101

,ay; - 2

ftpijapd; Nehf;F epiyfs;

jkpo; nkhopapy; GJf;ftpijapd; Njhw;wj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhdtu;

ghujpahu;. ghujpf;Fg; gpwFGJf;ftpij vOJk; Kaw;rpapy; Kjd;Kjyhf

<Lgl;ltu; e.gpr;r%u;j;jp Mthu;.mNj fhyj;jpy; rp.R.nry;yg;gh>

uh[Nfhghyd; MfpNahUk; fyhNkhfpdp> vOj;J> fpuhkCopad; Nghd;w

,jo;fspy; vOjj; njhlq;fpdu;.1940f;Fg; gpwF GJf;ftpijapy; xU

Njf;fepiy Vw;gl;lJ.

,d;iwa #o;epiyapy; kf;fspilNa nry;thf;Fg; ngw;Wj;jpfOk;

,yf;fpakhfg; GJf;ftpij cs;sJ.kdpjdpd; vjpu;fhyk;> fhjy;

czu;Tfs;> kdpj Nea czu;Tfs;> murpay; Nghd;w cs;slf;fq;fisf;

nfhz;L ,yq;FtJ jhd; GJf;ftpij. kuGfis cilj;Jr; rKjhaf;

fUj;;Jf;fisr; Rje;jpukhf cyh tur; nra;j ngUik GJf;ftpijf;F

cz;L.

Njhw;wKk; tsHr;rpAk;

1910 Mk; Mz;bw;F Nky; ,q;fpyhe;jpYk; mnkupf;fhtpYk; cs;s

ftpQu;fSs; rpyu; xUq;fpize;J kuGf; ftpijapy; xU kWkyu;r;rpia

Vw;gLj;jpl tpUk;gp „,Nk[p];l;fs;;… vd;w $l;likg;ig

cUthf;fpdu;.,tu;fs; gpnuQ;R ,yf;fpaj;ijg; gpd;gw;wp

ntu;];ypg;Nu[verselebre] vd;w RNar;irf; ftpij Kiwapid

Muha;e;jdu;.

102

,t;thuha;r;rpapd; tpisthfr;nrhw;rpf;fdk;;> rhjhuzepiy>

Ngr;Rmikjp> nrk;ik epiy E}jdg; gbkg;gpuNahfk; Mfpa

jd;ikfisf; ftdpj;Jf; ftpijfis mikf;fyhapdu;. B.,.`_k;>

v];uh gTz;l;> b.v];.vypal; MfpNahu; ,k;Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;ltu;fspy;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;fs; v‡g;.v];.gpspd;l; vd;ghu;>

‘vJif Nkhid kw;Wk; nkhop eil ,it

midj;Jk; nraw;ifahfTk; ntspg;gilahfTk;

ftpijf;F Ritia nfhLf;fpd;wJ. mJkl;Lk;

my;yhky; nra;Kiwapy; xU rpy khw;wq;fisf;

nfhz;L tUfpwJ. ,itfs; ftpijapd; capu;

Xl;lj;ijj; jilnra;tjw;Ff; fhuzkhf

,Uf;fpd;wd.”1

vd;W $Wfpwhu;.,f;$w;W ,d;iwa jkpo; GJf;ftpijf;F kpfTk;

nghUj;jk; cilajhf cs;sJ.

,yf;fz tpjpfisAk;;;jisfisAk; kPwp> fl;Lg;ghby;yhky;

vOjg;gLk; ftpijia gpnuQ;R nkhopapy;’verselibre’ vd;W $Wfpwhu;fs;.

Rhyme and meter artificial and external Addison to poetry and that the

various changes that can be rang upon them were worked out, They grew more

and more insipid until they have become contemptible and encumbering.

,Ugjhk; Ehw;whz;by; jhd; kuGf;ftpij>GJf;ftpij vd;W Gjpa

ngau;fNshL jkpo;f; ftpijfs; ,dk; gpupf;fg;gl;ld. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk;

103

trdftpijfisg; gpd;gw;wp GJf;ftpij ,yf;fpaj;jpy; eil gapd;wNj

MFk;. trd ftpij vd;gjw;F cUtk;>mzp>jis>Nkhid vy;yhk;

cz;L.nra;As; vOJtijf; fhl;bYk; trd ftpij vOjp ntw;wp

ngWtJ rpukk; vd;why; kpifay;y. trd ftpijf;Ff; fUj;jpd;

NtfKk;czu;r;rpAk; nrhy;ypy; nkU$l;bdhy; jhd; nfhQ;rkhtJ

ftu;r;rp Vw;gLk; nrhy;ypy; ftpijapd; mr;rk; ,y;yhtpl;lhy; mJ trd

ftpijahfhJ ntWk; trdk; jhd;.

ghujpahu;>ghujpjhrd; Nghd;Nwhhpd; thapyhf ftpij khw;WUtk;

ngw;wJ vd;WJzpe;J $wyhk;.njhlf;f fhyj;jpy; ghujpAk;>ghujpjhrDk;

goikiag; gpd;gw;wpg; ghbdu; vd;whYk; rpwpJ fhyj;jpNyNa jq;fspd;

ghLnghUis khw;wpf; nfhz;ldh;.,tu;fSf;Fg; gpd;dhy; ,tu;fspd;

ngau;fisr; nrhy;ypf; nfhz;L ftpij gilf;f te;jtu;fSk; ,tu;fspd;

Gjpa ghLnghUs;fisNa vLj;Jf; nfhz;L ghbdu;.,t;thwhf 19>20 -

Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; njhlq;fpa ,e;j khw;wj;jpw;Ff; fhuzk;

Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ.

fhyKk; fhuzKk;;

19 -Mk; Ehw;whz;bd; ,WjpapYk; 20-Mk; E}w;whz;bd;

njhlf;fj;jpYk; ftpij ghba ftpQu;fis Nehf;Fk; NghJ ehd;F

epiyfspy; epd;W mtu;fs; ghly;fs; ,aw;wpAs;sdu; vd;W

Gydhfpd;wJ.

1. gok; Gytu; tl;lk;

2. ghujp guk;giu

104

3. ghujpjhrd; guk;giu

4. nghJTlikf; ftpQu;fs;

vd;gitNa ,e;ehd;fhk;.,t;thW ftpQu;fs; ehd;F epiyfspy; epd;W

ghLtjw;F>fUj;JU khWtjw;f;Ff; fhuzk; #oy; vd;d vd;gijAk;

mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;.Mq;fpNyau; tUiff;Fg; gpd;du; ,e;jpa ehl;by;

kl;Lky;yhky; ,yf;fpak;> nghUshjhuk;>mwpTepiy Nghd;wtw;wpYk;

xU Gjpa khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ. xU gf;fk; Mq;fpNyaupd; tUifapdhy;

gbj;jtu;fSf;F Ntiy tha;g;G Vw;gl;lJ. vdNt>Mq;fpNyau;fshy;

gjtpAk; tUkhdKk; ngw;wtu;fs; mtu;fsJ

Ml;rpiaAk;>nfhs;iffisAk; Nghw;Wgtu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;.

‘jPjpy; Mq;fpNyNa kd;du; nrq;Nfhy; vQ;Qhd;Wk; tho;f”

vd;W ghLk; epiyapy;,Ue;jdu;. fhuzk; Mq;fpNyau;fshy; mtu;fs;

ngw;w MjhaNk vdf; $wyhk;.

,d;ndhU gf;fk; ghu;f;Fk; nghOJ „gf;jp… vd;w nfhs;ifiag;

Nghw;Wgtu;fshfr; rpy ftpQu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;.,tu;fs; me;epau; Ml;rp>

mbikj;jdk;>tpLjiyNtl;if vd;gtw;iwnay;yhk; fz;L

nfhs;shky; rf;jpiag; Nghw;WtJ vd;W jq;fs; Nghf;fpy; nrd;W

nfhz;bUe;jdu;. ,tu;fSs; ghujpAk;>ghujpjhrDk; cl;gl;ltu;fs;

vd;whYk;>rpwpJ fhyj;jpw;Fs;shfNt jq;fis khw;wpf; nfhz;ldu;.

,tu;fNshL ts;syhu; Nghd;wtu;fs; „Md;kPfk;… vd;w epiyapy; epd;W

ghly;fisg; ghb te;jdu;.

105

%d;whk; epiyapy; ,Ue;jtu;fNs me;epau; Ml;rpia

vjpu;g;gtu;fshfTk;> Rje;jpu Njtpia tpLjiy ngwr; nra;gtu;fshfTk;

,Ue;jdu;. murpay; tpLjiy> r%f tpLjiy vd;w ghL nghUisf;

nfhz;L ftpij vOjp Mq;fpNyau;fshy; jz;lidf;F cl;gl;ltu;fSk;

Vuhsk;. ehkf;fy;yhu; Nghd;wtu;fs; fhe;jpa topiag;

gpd;gw;wpatu;fshfTk;> me;epa Mjpf;fj;ij vjpu;g;gtu;fshfTk; jk;ik

milahsk; fhl;bf; nfhz;ldu;. mtw;iwj; njhlh;e;J rka

kWkyu;r;rp> xUikg;ghL> fy;tp> gz;ghL vd;gtw;iwAk; jq;fspd;

ghLnghUshff; nfhzL ghbdu;. fhe;jpaf; nfhs;ifia Vw;Wf;

nfhz;ltu;fSk; xU tifapy; rkak; rhu;e;jtu;fshfNt ,Ue;jdu;.

mjhtJ Mhpa rkh[k;> gpuk;k rkh[k; vd;W ,uz;L gphpTfspy; epd;Nw

fhq;fpurhNuhL ,dze;J ,e;jpa tpLjiyapy; <Lgl;ldu;.

fhe;jpapd; murpay; Eioitj; njhlu;e;J jPz;lhik>rhjpxopg;G>

tWik> kJtpyf;F> ngz; tpLjiy> me;epa Nkhfk; Nghd;witfSk;

ghLnghUshf mike;jd. ,e;jg; gpd;dzpfis itj;Jf; nfhz;L GJf;

ftpijfs; tsu;e;j tuyhW Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ.

kuGf; ftpQu;fSf;Fg; gpd; etPd cj;jpfSld; $ba jkpo;g;

GJf;ftpijfSf;Fj; je;ij vdf; fUJk; e.gpr;r%u;j;jp> ahg;gw;w Gjpa

Kiwapy; ftpijfis vOj Kad;Ws;shu;. tpku;rdj;jpw;fhfNt

Njhd;wpa „vOj;J… ,jo; GJf;ftpij tsu;r;rpf;F tpj;jpl;lJ.

rp.R.nry;yg;gh>e.gpr;r%h;j;jpvOjpa „ngl;bf;fil ehuzd;…>„G+f;fhup…

Mfpa GJf;ftpijfis ntspapl;lhu;. mjidj; njhlu;e;J jUK.

