westem Australian museumare listed by Anon (a); Chalinolobus morio (Chocolate Wattled Bat), C. gouldi(Gould's Wattled Bat), lr'y ctuphilus geoffroyi (Lesser Long-earcdBat), Nyctinomusaustralis (White Striped Freetail Bat) arrd Mormopterus planiceps (Sottthern FreetailBat). All these species occur throughout southem Australia.McKenzie et al. (1993) recorded a similar assemblage at Dundas NR in the EastemGoldfields, with the addition of Nyctophilus timoriensis (as N. major), which iswidespread throughout southern and cenhal Australla, and Scotorepens balstoni (asNycticeius balstoni) which is restricted to drier, inland regions throughout Australia.In the Nullarbor region survey, McKenzie and Robinson (1987) recorded similarspecies as McKenzie et al. 1993, and Eyre Bird Observatory records also consist ofasimilar bat assemblage.

Therefore, all the species recorded in surveys are likely to be distributed throughoutthe review area, except S. balstoni. All these species are members of theMicrochiroptera (microbats) which are small, mostly insectivorous bats and useecholocation to locate their prey (Shahan 1995). New bat species are still beingrecognised, and it is likely that many species still await discovery (Start andMcKenzie 1988).

2.3.2 Birds

Taken as a whole, the south-west of WA has a broad intermingling of Bassian,Eyerean and some Torresian (high tropical rainfall parts of Australia) elements withinthe avifauna, suggesting that present bioclimatic zones have had only a minorinfluence on species distributions in this taxa (Smith 1987, Abbott 1999). Most birds

l 5

have broad distributions, and within the review area there is only one species confinedto the Bassian zone (Atrichornis clamosus (Noisy Scrub-bird)) and only two speciesrestricted to the Eyrean zone, (Pachycephala inornata (Gilbert's Whistler) andAphelocephala lezcopsis (Southem Whiteface)(Smith 1987). Thus, most regionswithin the review area contain a mixture ofBassian and Eyrean species.

In the west ofthe review area (Warren bioregion), a 50 % sharing ofbird species inChristensen et al. (1985)'s faunal zones suggests a lack ofzoning of avifauna (Abbott1999) in the forest region. Although birds of Bassian origin are predominantly forestdwelling, some are found on the mallee-sandplain and several range east along thesouthern coast, possibly because of the humidifling effects ofthe sea (eg. east toEsperance (Platycercus spurizs (Red-capped Panot)), east to Israelite B ay (Stipiturusmalachurus (Southem Emu Wren)) and east to Ercla (Pachycephala pectoralis(Golden Whistler)). The coastal strip between Israelite Bay and Eucla is well woodedand Banksia and proteaceous shrubs occur as far east as Twighlight cove, resulting ina rich assemblage ofbush birds. In the more open country east ofEyre (Hamptonbioregion) the number of species declines rapidly (Storr 1987). The malleecommunitv of the SW Interzone functions as a zone of intergradation betweenBassian and Eyrean avifaunas (Burbidge 1976), with the Nullarbor Plain acting as aneffective barrier to the distribution of Bassian birds (McKenzie and Robinson 1987).

Habitat type also contributes greatly to the distribution ofbirds. The FRNP supportsmore species ofbirds than any other conservation reserve in south-west WA becauseofthe wide variety of habitats it contains (coastlines, rivers, inlets, and wide variety ofterrestrial landfonns) and its large size (Chapman and Newbey 1995). Honeyeaters(Meliphagidae) are prominant owing to the high floriferous nature of vegetation(eucalypts and proteaceous species) providing a year round source of nectar fornectivorous birds. Other proteaceous heath habitats on the south coast also containhigh species richness ofhoneyeaters (eg. Faunal Zone I of Christens en et al. 1985).Woodlands are also important for bird diversity, and in certain localities, some speciesare restricted to this habitat type. In the FRNP, ten out of54 species recorded inwoodlands were not recorded in other habitats, and, in addition some of these specieswere restricted to either mallee or very open mallee (Chapman and Newbey 1995).

Many species of seabirds nest on offshore islands along the south coast (eg.Thalassarche melanophrys (Black-browed Albatross) and Plero droma macroptera(Greatwinged Petrel) (Lindsay 1996). These species breed exclusively on off-shoreislands but can forage close to the mainland (Peter Collins, CALM, pers. com.). Anexception are Little Penguins (Eudyptula minor) which nest in rock falls at the base ofcliffs in the Israelite Bay - the only area in Australia where this species nests on themainland ((Burbidge 1976). Minor studies have been undertaken regarding seabirddistribution on some south coast islands, although these are often not comprehensive(see Burbidge et al.l993).

Wetlands and waterbir ds

Waterbirds on the south coast include some resident species, however, many aremigrants that breed in northem Asia during the boreal summer (Johnstone and Ston1998). A number of wetlands within the review area are important for waterbirdnumbers and breeding . Owingup swamp (ll'arren bioregion) and The Moats LakeSystem (Jarrah Forest bioregion) support a significant number of the vulnerable

l 6

Australasian Bittem (Botaurus poiciloptilus), and the Lake Pleasant View System isone ofthe few known breeding areas for this species. Inthe Esperance Plainsbioregion Lake Warden System is a major dry season refuge for waterbirds. This isthe only RAMSAR (Wetlands of International Importance) listed wetland within thereview area. Lake Gore (Esperance Plains bioregion) is the single most importantwetland yet known for numbers ofthe resident species Charadrius rubricollis(Hooded Plover) throughout its range (Newbey 1996). Mortijinup Lake System is agood example of an undisturbed coastal lake in south-west WA and is the principalknown refuge for the Freckled Duck (Stictonetta naevosa). YellillupYate SwampSystem is a major breeding area for waterbirds, especially the Rufus Night Heron(Ny c t i c o r ax c al e do nic us).

