Fujian - Weeblymurchiepages.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/4/3/13431671/20171106-10_off... · IB Learner Profile Links: Principled, Caring, ... • In 1516 the Portuguese try to reopen the

Name

FujianGateways, Fortresses & the DiasporaWest Island School, Hong KongNovember 2017

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itinerary

Day 1Arrive in XiamenTandem Bike RidingXiamen Waterfront ActivitiesProgram IntroductionHakka DinnerAccommodation: Bailuzhou HotelDay 2Transfer to Chuxi Tulou ClusterJiqinglou Museum Mapping ActivityBike Safety Workshop and Bike IntroChuxi HikeCreate Your Own Tulou Story IntroductionAccommodation: ChuxiDay 3Bike Ride to YanxianglouLunch in YanxianglouYanxianglou RotationsBike Ride to FuyulouDinner at FuyulouIntroduction To Tulou and Heritage Introduction, Q&A with host familyAccommodation: FuyulouDay 4Bicycle Ride to MeilinLunch in Meilin, Confucius Temple VisitBicycle Ride to YunshuiyaoCreate Your Own Tulou Story PresentationsDinner and Accomodation: Yunshuiyao

Day 5Transfer to Tea PlantationTea Hike & Tea ActivitiesLunch at Tea TulouFurther Tea ActivitiesReturn to Xiamen AirportFlight to Hong Kong

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Title Name Mobile

Program Leader Morgan O’Hara 13439597753

Program Leader Reece Ayers 18618148182

Logistics Manager Sinfonia 18659280907

CONTACT LIST

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HUTONG CHALLENGES

IB Learner Profile Links: Principled, Caring, Balanced

We like to challenge students to adopt these values and award those who demonstrate such values during the trip, through notions such as:

The Chopstick Challenge:

Each student is given their very own set of sustainable bamboo chopsticks with a stylish pouch to keep them in. Why? Forests are being chopped down for producing chopsticks – 20 million trees per year to produce 80 billion disposable chopsticks for China alone. To discourage deforestation and wasteful consumption, we avoid using disposable chopsticks and encourage responsibility for possessions.

The Hutong Helmsman:

Mao Zedong was known as “The Great Helmsman” because of his ability to steer the PRC to the right course of action. At The Hutong, we will choose our Helmsmen and Helmswomen based on who has lived up to the The Hutong’s Core Values that day, thereby helping steer us to a more successful trip.

We are honest, respectful and 100%reliable.

We’re a basket full of good eggs.

We learn from others and broaden our mind

by looking at different perspectives. We

embrace diversity.

Embrace

Diversity

Our dedication leads us to deliver more

than expected, and always go the extra 里.

Go the ExtraGo the Extra

Seek

We view problems as opportunities to work

together to explore the endless possibilities.

We continue to learn by seeking challenge.

We love what we do and are excited to share

our enthusiasm. Our passion lights a spark.

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the hutong t-shirt design challenge

IB Learner Profile Links: Thinkers, Communicators, Risk Takers

This year we are adding another exciting challenge to our programs! You notice that The Hutong staff often wear T-shirts highlighting The Hutong’s Core Values. In the past, we have sought out professional designers and Hutong staff to create the T-shirt graphic design. This year we’d like your help to create next year’s design as we want our shirts to be designed by YOU, the students! The Hutong Core Values Available for T-shirt Design Entry Inlude:

1) Be a Good Egg2) Smile More Each entry should contain the following information:a) Name of the designer (first and last)b) Contact information of the designerc) School attended by the designerd) Which program the designer attendede) Original design for the the T-shirt

Design Submission:

For consideration, please email the required information above to [email protected]

Design Winner:

The design that earns the most votes from The Hutong team will receive the following honours:- a signed Hutong Family photo and framed T-shirt- a feature article on The Hutong’s website about the designer

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Important Moments in the History of Xiamen

IB Learner Profile Links: Knowledgeable, Open Minded, Inquirers

Read this list of notable occurrences from the history of Fujian province, and particularly the areas we’ll visit . In it you will find many of the answers to questions posed in the Xiamen Go Game activity.

• 282 AD Xiamen becomes a county called Tong’ an 同安 meaning uniform peace.

It was known as Jia He Yu 嘉禾岛－Island of Abundance － in the Song Dynasty and renamed Xiamen 下门 - meaning Lower Gate － in the Ming Dynasty. Ming officials later changed the first character Xia 下 (meaning lower) to Xia 厦meaning Mansion as the city grows in importance. Xiamen now auspiciously means Gateway to the Mansion.

In the local Min dialect, Xiamen is pronounced Amoy.

• Throughout the Song Dynasty, Xiamen grows alongside neighboring Quanzhou as a prosperous international port. City walls 110 km in length are built to protect the city from Japanese pirates. The walls remain until 1928 when they are torn down by the government.

• Quanzhou and Xiamen become known throughout the world as Zayton - a multi-cultural city described by Marco Polo in his 13th century travels through China as the starting ports of China’s Southern Maritime Silk Route. An international melting pot, Zayton rivals Alexandria in Egypt as the most important port in the world, boasting a population of 500,000 people of every race and creed. Muslims, Jews, Hindus, and Christians left tombs and temples in this city of world religions.

• From the 12th Century onward, driven by war, famine, and drought, Hakka clans from Central China migrate to Fujian’s remote, fortress-like mountains and build massive clay Tulou houses. Many continue from Fujian, migrating through Xiamen on to South East Asia and other parts of the world in the 18th and 19th centuries, as part of the great Fujian worldwide diaspora.

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• In the early Ming Dynasty, China becomes a major seafaring nation under the eunuch admiral Zheng He. Building ships 5 times larger than the biggest European ships of the day, he leads expeditions along the maritime silk route from Fujian to as far off as East Africa. Shortly afterwards, the Ming Emperor destroys China’s fleet, bans foreign trade, and closes the gates to foreigners.

• In 1516 the Portuguese try to reopen the gateway, smuggling sugar and silk through local merchants, but their rude and murderous behavior does not impress the locals..

• 1604 the Dutch seize Taiwan using it as a base to network with traders via Kinmen Island (pronounced Jinmen) just off Xiamen.

• 1644 Manchus invade Northern China causing the collapse of the Ming Dynasty. Loyalists to the Ming Emperor hold out in remote Fujian for almost twenty more years.

