full manual- MECH

CALIBRATION OF VENTURIMETER

AIM: To demonstrate the use of venturimeter as flow meters and to determine the co-

efficient of discharge

APPARATUS:

1. Measuring tank to measure the flow rate

2. 3 pipe lines of different diameters with a venturimeter

3. Tappings with ball valves are provided at inlet and throat of

venturimeter and these are connected to manometer

4. A constant steady supply of water with a means of varying the flow

rate using mono block pump

5. Separate valves are provided for three pipe lines to conduct

experiments separately

6. Stop watch

THEORY:

venturimeter is a device which is used for measuring the rate of flow of

fluid through pipe line .The basic principle on which a venturimeter works is Bernoullis

principle, It consists of a short convergent cone, a throat and a long divergent cone.

The inlet section of the venturimeter is of the same diameter as that of the

pipe which is followed by a convergent cone .The convergent cone is a short pipe which

tapper from the original size of the pipe to that of the throat is a short tube having its

cross sectional area smaller than that of the pipe .The divergent cone of the venturimeter

is gradually diverging pipe with its cross sectional area increasing from that of the throat

to the original size of the pipe,

Total length of venturimeter is nearly 10 times the diameter of the inlet

pipe. The long divergence is given to minimize the loss of energy due to expansion. The

pressure difference between the inlet and throat is measured using an U- tube manometer,

from this the discharge is calculated.

PROCEDURE:

1. Fill in the sump tank with clean water

2. keep the delivery valve closed

3. Connect the power cable to ph , 220v, 10A with earth connection

4. Switch on the pump and open the delivery valve

FM & HM Lab 1

5. Open the corresponding ball valve of the venturimeter

6. Adjust the flow through the control valve of the pump

7. Open the corresponding ball valve fitted to venturimeter tappings

8. Note down the differential head reading in the manometer

9. Operate the butterfly valve to note down the collecting tank reading and keep it open

when the reading are not taken

10. change the flow rate and repeat the experiment

11. Repeat the experiment for different pipes

TABLE OF READINGS:

Dia of pipe Differential head Rise in water level ‘R’

Time taken in sech1 h2

TABLE OF CALCULATION:

Dia of pipe Loss of head H =

12.6h metres

Actual discharge

‘Qa’ inm3

/sec

Theoretical discharge

Qt in m3/sec

Coefficient of

discharge‘Cd’

AverageCd

FM & HM Lab 2

SAMPLE CALCULATION:

Basic data/Constant:

Area of Collecting tank ‘A’ = 0.16m2

Rise of water level ‘R’ = 100mm

Time taken for rise water level = sec

Area of the inlet pipe a1 = m2

Area of the throat a2 = m2

Theoritical discharge :

Qth = a1 a2 X√(2gH) ∕ √( a1²- a2²) m³/s

k= a1 a2 X√(2g) ∕ √( a1²- a2²) m³/s

Qth = k√H

Where H = 12.6 (h1-h2) 1000 h1 and h2 are manometer reading in mm

12.6 and 1000 are convertion factors

a1=area of inlet pipe =π/4*d1²

a2=area of throat =π/4*d2²

g = acceleration due to gravity 9.81m/sec

Actual Discharge :

Qa = A X R m³/s100Xt

Where A =Area of collecting tank R = rise of h 10cm T = time for R cm rise in sec

Co-efficient of discharge :

Cd = Qa/Qth

Precautions:

1) While testing for one pipe line, the valve of the other line should be closed

2) Open the delivery valve when monoblock pump is on, to avoid spillage of mercury.

3) If there is any chance or indication for mercury spillage, then immediately switch

off the motor.

4) Mercury is poisonous don’t come in contact with it.

Graphs:

FM & HM Lab 3

Qa vs √H

RESULT : The average “Cd” for venturimeter is __________

CONCLUSION: The flow rate has been determined using venturimeter practically and theoretically.