2.3.3 Reptiles

In a surwey of TPBNR (Jarrah Forest broregion), Ston (in Bannister 1970) outlined acharacteristic reptile fauna of "wet south coastal" areas with TPBNR at the eastemlimit of this subfauna. The characteristics of this subfauna are:

. poverty of the arid adapted families, Geckonidae and Agamidae, whichoccur on the drier coastal plains immediately to the east and north-east. among skinks, richness in Egernia spp. but poverty in Ctenotus species. occurrence of Egernia luctosa, Lerista microtis microtus (as L. microtis) andElapognathus minorr absence of genera otherwise distributed throughout the state eg. Gehyra,Alenetia and P seudec his

This assemblage can be used as a benchmark to compare assemblages in other coastalareas. To the west of TPBNR in the Warrenbioregion the reptile fauna of TomdimrpNP, William Bay NP and Wilson Inlet is typically "wet coastal" (sensz Ston (inBannister 1970)) (Smith 1990, Regan 1996,1997)- The Long-necked turtle(Chelodina oblonga) has been recorded in this area (Regan 1997). This species iscommon tlroughout the forest region to the north (Christensen et al. 1985) and in thefresh waters of the south-west coastal belt east to FRNP (Chapman and Newbey1995). The Carpet Python (Morelia spilota imbricata) is a protected species (seesection 2.4) that occurs throughout the south- west. It is found in Banksiaheath andPeppermint (lgonis Jlexuosa) woodland in TNP (Smith 1990), and is also found inFRNP and potentially in areas ofremnant vegetation with suitable habitat (Cogger etal. 1993).

West of Denmark, the reptile faunal assemblage of the south coastal area isimpoverished compared to areas further east (How et a|.1987) and contains manyelements ofthe southern forest region. The diversity and abundance of reptiles isgreatest in the coastal areas ofthe forest region (Christensen et al. 1985). Again,geckos are poorly represented and agamids are absent. This part of the review areafalls into Christensen et al. (1985) Faunal Zone I, which contains a unique assemblageofspecies restricted to the south-west coastal areas, eg. the snakes E/ap ognathusminor (Little Brown Snake) and Rhinoplocephalus bicolor (Muellers Snake). To theeast of TPBNR, at FRNP, the reptile fauna is impoverished compared with aridregions (Chapman and Newbey 1995), but more diverse than coastal areas furtherwest. The arid-adapted families Geckonidae and Agamidae are still poorlyrepresented, but with a greater number ofspecies ofthese families than at TPBNR.

l " l

This is also the case further along the coast at Lake Monjingup Botanical Park(Harold 1996) and CLGNP ( Kitchener et al. 1975). Thus, some influence ofthe drierconditions on the reptile faunal assemblage is evident in this area. CLGNP alsorepresents the eastem most limits of several common wetter coast species eg. theskinks Acritoscinus trilinedtum (=Leiolopsima trilineatum) and Egernia kingii, andthe pygopod Aprasia slriolata.

Along the coast east of Esperance, the reptile fauna ofthe coast ofthe GreatAustralian Bight (from Israelite Bay to Eucla) is moderately rich compared withcoastal areas to the west (Ston et al. 1981a). This probably results from the diversityofhabitats; bluebush steppe, semi-arid woodlands and scrub and coastal dunes andsandplains. The treeless plain ofthe Nullarbor Region acts as a barrier to the dispersalof many reptile species, resulting in an endemic element in the reptile fauna oftheeastem coast. Endemics include the lizards Ctenotus brooksi euclae and Leristaarenicola, which extend into SA, and the lizard Lerista baynesi (as Lersita picturatabaynesi)andthe pygopod Aprasia inaurita which ue restricted to this region (Storr etal. l98la, McKenzie and Robinson 1987). There is also a much more diverse elementofarid-adapted species from the Geckonidae and Agamidae families, than that foundin coastal areas further west. Many south-west species reach their eastem limit in theIsraelite Bay area eg. the pygopod Delntafraseri and Notechis scutatus occidentalis(Tiger Snake) (Ston e/ a/. 1981a).

Two distinct reptile faunal assemblages have been delineated in the area aroundEsperance (from Israelite Bay to Ravensthorpe and north to Kalgoorlie). The coastalheaths support one assemblage and the semi-arid and arid inland areas supportanother, with the change occurring just north of Salmon Gums (Bush 1981). In theinland mallee region the reptile fauna has an affinity with the Eyrean zone, with manyspecies occurring that are widespread in arid areas, and a dominance ofgenera thathave speciated extensively in arid environments eg. the skinks Ctenotus, and Leristaand the geckos o f the genen Diplodactylw (Merk'horst and Bennett 1990). In thisregion McKenzie et al. (1993) recorded a high proportion of normally allopatricspecies, reflecting its location within the SW Interzone.

2.3.4 Frogs

The broad distribution of frogs in WA closely follows rainfali zones with very littleoverlap. (Tyler et al. 1994). Thus, within the review area, there is a winter rainfallzone (Bassian Fauna) and an arid (low, irregular rainfall) zone (Eyrean fauna), withthe boundary in the review area at Salmon Gums and across to Israelite Bay. TheEyrean and Bassian faunas can be readily recognised on the basis of life history dataand ecological preferences. Thus, Bassian species are those that have access topemranent water and breed when suitable conditions occur and Eyrean species areopportunistic breeders requiring specific conditions of temperature (Main 1965).

Therefore, in contrast to mammals and reptiles, assemblages offrogs change littleover the review area, except for the transition from winter rainfall to arid zone faunas.Most frog species inhabiting the forest region also extend along the south coast andinto the wheatbelt region, although population densities are generally lower in thelatter area (Dale Roberts University of WA, pers. com.).The eastem limit of six south-west frog species coincides with the eastem limit of granitic outcrops in the coastal

t 8

region east of Esperance (Ston et al. 1981a) (eg. Lymnodynastes dorsalls (BanjoFrog) and Litoria adelaidensis (Slender Tree Frog)) and CLGNP is eastem limit ofCrinict georgiani (Quacking Frog) (Kitchener et a1.1975).

Richness in frogs species is characteristic of"wet south coastal" areas, with six toeight species recorded at various sites along the coast (TPBNR (Ston (in Bannisteri970), SNP (Newbey and Bradby 1989), CLGNP (Kitchener et al. 1975),LakeMonjingup (l{arold 1996)). Eleven species were recorded in FRNP, more than anyother conservation reserve in the south-west, owing to a blending of winter rainfalland arid adapted species (Chapman and Newbey 1995).