106

rptuhK> gRta;ah Nghd;Nwhu;„vOj;J… ,jopy; GJf;ftpijfs; vOjj;

njhlq;fpdu;. ,e;j ,jopy; ntspte;j Nju;e;njLj;j GJf;ftpijfspd;

njhFg;G „GJf;Fuy;fs;… vd;Dk; ngahpy; 1962,y;; ntspahfpd. ,JNt

jkpopy; ntspahd Kjy; GJf;ftpijj; njhFjpahFk;.

GJf;ftpijfspd; Njhw;wj;jhy; ,isa jiyKiwf; ftpQu;fsplk;

rpiwgl;Lf; fple;j rpe;jidr; rf;jp tPW nfhz;L vOfpwJ.kdj;jpw;Fs;

Klq;fpf; fple;j fw;gidfs; rpwfbj;J ,yf;fpa thdpy; gwf;fpd;wd. ,J

,d;iwa GJf;ftpijapd; cz;ikahd epiyahFk;.

GJf;ftpijapd; ,yf;fzk;

GJf;ftpijf;Fupa ,yf;fzk; ,Jtiu tFf;fg;gltpy;iy.

,Ug;gpDk; GJf;ftpijf;Fk; Xu; xOq;FKiw ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd

vz;Zgtu;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wdu;.

’tpUe;Nj jhDk;GJtJ fpse;j ahg;gpd; Nkw;Nw”2

vd;W njhy;fhg;gpau; $wpa tdg;G vl;lDs; tpUe;J vd;gJk; xd;W.

,d;iwa GJf;ftpijfs; midj;ijAk; njhy;fhg;gpahu; $wpAs;s

‘tpUe;J’ vd;Dk; ,yf;fpa tiff;Fr; rhd;W fhl;lyhk;. NkYk;>ghujp

tFj;j

‘Rit GjpJ> nghUs; GjpJ> tsk;GjpJ>nrhw;GjpJ>

Nrhjpkpf;fetftpij> nae;ehSk; mopahjkfh ftpij”3

vd;gijAk; Gjpa ,yf;fzkhff; fUjKbfpwJ.

jpUk;gj; jpUk;gg; gbj;Jg; ghu;f;f> xUjuk; gbg;gtu;fSf;F xU

Ntfk;> xU vjpnuhypf;Fk; jd;ik tplhgpbahf cs;sj;ijg; gpbj;Jf;

107

nfhs;Sk; xU Fzk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; GJf;ftpijapNy vd;W

f.eh.Rg;ukz;ak; GJfftpijf;F ,yf;fzk; $Wfpd;whu;.,yf;fzq;fs;

vJTk; ,y;yhj Gjpa kf;fshl;rp KiwNa GJf;ftpij vd;W K.Nkj;jh

$Wfpd;whu;;. ,t;thW cs;sj;J czh;Tfis ntspg;gilahfr;

nrhw;fspy; tbj;Jf;fhl;LtJk; ahg;G kuGfSf;Ff; fl;Lg;glhky;

,Ug;gijAk; GJf;ftpijapd; ,yf;fzkhff; $Wfpd;wdu; vd;gij

Nkw;$wpa fUj;Jfspd; thapyhf mwpayhk;.

ftpijahf;fk;

ftpijahf;fk; vd;gJ gy;NtW gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l xU

nrhw;fiy Mf;fk;. ,jidf; fU>cU vd ,uz;lhfg; gpupj;Jj;

jpwdha;thsu;fs; MuhapDk; ,uz;lwf; fye;J epw;fpd;w

nrhw;fiyahf;fNk ,J. ,jd;fz; vj;jidNah cj;jpfs; eldkhb

,Wjp tbtk; nfhLf;fpd;wd. fUTk;>cUTk; VNjh jdpg;gl;l epiyapy;

cUthfpg; gpd;du; ,ide;J epw;fpd;wd vd;Nwh ftpQuhy;

,izf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;Nwh fUJjy; $lhJ. ftpQd; cs;sj;jpy;

ftpijahf;fk; gw;wpa rpe;jid vOk; NghJ xd;whfNt mit ,ize;J

cs;sj;jpy; vOfpd;wd vd;Wk; xd;whfNt mit Mf;fk; ngWfpd;wd

vd;Wk; vz;zyhk;.

ftpijapd;fz; fhzg;gLk; nkhopaikg;Gf;F ,it xU

mbj;jskhf mikfpd;wd. ,tw;iw yhtfkhf gad;gLj;Jtjpy;

ftpQdpd; ftpj;Jtk; ntspg;gLfpd;wJ.ftpijapd; rpwg;G kpspUfpd;wJ

108

goF jkpo;r; nrhw;fNs ftpijg; gilg;Gf;F kpfTk; cfe;jitahfTk;

gue;j gad; jUtdthfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

jkpoDf;F ,uhz;lhapuk; Mz;Lfhy ,yf;fpa kuG ,Uf;fpd;wJ

vd;whYk; xUgf;fk; Nkiyf; fhw;Wk;>kWgf;fk; fPiof;fhw;Wk; [d;dy;

jpwe;J tpl;l cyf ,yf;fpa kugwpTk; fpilj;jpUf;fpd;wJ.

njhd;ikahd jkpo; ,yf;fpa kuGk; cyf ,yf;fpak; gw;wp ,d;W

fpl;bAs;s mwpTk; gpd;dpg; gpize;J Gjpa tho;f;if Kiw cUthf;Fk;

GJ tuTk; ,e;j tifapy; jhd; mikfpd;wJ.

‘GJf;fhw;wpd; Kd;dhy; kuG „xUmg;gsj;jpd;; kuzk;…

Nghy nehWq;fpg; NghfpwJ’4

vd;fpwhu; ghyh.

rKjha Nehf;fpy; GJf;ftpij

,d;iwa GJf;ftpij vd;gJ ,d;iwa kdpjhpd; ftpij ftpQu;

mtuJ tho;f;if nrhy;Yk; mDgtq;fs;> mtuJ czu;r;rpfs; mth;

ifahSk; nkhopapd; nrhw;fs; Mfpatw;iw mtu; ifahSk; nkhopapd;

nrhw;fs; Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl

ftpijfistbf;fpd;wdu; Gjpa tho;f;iff; fsq;fs;> r%fg; nghUshjhu

khWjy;fs;>khwptUk; kdpj cwTfs; gz;ghl;Lr; rpf;fy;fs;> Gjpa r%f

mq;fPfhuq;fs;>jpiug;glKk;>nra;jpj;jhs;fSk; Vw;gLj;j epidf;Fk; r%f

fyhr;rhu eilKiw> murpay; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J ,d;iwa tho;if

gpwg;ngLf;fpwJ ,tw;wpd; tpisthfTk; vjpu; tpisthfTNk ,d;iwa

GJf;ftpij vd;Dk; ,yf;fpag; gilg;G jpfo;fpwJ.

109

ghujp

ghujp jk; vz;zq;fis vOj;jhf cUthf;Ftjw;Fg; gy

Nrhjidfis Nkw;nfhz;Ls;shu; vd;gij mtuJ gilg;Gfspd; %yk;

mwpayhk;. trdj;jpy; juhR>Qhdujk;>etje;jpuf; fijfs; Nghd;w Gjpa

Kaw;rpfis mtu; nra;jpUf;fpwhu;. trdj;ij kPwpajhapDk; ftpijapd;

G+uzj;Jtj;ij va;jhj xU Kaw;rpahf mtupd; „fhl;rpfs;… vd;Dk;

ftpij mike;Js;sJ. NkYk; ghujp „tbtk;… gw;wp njspthf

rpe;jpj;Js;shu; vd;gJ fPo;fz;l ftpijapd; %yk; mwpayhk;.

’vd; Kd;Nd gQ;rj; jiyaiz ,lf;fpwJ. mjw;F

xU tbtk; XusT xU epakk; Vw;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ.

,e;j epakj;ij>mwpahjgb rf;jpgpd;Nd epd;W fhj;Jf;

nfhz;bUf;fpwhs;.kdpj [hjp ,Uf;FkdTk; ,Nj

jiyaizmopnta;jhjgb fhf;fyhk; mjid

mbf;fb GJg;gpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhy;me;j tbtj;jpNy

rf;jp ePbj;J epw;Fk;.GJg;gpf;fhtpl;lhy; mt;tbtk;

khWk;>tbtj;ijf; fhj;jhy;>rf;jpia fhf;fyhk;”5

,jid ntWk; trdk; vd;gjh? my;yJ ftpij vd;gjh? ,J

trdj;jpd; twz;l mwpT G+u;tkhd rhjhuz ,ay;ig kPwpajhff;

fhzg;gLfpwJ. ftpijapd; jd;ikia KOikahfg; ngwhikapdhy;

,J „trd ftpij… vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. trdftpij vd;Dk; Gjpa

tbtj;ijj; jpUk;gj; jpUk;gg; gbj;Jr; Ritj;jhy; mjd; cah;itAk;

jdpj;jd;ikAk; czuKbAk;.

110

e.gpr;r%u;j;jp

,t;topapy; ghujpapd; GJf;ftpij Kaw;rp 1930-fspd;

gpw;gFjpapy;jhd; Jspu;tplj; njhlq;fpaJ.,tUf;Fg; gpd; GJf;ftpijapy;

Kjd; Kjypy; Mu;tk; fhl;batu; e.gpr;r%u;j;jp vd;Nw $wyhk;. ,tNu

GJf;ftpij ,af;fj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jtu; Mthu;.