• 1662 Koxinga, a Ming loyalist fighting the Manchu usurpers, expels the Dutch from Taiwan where he sets up his “pirate” base against the new Qing Emperor. Loyalists to the Ming rename Xiamen “Siming” – Remembering the Ming. Siming remains a district and a major road in present day Xiamen where our hotel is located.

• 1684 the newly installed Qing / Manchu government decides to legitimize Xiamen as “Gateway to China” by opening a Customs House. British, and Spanish traders flood into Xiamen.

• 1610 the first Chinese tea leaves reach Europe, exported from the tea fields high up in Fujian’s mountainous interior.

• 1728 The first wave of the Fujian diaspora begins. The Emperor of China issues an edict of banishment or execution to Chinese who do not immediately return to the motherland.

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• 1839-42 First Opium War between Britain and China over free trade. Xiamen is one of the five Chinese treaty ports opened to the British by the Treaty of Nanking. This is the first of what many overseas Chinese nationalists call the “unequal treaties.” It is the beginning of what later revolutionaries came to label as China’s Century of humiliation. The treaties galvanize overseas Chinese into political action.

• By 1850 tea is the national drink of Britain. Factory owners encourage tea drinking (rather than beer) to pep up workers in British factories as the industrial revolution gets underway. Xiamen Harbor is crowded with tea clippers. Silveris the only accepted currency for tea – the plant and its production closely guarded by the Chinese as a trade secret.

• 1895 Japan colonizes Taiwan, occupying the island until the end of the Second World War.

• 1902 – Gulang Yu Island just meters off Xiamen Island is home to 14 consulates, Christian missionaries, Tea Taipans, Opium Barons, Coolie traffickers. By 1920 Gulang Yu, is contending with Pasadena in California as the wealthiest square mile on earth. It is also the area with the most pianos per square mile.

• The 1911 revolution led and funded mostly by overseas Chinese brings the Qing Dynasty to an end. Fujianese continue to emigrate to South East Asia, Australia and America. The rights of Overseas Chinese are established. The new government opens official bureaus for Overseas Chinese in Fujian. Many return to help build a new China.

• 1918, Tan Kah Kee – Fujianese-born, who became an overseas Chinese rubber baron (described as Malaysia’s answer to Henry Ford) returns from Singapore to his native Xiamen to establish the Jimei Schools (now Jimei University). In 1921, he sets up Xiamen University - his philosophy of fortifying the country with western education and modern industry was representative of many overseas Chinese. Note the blend of traditional and western architectural styles in the university buildings.

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• 1931, Fujian’s remote mountains once again become a fortress – this time for the Red Army who establish The Jianxi - Fujian Soviet Republic in Ruijin after the communists are purged by the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) government. • 1935 Xiamen University also retreats into the hills to protect the institution from the invading Japanese.

• 1949: The Kuomintang escape through Fujian’s gateway ports across to Taiwan. Xiamen’s beaches are razor-wired shut, though many Fujianese traders risk everything to join their families or continue trade from Taiwan. Rockets are fired from the beaches over Taiwan, and fire is returned, directed at Xiamen.

• In the 1980’s trade is again the force for change. China’s borders open up to international trade with Xiamen labeled an SEZ- Special Economic Zone. By 2000 Fujian with its thousands of factories is one of the richest provinces in China. In 2009 direct flights between Taipei and Xiamen resume, indicating a reopening of the gates.


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Gateways, Fortresses and the Fujian Diaspora

IB Learner Profile Links: Communicators, Reflective

Why did we call this trip “Gateways, Fortresses and the Fujian Diaspora”?

Gateways: You will see a lot on this trip - temple gates at Nan Putuo, Fengshui and bandit repelling gates in the Tulou. They tell us a lot about this area’s history.

Gates are the way in and out of the many different types of Fortresses we will discover in Fujian. They tell us a lot about the way people reacted to the challenges of invasion by bandits, unfriendly neighbors, pirates and foreign invaders.

Gates can be symbolic - they can also serve as memorials. Often they help us to remember scholars or loyal citizens.

Gates are decorated with symbols of status, letting people know who can go in and out.

Gates are also used as metaphor.

What is a metaphor?

A metaphor is a figure of speech which makes an implicit of hidden comparison between two things, something regarded as representative of something else. Metaphors will be in bold in the next section so you get an idea how to use them.

Xiamen means Gateway to the Mansion, which is a metaphor used to describe Xiamen’s geographic importance as a port and entry point into China.

The officials who named it, viewed the whole island port of Xiamen as a gate to the interior. The word mansion was a metaphor for China - a land of silk, tea, fine porcelain and many other treasures (including the people themselves) - that you would find in a mansion.

Thinking metaphorically, many Chinese emperors viewed China as a fortress - building walls and setting up laws to keep foreigners out and the Chinese people in.

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Gateways, Fortresses and the Fujian Diaspora

The Fujian Diaspora*

As foreigners docked their ships at the gate of the mansion, knocking on the door with their cannons, Xiamen came to life as a famous port and international settlement.

It was not legal for Chinese to leave China in these days, but hundreds of thousands of Fujianese did anyway – lured by the promise of fortune overseas. The world was their oyster and they quickly dispersed across the globe. This mass human dispersal is called the Fujian diaspora.

With silver in their pockets - many later returned to Fujian as overseas Chinese. The richest ones lived on Gulang Yu in mansions with enormous gates built in styles influenced by their Chinese heritage as well as their overseas experiences.

The overseas Chinese also brought back new ways of thinking including new metaphors for defense. They built schools and universities like Xiamen University to fortify China through science, education and modernization.

The style of the buildings was a blend of Western and Chinese - an architectural metaphor for their beliefs in science as a foundation for progress blended with Chinese cultural values.

*Diaspora: a term for when a large group of people leave their homeland and spread over a wide area.

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BATTLES along the coastline

The Chinese Civil War ended in 1949, with Chiang Kai-Shek’s Koumintang (KMT) government and its 1.3 million supporters abandoning China and relocating to the island of Taiwan. Surprisingly, Chian’s army was able to hold onto some islands just off the coast of the Mainland. The most notable is Jinmen, located just 1.2 km from Xiamen. Holding onto Jinmen didn’t come without plenty struggle.

