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8/9/2019 Fuel Cell Diagnostic
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8/9/2019 Fuel Cell Diagnostic
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Frano BarbirPictorial Resume
energy partners
http://www.unido-ichet.org/ichet.org/about_ichet/donors/donors.html8/9/2019 Fuel Cell Diagnostic
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Diagnosisnoun
Investigation or analysis of the cause ornature of a condition, situation or problem
Diagnostic(s)noun
the art or practice of diagnosis
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Diagnostics in fuel cell development process
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design
fabricate
test
model
Knowledge:
materials
processes
interactions
requirements
diagnostics
Shouldit work?
Does
it work?
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Diagnostics in fuel cell development process
Diagnostics in control development process
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Diagnostics in fuel cell development process
Diagnostics in control development process
Diagnostics in operation
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controller
fuel cellcontrol
element
measurementsensor/
transmitter
process
variable
manipulated
variable
controller
output
signal
measured
value
disturbances
error
set point
measured
process
variable
signal
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Observe(voltage/current, pressure drop, temperature)
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
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Observe(voltage/current, pressure drop, temperature)
Change a parameter and compare
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First fuel cel l law :
One cannot change only one parameter in a fuel cell
change of one parameter causes a change in at leasttwo other parameters, and at least one of them has an
opposite effect of the one expected to be seen.
F. Barbir, PEM Fuel Cells Theory and Practice, Elsevier/Academic Press, 2005
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nmmmmm
Fuel cells: Problems at different scales
12700 km 12.7 km 12.7 m 12.7 mm
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Observe(voltage/current, pressure drop, temperature)
Change a parameter and compare
Disturb and observeSmall disturbancesLarge disturbances (exaggerate or accelerate)
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controller
fuel cellcontrol
element(s)
diagnostics
process
variable(s)
manipulated
variable(s)
controller
output
signal(s)controller
action
signal
desired/expected
state of health
diagnosis
measured
values
disturbances
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Diagnostics in fuel cell development process
Diagnostics in control development process
Diagnostics in operation
Post mortem diagnostics
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Online
Offline
Post mortem
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Electrochemical techniquesPolarization curve
Current interruption
Electrochemical Impedance
Spectroscopy
Cyclic Voltammetry
CO Stripping Voltammetry
Linear Sweep Voltammetry
Current Distribution MappingPartial MEA
Segmented Cells
Species Distribution MappingPressure Drop Measurements
Gas Composition Analysis
Neutron Imaging
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
X-ray Imaging
Optically Transparent Fuel Cells
Embedded Sensors
Temperature Distribution MappingIR Transparent Fuel Cells
Embedded Sensors
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Polarization curve
Polarization curve hysteresis
Comparative polarization curves
Current interrupt
AC impedance spectroscopy
Pressure drop
Current density mappingTemperature mapping
Flow visualization
Neutron/X-Ray imaging
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0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 500 1000 1500 2000
current density (mA/cm)
cellpotential(V
)
activation losses
resistance losses
mass transport
lossesresulting V vs. i curve
theoretical (ideal) voltage
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0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 500 1000 1500 2000
current density (mA/cm)
cellpotential(V)
normal polarization
curve
higher resistance
drying?
mass transport problems
flooding?
hgher activation losses
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Data should be taken at multiple current or voltage points.
Typical points would be open circuit and 5 or 6 points between 600 mV/cell and
850 mV/cell,
15 minutes dwell at each point
The data from the last five (5) minutes should be averaged and then plotted as
average current versus average voltage.