‘gFj;jwpTr; re;ijapy;

xt;nthUtUk; ifapy;

Kw;Wg; Gs;spfis

%h;f;fkha; itj;Jf; nfhz;L

kdjpy; gl;l Jiwapy;

Kisabj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;

rpyh; RUjpAld;rpyu; tUzhrpukj;Jld;

rpyu; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;Jld;

rpyu; fk;gUld;

rpyu; tpQ;Qhdj;Jld;

rpyu; khu;f;]; vq;fy;Rld;

..................................................................

NtW rpyu; vjDlNdh

jpBnud;W vd;ifiag; ghu;j;Njd;

fkhj;jhd; ,Ue;jJ”6

111

vd;w ftpijapy; gFj;jwptpid e.gpr;r%h;j;jp typAWj;Jfpd;whu;. ,tu;

Mokhd rpe;jidfis itj;Jf; ftpijAyfpy; Gj;jpahf;fk; fz;ltu;.

,tNu GJf;ftpijf;Fj; je;ij Mthu;.

F.g.uh.

e.gpr;r%h;j;jpapd; fhyfl;lj;jpy; tho;e;j F.g.uh. Tk; ftpij

vOJk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;lhu;. ,thpd; ftpijfs; e.gpr;r%u;j;jpapd;

ftpijfspypUe;J njhdpapYk;>nrhy;Yk; nghUspYk;

khWgl;bUe;jd.mJkl;Lky;yhky; ngz;ikia tpaf;Fk;> ngz;iz

vz;zp Vq;Fk; mfj;Jiwf; ftpijfis mjpfkhf

vOjpAs;shh;.vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>„fUtisAk; ifAk;…>„ngz;zpd; gpwtp

ufrpak;…>„tpufk;… Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

‘Fl;b mt vd;d Nrhf;F

vd;d „NrhU… njhpAkh?

jPz;lhj rhjpat

fypad; rhk;ghd; nghz;Zlh?

...................................................................

nfl;l gaktlh mt

vd;d kaf;F kaf;fuh?

ktuhrp NghNy mt

kth uhq;fpf;fhhp”.7

vd;w „uhf;fpnedg;G… vd;Dk; ftpijia F.g.uh 1939-Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy;

15-Mk; Njjp kzpf;nfhb ,jOf;fhf vOjpAs;shu;. ghujpapd; trdf;

112

ftpijfs;> ftpijfs; vd;W kWf;fg;gl;ld. gpd;G e.gpr;r%u;j;jpapd;

GJf;ftpijfSk; kWf;fg;gl;ld. Mdhy;

GJf;ftpijapd;,af;fk;>„vOj;J… ,jopd; %yk; njhlu;e;jJ. kad;> rpl;b>

ty;ypf;fz;zd; MfpNahhpd; %yk; mbj;jskplg;gl;L> xd;W Nru;j;J

gpd;du;; jp. Nrh. NtZNfhghyd;> b. Nf.Jiu];thkp> jUK rptuhK>

rp.kzp> jpUNyhf rPjhuhk;> tp¤> rp.R.nry;yg;gh> gRta;ah>

v];.itj;jP];tud; Nghd;Nwhhpd; %yk; tsg;gLj;jpf; fl;lg;gl;lJ

GJf;ftpij MFk;. ,th;fis mLj;J rpw;gp>kPuh>jkpod;gd;>

mg;Jy;uFkhd;> GtpauR> Nkj;jh> ituKj;J> kPdhl;rp> Kjyhfg; gy

GJf; ftpQh;fs; mjidg; Gjpa nkUFld; fl;bf; fhf;fpd;wdu;.

Gjpa tho;f;iff; fsq;fs;> r%fg; nghUshjhu khWjy;fs;>

khwptUk; kdpj cwTfs;> gz;ghl;Lr; rpf;fy;fs;> Gjpa r%f

mq;fPfhuq;fs;> jpiug;glq;fs; nra;jpj; jhs;fs; ,tw;wpypUe;J ,d;iwa

GJf;ftpij gpwf;fpwJ. GJf;ftpijapd;fz; fhl;rp> fUj;J> fw;gid>

FwpaPL> gbkk;> njhd;kk; Mfpait cs;slq;fpas;sd.

FwpaPLfs;;;

xsp> ,Us;> nrhu;f;fk;> eufk;> kWgpwg;G> gazk; Nghd;wit

FwpaPLfs; MFk;. cjhuzkhf> ftpQu; ituKj;J jk;Kila ftpijapy;

nrhu;f;fk;> eufk; vd;w FwpaPLfisg; gad;gLj;jpapUf;fpwhu;.

‘fhjypj;Jg; ghu;

nrhu;;f;fk;

eufk;

113

,uz;bnyhd;W

,q;NfNa epr;rak;”8

vd;ghu;. ,jpy; Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gLk; nrhu;f;fKk;> eufKk; KiwNa

xg;gw;w kfpo;r;rp> nrhy;y Kbahj Jauk; Mfpatw;wpw;fhd FwpaPLfs;

MFk;. „,e;jpaf; FwpaPl;ba tsj;jpw;Ff; fpilj;j kw;nwhU ngUQ;nry;tk;

,uhkhaz> kfhghuj ,jpfhrq;fs; MFk;…vd;W mg;Jy; uFkhd; FwpaPL

gw;wpf; $Wfpwhu;.fiy kfs; ,jopy;> Nkw;fz;l $w;wpw;Fr; rhd;whf

miya itj;j fUiz vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ftpQh; u.ma;ahrhkp vOjpa

ftpijia rhd;whff; $wyhk;.

‘J}atNd> mNahj;jpefu; ,iwtd; nkr;Rk;

J}JtNd> kiw czu;e;j Qhdf; Fd;Nw>

jPatpid ,Us;ePf;fpj; njspT ey;Fk;

jpUtpsf;Nf” vd nefpo;e;J nebJ tPo;e;Njd;”9

vd;W $WtjpypUe;J uhkd; nkr;Rk; rpwe;j JhJtdhfTk;>

jPtpidiaf;fisa te;jtdhfTk; mDkidf; $WtJ GydhfpwJ.

NkYk; RNjrkpj;jpudpy;>

‘cs;sj;jpUe;jhs; xspahdhs;-gpd;

cte;J vOe;jhs; fspahdhs;

nks;s vOe;jhs; nkd;ikasha;- cld;

Nktpf; fz;zpd; kzpahdhs;”10

114

vd;W ftpQh; kzp>Mw;wypd; FwpaPlhd guhrf;jpia kdpj

kdtsj;jpw;Ff; Fwpj;jpUg;gJ GydhfpwJ. rf;jp fsQ;rpak; ,jo;j;;

njhFg;gpy;>

‘fhkidg; Nghd;w mofpdhs;- nghy;yhf;

fhkj;ij ntd;W gofpNdhd;”11

vd;W Mrphpau; ehkf;fy; nt.uhkypq;fk; $WtJk;> „fhspahl;lk;…

vd;Dk; ftpijapy; fhspia ,aw;iff;Fk;> gr;ir epwj;jpw;f;Fk;

FwpaPlhf>

‘caph;fis Cf;Fk; gr;ir

caph;fis ngUf;Fk; gr;ir”

..............................................

ghAk; gUtq;fspdpilapy;>

rhAk; xspf;fjpu;fspd; jilapy;>

nghq;Fk; flyiyapd; rpyk;gpy;”12

vd;W ,aw;ifapd; rPw;wj;jpw;Fk; fhspapd; cUtj;ijf; FwpaPlhfg;

gad;gLj;jpAs;sik mwpatUfpwJ. cs;Sk; GwKk; vd;Dk; ftpijapy;

‘mQ;nrOj;Jk; MnwOj;Jk; Xjkhl;Nlhk;”

vd;W ftpQh; Rugp ,iw topghL nra;a khl;Nlhk; vd;gij

mQ;nrOj;J MnwOj;J vd;W FwpaPlhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

njhd;kk;

njhd;kk; vd;w nrhy; Guhzj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;. Guhzf; fijia

‘Myth’ vdf; Fwpg;gpLthu;;.

115

‘njhd;ik jhNdciuNahL Gzu;e;j goik Nkw;Nw”13

vdj; njhy;fhg;gpau; Fwpg;gpLk; njhd;ikapd; tsh;r;rpaile;j

epiyiaj;„njhd;kk;… vdf; $wyhk;. njhd;kk; goikahdJ Mdhy;

GJf;ftpijapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJ mJ GJj; jd;ik ngWfpwJ

njhd;kq;fs; goq;fijia epidt+l;LtNjhL epd;WtpLtjpy;iy.

mtw;wpd; mbf;fUj;J ,f;fhy tho;Tf;Fg; gad;gLtjhf mike;Js;sJ.

njhd;kq;fs; jdp kdpju;fshy; cUthf;fg;gLgit my;y. kf;fs;

njhFjpapduhy; fhyq;fhykha;g; Ngrg;gl;Lk; ek;gg;gl;Lk; tUgit.