The first battle for Jinmen was in 1949. A sizeable but unprepared Communist army thought they could overtake the island with their sheer numbers. They suffered an embarassing defeat, crushing their plan of using Jinmen as a base to then conquer Taiwan.

Emboldened by their victory, Chian’s Nationalists continued to fortify the island, viewsing it as their first line of defense against the Communist Party. Their fortifications were put to the test during the Taiwan Straits Crisis of 1954. Heavy fighting on the island ensued. The battle was so fierce, and consequential, that the United States threatened to get involved and respond with nuclear weapons. A stalemate ensued.

The fundamental issues of the conflict remained unresolved, however, and both sides subsequently built up their military forces on their respective sides of the Taiwan Strait, leading to yet another new crisis three years later. More fighting ensued, as did another unique stalemate:

Throughout the 1960s and 70s, both sides continued to bombard each other with shells containing propaganda leaflets on alternate days of the week. This strange informal arrangement continued until the normalization of diplomatic relations between the United States and the PRC in 1979. The timed shelling created little damage and few casualties. It was mainly aimed at military compounds and artillery pieces, and was also a way to expend expired ammunition and train new artillery crews.

Until today, the spent shell casings and fragments have become a recyclable resource for steel for the local economy of Jinmen. Since the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis, Jinmen has become famous for its production of meat cleavers made from bombshells.

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reflections Day 1

IB Learner Profile Links: Reflective (!), Communicators, Open Minded

What are you most looking forward to this week?

What are you most concerned about?

Which Hutong core value speaks directly to you? Why?

In what ways do you think this Hutong core value could be related to the IB Learner profile?

Which Hutong core value do you want to focus on this week? Why?

What goals do you have for this week?

BIKING MAP, DAY ONE

BIKING MAP, DAY TWO

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Bike safety rules

riding tips

There are a few safety tips we need you to review so that everyone has a fun and safe time. This trip will bring you to remote areas of China, and it’s imperative that you listen to your teachers and trip leaders. Read through the below information and videos carefully, and incorporate these good habits into your training rides. Anyone seen breaking these rules will not ride for the remainder of the day. It is our top priority to make sure you have a great time, and to get you back home safely.

• Wear a Properly Fitted Bicycle Helmet. We will be wearing our helmets every time we step near a bike; the rule is: no helmet, no riding. Make sure your helmet fits well by performing the two fingers squeeze test: only two fingers should be able to fit between the strap when tightened under the chin. The helmet should fit flat and perpendicular to the shoulders. If you have any questions ask one of the teachers or trip leaders.

• Adjust Your Bicycle to Fit. Stand over your bicycle. The seat should be level front to back. The seat height should be adjusted to allow a slight bend at the knee when the leg is fully extended. For touring, the handlebar height should be roughly the same as the seat. If you need your bike to be adjusted, ask our bike mechanic.

• Check Your Equipment. Before riding, make sure that your tires are inflated properly and check that your brakes work.

• Gears Operating Properly. Make sure that your gears are able to change properly - both front chain ring and rear cassette - and just as important, make sure you know how to properly operate your gears. More often than not, students cannot properly shift gears, and they blame the bike. More often than not, the bike is not to blame. Learn how to use your gears. Golden rule: never apply heavy pressure to the pedals when changing gears – which means don’t change gears while going up a hill, or while standing on the pedals.

• Control Your Bicycle. Always ride with your hands on the handlebar. No swerving on roads, no distracted maneuvers. Always be listening for coming cars, in front of you and around corners, or coming up from behind you.

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riding tips

Rules of the road

One of the easiest ways to crash is by looking around when a car is speeding past you. If you hear a car coming from behind, don’t turn your head to look - ride to the side of the road.

• Watch For and Avoid Road Hazards. Be on the lookout for hazards such as potholes, road bumps, broken glass, gravel, big puddles, animals, motorbikes and vehicles. All these hazards can cause a crash. If you are in the lead, yell out and point to the hazard to alert the riders behind you. Practice all hand signals before departing with your group each day.

• Go With the Traffic Flow and Ride to the Edge. Ride on the right in the same direction as other vehicles. Go with the flow – not against it. Ride as close to the right edge of the road as practical.

• Ride In a Single File. Do not ride side by side, but in a single file, as a team. Give yourselves at least 10 meters of distance between you and the rider in front of you. Signal clearly when you see a hazard and need to brake.

• The Journey is Not a Race! This is not a competition, and while the ride itself is a huge challenge, you are not to push one another by racing. Do not ride side by side, but in a single file, as a team. If you are to pass one of your classmates, shout and signal your move clearly.

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Rules of the road

One strike and You’re out

• Obey All Traffic Laws. A bicycle is a vehicle and you’re a driver. When you ride in the street, obey all traffic signs, signals, and lane markings. We will always yield to traffic.

• Be Predictable. We will always ride in a straight line, not side by side. We will not swerve in and out of the road’s edge. If you are to pass one of your classmates, shout and signal your move clearly. Be prudent and slow down when there is an upcoming intersection. Ride consistently and predictably.

• Stay Alert at All Times. Use your eyes AND ears. Watch out for potholes, wet pavement, road bumps, or anything that could make you lose control of your bike. You need your ears to hear traffic and avoid dangerous situations; no listening to music and no distracted conversation.

• Look Before Turning. When turning left or right, always look behind you for a break in traffic, then signal before making the turn. Watch for left- or right-turning traffic.

• Watch for Trucks, Motorbikes, and Cars. Ride far enough out from the curb to avoid the unexpected from parked cars (like doors opening, or cars pulling out).

• Done For The Day - Load Your Bike onto Bus. When you are tired and decide you cannot or do not want to ride anymore, wait by the side of the road, and when the backup bus rides by, flag it down and load up your bicycle. The rule is that when we load our bikes onto to the bus, we are done riding for the day.

This is not a baseball game. You do not get three chances. If one of your teachers or trip leaders sees you riding irresponsibly and breaking the rules of the road, you will be asked to load up your bicycle and ride on the bus for the rest of the day. In all likelihood, this will happen to at least one of you. If and when it does, deal with it maturely, and be more responsible the next day. Do not pout and complain that things are unfair. Getting you back home in one piece is our # 1 priority.

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main dangers

again, one strike and you’re outThis is not a baseball game. You do not get three chances. If one of your teachers or trip leaders sees you riding irresponsibly and breaking the rules of the road, you will be asked to load up your bicycle and ride on the bus for the rest of the day. You have been warned. Twice.

