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Tolerance to climate change of early life-stage
Fucus vesiculosus varies among sibling groups
Balsam Al-Janabi 1, Inken Kruse 1, Angelika Graiff 2, Ulf Karsten 2 and Martin Wahl 1
1 GEOMAR, Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany 2 University of Rostock, Applied Ecology and Phycology, Rostock, Germany
© I. Lastumäki © K. Maczassek © B. Al-Janabi © Inken Kruse
500 µM
200 µM 200 µM © B. Al-Janabi
1
Genetic diversity of Fucus vesiculosus
Diversity Diversity
Confers potential for adaptation through selection
Allows for resilience and ecosystem services
Hypothesis: Populations of high genetic diversity perform better on environmental stress. 2
Genotyping of 42 adult Fucus vesiculosus -> their physiological responses at the Benthocosms experiment (T x CO2) were analysed Angelika Graiff 9 microsatellite markers were used to describe the genetic diversity: Parameters: HO Observed Heterozygosity
HE Expected Heterozygosity FIS Inbreeding factor
Fucus vesiculosus – Bülk Population
Genetic diversity of Fucus vesiculosus
4
Microsatellite analysis of 42 adult F. vesiculosus
Locus NA Size range (bp) HO HE FIS
L85 8 112 - 126 0,7105 0,6274 - 0,135
L94 5 151 - 184 0,9000 0,6038 -0,500
Fsp1 11 122 - 160 0,8158 0,8242 0,010
Fsp2 17 115 - 195 0,5000 0,9069 0,452
F9 10 184 - 212 0,6579 0,8182 0,198
F19 10 162 - 192 0,5714 0,6779 0,159
F34 8 186 - 220 0,9750 0,6655 -0,474
F36 3 216 - 224 0,9231 0,5891 -0,579
F60 3 188 - 194 0,3000 0,4165 0,282
Total x = 8.33 0,7060 0,6810 Estimation multilocus: - 0,0370
Settlement of germlings
© K. Maczassek
Diversity level 2
2x
Collection of fertile adult Fucus vesiculosus Induction of gamete release Settling of germlings on limestones cubes: edge length 2 cm.
Diversity level 3
4x
Diversity level 1
1x
5
versus
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
offspring of 1 parental pair each
offspring of 2 parental pairs each
offspring of 4 parental pairs each
1, 2 3, 4 5, 6 7, 8
5, 6, 7 , 8 1, 2, 3, 4
versus
6
Diversity level
Low
Medium
High
Three diversity levels of Fucus vesiculosus gemlings
Climate change scenario: Kiel Benthocosms
Investigation of species interactions and community structure under climate change
Upscaling of: Multiple factors, Multi-species communities, Multi-seasonal approach
Closing the gap between laboratory and field experiments
Flow-through system allows a near natural scenario
7 Wahl et al. 2015 Limnology and Oceanography: Methods
Warming and acidification: Kiel Benthocosms
Temperature: + 5 °C
pCO2: 1100 µatm
8
4 treatment levels
High Temperature + pCO2 High Temperature High pCO2 Ambient (Fjord conditions)
n = 3
Seasonal variation - 2013
Seasonal differences between spring and summer (p-value < 0.05)
Season *
0
20
40
60
80
100
Spring13 Summer Autumn Winter Spring14
Surv
ival
%
T+CO2+
T+ CO2-
T- CO2+
T- CO2-
Warming decreases survival in summer and also in winter (p-value < 0.05)
Warming and acidification in a seasonal environment
Means +SD n=3
Temp * Temp *
9
Seasonal differences between spring and summer (p-value < 0.05)
Season *
0
20
40
60
80
100
Spring13 Summer Autumn Winter Spring14
Surv
ival
%
T+CO2+
T+ CO2-
T- CO2+
T- CO2-
Warming decreases survival in summer and also in winter (p-value < 0.05)
Acidification effect on growth – Laboratory approach
Means +SD n=3
Temp * Temp *
10
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1A
rea
(mm
2)
380 1120 2400
pCO2 effect on growth
High pCO2 levels increase growth of Fucus germlings (p-value < 0.05) = fertilisation effect
Means +SD n=3
10
Siblings vary in tolerance to warming and acidification
-2
-1
0
1
2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Survival %
log
eff
ec
t ra
tio
(S
D)
(rela
tive t
o “
am
bie
nt”
)
T+/ T- CO2 +/ CO2 - Future/ Present
Temp
CO2 Temp
Temp
CO2
Temp
CO2
11
Warming, acidification and nutrient enrichment
Temperature: + 5 °C
pCO2: 1100 µatm
[Temperature + pCO2] x Nutrients
[NO2 NO3 PO4]
12
Nutrient enrichment mitigates heat wave stress
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
T-CO2-N- T-CO2-N+ T+CO2+ N- T+CO2+ N+G
row
th %
d-1
0
20
40
60
80
100
T-CO2-N- T-CO2-N+ T+CO2+ N- T+CO2+ N+
Su
rviv
al
%
TempCO2- N- TempCO2- N+ TempCO2+ N- TempCO2+ N+