FM & HM Lab 4

CALIBRATION OF ORIFICEMETER

AIM : To demonstrate the use of orifice meter as flow meters and to determine the

co-efficient of discharge

APPARATUS:

1. Measuring tank to measure the flow rate

2. 3 pipe lines of different diameters with a orificemeter

3. Tappings with ball valves are provided at inlet and outlet of orifice

meter and these are connected to manometer

4. A constant steady supply of water with a means of varying the flow

rate using mono block pump

5. Separate valves are provided for three pipe lines to conduct

experiments separately

6. Stop watch

THEORY:

An orifice meter is simple device used for measuring the discharge through

pipes. orifice meter also works on the same principle as that of the venturimeter i.e. by

Bernoullis principle. It consists of a circular plate with an orifice opening at the center,

inserted in a pipe line. The flow converges, passes through the opening and expands and

occupies the full size of the pipe.

The pattern of flow is similar to that of venturimeter, but the losses are more

because of sudden obstruction of flow. Hence the cd will be far less than the

venturimeter. The pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of orificemeter is

measured using an U- tube manometer, from this the discharge is calculated.

PROCEDURE:

1. Fill in the sump tank with clean water

2. keep the delivery valve closed

3. Connect the power cable to ph , 220v, 10A with earth connection

4. Switch on the pump and open the delivery valve

5. Open the corresponding ball valve of the orifice meter pipe line

6. Adjust the flow through the control valve of the pump

7. Open the corresponding ball valve fitted to orifice meter tappings

8. Note down the differential head reading in the manometer

FM & HM Lab 5

9. Operate the butterfly valve to note down the collecting tank reading and keep it open

when the reading are not taken

10. change the flow rate and repeat the experiment

11. Repeat the experiment for different pipes

TABLE OF READINGS:

Dia of pipe Differential head Rise in water level ‘R’

Time taken in sech1 h2

TABLE OF CALCULATION:

Dia of pipe Loss of head H =

12.6h metres

Actual discharge

‘Qa’ inm3

/sec

Theoretical discharge

Qt in m3/sec

Coefficient of

discharge‘Cd’

AverageCd

FM & HM Lab 6

SAMPLE CALCULATION:


Collecting tank ‘A’ = 0.16m2

Rise of water level ‘R’ = 100mm


Area of the inlet pipe a1 = m2

Area of the orifice a2 = m2

Theoritical discharge :

Qth = {a1Xa2*√(2gH)} ∕ √( a1²- a2²) m³/s

k= a1 a2 X√(2g) ∕ √( a1²- a2²) m³/s

Qth = k√H

Where H = 12.6 (h1-h2) 1000 h1 and h2 are manometer reading in mm


a1=area of inlet pipe =π/4*d1²

a2=area of orifice =π/4*d2²

g = acceleration due to gravity 9.81m/sec Qa = AXR m³/s 100XtWhere A = area of collecting tank

R = rise of h 10cm

t = time for R cm rise in sec

Co-efficient of discharge :

Cd = Qa/Qth

Precautions:




off the motor.


Graphs:

FM & HM Lab 7

Qa vs √H

RESULT : The average “Cd” for orifice is __________

CONCLUSION: The flow rate has been determined using orifice meter practically and theoretically.

FM & HM Lab 8

IMPACT OF JET ON VANES_____________________________________________________________AIM:

To determine the coefficient of impact of jet –vane combination by comparing the

actual force with the theoretical force for stationary vanes of different shapes i.e

hemispherical, flat plate and inclined plate.

APPARATUS:

1. Pressure Gauge

2. Stop watch

3. Force through digital indicator

4. Measuring tank

THEORY:

When the jet of water is directed to hit the vanes of any particular shape the force

is exerted on it by the fluid in the opposite direction the amount of force exerted depends

on the diameter of jet shape of vane fluid density flow rate of water more importantly it

also depends on whether the vane is moving or stationary in our present care we are

concerned about the force exerted on the stationary vanes the following are the theoretical

formulae for different shapes of vanes based on flow rate.