• Steep Downhills. The most common accidents happen on downhills. When you are going down a steep, extended downhill, always have a good grip on your brakes - do not go as fast as you can. When riding a downhill, do not pass one another, and be very alert for road hazards. If you are riding too fast down a hill and attempt to brake, you will skid and crash. Worse, there will be a domino effect and everyone behind you will crash. This is especially true on wet pavement. Don’t let it happen. Be in control and holding your brakes when riding down hills.

• Cars Pulling Out Of Country Roads. There are a lot of small country roads that we will pass from the main road. Drivers on smaller roads are supposed to wait and yield for traffic on a major or larger road. This will not happen in Fujian - motorcycles, farm equipment and cars will come speeding out of these country roads. If you notice there is a small country road that exits onto the road ahead, be very alert and ensure there is no vehicle exiting. When necessary, slow down and look to see if the way is clear before proceeding.

• Blind Turns. We will have some fantastic sections where we will be riding through forest and pristine villages, and there will be hardly any cars. Do not get lulled into thinking you do not have to worry about traffic - the opposite is true! Trucks in Fujian come out of nowhere, and ride fast and recklessly. If you are passing a blind turn and are riding side by side, and in that moment two trucks speed by from opposite directions, the driver will swerve to avoid the other truck, rather than swerve to avoid a bicycle. If you find yourself in this situation, you are risking your life. Always be very alert when turning a blind curve. Whenever you hear a car, truck, or motorcycle coming from ahead or behind, make sure you alert your classmates and are riding in a single file.

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reflections Day 2


How do you feel at the end of the day?

What did you do that you are proud of today?

What happened today that made you smile or laugh?

What do you wish you had done differently today? (You need to write something here!)

Did you make any progress towards your goals? Why, or why not?

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UNESCO World Cultural Heritage, & The Fujian Tulou

Hongkeng Cluster Case Study

For more than 800 years, Tulou were built in Fujian, becoming grander as the clans with each generation created a legacy for their children. A legacy is like an inheritance that includes what you have learnt and built in your lifetime to pass forward.

But in the 1960’s, people stopped building Tulou. Neglect, weathering and suffocation by modern buildings threaten to wipe out 800 years of cultural heritage uniquely connected through Fengshui to the surrounding lands.

Just like in Xiamen with the new thinking brought in by the overseas Chinese - new strategies of defense were required to protect the Tulou.

Whilst they live in inward looking courtyards – the Hakka are a very outward looking people, with a long tradition of adapting whilst preserving their herit-age.

Hakka elders from the Hongkeng Village petitioned the Chinese government and United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)to help preserve their heritage for future generations.

In 2008, their hard work paid off.

46 Tulou in six groupings called clusters received world heritage listings.

7 of these are in Hongkeng Village. One of the most unique Fuyulou is where we will stay!

What makes the concept of World Heritage exceptional is its universal application. This means that World Heritage sites belong to all the peoples of the world - irrespective of the territory on which they are located.

Now, instead of hiding in the mountains - the Hakka are shining a spotlight upon them – a new and clever strategy of the Hakka for protecting the Tulou.

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IB Learner Profile Links: Communicators, Inquirers, Caring, Principled, Knowledegable

Looking at the map as well as using your own eyes as we explore Hongkeng, count how many Tulou there are? Why do you think only seven were selected as listed sites?

For each of these listed Tulou, try and find out what is unique about it - and what might have won it a nomination. (Some clues to the way UNESCO thinks are in the next section.)

• Fuyulou

• Rushenglou

• Kuijulou

• Zhengchenglou

• Qingqenglou

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Notes and Sketches

As you explore the Hongkeng cluster, take notes of interesting things people say. Use this space to sketch details that catch your eye. Ask for translations of the couplets that adorn the walls. Do you notice any common themes that occur across multiple couplets?

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CONVERSATION GUIDELINES

Below are some guidelines and guidance for what we hope will prepare you to have a number of meaningful and enlightening conversations with strangers. First, here are five questions we would like you to think about before you approach anyone:

1) How do you make the person(s) you will interview feel comfortable, and safe?

2) How do you allow those you speak with to share their story with you all?

3) How do you ensure this conversation means something to both of you?

4) What are you going to do to surprise them to make them feel special?

5) What does it feel like to be in their shoes? What if a strange group of people came to your home and asked you a bunch of questions and then left, never to be seen again. What might that feel like? What is something you can not only learn from them, but how will you serve them?

Basic questions for context:

When and where were you born?你何时,何地出生?

When did you move to this area?/Has your family always been here?你什么时候搬到现在的地方?一直跟你家人住在一起?

Are you married? Do you have kids?你有没有结婚?有没有小孩?

Tell me something simple about your family—siblings, parents, relatives.告别我关于你们家的一点事情：兄弟姐妹，父母和亲戚朋友

What is your job?/what is your daily routine?你做什么工作? 你每天都做什么?

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Some more in-depth questions: What are some special memories growing up here?告诉我们在你成长过程中给你印象深刻的几件事情?

Did you go to school? What was education like? How did you get to school?你是否上过学?受过怎样的教育?你怎幺上学?

Who were your childhood friends?谁是你小时候最好的朋友?

What were some routines or traditions in your family?你们家是什么样的家庭环境或者传统?

Are there any special landmarks or buildings special to you?对你而言有没有特色的建筑物?

Were there people in the town special to you?在家乡，是否有特别重要的人?对你来说

What did you do for fun? Any hobbies?你有过快乐吗?有啥习惯?

Are there any special events in the neighborhood that have left an impression on you?在你小时候生活过的地方，有没有什么事对你印象深刻？

What kind of jobs have you had?你有过什么工作?

How is China different now for you personally?你个人觉得是否跟中国时候的你不一样？

What is the most amazing thing that has happened to you?你经历过最刻骨铭心的事情是什么?

If you would like more ideas for questions, visit this link: http://www.ec-online.net/knowledge/articles/oralhx.htm

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Once you have established the basic context, continue with questions to stir up the interviewee’s recollections. Use broad, open-ended questions. Encourage the person to continue his or her train of thought by responding positively. Try to avoid yes/no questions. Ask simple questions and avoid leading questions.