,j; njhd;kf; fUj;Jf;fs; kdpjdpd; kdjpy; gjpe;Jfple;J jf;f

jUzq;fspy; fpsu;e;J vOfpd;wd.njhd;kj;jpw;Fk; rkaj;jpw;Fk; kpf

neUq;fpa njhlh;G cs;sJ. xU rkaj; njhd;kk; jk; rkaj;jpdUf;F

khj;jpuk; gad;gLk;gb jd; vy;iyiar; RUf;fpf; nfhs;tjpy;iy.

mjpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; cz;ik midtUf;Fk; nghJthdJ. rhd;whf>

‘ehd; myq;fhuj;jpd; Mz;lhsha;Mdhy;Mil nfhz;Lk;

Vthsha;”14

Kjph; fd;dpiag; gw;wpg; Ngr te;j ituKj;J Mz;lhs;> Vths; vd;Dk;

,U njhd;kq;fis ,izf;fpwhu;.,j;jifa njhd;kq;fisg; GJf;

ftpQh;fspy; flTs; ek;gpf;if cilNahUk;> flTs;

ek;gpf;ifaw;NwhUk;vLj;jhSfpd;wdu;. rka ek;gpf;ifAilNahu; jk;

rkaj; njhd;kk; vd;Wk; gpw rkaj; njhd;kk; vd;Wk; ghFgLj;jpg;

ghu;f;fhky; midj;J rkaj; njhd;kq;fisAk;

gad;gLj;jpd;wdu;.rhd;whf ngsj;j> fpwpj;Jt rkaj; njhd;kq;fSk;

116

,izj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd. Nghjpkuk; vd;w ngsj;j rkaj;

njhd;kj;ijAk; rpYitkuk; vd;w fpwpj;Jt rkaj; njhd;kj;ijAk;

,izj;J MStijAk; ghu;f;f KbfpwJ.

‘Gj;jDf;fha;

nghd;dpoy; tphpf;Fk;

Nghjpfs; xU gf;fk;

rpj;jd; VRtpd;

nrk;Gdy; Fbf;Fk;

rpYitfs; xU gf;fk;”15

vd;fpwhh; mg;Jy; uFkhd;.

ftpij> njhd;kj;NjhL neUq;fpa njhlu;GilaJ.

ftpQDf;Fk;>thrfDf;Fk; czh;r;rpA+l;Ltd njhd;kq;fs; MFk;.

goq;fhy kf;fspd; ek;gpf;iffs; rpy thioab thioahf ek;gg;gl;L

tUfpd;wd. kf;fs; kdj;jpy; gjpe;j goe; njhd;kq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpf;

ftpQh;fs; jhk; nrhy;y te;j fUj;ij vspjpy; thrfu;;fs; Ghpe;Jf;

nfhs;Sk; gb nra;J tpLfpd;wdu;.

fiykfs; ,jo;j;njhFg;gpy; tPiz> ghk;Gg; ghl;L> ghrKk;

gf;jpAk;> Mz;- ngz;> kq;fyty;yp> Kjyhd ftpijfs; njhd;kf;

FwpaPl;Lf; ftpijfs; MFk;. ,tw;Ws; tPiz kw;Wk; ghrKk; gf;jpAk;

Mfpa ,U ftpijfSk; fy;tpf;Ff; FwpaPlhf tpsq;Fk; fiykfs;

gw;wpad.

117

tPiz

‘jq;ff; fiykfs; ghjj;jpy; -itj;Jj;

Njhj;jpuk; nra;J rku;;g;gpj;Njd;”16

ghrKk; gf;jpAk;

'thzp fiykfl;F

thuhj gz;nzhd;iw

tPiz fuj;Njw;wp"17

Nghd;wit rhd;WfshFk;. Mhpaj; njhd;kj;jpd; gb gpukd; gilg;gpd;

flTs; vd;gij tpsf;f te;j ftpijahf „Mz;- ngz;… vd;Dk; ftpij

mikfpwJ.

Mz;- ngz;;

‘gilf;fpd;w njhopyhsp gpuk Njtd;

ghu;;j;jpl;lhd;>gz;tbthk; ngz;iz cw;W”18

nry;tj;jpw;Ff; FwpaPlhf tpsq;Fk; jpUkfs;> jpUkhy;>rptd; MfpNahu;;

gw;wp kq;fyty;yp vd;Dk; ftpij mike;Js;sJ.

kq;fyty;yp

jpUkhy;

‘nrt;tpa jhkiuapy; nre;jpU te;jdNd”19

jpUkhy;

‘mutiz kPjpdpNy mwpJapy; vk;ngUkhd;

khatd; khu;gfNk kyuiz vd;WiwAk;”20

118

rptd;

‘rPh;j; njO rq;fudhu; nra;j kfj;jpdpNy”21

NkYk; ghk;Gg; ghl;L vd;Dk; ftpijapy; rptngUkhd; ngUik gw;wpa

njhd;kk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.

ghk;Gg; ghl;L

‘Mjprptd; NkypUe;j ehfg; ghk;Ng”22

rf;jp fsQ;rpak; ,jo;j; njhFg;gpy; %d;W ftpijfspy; njhd;kk;

mike;Js;sJ. tPuj;Jwtp ftpijapy; fhkDk;> ,USk; xspAk;

ftpijapy; ,e;jpuDk;>cs;Sk; GwKk; ftpijapy; rptngUkhDk;

njhd;kkhf ,lk; ngWfpd;wdu;.

tPuj;Jwtp

fhkd;

‘fhkidg; Nghd;w mofpdhd;”23

rptd;

‘Nrhkidg; Nghyf; Fspu;e;jtd; - Qhd

#hpad; Nghyf; fpsu;e;jtd;”24

,USk; xspAk;

,e;jpud;

‘Nghd ntapy; GFe;j njq;Nf?ghU neQ;rk; gijf;F

ijNah?,e;jpuid ,iwQ;rpf; Nfl;Nghk;”25

‘tUfNt ,e;jpuh jUfNt ntw;wp"26

119

‘ithpfisf; fz;l ,e;jpud; ntw ;wpg;Nghiuj; njhlq;fp

tpl;lhd;tpUj;jpuidf; fz;l ,e;jpud;”27

cs;Sk; GwKk;

rptd;

‘mudhu; cUtpy; mku; ;e;jhSk;”28

RNjr kpj;jpud; ,jo;j;njhFg;gpy; ,uz;bnyhd;W> Nghpd;gk;

Jhukpy;iy> vOe;jUsPNuh Nghd;w ftpijfspy; njhd;kf; $Wfisf;

fhzyhk;.

Nghpd;gk; J}ukpy;iy

fz;zd;;

‘FoY}Jk; fz;zndd

FUFUf;Fk; fUtpopfs;”29

fz;zd; tpopfis Foe;ijapd; tpopfSf;F xg;gpl;Lf; $wg;gLfpwJ.

,uz;bnyhd;W

rptd; -rf;jp

‘tpe;ij tpisj;J tpisahba ngk;khd; - rf;jptpe;ijg;

ngUkfisf; $ltpy;iyNah? 30

,j; njhd;kk; ,y;ywj;ij typAWj;jp mikfpd;wJ.

vOe;jUsPNuh?

rptd;>gpukd;

‘jpq;fis azpe;Njhdpd; -KbNjbAk; fhzhu;;

Nghy;”31

120

gpuk;kd; rptngUkhdpd; jpUKbiaf; fhzj; Njb miye;jJ

Nghy>kfd; je;ijapd; rpwg;igj; jhskhl;lJ>fhZk; nghUl;fs;

NjhWk; je;ijiaj; NjLtjhf ,f;ftpij mike;Js;sJ.

gbkk;

GJf;ftpij cj;jpfspy; gbkk; kpf Kf;fpakhdJ.,Nk[; (image)

vd;w nrhy; ,Nkfh(imago) ,kpj;jpiu(imitari) Mfpa ,yj;jpd;

nrhw;fspypUe;J Njhd;wpaJ.ctik>cUtfk;> tUzid Nghd;wtw;wpd;

%ykhfr; nrhy;yhky; Xtpak; jPl;bdhy; mJ gbkk; MFk;. gbkk; xU

fhl;rpiaNah fUj;ijNah kdf;fz; Kd; gbar; nra;fpwJ.cUtfk; jhd;

ngUk;ghd;ikahfg; gbtkhfpwJ. xd;whf czug;gLtjhy; mjid

cs;shu;e;j gbkk; vd;Wk; ctikapy; xg;Gf; fhl;Ltjhy; mjid

tphpgbkk; vd;Wk; miof;fyhk;.

‘czh;T> czu;r;rp> mwpT Mfpa %d;W epiyfspYk;

gbkk; tpisTfis Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. czu;T

Gyd;fisj;jhf;fp czu;r;rpr; rydq;fis

tpistpj;jhYk;mwpthu;e;j mu;j;jj;jpw;F mioj;Jr;

nry;ytpy;iynadpy; gbkk;gadw;wjhfp tpLk;”32

vd;W ghyh Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.

fiykfs; ,jo;j;;njhFg;gpy; gy ftpijfspy; rpw;rpy ,lq;fspy;

gbk cj;jp ifahsg;gl;Ls;sJ. mit tUkhW

1) glNfhl;b

m) ‘vd;Ds;Ns ePapUf;f -cd;idvtDk; njhLthNdh”33

121

M) ‘,USs; fiue;jJ ghu;”34

2) it\;ztd; vd;Nghd; ahu;;?

m) ‘mjpy; gutrk; milfpw mtDilanghd;Dly;"35

M) ’fhk f;Nuhjk; fise;jtdha;”36

3) Mz; -ngz;

m) ’#dpaj;jpy; capuZNt moyhr;R”37

M) ’fhjnyd;Dk; fdw;nfhOe;J eldkhdhu;”38

4) vz;zpj; Jzpe;Njd;

‘Mfhak; ePe;jr; nrd;Nwd;”39

5) mj;jidAk; fdT

‘fhyf; fapw;iwg; gpizf;f te;Njd ;”40

6) ,sNtdpy;

‘cs;sk; gphptpdhy; nehe;jjb”41

7) Xuf;flypdpNy

‘gho;glh njd;ftp fhyj;jpiuapd; Nky;ghbg; glu;;e;J

tUk;”42

8) Gjpa g+f;fs;

‘fhyk; tsu;;j;J tpl;l jspu;r; Nrhiy”43

9) mofpy; mts;

‘Njhspy; jpirfs; Jtstpl;lhy;”44

122

Nghd;wtw;iwf; $wyhk;.

gf;jp tzf;fk;

jkpou;;fSf;F gf;jp czu;Tk;> Md;kPf czh;Tk; mjpfk; vdyhk;.

rKjhaj;jpy; ngz; nja;t topghl;bw;Fj; jdpr; rpwg;gplk;

cz;L.rpq;fj;jpw;F ,izahd tPukhdJk; rpiy Nghd;w NjhSk;> tPu

guhf;fpukkhd tho;Tk;> ntw;wpg; GfOk;> mUNshLk; tpsq;Fk; rf;jpapd;

KfNk vq;nfq;F Nehf;fpDk; fhzg;gLfpwJ vd;gjid>

‘nra;t njy;yhk; guhrf;jp nra;if

rpj;jp nay;yhk; guhrf;jp rpj;jp

ita nky;yhk; guhrf;jp yPiy

tho;f;if nay;yhk; guhrf;jp Nahfk;

va;J kpd;gk; guhrf;jp apd;gk;

<if nay;yhk; guhrf;jp aPif

iffs; $g;gpf; fUj;jpdp nyhd;wpf;

fUiz ad;id ruz;Gfe; Ja;Nthk;”45

vd;fpwhu; Rthkp Rj;jhde;j ghujpahu;;.,J rf;jp fsQ;rpa ,jo;j;

njhFg;gpy; cs;s Kjy; ftpijahFk;. mjidg; NghyNt fiykfs;

,jo;j;njhFg;gpy; Kjy; ftpijahf „tPiz… vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy;

ftpQu;„N[hjp… mtu;fs; gf;jpg; ghliy vOjpAs;shu;;.