Hemi spherical-----Ft=

Flat plate ----- Ft=

Inclined plate ------ Ft= sin2θ (θ = 600)

Where g = 9.81 m/s2

a = area of jet in m2

ρ = density of water=1000 kg/m3

v = velocity of jet in m/sec

θ = angle the deflected jet makes with the axis of the striking jet in degrees

= 60o

Ft=the theoretical force acting parallel to the direction of jet

Fa=actual force developed as indicated by the analog force indicator

FM & HM Lab 9

Description: It is a closed circuit water re-circulation system consisting of sump

tank, mono block pump set, jet/vane chamber, rotometer for the flow rate

measurement direct reading analog force indicator. The water drawn from the sump

tank by mono block centrifugal pump and deliver it vertically to the nozzle through

rotometer. The rotometer is a direct indicating flow rate instrument, which gives the

discharge in LPM (Litres/minute) which is determined by the top position of the float.

The flow control value is provided for controlling water into the nozzle. The water is

issued out of nozzle as jet. The jet is made to strike the vane, the force of which is

transferred directly to the force indicator. The force is read in kgf or N. The provision

is made to change the size of nozzle/jet and the vane of different shapes.

PROCEDURE:

1) Fix the required diameter of jet and the vane of required shape in the position

and the force indicator to zero.

2) Keep the delivery valve closed and switch on the pump.

3) Close the front transparent cover tightly.

4) Open the delivery value and adjust the rate of water as read on the rotameter.

5) Observe the force as indicated on force indicator.

6) Note down the diameter of jet, shape of vane, flow rate and force and tabulate

the results.

7) Switch off the pump after the experiment is over and close the delivery valve.

Table of Readings:

Dia of Jet Vane type Discharge(Q)(LPM)

Pressure “P”in kg/cm3

Force indicator reading

(Fa) inkgf

FM & HM Lab 10

Table of Calculations:

Diameter of jet in mm

Vane type Discharge “Q” in m3/s

Actual forceFa in kgf

Theoretical Force

Ft in kgf

coefficient ( Fa/Ft)

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

Basic data /Constants:

A = Area of Collecting Tank = 0.16m2

R = Rise of water in mm = 100mm

T = time taken for rise of water in sec.

Q = Discharge in m3/sec

d = jet diameter = 5mm

Straight vane:

a= =___________

Velocity v= =_____________

Ft= =____________

Inclined vane:

a= =___________

v= =_____________

FM & HM Lab 11

Ft= sin2θ =_____________

Hemi spherical vane:

A= =___________

V= =_____________

Ft=

RESULT:

The coefficient for straight vane, 5mm diameter is:______________

The coefficient for inclined vane, 5mm diameter is:______________

The coefficient for hemispherical vane, 5mm diameter is:______________

CONCLUSION:

Thus the force exerted by the jet on different type of vanes is verified practically

and theoretically.

FM & HM Lab 12

FRICTION IN PIPES

AIM:

To determine Darcy friction co-efficient and to investigate the relationship

between the hydraulic gradient “(h/l)” and velocity “v” for different diameters of pipe.

APPARATUS:

1) Pipe line of three different diameters of G.I

2) U-tube manometer with a stabilizing valve to measure the pressure

difference across the tappings, one at either end of the pipe line fitted with a ball

valve.

3) A constant steady supply of water with a means of varying the flow rate using

centrifugal pump.

4) Measuring tank to measure the flow rate.

5)Each pipe line is provided with a separate control valve toexperiment

separately.

THEORY:

A closed circuit of any cross-section used for flow of liquid is known as a pipe in

hydraulics generally, pipes are assumed to be running full and of circular cross-section.

Liquids flowing through pipes are encountered with resistance. Resulting in loss of head

or energy of liquids.The resistance is of two types depending upon the velocity of flow.

1) Viscous resistance and

2) Frictional resistance, due to different diameters.

PROCEDURE:

1) Fill in the sump tank with clean water.

2) Keep the delivery valve closed.

3) Connect the power cable to 1ph, 220v, 10 amps with earth connection.

4) Switch on the pump & open the delivery valve.

5) open the corresponding ball valve of the pipeline.

6) Adjust the flow through the control valve of the pump

7) Open the corresponding ball valves

8) Note down the differential head reading in the manometer.

9) Operate the butterfly valve to note down the collecting tank reading against

FM & HM Lab 13

the known time and keep it open when the readings are not taken.

10) Change the flow rate & repeat the experiment for different diameter of

pipes.