The conversation is meant to capture the interviewee’s memories, ideas, opinions and reflections. It is not a conversation, per se. Neither agree nor disagree with comments, but accept what the individual says.

Listen to what the individual has to say. Don’t be afraid of silence. Frequently, a respondent will be running through his or her memory and you may interrupt a train of thought if you jump in before he or she has a chance to continue and elaborate.

If the respondent begins to ramble, be sensitive to the person’s situation and needs, but try to redirect a train of thought if he or she wanders too far afield for too long. Suggest gently a return to the subject at hand.

Keep in mind, the questions above are just a starting point. You should be asking yourselves: what is missing? What questions will you ask that will be unique? What’s important here, and worth documenting and sharing?

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INTERVIEW notes

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INTERVIEW Notes

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Illuminating the Secrets Of The Fujian Tulou

IB Learner Profile Links: Risk Takers, Open Minded

On your bike ride and hike, you will visit many fortresses that aren’t just metaphorical. They are the real things, made from mud that is stronger than concrete, and in many shapes that help to maximize defense as well as capture wealth. A rich community is, after all, a strong community.

Background

In the 12th century, Hakka Clans from Central China fled war and famine on the plains for safer, less populated places in Southern China including the remote Fujian interior. This was the first wave of the Hakka diaspora. The roadless mountain ranges served as a fortress that would protect the clans and their culture for many years. Bandits, also hiding out in the remote mountains were however a problem, and the Hakka further fortified themselves inside stone and mud-brick castles called Tulou. Fengshui masters advised on location and form with the interior-facing-circular-style castles frequently chosen. Bandits could not hide behind the corners, nor could they scale the windowless walls of castles five stories. It was even better if they had to cross a river to get in or try and bring an army over a mountain. The Hakka survived sieges, drawing on well-water, eating preserved and stockpiled food. They prospered through frugality, trading tobacco and tea, whilst sending children abroad to add to the clan fortune.

Eight centuries later, the bandits are gone, but so too are many of the Tulou dwellers – lured to nearby cities for more modern lifestyles and jobs – the secrets of their ancestors success, almost forgotten.

It is now up to US to seek out the secrets and illuminate this heritage to the world.

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Nanxi Valley Cycle and hike

This area is called the Great Wall of Tulou - another metaphor. It’s not really a wall, but viewed from certain high points, the many Tulou in this valley look like they join up just like the Great Wall of China.

Metaphors are a good marketing tool. Maybe the people who live here want more tourists so that they can make some money and better preserve the Tulou. This valley has only two Tulou listed as world heritage.

This means less tourists and a more natural view of the Tulou.

But are the buffer zones enough to protect the integrity of the Tulou and their Fengshui relationship with their surroundings? As we hike this area, you will notice modern buildings popping up which are making the great wall effect a little patchy.

Write on the following two Nanxi valley maps things that might help raise the profile of this valley for heritage appreciators: Viewpoints, Fengshui features, old trees, communal living features, defensive features, memorials, food and crops, couplets, etc.

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Nanxi Valley Cycle

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Nanxi Valley Cycle

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Yanxiang Lou – It’s all about the ClanYanxiang Tulou is known as the Scholar’s Tulou. It has some smart defensive features like a water tank above the main door in case bandits try and burn down the door.

Architecture, layout, decoration and other customs are also designed to strengthen the clan, which ultimately remains as the Hakka’s best defense.

Interview residents to find out about these customs and jot down three customs from Yanxiang Tulou that are designed to keep the clan strong.

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Recipe for a Tulou

IB Learner Profile Links: Risk Takers, Communicators, Knowledgeable

Making mud bricks is like making a cake. You need to get the batter just right and make sure the cake will stand up when cooked.

There are more ingredients in mud brick than you may think. Ask our hosts for the recipe.

Write an ingredients list and the method of making a Tulou as if you were actually making a cake. Be descriptive and let the Jamie Oliver within shine through.

• Ingredients:

• Method:

• Decoration:

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storytelling

The story arc is the foundation for all traditional narratives and can be applied to movies, books, and theater shows. Once you understand this basic structure, you can start to make your own story!

4 Elements of the Story Arc:

1. Setup: What is your Main Character’s goal?

2. Conflict: What is preventing your character from achieving his/her goal?

3. Climax: The Pinnacle. A point of no return. An emotional exclamation mark.

4. Resolution: Does your character achieve their goal?

Setup

CLIMAX

RESOLUTION

CONFLICT

Think About This:

What is important in a story?

Is it necessary to have an element of truth?

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storytelling

IB Learner Profile Links: Communicators, Risk Takers, Open Minded, Thinkers

Use these pages to write the outline of your own story, inspired by something that you have learned on this trip so far. We will share these stories after we enjoy lunch! Don’t worry if you can’t fill all the space - we’re looking for qual-ity rather than quantity here.

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storytelling

Continue your story here

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reflections Day 3


Describe the best thing that happened today

What was the biggest challenge you faced, and what did you learn from that challenge?

Who has had the biggest impact and influence on you so far this week?

Have you made any new friends so far this week? Who are they and what do you think their best qualities are?

What qualities do you appreciate most in your friends and classmates?

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mapping the jiqing lou museum

IB Learner Profile Links: Communicators, Open Minded, Inquirers

Jiqing Lou is the oldest Tulou in the Yongding area with over 600 years of history! Its structure is unlike any other Tulou fortress with 72 separate stair-cases. Its layout and design were built according to traditional Feng Shui customs and was built without a single iron nail!

Jiqing Lou now serves as a museum for tourists to learn more about the unique history, lifestyle,and culture of the Hakka people. Your challenge will be to map the museum in as much detail as you can, while you complete the compass challenge below.

Iron Shop: Floor _______ Degrees _______ Map Symbol _______What were the steps for processing charcoal to turn it into iron?

Money: Floor _______ Degrees _______ Map Symbol _______What were the earliest types of money called? What was the smallest type of money called? What was the smallest paper money called?

Cakes and Pastries: Floor _______ Degrees _______ Map Symbol _______What symbols do the Hakka engrave on cakes and pastries and why?

Secret Channel: Floor _______ Degrees _______ Map Symbol _______How thick was the outside wall here compared to the rest of the building, and why was it built like that?

Clothing: Floor _______ Degrees _______ Map Symbol _______What are the major colors of the Hakka?