Most species occurring within the review area are ground-dwelling or burrowingspecies but two are capable of climbing vegelalion (Litoria moorei (Bell Frcg) and L.cyclorhynchus (Spotted- thighed Frog)). Most species do not require the presence ofpermanent water for survival, however pond water (ephemeral or permanent) isessential for some parl ofthe life cycle in all species except Myobatrachus gouldii(Turtle Frog). Species offrogs occurring in the semi-arid and arid regions haveadaptations to prevent dessication (behaviour, increased amounts ofbody water andrapid rehydration) (Main 1965)

2.3.5 Invertebrates

Within Australia as a whole there is a lack of knowledge of taxonomic, ecological anddistributional baseline data on invertebrates, and this taxa is often not included inbiological surveys in conservation areas (Major 1987a). This is certainly the case onthe south coast, with only nine out of67 (13 %) of surveys including invertebrates intheir sampling (Appendix 4). Most ofthese are far from comprehensive and oftenonly list orders of invertebrates with no discussion on faunal composition. Because ofthe lack of comprehensive species lists on distributions of invertebrates within thereview area, little can be said about assemblages of this taxa.

Only one comprehensive survey, detailing faunal composition and communitystructure, has been carried out on any group of invertebrates. Anderson and Burbidge(1992) surveyed the ant fauna ofCANP. They found that this area has a rich ant faunaas a result ofan overlap between arid (Eyrean) species and cool temperate (Bassian)species. The arid genera, Camponatus, Iridomyrmex and Melophorus dominated butthere was also a significant element ofBassian genera, for exarnple, Prolasius,Notoncus, Colobustruma and Dolichoderus. The dominance ofarid fauna within theants at CANP is the opposite to the vertebrate fauna assemblage which is dominatedby Bassian species. They concluded that this assemblage was typical of the mesicfringe ofthe southern arid zone (400-500mm) throughout Australia.

Invertebrates play such a vital role in the functioning of ecosystems, it is hard tojustifu omitting them from surveys due to the difficulty of sampling or identifyingthem. Their potential in playing an important role as indicators of habitat quality(Major 1987b) should be an incentive to increase knowledge ofthis poorly knowntaxa.

l 9

2.3.6 Summary

Thus, broadly speaking, the mammal and reptile faunas of the westem, higher rainfall,end ofthe review area have affinities with the forest region to the north, those ofthecentral area have affinities with both the wetter south-west and the drier semi-aridwheatbelt to the north, and those ofthe drier eastem portion have a greater affinitywith the semi-arid and arid zone. Obviously there are exceptions to this generalpattem, with some species being distributed throughout the review area, and a gradualgradation in faunal assemblages. The transition zone between the two mainphytogeographic provinces (the SW Interzone) is an important area for biodiversity asit contains a higli species diversity due to a blending ofarid and mesic faunas. Mostspecies ofbats, birds and frogs range widely across the review area, and thereforezonation in these taxa is less evident.

2.4 Threatened species

The conservation status ofthreatened fauna in Westem Australia is assessedaccording to the IUCN Red List categories (1994) (IUCN 1994) and listed under thellestern Australian Wrildlife Conservation Acr 19J0. Recommendations are made byCALM to the Commonwealth Government (Environment Australia) which liststhreatened fauna under the Commonwealth Endangered Species Protection Act 1992.

The IUCN Red List Categories (1994) are as follows:

Extinct (EX): No reasonable doubt that the last individual has died

Extinct in the Wild (E\): Known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as anaturalised population (or populations well outside the past range)

Critically Endangered (CR): Facing an extrenely high risk of extinction in the wild inthe immediate future as defined by criteria A-E outlined by the IUCN.

Endangered (EN): Not Critically Endangered but facing a very high risk of extinctionin the wild in the near future as defined by criteria A-E outlined by the IUCN

Vulnerable (VU): Not CR or EN but facing a high risk of extinction in the wild in themedium-term future, as defined by criteria A-E outlined by the IUCN

Two other categories of conservation status are recognised by CALM "other speciallyprotected" and "priority". These categories do not have any legal status but listspecies considered to potentially be at risk and whose status is reviewed annually.

The conservation status of threatened species within the review area, according toboth the state and commonwealth acts, is shown in Appendix 2. A total of fifteenspecies ofterrestrial vertebrates are considered threatened by the State list. Thesecomprise seven mammals and eight birds. There are no endangered or wlnerablespecies of reptiles or amphibians within the review area.

20

Other "priority" or "other specially protected" fauna within the review area includeIsoodon obesuhs rtncivenror (Quenda), Macropus irma (Westem Brush Wallaby),Falco peregrinus (Peregrine falcon), Morelia spilota imbricata (Carpet Python), thegecko Phyllodaclylus sp. "Cape Le Grand" and the elapid snake Rftinoplocephalusspectablis bzslzl. Recently down listed species are Pseerdomys occidentalis (WesternMouse), downlisted from vulnerable to "priority 4"as there are now more than 10,000mature individuals in the wild (Monis in prep.) and Bettongia pencillata (Woylie)which has been removed from the State and Commonwealth lists due to a dramaticrecovery in numbers as a result offox baiting (see section 2.5.2) (Armstrong 1998).

The Commonwealth list is almost identical to the State list ie. species on the State listfall into same categories as the Commonwealth list except that; a criticallyendangered category is not recognised on the Commonwealth list (Potorous gibertii islisted in Endangered category); and the Australasian Bittern (BoIaurus poiciloptilus)is not listed on the Commonwealth list.

Important information relating to the conservation ofthese species is also outlined inAppendix 2. Threatened species occur in a range ofhabitats and possess variedecological requirements. Management to conserve these species therefore requiresmany different approaches, and an integration of management plans to ensurerecovery actions for a particular species are not detrimental to another species or tothe ecosystem as a whole.

The main current management actions that benefit many, ifnot all, threatened speciesare the management offire, the control offoxes and the prevention ofthe spread ofPhytophthora. Work is underway for many threatened species to monitor existingpopulations and to locate new populations. Translocations ofboth captive and wildanimals to suitable habitats where foxes have been controlled are being carried out fora number of species. Research into the ecology ofthreatened species is also a priority,but much is still unknown. Recovery actions are ongoing and change as knowledge isincreased.

Compared to Western Australia as a whole the review area has a high propodon ofextinct mammals (60 %), critically endangered mammals (50 %, one out of two),endangered mammals (29%) and birds (75 %), and wlnerable birds (36 %) (Table 3).