‘jq;fj;jp dhnyhU tPiziar; - nra;J

jq;fj;jpdhy; je;jp g+l;bNdd;>

jq;ff; fiykfs; ghjj;jpy; -itj;Jj;

123

Njhj;jpuk; nra;J rku ;g;gpj;Njd;” 46

vd;fpwhu;;. fiykfs; kw;Wk; rf;jp fsQ;rpak; Mfpa ,U ,jo;j;

njhFg;GfspYk; Kjypy; ,lk; ngw;wpUg;gJ nja;t tzf;f ghly;fNs

MFk;.ghrKk; gf;jpAk; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ftpQh; F. mofphp rhkp

tPiziaAk;>fiykfisAk; Fwpj;Jg; ghLfpd;whu;.

‘thzp fiykfl;LF

....................................................

tPiz fuj;Nje;jp”47

vd;fpwhu;;.

NkYk; rf;jp fsQ;rpaj;jpy; ftpQh; Njrpf tpehafk; gps;is>

flTsplk; ,t;Tyfpy; gue;J fplg;gJ ckJ mUs; vd;why; CdKw;wth;

Vd; ,Uf;fpd;wdu;? Viofs; Vd; tWikapy; thLfpd;wdu;;? vdf;

Nfs;tp Nfl;fpwhu;;.

‘rpwe;j kyuhy; jz; nghopYk;

nja;t kdKk; fko;e;jpLkhy;

,we;j Gy;Yk; ,UePy kP

njOe;J nfhOe;J tpl;bLkhy;

Jwe;j Qhdp jdpikaplk;

Jutpr; nry;t Njidah?”48

vd;Wk;

‘vq;Fk; kdpjh; cidj; Njb

,uTk; gfYk; miyfpd;whu;

124

vq;Fk; cs;sJd; tbthk;

vdpDk; FUlu; fhz;ghNuh?

vq;Fk; vOt Jd;Fuyhk;

vdpDk; nrtplu;; Nfl;ghNuh

vq;Fk; vd;Wk; vt;TapUk;

ahTk; Md ,iwtNd”59

vd;W ,iwtdplk; tpdTfpd;whu;. NkYk; gr;ir kuj;jpYk;> gr;irr;

nrb> nfhbfspYk; fhspapd; rhaiyAk;> ,t;Tyfpy; glu;;e;jpUf;Fk;

gRikapy; fhsp cLj;jpapUf;Fk; gr;irg; Glitapd; rhaiyAk; ftpQh;

gp¤P Fwpg;gLj;jpAs;shhu;.

‘gr;ir fhspiag; Nghw;W

fhspapd; gRik Nghw;W”50

vdg; gRikiag; Ngzpf; fhf;f miw $ty; tpLf;fpd;whh;.

fhz;gJ vJthapDk; mJ fhspapd; fhl;rp vd;gjid>

‘gtof; fhspiag; ghU

jtOk; fhiyapd; fpof;fpy;>

RlUk; g+Q;nrt;nthsp jd;dpy;>

cjpUk; Nuh[htpd; rptg;gpy;>

cjpuj;jpd; [Ptr; rptg;gpy;>

khiyapd; jpLf;FWk; nghd;dpy;>

rPWk; nte;joypd; ehf;fpy;>

khJisapd; tpag;GW vopypy;>

125

gtof; fhspiag; Nghw;W>

fhspapd; nrk;ik Nghw;W”51

vd;W fhspapd; vr;nraiyAk; Nghw;wpl Ntz;Lk; vdf; $Wfpd;whu;

ftpQh; gP¤.flTis topgLgtd; GJik newpapy; tho;gtd; kdpj

Neaj;NjhL tho;gtd; vd;gij>

‘Gj;jidAk; VRitAk; Gz;a egpjidAk;

Ge;jpapNy jhq;fpatd; GJik newpfz;lhd;

epj;jpa jhpj;jpudha;r; rj;jpaj;ij Xjp

ePs;KbAk; ths;gilAe; jhs; gzpa itj;jhd;

fz;kaf;Fk; Nt\j;jhy; fhhpa nkhd;wpy;iy

fhrpdpapy; Vo;ikapdhy; gho;gl;L epd;Nwhu;

Gz;Jilf;Fk; NritapNy %o;fPLtPu;

vd;Nw Nghjpj;j Qhdj;ijr; rhjpj;Jtpl;lhd;”52

vdW ftpQu;„Rugp… $Wfpwhu;. ,thpd; ,f; ftpijapy; midj;J

kjq;fSk; Qhdj;ij typAWj;JfpwJ vd;W $Wfpwhu;.rpyrkaq;fspy;

,iwtd; gf;jh;fSf;F cldbahff; fhl;rp juhky; mtidg; gy Kiw

mq;Fk; ,q;Fk; miyf;fopj;J> Nrhjidfs; epfo;j;jp gpd;Nd fhl;rpAld;

$ba mUspid mspf;fpd;whd; vd;gij typAWj;Jk; tz;zkhf

V.ma;ahrhkp „miya itj;j fUiz… vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ftpij

Gide;Js;shu;.

‘jpUk;Gifapy; gpd;topaha; ,wq;f vz;zpj;

jpirkhwpf; fPo;NkYk; jphpe;J nehe;Njd;>

126

mUk;gptpOk; Nth;itapidj; Jilj;Jf;

nfhz;NlmUfpUe;j kiyKfl;by; Vwp epd;Nwd;”53

vd;w thpfs; kdpjd; ,iwtidf; fz;lilAk; Nehf;Fld; miye;J

jphptJ Rl;lg;gLfpwJ. ,q;qdk; miye;J jphpe;jtd;

‘vd;idAk; Xu; nghUl;lhf kjpj;jha;> Iah>

Vwhj kiyNaw;wp ,wq;f itj;J>

epd;Dila Myaj;ij ePNa fhl;b

neLq;fUizj; Njd; Cl;l epidj;jha; md;Nwh?”54

,jpy; ,iwtDld; kdpjd; Neubahf ciuahLtJ Nghd;w $w;W

miktjhy; ,iwtd; mtDf;Ff; fhl;rp mspj;jik GydhfpwJ.

,JNghd;W „njrzp…> „Ntyd;…> „fh.K.n\hpg;… Nghd;w ftpQh;fs; gf;jpg;

ghly;fisg; ghbAs;sdh;. RNjr kpj;jpud; ,jo;j;njhFg;gpy; vq;Fk;

epiwe;j „guhrf;jp… vd;Wk; jiyg;gpy; ftpQh; „kzp… vOjpa ftpij

kl;LNk Md;kPff; ftpijahf mikfpwJ. ,f;ftpijapy; ftpQh; „gp¤

vt;thW fhspia cUtfk; nra;Js;shNuh mJ NghyNt ftpQu; kzpAk;

guhrf;jpia cUtfk; nra;Js;shu;.

‘cs;sj;jpUe;jhs; xspahdhs; -gpd;

cte;J vOe;jhs; fspahdhs;

nks;s vOe;jhs; nkd;ikasha; -cld;

Nktpf; fz;zpd; kzpahdhs;”55

vd cs;sj;jpd; xspahfTk;> cte;J vOk; fhspahfTk;> nks;s vOk;

nkd;ikahdtshfTk;> fz;zpd; kzpahfTk;> ew;fhhpak;

127

nra;gtshfTk;> gf;ju;;fSf;F ey; Mf;fk; jUgtshfTk;> cyfpw;F

capuhdtshfTk;> xypapy; fye;J ,irahf khwpatshfTk;

cUtfpf;fpd;whu;;. ,it jtpu fiykfs; ,jo;j;njhFg;gpy; glf;Nfhl;b>

,iwth>cd;id kwf;fpNyd;> kq;fy ty;yp Mfpatw;wpYk;

,iwj;jd;ik fhzg;gLfpwJ.

,aw;if tUzidfs;

thdj;jpy; khiy Neuj;jpy; kpd;dp kdj;ij kaf;Fk; el;rj;jpuj;jpd;

mofpy; kaq;Ffpwhh; ftpQh; Jiwtd;.

‘thd taypdpNy -Mapuk;

tz;zk; gilj;jplNt

Nkhdg; gpukdtd; tpijj;j

Kj;Jtpij apiyNah?”57

vd;Wk;>

‘ePyj;jpiu tpLj;j- thd

ehlfg; Nguuq;fpy;

Nkanjhu; NfhyNkNah - ,e;j

nkd;Rlu; tz;znky;yhk;”57

vd;Wk; ghLfpd;whu;.