Firm/ Store Name: Floor _______ Degrees _______ Map Symbol _______

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What are the popular words chosen when coming up with a name for your firm in Hakka culture?

Puppets: Floor _______ Degrees _______ Map Symbol _______How many strings are attached to each puppet and how tall is each puppet?

School: Floor _______ Degrees _______ Map Symbol _______What are the two creeds that has long been obeyed by the Hakka? You may answer in Chinese or English

Ming Annals Floor _______ Degrees _______ Map Symbol _______According to the Prefecture Annals of the Ming Dynasty, what were the re-sponsibilities of the men, women, and boys?

Jiqinglou History: Floor _______ Degrees _______ Map Symbol _______Who was emperor when Jiqing Lou was built?

Why is Jiqinglou built in the opposite direction with its back to the south and front to north against common trends?

Why doesn’t Jiqinglou have a water well?

What is Jiqinglou’s “miracle”?

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Jewelry Ornaments: Floor _______ Degrees _______ Map Symbol _______What was the most traditional hairpins worn by older women made out of?

Ceramics: Floor _______ Degrees _______ Map Symbol _______What are the names of the two ways used to make porcelain?

Stone Carving: Floor _______ Degrees _______ Map Symbol _______What are the four main categories of stone carving

Scientific Value: Floor _______ Degrees _______ Map Symbol _______According to the sign, what are the six big functions/ benefits of living in a Tulou?

Tulou Construction Craft: Floor _______ Degrees _______ Map Symbol _______What are the components mixed together to create the “concrete cement” that strengthens the Tulou?

Geomantic Omen: Floor _______ Degrees _______ Map Symbol _______What are the “essential factors” that are considered when searching for a suitable place to build a residence according to Geomantic Omen (Feng Shui)?

Hakka Surnames: Floor _______ Degrees _______ Map Symbol _______How many Hakka surnames are collected here and how many Hakka are located all around the world?

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Rich and Varied Folk Arts: Floor _______ Degrees _______ Map Symbol _______What are some of the various types of Hakka folk arts performed during celebrations?

Local Foods: Floor _______ Degrees _______ Map Symbol _______What are a couple of the special foods you see on display here that look particularly tasty?

Hakka Migration Floor _______ Degrees _______ Map Symbol _______What were the provinces that the Hakka fled from in the Central Plains?

Strip Tobacco: Floor _______ Degrees _______ Map Symbol _______What was the surname of the local family that popularized the special impe-rial tribute tobacco?

Strike Tea: Floor _______ Degrees _______ Map Symbol _______What are the benefits of drinking strike tea from a Chinese medicine perspec-tive?

Different Types of Tulou: Floor _______ Degrees _______ Map Symbol _______As you may have figured out, there are many different types of Tulou and not only round ones. How many different types of Tulou can you see on this exhibit?

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jiqing lou museum TREASURE MAP

Entrance

0o/360o

ROUGH DRAFT

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jiqing lou museum TREASURE MAP

Entrance

0o/360o

FINAL DRAFT

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Tulou design and construction

IB Learner Profile Links: Inquirers, Thinkers

The object of this exercise is to get you thinking scientifically about the design of these Tulou. As we investigate and consider what is involved in the design we will work towards an estimate of how long it might take to build a Tulou using traditional techniques. Working in small groups you will some up with your own estimate. Several groups can then present their scientific reasoning for everyone to discuss as we try tocome to a general consensus.

Tulou have a number of distinctive architectural features. The oldest surviv-ing Tulou dates from 769 CE. Most, however, date from the late 17th century through to the 1970s. Many of the building design standards can be found in the 營造法式 (yingzao fashi) published about 1000 years ago.

The walls are made of rammed mud reinforced with sticks, bamboos, small stones, etc. and are typically 3 – 5 storeys high. Early Tulou were often square like traditional hutong but later one’s were round. Unlike other mud structures the mud walls in Tulous are actually load bearing (instead of just being used to fill gaps between load bearing wooden structures).

What are some advantages of a round Tulou?

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Before we enter a Tulou draw a plan and cross-section of what you think the interior might be like. Note that there are multiple families inside (say 200 people) but only 1 main entrance and there must be stairs, access to drinking water (no modern plumbing), toilets, and somewhere for livestock to live.

Now that you’ve been inside, what, if any, were the major differences from your design? Can you see why they did it their way?

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Using a piece of string,Area = πr2 where r=C/2π (for circumference, C).

Now measure the thickness of the outer wall. Calculate the exact volume of mud needed using the formula:Volume = (πrouter

2-πrinner2) x height.

Now calculate a simpler approximation for the volume of mud using the for-mula: Volume = circumference x height x thickness.

Why do you think this approximation works?

Now measure the width, w, of a room from the outer wall to its inner wall. Calculate the total living area using the formula: Living Area = πrouter

2 - πrinner2

(Note that here, rinner = router – w)

Count the total number of rooms in one floor and calculate the average area of one room.

Could we use the approximation?Area of 1 room = (circumference / #rooms) x w

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Are the walls vertical? Why?

Why do you think the base of the wall made of stone, not mud?

What do you notice about the windows? Why is this and what effect, if any, do you think this had on the interior design?

What do you notice about the roof? Why do you think this is (there are at least 2 reasons)?

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The mud used for the mud walls must be a fine clay sediment like that found in the rice fields. Suppose you had nothing more than a wheelbarrow to help you, how many man-hours do you think it would take to move enough mud from the nearest rice fields to build this house?

A wheelbarrow might carry 0.5m3 of mud each time. It’s about an x minute walk with x minutes on average spent loading and unloading the wheelbarrow…

If a Tulou were to house 200 people, how many of these might help in the construction?

So how long might it take to build one?

Bonus Question:If you wanted to build a Tulou the same height but twice the radius how much longer do you think would it take?

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The World in a Tea Cup

Legend has it that in 2737 BC, leaves from the plant Camellia Sinensis blew into a bowl of hot water of the legendary Emperor Shennong to produce the first cup of tea. For thousands of years, the plant and how to make it into tea was guarded as a secret. Tea was one of the main reasons foreigners kept calling at the Chinese Gates.

Tea was first used as a medicine by tribes along the Burma border. It became popular as a drink in the Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD) where it spread through China with the new Buddhist religion. Monks used it to stay awake whilst meditating. Lu Yu (733-804) composed the Ch’a Ching or Book of Tea – documenting the culture and ceremonies of making and drinking tea.