Six species of mammals that once had ranges within the review area are presumedextinct (5 marsupials and 1 rodent), however no species ofbirds, reptiles, amphibiansor invertebrates are presumed extinct within the review area. Within the mammals, theDasyurids and the bats are the only two major groups with no extinctions.

Although there is a fairly high proportion of threatened species within the review areathis is due to the fact that many ofthese species represent a relict fauna which oncehad a much wider distribution. From the present distributions outlined in Appendix 2it can be seen that the reserve system on the south coast represent a stronghold for anumber ofthreatened species, in particular TPBNR and FRNP. These are extremelyimDortant areas for the conservation of remnant fauna.

2 l

Table 3: Number of terrestrial vertebrates listed as threatened in the review areaand all of WA.State list = lYestern Australian Wildlife Conservatiow Act 1950

Mammals 1 0Birds 0 2Reptiles 0 0Amphibians 0 0

Mammals 1Birds 0Reptiles 0Amphibians 0 0

Mammals 2 7Birds 3 4Reptiles 0

ribians 0

MammalsBird 1 4Reptiles 0 8Amphibians 0 2

2.5 Threatening processes

From Appendix 2 it canbe seen that the main tlueats to species in the review area are:land clearance leading to habitat fragmentation and destruction; changed fire regimes;predation by inhoduced predators; and changes in vegetation structure or loss offoodplants by the fun gal pathogen Phytophthora. Competition from, and change invegetation structure caused by introduced herbivores, particularly the rabbit, has notbeen implicated, however these effects should be investigated further. For everyspecies there is probably no one single cause of decline or extinction. These processes

aimost certainly did, and do not, occur in isolation and it is diffrcult to separate theireffects (Recher and Lim 1990).

2.5.1 Fire

Fire has been implicated as having a major impact on fauna, both historically and as

ari ongoing threat. Low intensity frequent buming canied out by Aborigines forhunting resulted in considerable areas ofdense unburnt vegetation. with Europeansettlernent, the fire regime changed to one of infrequent hot fires which resulted in the

loss ofdense stands ofvegetation. These changing fire regimes have been implicatedas the main cause of the decline of Atrichornis clsnosas (Noisy Scrub-bird),Dasyornis longirostris (westem Bristlebird) arld Psophodes n. nigrogulrars (westem

WhipbiLd) (Smith 1985a, Smith 1987).

22

Fire is now used in selected areas as a faunal habitat management tool. Detailedinvestigations into the use offire as management tool with particular respect to faunahave been carried out outside the review area in Dryandra Forest (Burrows el al1987) and Perup Forest (Christensen and Maisy 1987). These studies emphasise theimportance oftranslating research findings into management practice. Major reserveswithin the review area are managed for fire with the ecological requirements ofthreatened species as one of a number of priorities (FRNP, W-NNP, TPBNR,WCHNP, (Department of Conservation and Land Management, 1991,1992a,1995aand b respectively).

Despite its use as a management tool, research into the response to fire ofmanyspecies is lacking. A review ofthe short and long-term responses of vertebrates to firein temperate heathland and woodlands throughout Australia, strongly indicated a highdegree of consistency between species post fire response and their life historyparameters (Friend 1993). Within the review area, Chapman and Newbey (1994) haveinvestigated the response of vertebrates to a large summer wildfire at FRNP. Theyfound that srnall mammals had a broad spectrum of vegetation fire-age tolerance, withseveral species surviving in vegetation at 5 years post fite (Sminthopsis griseoventor(Grey-bellied D tnnart), Cercartetus concinnus (Western Pygmy Possum) , Pseudomysalbocinereus (Ash-grey Mouse) and Rattus fuscipes (Bush Rat)), but with the raresmall mammals Parantechinus apicaiis (Dibbler), Sminthopsis granulipes (White-tailed Dunnart), Pseudomys occidentalis (WestemMouse) and P. shortridgei (HeaIhRat) requiring 30+ years post fire to survive. Reptiles generally survived the fires byusing non-flammable refuges, and some sedentary passerine birds survived in pocketsof unburnt vegetation. Research is also currently underway in FRNP to investigate thefire response of the threatened Ground Parrot (Pezoporus wallicus flavivenlrls) (AllanBurbidge, CALM, pers. com).

Smith (1985a,1987) investigated the effect offire on the three rare bird species atTPBNR (ltricft ornis clamosus (f{oisy Scrub-bird), Dasyornis longirostris (WestemBristlebird) and Psophodes n. nigrogulafis (Westem Whipbird)) by considering thechanges in population in relation to changing fire patterns. He found that these speciesgenerally require long unburnt vegetation to maintain viable populations. Smith(1987) emphasised the compromises needed between the requirements of all speciespresent, the protection of rare species and the maintenance ofan acceptable fire risk,when using fire as a management tool. The challenge to managers and researchers isto balance these while consen-ing biodiversity. Clearly, research into species habitatrequirements, life history parameters and fire responses are essential for effectivemanagement of fire.

2.5.2 Feral Predators

Predation by the European re d fox (Vulpes vulpes) has been implicated as a factor inthe decline of the CWR mammals (see section 2.1) and some ground birds in WestemAustralia (Burbidge and McKenzie 1989, Gamett 1992). Experimental removal offoxes has been shown to increase populations ofnative mammals (eg. PetrogaleIateralis, Kinnear el al 1988).

The impact of predation by the feral car (Felis catzs) can be strongly infened fromhistorical. circumstantial and observational evidence. On the mainland, feral cats

23

impact most heavily on mammals weighing less than 220 g and have been implicatedin decline and extinction of species of Westem Australian rodents (Monis in prep.,Dickman 1996). Ground foraging and nesting birds weighing less than 200 g are alsovulnerable to cat predation (Dickman 1996).

Fortunately, baiting for foxes and cats with 1080 is successful in Western Australiabecause these species are highly susceptible to the toxin, whereas many nativeWestern Australian mammal species are extremely tolerant to it (King 1993).