,aw;ifahf kiyapd; kPjpUe;J fPNo tpOk; ePhpd; tPo;r;rp kdj;jpw;F

kfpo;r;rpiaj; jUfpwJ vd;Wk; nghUspy; ftpQH „rpl;b…

‘Cop Kbe;jpLk;

Xir vOe;jpl

128

cyF eLq;fplNt

Mop ftpo;e;jJ

Nghy tpOe;jpLk;

mUtp apjw; G+jNk’

rpjwpa jptiyfs;

rptDila fz;nghwp

rpde;jJ Nghy; vONk

mjpUk; ,irf; foy;

md;idapd; $j;njd

MbtUk; GdNy”58

vd;w ftpijia ahj;Js;shu;. ,jpy; rpjWk; JspfisAk;> ePHtbAk;

XiriaAk; tUzid nra;fpwhu;.

„,USk; xspAk;… vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ftpQH e. gpr;r %Hj;jp

Mjpfhyj;jpy; kdpjHfspd; epiy>Nghu; fhiyf; fjputd;> ,uT Nghd;w

epiyfspy; ftpij Gide;Js;shu;. ,jpy; xspiaAk; ,UisAk;

tzq;fNtz;Lk; vd;gij ikag;gLj;Jfpwhu;.

‘xspia tzq;FtNk - Njhou;fs;

,Uspy; kfpOtNk>

xsp te;J tsu;f;Fk;

,Us; te;J fhf;Fk;.

xspia tzq;FtNk - Njhou;fs;

,Uspy; kfpOtNk”59

129

vd kfpo;e;J ,aw;ifia tUzpf;fpwhu;.

ftpQu; jpUts;Su;jhA „kz;zpd; kdk;… vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ftpij

gilj;Js;shu;. ,jpy; g+kpia midtUk; nghWikf;F mzpfyhdhf

epidf;fpd;whu;fs;. Mdhy; G+kp jd;idg; gw;wp vd;d epidf;fpd;whs;

vd;gijf; Fwpj;J>

‘nghWikf;F ,lNkJ ? g+kpg;ngz; ahd;

.............................................................

jfpf;fpd;w vhpkiyaha; khWk; jPiaj;

jhd;tPrp tPrpg;Nghu; Nfhgk; nrhy;Yk;

...............................................................

vd;wd; kdk; Gz;zhfp Alyk; MLk;

,q;fjidg; G+fk;gk; vd;gPH ePtpu;

fd;wptpLk; vd;wDly; nfhjpf;Fk; ntg;gf;

fL%r;rhy; fz;bLk; ePu; „nrk;kz;… vd;gPu;

vd; kPJ ,uf;fj;ijf; nfhz;l Nkfk;

,dpikePu; Cw;Wk; mf;fhw;Wk; NrUk;

vd;djhd; mitvd;Nky; jto;e;jpl;lhYk;

vd; ntg;gk; jzpe;jpLNkh ? jzpt nje;ehs;.”60

vd;W jd;Dila epiyiaf; Fwpj;Jg; Gyk;Gtjhfg; gilj;Js;shu;.

fhu;j;jpif khjj;jpd; rpwg;GfisAk;> fhHj;jpif khjj;jpy; kf;fspd;

,aw;if xd;wpa tho;itAk; „fhu;j;jpif [hyk;… vd;w jiyg;gpy;

„njd;wy;… vd;Dk; ftpQu; tpsf;Ffpwhu;.

130

‘nkhl;Lr; Rlnuhsp ntl;LNj- GJ

Nkhfdj; njd;wYk; Kl;LNj - vq;Fk;

Kj;Jr; ruvopy; nfhl;LNj - mfy;

eLNtjdp Rlu;ehafp Ghpehl;ba espdj;jpdpy;

,d;gj;jpd; vy;iyNa vl;LNj – Rfj;

jd;ikapy; nghd;kio nrhl;LNj”61

vd;W fhHj;jpif khjj;jpy; nga;Ak; kio> kpd;dy;> njd;wy;

Mfpatw;iw tpsf;fpf; fhl;Lfpd;whu;.

fiykfs; ,jo;j;njhFg;gpy; mofpy; mts; (jkpoofd;)> Gjpa

G+f;fs; (rhiy ,se;jpiuad;)> ,sNtdpy; (ney;iy M fzgjp)> Xuf;

flypdpy; (kpd;D}H rPdpthrd;) Fw;why kiyaUtp (F. kh.

ghyRg;gpukzpak;) Nghd;w jiyg;Gfspy; ,aw;if tUzidfs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jpy; Fw;why kiyaUtp vd;Dk; ftpijapy; Fw;why

kiyiaAk;> mUtpiaAk; Fwpj;J Mrphpau; ghLfpwhu;. kiyiaf;

Fwpj;Jf; $Wk; NghJ>

‘rpd Kw;w nfhbaUk;> rptQhd mbaUk;

Nru;e;JyTk; nghJkd;wNkh ?

.... ..... ...... ...... ..... .....

nfhd;iw kyu; #bLk; Fw;why ehjdpd;

Fd;wj; jpUTs;sNkh ?”62

vd;W nfhbatu;fSk;> mbatu;fSk;> ,iwtDk; thOk; kiyahff;

Fw;why kiyiaf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

131

‘gyuJ %ypiffs; FyTG+Q; rhuyha;g;

gd;dPu; njspf;fpd;wjh ?

Fykhju; kyH Nkdp jOtpf; Fspu;e;jpLk;

Fw;why kiyaUtpNa”63

vd;Dk; kiyaUtp %ypif ePUld; $baJ vd;gijAk; Rl;bf;

fhl;Lfpd;;whu;Mrphpau;.

ftpQu; jkpoofd; ghu;f;Fk; ,aw;if epfo;Tfs; midj;ijAk;

mofpa ngz;zpd; nrayhfg; ghtpf;fpd;whu;.

‘ePyf; fliy nespa tpl;lhs; - me;j

ePhpil CQ;ry; tisa tpl;lhs;

..... ..... ..... ...... ...... ..... ...... ...... ...... .......

gr;ir kapy;Nky; gjk; gpbj;jhs; - mq;Fg;

guj fiyNa epjk; tbj;jhs;”64

vd;W ftpijapy; moiff; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpAs;shu;.

ngz;zpar; rpe;jidfs;

r%f ,Ug;Gfis kpfj; Jy;ypakhf ntspr;rkpl;Lf; fhl;Lk;

nghWg;G ftpQu;fSf;F cz;L. ngz; kPjhd je;ijahjpf;fr; r%fj;jpd;

mjpfhuk; vd;gJ ,d;W New;wy;y gy Mz;Lfsha;j; njhlu;r;rpahd

rq;fpypfshy;gpzpf;fg; gl;Lg; ngz; tpLjiyiaf;

Nfs;tpf;Fcs;shf;fpaJ.

132

ngz; Nghfg; nghUshfTk;> mbikr; NrtfpahfTk; Mzpd;

mjpfhuj;ijAk;> mrl;ilj; jdq;fisAk; clystpYk;> cs;sj;jstpYk;

jhq;fpj; jhq;fp iee;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;ltshf cs;shs;.

mbikapd; tuyhw;Wr; RtLfis kPl;nlLj;J. tpLjiy

Ntl;ifNahL> nray;gl;L rkj;Jtj;ij cUthf;f Kide;J nray;gl

Ntz;Lk; vd;gjid>

‘......................... ngz;fspd; rpwg;gjid

mr;rKk; NgjikAk; mUq;fyd; vdntz;zp

epr;rYk; Nghw;wpl;lhh; epfhpyhj; jkpo; kf;fs;

GJik ahnjd;Wk; NgUz;ik czuhJ

gpjw;wpNa ngz;Zhpik NgRfpwPu; ;”65

vd;fpwhu;; tp[a ghujp. NkYk; ngz; fiyfspy; rpwe;jts;> fw;gpdpy;

Nju;e;jts;> cau; gz;gpd; ciwtplk;> fy;ypd; cWjpAld; tho;tpidf;

fhg;gts;> Jd;gj;jpilNaAk; ,d;gkha; tpsq;fpLths;> md;gpd; mUs;

tbtha; mkpo;jk; Nghd;W ,Ug;gts mtSf;Ff; fy;tp mspg;Nghk;

vd;gij>

‘rPUld; rfnky;yhk; fhj;jpLk; ngz;zurp

fy;tp kpff; fw;Nghk; fhtpak; nra;jpLNthk;

,y;ypdpy; ,lh;glhJ ,d;Gw tho;e;jpLNthk;

njhy;goikf; fl;bidNa ntl;bj; jfu;;j;jpLNthk;

ey;GJik ehbLNthk; eheyk; fhj;jpLNthk;”66

133

vd;W ftpQh; ngz; fy;tpia ikag;gLj;Jfpd;whu;.Gjpa G+f;fs;>G+Tk;

G+itAk; vd;Dk; ,U ftpijfspy; ngz;zpar; rpe;jidfs; fiykfspy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Gjpa G+f;fs; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; rhiy ,se;jpiuad;>

kidtpapd; Fzeyd;fis kpfr; rpwg;ghf vLj;jpak;Gfpwhu;.

‘%yf; fzf;fpyts; xU ghjp

..........................................................

‘tPl;by; GFe;jpUe;j ,Us; jPu;j;jhs;”

........................................................

‘md;id epidTtUk; rpyNghjpy; - vd;wd;

md;G kyu;FtpAk; mjd;kPjpy;

vd;idf; Foe;ij gz;zp kfpo;e;jhNs?’

..............................................................

‘New;W tiuapyts; mtl;fhf - vd;idr;

Nru;;e;j nghOJ Kjy; vdf;fhf”67

,t;thW Mrphpah; kidtp> GFe;j tPl;by; vt;thnwy;yhk; jd;idr;

#o;epiyf;F Vw;wthW khw;wp mikj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhh; vd;w ew;fUj;ij

vLj;Jiuf;fpwhu;.Gj;jNdhp Rg;gpukdpak; G+Tk; G+itAk; vd;Dk;

jiyg;gpy; ngz;zpd; cWg;GfisAk; gy tifahd kyu;fSf;F

xg;gpl;Lg; ghLfpwhu;.