Saicho a traveling Japanese Buddhist monk brought bright green tea powders to Japan (via Fujian) in the 9th century.

Black tea compressed into bricks pushed open routes into Tibet and Mongolia from Yunnan province.

In 1610, the first shipments of Chinese tea reach the Dutch and Portuguese nobility.

By 1700, tea is a craze in Britain. The British East India Company pushes China for trade rights and monopolizes the tea trade.

In 1774, the British tea monopoly sparks the revolution in America after British tea is emptied into Boston harbor in protest of the insufferable tax.

In 1848, Robert Fortune disguised himself as a Chinese official and transplanted the first Fujian tea plants to Darjeeling in British India, ending the Chinese monopoly on tea.

20th century: tea plantations have spread across Asia as far as Australia and Africa. Tea remains the most popular drink in the world.

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Robbin’ Robert Fortune’s tea treachery

When Robert Fortune began his career in botany he could never have imagined that it would take him to the other side of the world where he would encounter bandits and pirates, nor would he have imagined that it would lead him to achieve notoriety as the architect of one of the greatest robberies in the history of the world. But it did.

Fortune was born in Scotland in 1812, but it isn’t until after 1842 and the end of the first Opium War between China and Great Britain that his story became really interesting. By this time his reputation as a botanist was good enough that he was appointed the Horticultural Society’s Collector in China, a job where he would travel all the way to China and search for new species of plant. His first journey to the Far East was certainly action-packed – he dodged deadly storms in the South China sea, evaded pirates on the Yangtze River, fought off ferocious diseases, and studied Chinese. It is the last of these experiences that proved to be most important when, after returning to Britain in 1846 and publishing a book about his experiences, the British East India Company requested that he return to China on their behalf on a top secret, and very dangerous, mission.

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At that time, as it is today, tea was one of the most popular beverages in the world, but it was only grown in China and controlled entirely by the Chinese state. This meant that tea in other parts of the world was very expensive. The East India Company saw an opportunity to break the Chinese monopoly on tea and to make a tidy profit for themselves. This was where our hero (or villain) comes in.

The Chinese government knew just how valuable trade in tea was and how important control of this trade was to keeping the country strong, and so any attempt to remove tea plants from the country was punishable by death. And probably not just a quick, humane death either – possibly one of the gruesome methods of execution from back then that you may have read about elsewhere.

In spite of the obvious risks, Robert Fortune decided to take on the challenge. He agreed to a small salary for the length of the expedition, although he made the East India Company guarantee that he could keep the rights to any other new plants he discovered on the expedition. With all the necessary agreements made, Fortune set sail once again for China, arriving in 1848.

Knowing how dangerous his task was, and also knowing that there was no way a foreigner would be allowed anywhere near any tea plantations, Fortune went to drastic lengths to ensure his own safety and his mission’s success, disguising himself as a Chinese official (Mandarin). This was harder than it sounds for Fortune, as he was over a foot taller than the average for a Chinese person of that time. He shaved his head on the top, keeping a long queue at the back, as required by Chinese law, and he dressed in Chinese traditional clothing.

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that, unlike people thought at the time, green tea and black tea were not different species! But more importantly than all this, he managed to sneak many clippings from tea plants away from the plantations. He stored these clippings in Wardian cases (sealed plant containers) before undertaking a perilous journey with them. He managed to convince a number of Chinese tea workers to come along with him, to Darjeeling in India.

In Darjeeling, even though many of the tea plants he stole had died along the way (of the 13,000 samples he collected, only 1,000 survived the trip), as had all of the seeds he’d taken. As it turned out the sailors responsible for transporting his haul hadn’t obeyed the strict instructions he’d given them about how to care for the seeds and plants.

Not deterred by this moderate setback, Fortune risked his life again by returning from India to China, determined to get it right the second time – and this time he did. On his return to Darjeeling, Fortune was able to plant and nurture the tea successfully. This was the beginnings of the enormous numbers of tea plantations in India. In doing so, Fortune almost singlehandedly smashed the Chinese monopoly on tea, greatly strengthening the British Empire.

It’s hard to decide what the most amazing part of this story is; at times it seems too fantastical to believe, almost. Is it that having put himself in such danger once, Fortune went back? Is it that none of Fortune’s native Chinese accomplices sold him out? Is it that his Chinese was so good that people actually believed he was an official from a far-northern province ‘beyond the Great Wall’ and that he avoided detection? Is it that the East India Company would engage in such shady dealings? Who knows?

What do you think about the story of Robert Fortune? Is he to be admired or reviled? Or does he occupy a patch of ground somewhere in the middle between these two extremes?

How different might the world we live in today look if Robert Fortune’s adventure had never happened?

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Glossary

Botany: the scientific study of plantsNotoriety: being famous for some bad quality or bad deedHorticultural Society: an organisation in the UK concerned with all things botanical (it became the Royal Horticultural Society in 1861 and is still going strong today)Monopoly: exclusive possession or control of trade in a service or specific goodsFoot: approximately 30 centimetresQueue: a long braid of hair worn at the back of the headWardian cases: Sealed portable greenhouse containers used during the nineteenth century. You can see a picture of one below Arduous: really difficultPerilous: extremely dangerousReviled: intensely disliked

Robert Fortune A Wardian case

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Fujian and THE Secrets of Tea

Fujian is famous for its Oolong teas that are oxidized somewhere between a very lightly oxidized green tea, and a more fully oxidized black tea. There are many styles of Oolong. As you hike through the Tulou, you will discover how complicated tea is. Put yourself in Robert Fortune’s shoes (he was a famous British spy who visited Fujian to learn the secrets of tea). You will need to ask lots of questions to people you meet along the way.

• What type of tea do the local people grow?

• In what conditions does this tea grow?

There are eight stages in making Oolong Tea. Please list all 8 here:

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Additional Questions to Consider:

• When is the best time to pick tea leaves?• How does one properly pick tea? • Sketch a tea tip.

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the 茶* CHALLENGE

Learner Profile links: Thinkers, Communicators, Risk Takers

Today you’re visiting a tea plantation, learning how to pick tea, and sampling some delicious Oolong tea for yourself. The challenge now is to devise a way to share its wonderful taste with the rest of the world. This challenge has three parts:

1. Design a method for storing individual portions of tea within a bigger container.

2. Design attractive, economical, suitable packaging for a larger quantity of tea, creating and decorating a prototype of your package.