Western Shield Monitoring

An important program underway is the monitoring of mammal populations under theIlestern ShieldProgram. This program is an initiative of CALM, with the aim toincrease numbers and populations of threatened species through the control ofthe foxand the feral cat in Western Australia's conservation lands. Broadscale fox baiting isnow used as an effective tool for the management ofpopulations ofthreatened specieson the south coast by aerial delivery ofdried meat baits at 5 baits per km / (Armstrong1998). Baiting for cats is not yet conducted on an operational basis, but research isunderway to develop the best technique for the delivery of 1080 baits to feral cats.The 1080 bait for cats is palatable to the native camivorous Chuditch (Dasyarr.rgeoffroii), and therefore cannot be trialed where Chuditch are present. A felinespecific toxin (FST) is also being developed which only affects feral cats and istherefore safe to use in the presence of Chuditch.

Western Shield Monitoring - preliminary results

Published data on results of Western Shield monitoring in the review area is not yetavailable. The following information was obtained as a personal comment from PeterCollins (Wildlife Officer, CALM.) and Klaus Tiddeman (Esperance District Manager,CALM),

Western Shield Monitoring sites:Albany DistrictWNP in the Mount Manypeaks Nature Reserve, Bakers Junction (ust north of theHassell Hwy), FRNP (Twertup and Moir Track)

Esperance DistrictCLGNP, CANP, Helms Forestry Reserve (ust north of Esperance).

A monitoring program recording the abundance of small to medium sized mammalscommenced at all sites within CALM's Albany District in mid 1997. Thiscorresponded to the commencement of the Westem Shield fox baiting program,however fox baiting was already underway since 1991 at the FRNP sites twice a year,as palt ofanother study prior to the start of fauna monitoring (see below). Baitingocctus 4 times a year. Fauna monitoring is canied out twice a year, in Autumn andSpring, and is ongoing. The most significant results to come out ofthe monitoringprogram to date have occurred in the FRNP. The threatened species, the Dasyrusgeoffroii (Chuditch) was captured in September 1998 for the first time in FRNP since1980. There has also been a marked significant increase in the capture rate (14 % to40 %o) of Trichosurus vupecula (Brrush-tail possum) at the Twertup site, and a recent

24

increase in numbers of another threatened species, Parantechinus apicalls (Dibbler).Trapping at the Bakers junction and WNP sites have not yielded a significant changein the fauna since the start of monitoring. This is also the case at the EsperanceDistrict sites. The fact that these increases were not recorded until 6 to 7 years afterinitial fox baiting indicates that recoveries may not be evident for some time after theimpact of foxes is reduced.

Recent experimental rvork by Jack Kinnear in FRNP investigated the impact of twiceyearly aerial baitings for foxes on medium sized mammals from 1991-1996. The parkwas partitioned into two areas, one of which was baited. Possums and tammarsincreased dramatically in baited area. The FRNP offers a great opportunity to increaseour understanding of the role ofexotic predators on a suite of habitats and theirhabitat requirements ( Jack Kinnear, CALM pers. com)

Clearly the fox has been, and continues to be, one of the greatest threats to CWRmamnrals. The dramatic recovery of a number ofthreatened species (eg. Betongiapencillata (woylie)) under broadscale fox baiting is an unequivocal indication of this.

2, 5. 3 Phytop htho ra cinnamomi

Phytophthora cinnamomi is a soil-bome fungal pathogen occurring in the south-westin areas with greater than 400 mm annual rainfall. It causes the plant disease"dieback" in Proteaceous and Myrtaceous species, leading to the death of the plantand subsequent change in the vegetation floristics and structure ofthe community.Phytophthora cinnamomi impacts on fauna species by removing the structuralcomponents of vegetation (and hence refugia), and the seed and nectar food sources ofmany mammal, bird and insect species (Wilson el a/. 1994). This constitutes theremoval ofa functional group from an ecosystem, which effects ecosystem function(Hobbs 1992).

No quantitative data exists on the impacts of P. cinnamomi on fauna within the reviewa."u. In the forest region to the north the impacts ofP. cinnamomi on invertebrates,frogs and reptiles have been investigated. The results were inconclusive but suggestedlower species richness and abundance in diseased forest (Nichols and Burrows 1985,Nichols and Bamford 1985). Studies in south-east Australia are more conclusive.Wilson el c/.(1990) found the percentage of vegetation modified by P. cinnamomi incoastal heaths in Victoria to be a significant variable in explaining small mammaldiversity and abundance. Further, it was found that changes in vegetation structurerather than invertebrate food supply between diseased and non-diseased areas was themain factor contributing to the abundance of the dasyurid matsupial Antechinussludrtii (Brown Anlechinus).

It can be speculated that P. cinnamomi is having, and will continue to have, a majorimpact onipecies which rely specifically on Proteaceous and Myrtaceous species forfooa 1eg. Tarsipes rostratzs (Honey Possum) and on any species which requireparticular vegetation structures that are effected by P. cinnamomi. Prevention ofthespread of P. cinnamomi is a management priority on all CALM managed lands (see

Management Plans for FRNP, W-NNP, TPBNR, WCHNP, FRNP, (Department ofConservation and Land Management, 1991,1992'1995a and b respectively)).

25

2. 5.4 Habitat fragmentation

The devastating role of habitat fragmentation and destruction on faunal species hasbeen discussed previously in section 2.2.

Mrile land clearing has had a major impact in the past, threatened species occurringwithin the reserve system are no longer under direct threat from this process.However, the presence of some threatened species on non-protected land (eg. NoisyScrub-bird (Atrichornis clamosus)) requires careful liaison with private landholdersand other managing bodies to ensure the protection ofhabitat.

2. 5. 5 I ntro duced her bivores

The European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) can occur in very high numbers on deepsandy soils in remnant vegetation on agricultural land, and have been recorded onmountain tops in southem WA (Banett 1996). While the rabbit has not been directlyimplicated in the decline ofthreatened species in the review area its potential impact,both past and present, cannot be ignored. Almost no quantitative data exists on thecritical level ofunacceptable damage to fauna caused by the rabbit. This damage iscommonly chronic and subtle, and difficult to measure and differentiate from damagedone by other threatening processes (Armstrong 1998). One recent study attempted tomeasure the impact of reduced rabbit numbers through Rabbit Calicivirus Disease(RCD) on the vegetation and fauna in an area of Stirling Range National Park(Gilfrllan 1999). No sustained changes in rabbit numbers occurred and therefore thelong-term impacts could not be assessed. The potential impacts of rabbits on faunainclude direct competition, changes in vegetation structure through grazing and themaintenance of a prey base for feral predators.