‘fz;Zf; Ftik Ftisg; G+

iffhy; ce;jp fkyg; G+

ngz;zpd; ehrp vs;spd; G+

134

NgZk; fd;dk; Nuh[hg; G+“68

vd;Wk; gy;Yf;F Ky;iyg;G+> ghjk; mdpr;rg;G+> tpuy;fs; fhe;jl; G+>

Nkdp tz;zk; jhok; G+> cs;sk; Jk;igg; G+> nrtpkly; rq;Fg; G+>

thapd; epwk; nrk;gUj;jp> kzf;Fk; $e;jy; kNdhuQ;rpjg; G+ vd;W

ngz;fspd; mq;fk; xt;nthd;Wk; gz;ghy; kyu; vd;W $wg;gLtjhy;

mg; ngz;izg;G+it vd;W ehk; miof;fpNwhk; vd;W $Wfpwhu;.

fhjy;

cyf caph;fspd; ,d;wpaikahj $Wfspy; xd;Wjhd; fhjy;>

,f;fhjy; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F md;G> ghrk;> fUiz> Nerk;> ,uf;fk; vdg;

gy nghUs; nfhs;tu;. MZf;Fk;> ngz;Zf;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gLk;

md;igf; fhjy; vd;fpNwhk;.GJf; ftpijapy; kdpj rKjhaj;jpw;Ff; fhjy;

Njhd;Wk; Kiw gw;wpAk;. fhjyhy; Vw;gLk; Jd;gq;fs; gw;wpAk; fhjypd;

gy;NtW tiffisAk; Fwpj;Jg; ghLfpd;wdu;.

‘kpspu;fpd;w Mbjd;dpy; cUitf; fz;L

kPz;LnkhU rPl;nld;Nw mjid vz;zp

jsph; Nghd;w clyirj;J nky;yr; nrd;W

jzpahj fhjypdhy; mizf;f vz;zp

xspu;fpd;w cly;Nrhu cs;sk; Nrhu

cau;fhjy; Kbahky; ntl;fk; nfhz;L

jsu;Tw;Nw jd;ngz;bd; mUfpy; nry;Yk;”69

vdr; rpl;Lf; FUtpapd; fhjy; tpisahl;ilg; ghu;j;J> jhk; ftpij vOj

te;j rpe;jid kwe;J Nghdjhff; $Wfpwhu; ftpQh; gh. tsu;kjp.

135

ftpQh; K. cyfehjd;> cs;sj;jpy; vOe;j fhjiy> ,jaj;jpy; vOe;j

jhfj;jpid ntspapy; nrhy;y Kbahky; jtpf;Fk; epiyapid>

‘Gd;idkuk; kPjpypUe;J ghLk; - Fapy;

G+itxyp NtWtpj khFk;

Jd;g,ir ghLtJk; VNdh? - Njhs;

njhj;Jk;ngil ,d;nwq;Nf fhNzhk;”

vjpuhf vq;fSf;Fr; rjpNah?- vk;

,Utu; kd xUik epiytpjpNah

,jaj;jpy; vOe;jnthU jhfk; -mJ

vz;zKld; kiwe;J tpl;l Nrhfk;” 70

ntspaplg; glhky; kiwe;J tpl;l fhjypd; Nrhfj;jpid ftpQh;

,t;thW vLj;Jiuf;fpwhu;.fiykfs; ,jo;j;njhFg;gpy; ,U ftpijfspy;

fhjy; epiyfisf; fhzyhk;

(i) etuhj;jphp nfhYtpw;F te;j ngz;zpd; kPJ Vw;gl;l fhjy;

‘ghbagpd; nrd;wdNu

nfhYKbj;j ngz;fnsyhk;

Nfhijats; Nghftpy;iy

vjphpUe;j vd;Kfj;ij

,uz;Nlhu; Kiwghu;j;Nj

,jo;fs; mirahky;

vg;gbNah $g;gpl;lhs;>

ngz;zurp Kd;nry;yg;

136

gpwu;fhzh Neuj;jpy;

...........................................

vd;tPl;Lg; gpd;Gwj;Nj

,Uf;Fk; Fsj;jUNf

gpd;njhlu;e;J nrd;Nwd;”71

ngz;zpd; kPJ Vw;gl;l fhjyhy; mtd; eilg;gpzkhfpdhd; vd;gij

Mrphpah; F. mofphprhkp kpf mofhff; fhl;Lfpd;whu;.mLj;jjhf

„glNfhl;b… vd;Dk; ftpijapy; ehafd; ehafp ghtk; vd;Dk; epiy

fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; Mrphpau; Rj;jhde;j ghujpahu; ehafp - fhjyp

vdTk; glNfhl;b - fhjyd; (gukhj;kh) vdTk; ghtpj;Jf;

ftpijahj;Js;shu;.,iwtDf;Fs; gf;ju;fs; milf;fykhf ,Uf;Fk;

NghJ gf;ju;fSf;F vt;tpj ,ilA+Wk; NeuhJ vd;gij

‘vd;Ds;Ns ePapUf;f - cd;id

vkDk; njhLthNdh?

nghd;dpy; kzpnadNt - cs;sk;

nghUe;jpdhy; mr;rKz;Nlh?”72

vd;W glNfhl;b Nfl;gjhf ,t;thpfs; mike;Js;sd. rf;jp fsQ;rpak;

,jo;j;njhFg;gpy; fhjy; ftpijfs; VJk; ,lk; ngwtpy;iy.

tWik epiy

tWikf;Ff; fhuzk; nghUspd;ikNa vdyhk;. nghUspy;yhu;f;F

,t;Tyfk; ,y;iy vd;gJ ts;Stk;. rhjp> kj> ,d NtWghLfSk;

tWikia tpistpf;Fk;. kf;fl; ngUf;fk;> kJ mUe;Jjy;> Nghjpa

137

tpisr;rypd;ik Nghd;witAk; tWikf;Ff; fhuzq;fshFk;.Vo;ik

vd;gJ kdpj Fyj;jpw;F kl;LNk tpjpf;fg;gl;l tpjp. mbg;gil

tho;f;if trjpfs; $l ,y;yhJ thOk; kdpjh;fs; Vuhskhf cs;sdu;.

efuj;jpy; eilghijapy; tho;Nthhpd; vz;zpf;if mjpfkhf cs;sJ.

,k;kd cisr;riyj; jk;Kila ftpijfspy; ftpQh; Njrpf tpehafk;

gps;is>

‘cz;z czTk; cLf;fj; JzpAk;

,y;iyahy; ,ue;jpL NthUk;

Nehapy; tpOe;J nehe;J nehe;J

ghapy; fple;J ghpjtpg; NghUk;

jPanewpapy; jphpe;J nghy;yhg;

ghjf uhfpg; gopnra; NthUk;

cyfpy; cz;nlDk; cz;ik kwNtd;”73

vd;fpwhu;. kdpjdpd; vjph;kiwahd tho;ifapd; Vw;wj; jho;Tfs; ePq;fp>

kdpj rKjhak; tsNkhL tho Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ jhd; vy;Nyhhpd;

tpUg;gKk; vdyhk;. mt;thW Vo;ikapy; tho;e;jhYk; thf;fpy; cz;ik

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjid

‘rpd;d Viof; NfDk; -nrhy;Ny

[Pt ehbahFk;

......................................................

G+u;j;jp jtwpdhYk; - thf;fpy;

Gul;Lr; nra;jplhik

138

Neu;ik ahdjhFk; - vd;W

epidtpy; itf;f NtZk;”74

vd Vo;ikapy; tha;ik kpf Kf;fpak; vd;W ehkf;fy; nt.uhkypq;fk;

gps;is $Wfpwhu;.fiykfs; kw;Wk; RNjrkpj;jpud; ,jo;j;njhFg;Gfspy;

tWikiaf; Fwpj;J vf;ftpQh;fSk; ftpij Gidatpy;iy.

epiyahik

fhjy;> ,y;ywk; ,tw;iwj; Jwe;J cyfpy; tho;T newpapd;wpg;

Gwk;ghd epiyahikia kdj;jpw; nfhz;L thOk; tho;Nt xU tifj;

JwT vdyhk;. nra;aNtz;ba nray;fisr; rhpahfr; nra;J vjd; kPJk;

mjPj gw;wpy;yhtho;T epiyahikia vLj;Jiuf;Fk; topahFk;.,q;F

xU FOtpd; cgNjrkhff; ftpQh; rp.Njrpf tpdhafk; gps;is mth;fs;

rf;jp fsQ;rpaj;jpy;

‘kz;zpy; tho;tJz;L - gpd;dhy;kuz kht Jz;L

ez;Zk; ,d;g Jd;gk; - ve;j ehSk; cz;lg;gh”75

vd;W epiyaw;w tho;f;ifia vLj;Jiuf;fpwhu;. NkYk;

‘ngha; fise;jpLNthk; - nka;iag; Nghw;wp

epd;wpLNthk; nra;flid epjk; - cyfpy;nra;J tho;e;

jpLNthk;”76

vdg; ngha;ahd tho;tpy; cz;ikaha; tho;e;J flikiar; nra;a

Ntz;Lnkdf; $Wfpwhu;.fhw;W Eioahj ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;jhYk;> eLf;

flypy; ghrpfs; glu;e;j ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;jhYk;> ntz;Nghu;it Nghu;j;J

139

ntspAyfk; fhzhky; ,Ue;jhYk;> cs;sj;J czu;r;rpfs; vy;yhk;

xLf;fp ,Ue;jhYk;

‘rhT epd;W $j;jhl”78

vd;W epiyahikj; jd;ikiaf; ftpQh; Jiwtu; „fdpe;j cs;sk;…

vd;Dk; ftpijapy; Rl;Lfpd;whu;.,Nj fUj;jpidf; ftpQu; „rhypthfdd;…

Nghpd;gk; Jhukpy;iy vd;Dk; ftpijapy;>

‘kidtp kay; Jwe;J

koiy Kfk; kwe;J

jdJw;whu; jd; Rw;wk;

jdf;Fw;w ez;gnuy;yhk;

tpdt> tprdKw

.............................................