3. As a group, present your prototype to the rest of us, explaining why your design would be the most successful.

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the 茶* CHALLENGE part one

Individually, design a method for storing single portions of tea (3g) without using plastic.

Key questions:(Please think of reasons to support your opinions here, as you may be asked!)

➢

• How will I ensure that customers will find the tea package easy to use?!

• How much space will this package take up, and will it impact the costs of production in step 2?➢

• What materials could I use? Which materials are eco-friendly, sustainableand won’t affect the quality of the product, or customers’ health?

• What limitations or challenges did I face in this activity?

• How can we produce an appealing, yet effective, product for as little money as possible?

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茶* CHALLENGE Part ONE: continued

Design a method for storing single portions of tea (3g) that doesn’t use plastic.

Sketch what it will look like Which materials will it be made from? Why?

‘Vital Stats.’ Estimate the amount of materials required. What are the estimated volume and dimensions of your product?

Why do you think this design is good, and how will it be effective?

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茶* CHALLENGE Part TWO

Now, in your group choose one design which you want to continue working with. Choose carefully, as your next challenge is to design a beautiful container that holds 112 individual servings of tea (336g). Half of your group will work to create the prototype, while the other half of the group will work to design the ‘branding’ of your package. Remember that communication and cohesion are essential for this activity!

Ideally your brand will appeal to the largest number of people possible, and this means that you should think about how you can make sure your packaging (the shape, the words, and the pictures) appeals to people both inside, and outside of China. ➢You should consider all that you’ve learned so far this year about personal and cultural expression while decorating your prototype.

Try to include both Chinese characters and English words in your design, as well as making sure that the design includes details unique to life in Fujian that you have seen or experienced on this trip so far. And don’t forget to include the tea’s special qualities!

Roles:

2x Graphic Designers (Responsible for the design of the packaging)

2x Design Engineers (Design and construct the packaging)

Brand Manager (Oversees the project, lends a hand where necessary)

Copywriter (Writes the text that will appear on the packaging)

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茶* CHALLENGE LAUNCH PADS

Maybe some of the ideas on here will inspire you. We’re sure you can do even better than this though!

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茶* CHALLENGE Part two: continued

Use this space to develop your ideas, according to your role. If you’re the brand manager, you might want to look ahead to part three and make notes here about the process and the reasons your group made the choices you made; this will help when preparing the group presentation in part three of the challenge.

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茶* CHALLENGE Part two: continued

Continue to work on your ideas for your component of the packaging here.

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茶* CHALLENGE part three

Imagine that the rest of the group are the executive board of a tea company. Write and deliver a presentation ‘pitching’ your prototype, making sure that you cover your all these aspects:

• why your design is suitable• your group’s design process• special features• the meaning behind the decoration• the overall brand image you think your packaging and copy convey• how cost effective your packaging design will prove to be• problems you faced as a team, and how you solved them• how you will improve the manufacturing process in the future

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茶* CHALLENGE Part three: continued

Make notes for your presentation here.

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reflections Day 4

IB Learner Profile Links: Reflective, Communicators, Open Minded

Think about the people you met today. If you were living the life they are living, what do you think you would enjoy? Not enjoy? What might be hard? What might be easy? How would our life be different?

What are you learning about others?

What have you learned about yourself?

How did you maximize your learning?

Are you continuing to make progress towards your goals? Why, or why not?

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FINAL REFLECTIONS

Create a sketch (or a work of art!) which shows how you feel about your expe-rience on this trip. Try to include elements of some of the things you learned about, if you can.

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FINAL reflections

IB Learner Profile Links: Reflective, Communicators, Open Minded

List down one time you made a right choice, and one time you made a wrong choice. In reflecting back, how do your two choices feel different?

Write about an instance where you were comitted to The Hutong’s core values.

How has your perception of Fujian’s connection to the global community changed? What have you learned?

Write about one thing that you learned about working with other people.

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FINAL reflections

What’s one area in which you feel like you have grown as a student, and a person. Why were you able to grow in this area?

What’s one weakness you have, which you will need to work at, to get better at?

What is your most powerful memory from the trip? When you are our age, what will you remember about this week?

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nOTES

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notes

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notes

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notes

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Reflective Writing Tips

How I feltI felt… activity/game/challenge was extremely suc-cessful

I felt…could have been improved in a number of ways.

The overall feeling I was left with was one of …

SatisfactionExhaustionAccomplishmentFrustrationHappiness

It was…Rewarding, engaging, enjoyable, thrilling, worth-while, tremendous, tiring, difficult, hard, tough, challenging, easy

What I perceivedOne of the most noticeable…

I was astonished to find…

The main thing that I observed during… was…

I was surprised to discover...

I wasn’t at all surprised to find that…

As I had previously imagined…

Unexpectedly I…

Challenges that arose included:

What I thought about the activityTo sum up…

Overalll…

…provided …suitable/appropriate/valuable oppor-tunities for

The activity was wholly/mostly/not appropriate to the learning goals identified.

The main issues with the activity were…

Difficulties/challenges that arose were…

I thought that I/we dealt with…

What I learned from the activity and how this learning (for example a change of perspective) might apply more widelyI learned a great deal from…

…produced several unexpected learning outcomes. For instance…

…has taught me…

Over the course of the activity I learned…

What might I have done differently?If I were to identify one specific area in which… could have been improved, I would say it was...

In future I would…

In terms of what I would have altered in order to enable… to run more smoothly I would…

In order to enable others to achieve more through… I should have…

Improvements that could be made include…

What the value of the activity wasThe most valuable outcome of …was…

I found that…

Overall, I found … to be…

From…I gained…

Additionally, I believe that… also benefitted enor-mously from…

I was not the only one to benefit from…, in fact…

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Acknowledgements

The theme of this trip was very much inspired by the work of Dr Bill Brown from Xiamen University who has published many books on the history and heritage of Fujian, including Magic Xiamen- Guide to Xiamen, and Old Xiamen, Cradle of Modern Chinese Business & Chinese Business Education, published by the Xiamen University Press.

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[email protected]

www.thehutongeducation.com

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