Rabbits are the primary prey of foxes and cats (Catling 1988) in many parts ofAustralia where rabbits are cornmon. Any sustained reduction in rabbits may beexpected to cause a decline in the abundance of foxes and cats, after an initial increasewith increased supply ofcarcases (feast effect). However, any reduction in rabbitsneeds to be carefully monitored, especially in areas where only small populations ofnative species exist, as initial prey switching from rabbits to native species may occur(Pech and Hood 1998).

3. SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON TERRESTRIAL FAUNA OF THESOUTH COAST

3.1 Historical and fossil records

Historical and fossil records are important for identifying changes in distribution,contraction ofrange, or local extinctions ofspecies.

26

3. l. I Historical records

The south coast was visited by maritime expeditions in the late eighteenth and earlynineteenth century. These expeditions had professional naturalists aboard who madecollections ofplants and animals, and were made mostly around regional centres. In1801-1803 an expedition by the French explorer Nicolas Baudin, with the zoologistFrancois Peron aboard, made extensive collections around King George Sound. KingGeorge Sound was a focus for collecting, it was the site ofthe first rodent collected inWA, by Charles Darwin in 1836 (Walton 1988), and Pseadomys occidentalis(Westem Mouse) was first collected here by John Gilbert in the 1840's (Kitchener1992). John Gilbert, a significant collector ofbirds, also made discoveries oftheAtrichornis c/anosas (Noisy Scrub-bird), Psophodes n. nigrogrularis (WestemWhipbird) and Dasyornis longirostris (Westem Bristlebird) (Serventy 1979). Gilbertcollected the type specimens for almost halfofthe species ofrecent marsupialsoccurring in the south-west of WA, which were described by John Gould. (Serventy1979). Another significant expedition for the region was the Balston Expedition of1904-1905 led by Oldfield Thomas, a mammalogist from the British Museum. Thecollector on this expedition, G.C. Shortridge, made significant contibutions todistributional knowledge of birds and mammals (Shorhidge 1909).

Rediscoveries

Later collections and surveys led to rediscoveries ofspecies thought to be extinct:Atrichornis clamosr.o (Noisy Scrub-bird Gould 1844) in 1961 at TPBNR (Webster1962, a inNSC RP); Parantechinus apicalis (Dibbler Gray 1842) in 1967 at CheyneBeach (=11ar."1 Beach), east of Albany (Morcombe 1967), and Potorous gilbertii (asP. tridactylus) (Gilbert's Potoroo(Gould 1841)) inl994 at TPBNR (SincIair et al.1996).

Historical information can be used to determine range contractions or populationextinctions of species since European settlement, and help to determine the primaryreasons for these declines. Recently, historical records have been used in a majorstudy assessing the changes in distribution of forest birds since European settlement inthe south-west of WA (Abbott 1999).

3.1.2 Fossil records

Recent fossil records are valuable in assessing distributions of species immediatelyprior to the arrival of Europeans in Australia, as much ofthe comprehensive historicalcollecting of species was carried out after the extinction of many ground-dwellingmammals (Baynes and Baird 1992). Remains on the surfaces of cave deposits areimportant sources of fossil records. Within the review area original faunalassemblages, as assessed by examination offossil records, are known from areas withlarge numbers ofcaves. The region from Esperance to Eucla (Baynes 1987) has beenassessed for cave deposits (Baynes 1987). The original coastal mammalian fauna ofthis region consisted entirely of species with southem distributions. For mammals, theHampton Tableland represents an ecotone with arid zone, southem and arborealelements all present in the original fauna. The boundary of the South-WestemBotanical Province and the South-Western Interzone represents the original eastemlimit of south-westem Australia sand-plain mammals such as Paran techinus apicalis

2'l

(Dibbler), Tarsipes rostratus (Horrcy Possum), Pseado mys albocinerus (Ash-greyMouse) and P. shortridgei (HeathRat).

Examples ofdocuments that provide past fossil distributions ofspecies includeStrahan (1995) (for Australian mammals), Recovery Plans for threatened species (eg.Orell and Monis 1994, Danks et al. 1996, Cowtney et al. 1998), Action Plans forthreatened species (eg. Cogger et a|.1993, Maxwell et al.1996,Tyler 1997) andrediscoveries (eg. Morcombe 1967).

3.2 Museum records

A search of museum records of mammals, reptiles and amphibians in the review areawas carried out (and is available). However, the listing of all species recorded in thearea is not purpose of this review. Also, the number ofrecords and the number ofspecies lodged with the museum for a large area such as the area under review doesnot give a true indication as to the abundance, diversity or distribution ofspecies inthat area. Museum records are biased towards either areas where specimens are easilyfound (roadside collections), or areas where biological studies have been carried out(generally within the reserve system) (Mazzer and Ellis 1997). Museum records areuseful, however, in providing, for example, information about species which occur inspecific areas, or to speculate as to which species may occur when constraints ofresources inhibit ground surveys. A number of documents contain species listsderived from museum records for specific areas (Table 4).

Table 4: Documents containing species lists for specific areas derived frommuseum records

CaDe Riche to Beaufort InletMammals, birds,reptiles, frogs

McKenzie and Robinson,(1e87)Nullarbor RegionMammals, birds,

reptiles, frogs

Newbey (1987)Pallinup / Beaufort Inlet AreaMammals, birds,reptiles, frogs

Leighton (1996)Albany shire, Pallinup Riverto Green Range

Mammals (includesbats)

28

3.3 Documents providing detailed information on single species ecolory(Appendix 3)

These documents provide detailed information on one or more of the following on asingle species; (population demography, reproduction, diet, habitat selection, impactoffire, environmental effects on abundance).

There has been few detailed ecological studies canied out on populations ofsinglespecies in the review area. Those that exist are confined mostly to mammals andbirds, with only one relatively limited study on a species ofreptile (Tiliqua rugosa).Tarsipes rostratus (Honey Possum) has been the focus of much ecological work, ashave the threatened bird species at TPBNR.

3.4 Documents providing information on community ecology (Appendix 4)

These documents provide information on one or more aspect ofthe ecology ofacommunity ofeither one taxa (eg. reptiles) or the interactions of several taxa.