FORMULAE:

For straight pipes:

Darcy’s formula for finding the loss of head in a pipe is

H =

Where h = loss of head due to friction = 12.6(h1-h2)

l = the length of the pipe

f = friction factor of the co-efficient

h1-h2 = differential head in mm of Hg

Therefore,

V = m/sec

Q = m3/sec

Where ‘R’ is the rise of water in cm &‘t’ is the time in sec.

TABLE OF READINGS:

Pipe dia

Discharge of water collectedDifferential

‘d’in mm of HgRise in water

Level in ‘R’in mmTime taken‘t’ in secs

FM & HM Lab 14

TABLE OF CALCULATIONS:

SAMPLE CALCULATI ONS:

Basic data/ Constants:

Area of measuring tank “A” = 0.16 m2

Length of pipe “l” = 1.5 meters

Density of water “ = 1000kg/m3

Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81m/sec2

Diameter of pipe “d”= 25.4mm, 19.07mm, 12.7mm

1)Discharge

Q = m3/sec

Where, A = Area of the collecting tank

R = Rise of water ,(say 10cm)

t = time for R cm rise of water in sec

2) Velocity: V = Q/a m/s

Where Area of the pipe (a) = (π/4)Xd2

Diameter of the pipe (D) =

3) Darcy’s friction factor:

f =

where, g = acceleration due to gravity d = diameter of pipe considered in mm H = total head L =length of pipe=1.5m

FM & HM Lab 15

V = velocity/sec

Precautions:




off the motor.


RESULT:

CONCLUSION:

FM & HM Lab 16

DETERMINATION OF MINOR LOSSES

AIM: To determine the friction factor for sudden enlargement, contraction, bend,

elbow, gate valve, globe valve, ball valve.

APPARATUS: 1) Experimental set up

2) Stop watch.

THEORY: Apart from the head loss in a pipe due to friction, there are other sources of

loss of head due to sudden enlargement, contraction, bend, elbow, gate valve, globe

valve, ball valve. It is customary to refer the losses of all fittings in a pipe by specifying

constant F the friction factor. Determination of friction factor helps in the selection of

transition / fittings in a pipe line carrying liquids.

PROCEDURE:

1) Fill up the sump tank with sufficient quantity of water.

2) Fill up the manometer with mercury up to half level.

3) Measure the dimensions of the collecting tank.

4) Connect the upstream and down stream tubes of the manometer to the pressure

tappings of the fitting which is to be tested.

5) Close the valve of the other pipe lines.

6) Start the pump.

7) Open the delivery valve slightly.

8) Close the drain valve in the collecting tank.

9) Note the time taken for 10cm rise of water level in the collecting tank.

10) Note the left and right limb readings of the manometer.

11) Repeat the steps 7 to 10 and take a set of readings for each transition/fitting.

12) After the experiment is over, open the drain valve of the collecting tank and

remove the drain plug of the sump tank and empty the tanks completely.

TABLE OF READINGS:

FM & HM Lab 17

Pipe dia

Discharge of water collectedDifferential

‘d’in mm of HgRise in water

Level in ‘R’in mmTime taken‘t’ in secs




Area of Collecting tank ‘A’ = 0.16 m2

Rise of water level ‘R’ = 100 mm


Actual discharge (Qa ) = A X R m³/s1000Xt

Where A =Area of collecting tank

R = rise of h 100mm

Head lost due to friction (Hf) = 12.6 (h1-h2)

FM & HM Lab 18

1000 Where h1 and h2 are manometer reading in mm


1.Sudden enlargement:

=

Where v1 and v2 are the velocity of flow of the pipe before enlargement and after

enlargement.

v1 = , v2 =

Where a1 and a2 are the area of the pipe before enlargement and after enlargement.

2. Sudden contraction:

=

Where v1 is the velocity of flow of the pipe after contraction.

3. Bend, Elbow, Gate valve, Globe valve, Ball valve:

=

v =

Where v is the velocity of flow of the pipe of fitting

a is area of fitting.

PRECAUTIONS:

1) While Testing for one pipe line, the pressure tappings and control valve of the other

pipe lines should be closed.

2) While testing for one fitting , the pressure tappings of other fittings should be closed.


off the motor.