Nghpd;gk; J}ukpy;iy

tUe;jpaiof;fpd;Nwd;

thlh vd; ehafNd”78

vd;W tho;f;if epiyapy;yhjJ> Nghpd;g tho;Nt epiyahdJ vd;W

ftpQh; typAWj;Jfpd;whu;;.Gjpjhf kzkhd kzkfd; $Wtjhf ,f;

ftpij mike;Js;sJ.kzkhFk; Kd; kzg; ngz;zpd; Kfj;jpy;

rphpg;gpidf; fz;Nld;. kzkhd gpd;Dk; rphpg;gpidf; fz;Nld;.

fd;dq; Fop tpof; fay;tpop kpuSk; ,d;dKjr; rphpg;gpy; vd;

,janky;yhk; FspUfpd;wJ. ,J ,jaj;jpd; vjpnuhypahFNkh

vd;nwy;yhk; epidj;Jg; ghu;f;fpd;whd;. gpd;du;

140

‘epiyahNkh ,t;tpd;gk;

neQ;rk; epiyahj ehspy;iy

,iyNkNy ePu;Nghnyd;

wpiwtdpd; rphpg;G Kz;Nlh?”79

vd;Wrpw;wpd;gijf; fhl;bYk; Nghpd;g tho;Nt epiyahdJ vd;fpd;whu;

ftpQu;; fyh ghujp. fiy kfs; ,jo;j;njhFg;gpy; epiyahikf; fUj;Jfs;

mlq;fpa ftpijfs; xd;Wk; ,y;iy.fiykfs;>rf;jp fsQ;rpak;>RNjr

kpj;jpud; Mfpa ,jo;j;njhFg;Gfspy; cs;s ftpijfspy; fhzg;gLk;

gbkk;> FwpaPL> njhd;kk;> Mfpad ,t;tpaypy; Muhag;gl;Ls;sd.

141

rhd;nwz; tpsf;fk;

1. ty;ypf;fz;zd;> GJf;ftpijapd; Njhw;wKk; tsu;r;rpAk;> g. 137

2. njhy;.nghUs;.nra;As;> Ehw;gh.

3. ghujpahu;>ghujpahu; ftpijfs;> g.233

4. ghyh>GJf;ftpij xU GJg;ghu;it>g. 21.22

5. ghujpahu;>ghujpahu; ftpijfs;>g. 394

6. gpr;r%u;j;jp. eh. gpr;r%u;j;jp ftpijfs;> g. 205

7. F.g.uh.kzpf;nfhb> ,jo; Vg;uy; 15 - 1939 (ntspahdJ)

8. ituKj;J>,e;j g+f;fs; tpw;gidf;fy;y> g. 5

9. ma;ahrhkp.u. miyaitj;j fUiz>fiykfs; ,. njh> g.36

10. kzp> vq;Fk; epiwe;j guhrf;jp> R.kp. ,. njh>ghfk; 1. g. 22

11. ehkf;fy; .nt. uhkypq;fk;> tPuj;Jwtp> r.fs.,.njh.ghfk; 1. g.23

12. gP¤> fhspahl;lk;> r.fs. ,.njh.ghfk; 1.g. 32

13. njhy;. nra;Aspay; Ehw;. 538

14. ituKj;J> ,e;j G+f;fs; tpw;gidf;fy;y> g. 74

15. mg;Jy; uFkhd;> Rl;Ltpuy;> g. 125

16. N[hjp> tPiz>f.k. ,. njh>ghfk; 1 . g. 15

17. mofphprhkp.F>ghrKk; gf;jpAk;>f.k.,.njh. -ghfk;1g. 17

142

18. fk;gjhrd;>Mz; ngz;> f.k.,. njh>ghfk; 1- g. 26

19. Ntyd;> kq;fyty;yp> ,. njh>g. 41

20. NkyJ

21. NkyJ

22. Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahu; rp.>ghk;Gg; ghl;L>f.k. ,. njh.ghfk; 1

g. 16

23. ehkf;fy; nt. uhkypq;fk;> tPuj;Jwtp>r.fs.,.njh> ghfk; 1 g. 23

24. ehkf;fy; nt. uhkypq;fk;> tPuj;Jwtp>;>r.fs.,.njh. ghfk; 1

g. 23

25. gpr;r%u;j;jp.e > ,USk; xspAk;> r.fs.,.njh. ghfk; 1> g. 39

26. NkyJ

27. NkyJ g. 41

28. Rugp> cs;Sk; GwKk;>r.fs.,.njh. ghfk; 1. g.45

29. rhypthfdd;>Nghpd;gk; Jhukpy;iy. R.kp. ,. njh> ghfk; 1. g .14

30. Rg;ukz;a Nahfp.r.J. > ,uz;bnyhd;W>R.kp. ,. njh> ghfk; 1.5

31. ,d;gtz;zd;> vOe;jUsPNuh. R.kp. ,. njh> ghfk; 1. g.27

32. ghyh>GJf;ftpij xUghh;it>g .142

33. Rj;jhde;j ghujpahu;>glNfhl;b>f.k. ,.njh. ghfk; 1. g.20

143

34. NkyJ. g .21

35. ehkf;fy; nt. uhkypq;fk; gps;is>it\;ztd; vd;Nghd; ahu;?

fiy>,.njh. ghfk; 1. g .22

36. ehkf;fy; nt. uhkypq;fk; gps;is>it\;ztd; vd;Nghd;

ahu;?fiy ,.njh.ghfk; 1 . g.23

37. fk;gjhrd;> Mz; -ngz;>f.k. ,.njh. ghfk; 1 . g .26

38. fk;gjhrd;> Mz; -ngz;>f.k. ,. njh. ghfk; 1 g .27

39. jkpo; xsp>vz;zpj; Jzpe;Njd;> gf.k. ,. njh. ghfk; 1. g.28

40. k`p> mj;jidAk; fdT>f.k. ,. njh. ghfk; 1. g. 29

41. ney;iy. M.fzgjp> ,sNtdpy;>f.k. ,. njh. ghfk; 1. g .34

42. kpd;Dhh; rPdpthrd;> Xuf;flypdpy;>f.k. ,. njh. ghfk; 1. g .33

43. rhiy ,se;jpiuad;> Gjpag+f;fs;>f.k. ,. njh. ghfk; 1. g .32

44. jkpoofd;> mofpy; mts;>f.k. ,. njh. ghfk; 1. g .31

45. Rthkp Rj;jhde;j ghujpahu;> rf;jp tzf;fk;> r.fs. ,.njh. ghfk; 1

g .17

46. N[hjp> tPiz>f.k. ,. njh. ghfk; 1. g .15

47. mofphp rhkp.F > ghrKk; gf;jpAk;>f.k. ,. njh. ghfk; 1. g .17

48. Njrpftpehafk; gps;is.rp. > cku;fa;ahk;> r.fs. ,.njh. ghfk; 1.

g .22

144

49. NkyJ

50. gp¤>fhspahl;lk;>r.fs. ,.njh. ghfk; 1. g .32

51. gp¤> fhspahl;lk;>r.fs. ,.njh. ghfk; 1. g .32

52. Rugp> vspik> r.fs. ,.njh. ghfk; 1.g .49

53. ma;ahrhkp.u >miya itj;j fUiz>f.k. ,. njh. ghfk; 1 g.35

54. ma;ahrhkp.uS > miya itj;;j fUiz>f.k. ,. njh. ghfk; 1

g .36

55. kzp> vq;Fk; epiwe;j guhrf;jp>R.kp. ,.njh. ghfk; 1. g .22

56. Jiwtd;> el;rj;jpuq;fs;>r.fs. ,.njh. ghfk; 1. g .29

57. Jiwtd;> el;rj;jpuq;fs;> r.fs. ,.njh. ghfk; 1. g .29

58. rpl;b>ePu;tPo;r;rp>r.fs. ,.njh. ghfk; 1. g .33

59. gpr;r%u;j;jp. e > ,USk; xspAk;>r.fs. ,.njh. ghfk; 1.g .44

60. jpUts;Su;jhA> kz;zpd; kdk;> R.kp.,. njh. ghfk; 1. g .26

61. njd;wy;>fhu;j;jpif [hyk;>R.kp.,. njh. ghfk; 1. g.27

62. F.kh. ghyRg;ukzpak;> Fw;why kiyaUtp>f.k. ,. njh. ghfk; 1 g

.40

63. ghyRg;ukzpak; F.kh> Fw;why kiyaUtp> f. , .njh. ghfk; 1.

g .40

145

64. jkpoofd;>mofpy; mts;>f . , . njh. ghfk; 1. g .31

65. tp[aghujp>GJikg;ngz; $Wfpwhu;>R . kp . , . njh . ghfk; 1.

g .12

66. tp[a ghujp> GJikg;ngz; $Wfpwhu;> R . kp . , . njh . ghfk; 1

g .12

67. rhiy ,se;jpiuad;>GjpaG+f;fs;> R . kp . , . njh . ghfk; 1. g .32

68. Gj;jNdhp Rg;ukzpak;>G+Tk; G+itAk;> R.kp. ,. njh. ghfk; 1. g .39

69. tsu;kjp.gh> kd;dpg;gha;> R . kp . , . njh.ghfk; 1 g .11

70. cyfehjd; .K>,jajhfk;>R . kp . , . njh.ghfk; 1.g .15

71. mofophprhkp.F >ghrKk; gf;jpAk;> f . , . njh.ghfk; 1. g . 17>18

72. Rj;jhde;j ghujpahu;> glNfhl;b> f . , . njh . ghfk; 1. g .20

73. Njrpf tpehafk; gps;is>thOk; top>f. , . njh.ghfk; 1. g .18

74. ehkf;fy; nt. uhkypq;fk; gps;is> nrhy;. f. ,. njh. ghfk; 1. g .21

75. Njrpf tpehafk; gps;is.rp > FUtpd; cgNjrk;> f., .njh. ghfk; 1.

g 20

76. NkyJ

77. Jiwtd;> fdpe;j cs;sk;> r.fs. ,.njh. ghfk; 1. g .30

78. rhypthfdd;>Nghpd;gk; Jhukpy;iy>R. kp ., . njh .ghfk; 1. g .14

79. fyhghujp>rphpg;gpd;gk;>R . kp . , . njh . ghfk; 1. g .26