As with single species ecology studies, studies investigating the ecology ofcommunities of animals are also limited. Only two studies deal with the ecology ofwhole vertebrate communities; one investigates the effects offire on the numbers anddiversity of vertebrates in open scrub mallee habitat (Eucalyptus decipiens andBanl<sia 6axferr) at FRNP (Chapman and Newbey 1994), and the other, currentlyunderway, is focusing on the use of plantation trees by the faunal community inmallee habitat (R. Hobbs pers. com). A number of studies focus on the environmentalfactors affecting the breeding or abundance ofbirds associated with wetlands (Godsell1990, Halse et al. 1989)

3.5 Documents providing information on fauna surveys (Appendix 5)

Biological surveys provide basic information about species distributions and are aprerequisite for developing rneaningful biodiversity conservation programs(Biotogical Surveys Committee 1984). The surveys outlined here include those thateither provide information on the presence of species, or more comprehensive suweysthat outline detailed data on distribution, abundance or general habitat associations ofspecies. Included in the table are studies that provide species lists arising from thesurvey results.

Only six comprehensive biological surveys have been carried out in the review area.Four of these deal with areas entirely within the review area (FRNP (Chapman andNewbey 1995, Sanders 1997); CLGNP (Kitchener el al 1975); SNP (Newbey andBradby 1989)), and two are major regional surveys encompassing part of the reviewarea (Nullarbor region (McKenzie and Robinson 1987) and Eastem Goldfields regionMcKenzie et al. 1993). There has also been a considerable amount of work carried outat the Eyre Bird Observatory which provides valuable information on the presence,distribution and abundance of mammals, birds and reptiles (RAOU 1980, 1982, 1985,1988. 1989).

29

There has been a number ofless extensive surveys undertaken. Some ofthese surveyscover a much wider area than the review area (eg. frogs in south-west WA (Jaensch1993)), survey for particular species (eg. Thinornis rubricol/is, Hooded Plover(Newbey 1996)) or are confined to particular habitats over a wide area (eg. wetlands(Halse et al.l990), mountain tops (Barrett 1996)).

Surveys that have been undertaken off the reserve system have generally beenperformed by community members and / or environmental consultants. ' A survey atCheyne Bay (Cape Riche to Pallinup River) was conducted by the Wellstead LandConservation District (Anon.a ). Permanent trapping grids were set up and monitoringis on-going. Surveys such as these are valuable in increasing knowledge ofbiodiveristy outside the reserve system.

3.6 Species lists (Appendix 6)

Species lists exist for a number ofspecific areas. These lists are compiled fromvarious sources of knowledge ofa particular area, rather than a list arising specificallyfrom an on-ground survey. These are predominantly related to birds.

3.7 Documents outlining general distributions of species in WA (Appendix 7)

Considerable work has been canied out by the Western Australian Museum on thedistribution of species over large regions, either the whole of WA or sub-regions.Relevant publications dealing in part with the review area are listed in Appendix 7.

30

4. GAPS IN THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE TERR.ESTRIAL FAUNA OF THESOTITH COAST

While much valuable work has been undertaken, the knowledge of south coast faunaremains limited. A summary of the number of documents outlining information onfauna within the review area in terms ofstudy type, taxa and land category can beseen in Table 5. Gaps in the knowledge of fauna in terms ofthese aftributes isdiscussed below:

4.1 Study type

Scant ecological work has been carried out within the review area, the majoritydealing with threatened fauna. This is reflected in the high proportion of ecologicalstudies on single species of mammals and birds (all but one), the only two vertebratetaxa containing threatened species. Ecological work investigating communities hasreceived little attention. Knowledge of community ecology is important foridentifuing the functional significance of species within a community. Thisknowledge is important if functional biodiversity is to be maintained (Hobbs 1992)

4.2Taxa

Ecological knowledge ofbats, frogs and reptiles is lacking, and even broaddistribution patterns ofbats are unknown. The distribution, abundance and ecology ofbats are poorly known throughout Australia, probably as a result ofonly the recentdevelopment of effective survey techniques (Mllls et a1.1997). Apart ftom a fewspecific groups (eg. Maglomorph spiders and ants), the ecology and regionaldistribution pattems of terrestrial invertebrates are also virtually unknown

4.3 Land category

The majority (71 %) of studies have been carried out within the reserve system. Thisis understandable to some degree as these areas contain the natural systems which aregenerally the foci of research and it is easy to obtain permits to work in these areassince part ofthe reason for their creation is for scientific research (Mazzler and Ellis1997). However, even some reserves have not had basic biological surveys carried outon them (eg. WCHNP, Department of Conservation and Land Management 1995).Also, the importance of off-reserve areas for biodiversity conservation has beendiscussed, and steps should be taken to increase baseline biological knowledge, andfaunal use of maj or corridors and patches of remnant vegetation' Community surveyson off-reserve land are few (examples include the Wellstead Land ConservationDistrict survey and the Birds on Farms project) and should be encouraged'

4.4 Geographical area

Surveys have been carried out in each ofthe bioregions represented within the reviewarea, but there is still many areas in which knowledge ofbiodiversity is virtuallyunknown. The continual coastal conidor extending from Oyster Harbour to Esperancehas only information from reserve surveys and a few small off-reserve surveys. Inparticular, the coastal area immediately west of FRNP is unknown, and contains some

J I

intact habitat which may be important for biodiversity (Angela Sanders, Tony Friendpers. com). The vast coastline from CANP to Eucla (NNR) has had limited surveywork carried out on it, as has the area from Albany to Denmark.

Table 5: Summary of the number of studies for each study type, taxa and landcategory.RS : Reserve System (CALM managed land), Non RS : Non Reserve System

mammatso 0 0

birds 1 5 0 0reptiles 1 0 0 0frogs 0 0inve rtebrates 0 0 0vertebrates 0 0inve rte brates 0 0 U

vertebratesanoinvertebrates

0 0 0 0

mammats n 0 0 0birds 1 Ireptiles 1 0 U 0frogs nvertebrates 1 0invertebrates 0 0 U

vertebratesandinvertebrates

1 0

mammals o 1 0 0birds 1 4 c 1reptiles 2 0frogs 2 n 0 2

71 9 1 1 I

32

5, EXTRAPOLATION OF INFORMATION TO OTHER AREAS

Where suitable habitat exists within the known pre-European or fossil range of aspecies, there is a reasonable chance that populations of that species may still exist inthat area. For example, suitable habitat for Parantechinus apicalis (Dibbler) occurs atCANP and NNR, which are within the known fossil range of this species (Start 1998).Surveys for populations of P. apicalis in these areas form part of the recovery actionfor this threatened species. In fact, surveys for new populations form an importantpart of all recovery actions for threatened species, and the selection ofrelease sites forthe translocation of threatened species is also primarily based on the identifrcation ofsuitable habitat within the known range ofspecies.