***
***
Warming during a heat wave decreased survival and growth significantly (p < 0.0001)
Nutrient enrichment attenuates the high mortality and growth reduction (p < 0.0001)
Warming+Acidification interacts with the factor nutrients (p < 0.0001)
+N
+N
13
+T
+T
Local Upwelling event
[Temperature + pCO2] x Nutrients
[NO2 NO3 PO4]
+ [Temperature + pCO2] + Nutrients
+ [Temperature + pCO2] - Nutrients
- [Temperature + pCO2] + Nutrients
- [Temperature + pCO2] - Nutrients
3 days Upwelling
14
Sensitivity to hypoxia is enhanced by previous warming
Mortality of F. vesiculosus germlings is strongly increased under hypoxia in all groups of pre-treatments
Previous exposure to warming and acidification decreased the tolerance to hypoxia stress (p < 0.001)
15
0
20
40
60
80
100
TCO2- N- TCO2- N+ TCO2+ N- TCO2+ N+
Mo
rtality
%
Pre-treatment TempCO2- N- TempCO2- N+ TempCO2+ N- TempCO2+ N+
3 days Hypoxia
Genotypic correlations determine the direction of selection
Vinebrook et al. (2004)
Populations resistance to multiple factors depend on trade correlation Analysis of sibling groups sensitivity towards multiple stressors was performed Sibling groups sensitivity to stressor A and stressor B may correlate genotypic correlations
Sibling groups were ranked according to the different sensitivities: Warming
Acidification
Warming + acidification
Hypoxia 16
Siblings correlations of sensitivities to warming and OA
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6 4
8
3
1
7
5
2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
5
4
6
1
3
7
8
Survival
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
R = 0.929
P = 0.0022 6
4
8 1
3
7
5
2 Growth
Ra
nk
se
ns
itiv
ity t
o C
O2
Rank sensitivity to temperature
Spring
R = 0.952
P = 0.0011
Spring
S
um
me
r
R = 0.821
P = 0.0341
Growth
Sensitivity to warming and acidification is positively correlated (p < 0.05)
Direction of selection goes towards the more tolerant genotypes to warming and acidification
Positive correlation will accelerate selection processes towards these genotypes
17
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Sen
sit
ivit
y t
o T
em
pC
O2
Sensitivity to Hypoxia
6
10
4
9
16
5
8
13
11
14
1
3
2
15
12
7
R = - 0.8088
P = 0.0002
Correlations of sensitivities to OAW and hypoxia
Sensitivity towards warming+acidification and hypoxia is negatively correlated (p < 0.001)
18
Genotypes adapted to warming and acidification are most sensitive to hypoxia
Conclusions
• Warming enhances growth in summer, but reduces survival in late summer
• Seasonal variation determines climate change effects on growth and survival
• Sibling groups vary in their response to warming and acidification
-> potential for adaptation
• Heat wave stress is mitigated under nutrient enrichment but enhances the sensitivity to hypoxia
• Positive correlation of sensitivities towards warming and acidification determines the direction of selection
• Populations adapted to warming and acidification are most sensitive to hypoxic upwelling
19
Acknowledgments
Martin Wahl Inken Kruse
Angelika Graiff Ulf Karsten Björn Buchholz
20 Federal Ministry of Education and Research
Acknowledgments
Prof. Dr. Martin Wahl Dr. Inken Kruse
Angelika Graiff Prof. Dr. Ulf Karsten
Thank you for your attention!
© I. Lastumäki © K. Maczassek © B. Al-Janabi © Inken Kruse
500 µM
200 µM 200 µM © B. Al-Janabi
21
Higher diversity level survive better under warming
0
20
40
60
80
100
T+ CO2+ T+ CO2- T- CO2-
Surv
ival
%
Autumn
0
20
40
60
80
100
T+ CO2+ T+ CO2- T- CO2-Su
rviv
al %
Winter
DL 1
DL 2
DL 3
Means +SD n=3
Survival high diversity level > survival low diversity level
at high temperatures (p-value < 0.05) Increased survival for a group of many families indicated facilitation processes among different genotypes
Diversity level
low
medium
high
22
Table 1 Nutrient concentrations in the present (mean of the last 7 years according to the respective summer months) and future nutrient conditions as doubled amounts of the present nutrient concentrations for PO4, NO2, NO3 in µmol L-1.
July
August
September
Present Future Present Future Present Future
PO4 0.46 0.93 0.59 1.19 1.06 2.11
NO2 0.53 1.05 0.77 1.54 1.27 2.54
NO3 0.18 0.36 0.20 0.40 0.22 0.44
Nutrient treatment
23