Protocol on Fuel Cell Components Testing
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Polarization curve sweep
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Qiangu Yan, J. Power Sources, Vol 161, 2006, pp 492502
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Presented at IECEC, Portsmouth, VA, August 12, 2003
Static Feed UNIGEN Cycle Test (Total 8/1/03 3:00 PM - 147 cycles)Electrolysis: 60 min @ 200 ASF; Fuel Cell: 40 min @ 300 ASF
160 F, 50-75 psig
0.50
0.70
0.90
1.10
1.30
1.50
1.70
1.90
2.10
2.30
2.50
50.00 50.50 51.00 51.50 52.00 52.50 53.00 53.50 54.00 54.50 55.00
Elapsed Time (hr)
CellVoltage/DifferentialPressur
> 100 LEO cycles
Fuel Cell
40 min
Electrolysis
60 min
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M. Weiland, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy,
2012, in print
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Polarization curve
Polarization curve hysteresis
Comparative polarization curves
Current interrupt
AC impedance spectroscopy
Pressure drop
Current density mappingTemperature mapping
Flow visualization
Neutron/X-Ray imaging
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Polarization curve at cell temperature 80C
anode/cathode humidifier temperatures 80/60C
hydrogen/air, 30 psig, H2 stoich 1.5, air stoich 5.0
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
cellpo
tential(V)
0 200 400 600 800 1000current density (mA/cm)
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Polarization curve
Polarization curve hysteresis
Comparative polarization curves
Current interrupt
AC impedance spectroscopy
Pressure drop
Current density mappingTemperature mapping
Flow visualization
Neutron/X-Ray imaging
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A
Current interrupt method for measurement of fuel cell resistance
Fuel cell Load
Digital osciloscope
voltage
time
Immediate rise involtage, VR
Slow rise to OCV
Vact
Time of current interrupt
Cell voltage before
current interrupt
OCV
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Polarization curve
Polarization curve hysteresis
Comparative polarization curves
Current interrupt
AC impedance spectroscopy
Pressure drop
Current density mappingTemperature mapping
Flow visualization
Neutron/X-Ray imaging
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Nyquist and Bode plots
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R
HF Resistance
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Polarization curve
Polarization curve hysteresis
Comparative polarization curves
Current interrupt
AC impedance spectroscopy
Pressure drop
Current density mappingTemperature mapping
Flow visualization
Neutron/X-Ray imaging
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0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Time (seconds)
CellPotential(Volts),
Resistance(miliO
hm-cm2),
PressureDrop(
10kPa)
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Temperature(oC)
Pressure Drop
Humidification
Temperature
Stack Temperature
Cell Voltage
Resistance
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0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
10000 10500 11000 11500 12000 12500
Time (seconds)
CellPotential(V
olts),
Resistance(miliOh
m-cm2),
PressureDrop(1
0kPa)
20
40
60
80
Temperature(oC)Humidification
Temperature
Stack Temperature
Cell Voltage
Pressure Drop
Resistance
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Polarization curve
Polarization curve hysteresis
Comparative polarization curves
Current interrupt
AC impedance spectroscopy
Pressure drop
Current density mappingTemperature mapping
Flow visualization
Neutron/X-Ray imaging
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S.J.C. Cleghorn, C.R. Derouin, M.S. Wilson,
and S. Gottesfeld, A Printed Circuit Board
Approach to Measuring Current Distribution in
a Fuel Cell, J. Appl. Electrochem., 1997
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L
o
k
a
l
e
M
e
s
s
u
n
g
e
n
local current density measurement
dynamic > 2000 measurement /s
local temperature measurement
local electrochemical
impedance spectroscopy (EIS)
4 mm
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D. Derteisen et al., Int. J. Hydrogen Energy,Vol 37, 2012, pp. 77367744
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Polarization curve
Polarization curve hysteresis
Comparative polarization curves
Current interrupt
AC impedance spectroscopy
Pressure drop
Current density mapping
Temperature mapping
Flow visualization
Neutron/X-Ray imaging
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iR camera
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Temperature Mapping with iR Camera
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smallest sensor
on the market
Sensirion SHT 71
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Polarization curve
Polarization curve hysteresis
Comparative polarization curves
Current interrupt
AC impedance spectroscopy
Pressure drop
Current density mapping
Temperature mapping
Flow visualization
Neutron/X-Ray imaging
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X Liu, et al. Water flooding and two-
phase flow in cathode channels of
proton exchange membrane fuel cells,
Journal of Power Sources,
Straight Channels
Interdigitated Flow Field
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D. Lee, J. Bae, Visualization of flooding in a single cell and stacks by using a newly-
designed transparent PEMFC International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 37,
No.1, 2012, pp 422435
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S Basu et al., J Power Sources, Vol 162, 2006, pp 286293
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Inukai, J. et al. Direct Visualization of Oxygen Distribution in Operating Fuel Cells.
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47, 27922795 (2008).
K Takada et al. J. Power Sources , Vol 196, 2011, Pages 26352639
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Polarization curve
Polarization curve hysteresis
Comparative polarization curves
Current interrupt
AC impedance spectroscopy
Pressure drop
Current density mapping
Temperature mapping
Flow visualization
Neutron/X-Ray imaging
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Real time detection
of liquid water inside
an operating fuel cell
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A. Turhan, K. Heller, J.S. Brenizer and M.M. Mench, Passive control of liquid water storage and distribution
in a PEFC through flow-field design, Journal of Power Sources180 (2) (2008), pp. 773783.
at Penn State University
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H. Marktter et al., Int. J. Hydrogen Energy,
Vol 37, 2012, pp. 7757
7761
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P. Deevanhxay, Electrochemistry Comm., 2012
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2012.05.028,
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Diagnostics important aspect of fuel cell R&D
Limited number of diagnostic methods applicable
for fuel cell control purposes
Definition of optimum performance must include
life time
In order to achieve optimum performance diagnostics
is crucial for prognostics and health management
Conclusions
More information about PEM fuel cells:
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PEM Fuel Cells: Theory and Practice
Frano Barbir
PEM Fuel Cells: Theory and Practice
Elsevier/Academic Press, 2005
ISBN 978-0-12-078142-3
Available from:
www.elsevier.com
www.amazon.com
www barnesandnoble com
Written as a textbook
for engineering students.
Used at hundreds of universities
In U.S., China, India, Korea, Iran,
Germany, Croatia
New updated edition coming out 2012!