Museum records may be used to speculate as to which species may occur in aparticular area (see section 3.2). There are still many areas that have not beensurveyed, so the potential for the discovery of new populations of threatened species,or extensions ofthe known ranges ofspecies in little known taxa, for example, batsand invertebrates, is higir.

Some studies outside the review area that investigate broad pattems in speciesdistributions or ecology may be applied to populations within the review area. Forexample, a review of the impact of fire on small vertebrates in mallee woodlands andheathlands in temperate Australia identified broad trends in species long and short-term responses to fire (Friend 1993). These general trends can probably be applied topopulations in similar habitat types within the review area.

Ecological studies on populations of species with wide distributions often revealdifferences in ecological attributes of populations across their range. For example, arecent ecological study of a popul ation of Trichosurus vulpecula (Common BrushtailPossum) near Busselton in the extreme south-west found rnarked differences in thedemography of this population compared with that of a semi-arid population. Thisspecies shows demographic flexibility with populations responding to differenthabitats by changing demographic responses (How and Hillox 2000)' Thereforeextrapolation of results from studies on populations outside the review area topopulations within is not wholly reliable and does not negate the need for studies onpopulations in slla.

6. SPECIFIC ACTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The following actions and recommendations have been identified though theproduction of this review. They are not considered exhaustive and provide initialguidance for the development ofthe south coast Regional coastal Strategy in regardio the conservation and protection of fauna within the coastal area ofthe region.

* Ensure all vegetation communities are adequately represented in the reservesystem. with the aim ofproviding sufficient habitat for viable populations ofallrepresentative faunal species.

.t Continue investigation ofthe distribution and ecology ofthreatened species'

* Investigate the response ofspecies or communities to fire and Phytophthoracinnamomi..

* Document the regional distribution ofpoorly known taxa (invertebrates andbats) and focus ecological studies on communities to increase our understandingof community function, with the aim of maintaining functional biodiversity'

t Document site-specific faunal assemblages in areas ofthe reserve system that

are poorly known (eg. West Cape Howe National Park)

* Increase knowledge of faunal biodiversity ofoff-reserve land, particularly thecoastal corridor, which provides the strongest east west link in the landscape atpresent.

* To substantially increase the resources to undertake these actions, community

members could be encouraged to participate in the collection of informationunder the direction ofa Regional Nature conservation Facilitator. The focus of

these fauna surveys could be on taxa that can be sampled non-invasively,including invertebrates, frogs and bats. Invertebrates, which are easy to collect

and handle and play an important role as indicators of habitat quality, could be

an invaluable tool in increasing knowledge of south coast ecosystems'

n Ensure a central location is established for the collation, collection, storage and

dissemination of spatial and aspatial information relating to the natural coastal

environment of the South Coast region.

34

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Wilson,8.A., Newell, G., Laidlaw, W.S. and Friend,G. (1994). Impact of plantdiseases on faunal communities. ../o urnal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 77:t39-144.

4 8

Wilson, S. (1984). Endemic Reptiles of South Westem Australia. Wildlife AustraliaAutumn 1984:20-21.

Wooller, RD., Richardson, ICC. and Collins, B.G. (1993). The relationshipbetween nectar supply and the rate of capture ofa nectar-dependent small marsupialTarsipes rostratus. Journal of Zoologt, London 229:651 -658.

Wooller, R.D., Richardson, ICC., Garavanta, C.A., Saffer, V.M., Anthony, C.and Wooller, S.J. (1998). The influence of annual rainfall upon capture rates ofanectar-dependent marsupial. Wildlife Research 25 (2): 165-170.

Wooller, RD., Russell, E.M.and Renfree, M.B. (1984). Honey Possums and theirFood Plants. pages 43943 in Possums and Gliders. Ed by A.P. Smith and I.D. Hume,Australian Mammal Society, Sydney.

| '

49

PLATES

50

4.

Lersita m. mrbrofus (Skink) Photo: Greg Harold, courtesy of S. Barett

Phy odactylus m. marmoratus (Matbled Gecko) photo: Greg Harold, courtesy of S. Banett

Rhinopocephalus bicolor (square-nosed snake) photo: Greg Harord, courtesy of s. Banett

Moreila spilotus imbricafus (Carpet python) Photo: Greg Harold, murtesy of S. Barrett

Utoia moorei (Moores Tree Frog) Photo: Greg Harold, courtesy of S. Barett

APPENDICES

54

Appendix 1: Tabte of abbreviations of localities used frequently in the text

55

\oa

E3; so d

E t s

E d l E? $ s sE = "s?E .N ̂E!i d o S c

E S q T J

; t i €; X E E€ - tSs+ a s EX S s H. E S E ;= v : ? oI I \ _ ?

E . E ! I. E i s . :

I * T E.r t P.EE E S EB E * H

b H E q9 = r r > ^

5E FoFb.F E ra

Ee FsEE ; € E Eg = r q o , Ex ' i i a - z ;i i r 4 E

I

9 o te6. -s

5 * . 9

4 3 6

_ z€ 8 == : =

E E . O

iiEet;gtEgF.: o > -

: F E E

- = > ec€" gab ; E U *€ E * $ c:- : c 6 (!

E H E s P P

E h E

Ez

; 5 89 9 A6 d a L

o o

* :e$ E"Fs?,E€eE? cHEEFS#

q)

oooaDo(L

c-

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s g . E e

6 9

6 ( ! q

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l ! 5

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e gFE;i=E =n E r ; l g E Hi H i H 3 € : gS t e t E c d E

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t€iEugsEc;g€tEaEgEE€gEEEg* E

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i * g . e

e '*glj E sE E = R . 3b 3 t g 5 3; ! 6 Y 6 - 0

{ 5 E ( t r

g p t

d < 5

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