RESULT:

Friction factor for the given fitting F =

CONCLUSION:

PERFORMANCE TEST ON SINGLE STAGE

FM & HM Lab 19

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

AIM:

To conduct a test on a single stage centrifugal pump at various speeds and to draw

performance characteristics of the pump

APPARATUS:

1) Centrifugal pump Experimental setup

2) Stop watch

THEORY:

A pump is a device used for lifting water/liquid from lower level to higher level. It

increases the pressure energy of liquids in a closed system using principle of conversion

of mechanical energy into pressure energy. A Centrifugal pump, in action, uses the

centrifugal force to raise the pressure of the fluids, i,e. the liquid is made to rotate in a

closed chamber (volute casing) creating the centrifugal action which gradually builds the

pressure gradient towards outlet thus resulting in the continuous flow.

These pumps compared to Reciprocating pump are simple in construction , more

suitable for handling viscous, turbid(muddy) liquids. But their hydraulic heads per stage

at low flow rates is limited, and hence not suitable for very high heads.

SPECIFICATIONS:

Electrical Supply : 230V, 15A,AC,1phase,50Hz with neutal & earth connections

Motor : AC Motor, 1.5 HP, 1500 RPM

Centrifugal pump : 1 Hp, 3000 RPM(Max)- kirloskar make

Pressure gauges : 2 kg/cm2

Vaccum gauges : 0-760mm of HG

Energy Meter constant : 1500Rev/kwh

Speed Indicator : 0-9999 RM (Digital Tyupe)

Measuring Tank : 0.25m2

PROCEDURE:

1) Fill the sump tank with clean water.

2) Keep the delivery valve closed and suction valve open after initially priming the

pump.

3) Connect the power cable to 1 ph, 230V, 15A with earth connection.

FM & HM Lab 20

4) Confirm the belt is put to the lowest speed position.

5) Switch-On the mains, so that the mains ON indicator glows, Now switch on the

starter.

6) Now, you will find the water starts flowing to the measuring tank.

7) Close the delivery valve slightly so that the delivery pressure is readable.

8) Operate the butterfly valve to note down the collecting tank reading against the

known time and keep it open when the readings are not taken.

9) Note down the pressure gauges, vaccum gauges, and time for number of

revolutions of energy meter disc.

10) Note down the other readings as indicated in the tabular column.

11) Repeat the experiment for different openings of the delivery valve and suction

valve.

12) Change the belt to different speed positions and repeat the experiment.

13) Tabulate the reading as shown.

14) After the experiment is over , keep all delivery and suction valves open.

TABLE OF READINGS:

Speed of

pump

DeliveryPressure

‘P’ in kg/cm2

Vaccum pressure(Pv) mm of Hg

Energy meter Reading Discharge

No. of revolutions

TimeTaken in sec

Rise ofWater

level ‘h’in mm

Time ‘t’ in sec


FM & HM Lab 21

Speed inrpm

HPElec

Total head

‘H’ in mtsDischarge

‘Q in m3/sec

HPhyd % % Pump


1) Basic Data/constants:

1 HP = 736 Watts

1kg/cm2 = 760 mm of Hg (10m of water)

Density of water w = 1000 kg/m3

Energy meter constant = 1500 rev/ Kwh

Area of collecting tank = 0.25m2

Efficiency of motor and transmission = 75% ( assumed)

2) Electrical power as indicated by energy meter :

HPelec=

Where t = Time taken for 5 rev of energy meter disc in sec

3) Total head:

H = 10 [ Delivery head + Suction head]

= 10[P + ]

4) Discharge;

Q = = m3/sec

FM & HM Lab 22

Where A=Area of collecting tank= 0.25 m2

h = height of water collected in mm

t = Time taken in sec for collecting tank

5) Hydraulic Horse power(Delivered by the pump):

HPhyd =

6) Overall efficiency:

%

GRAPH: Draw the following graphs.

a) Speed Vs Discharge

b) Speed Vs Output

c) Speed Vs Efficiency

RESULT:

PRECAUTIONS:

1) Do not start the pump if the voltage is less than 180v

2) There is a no danger of water being not there in the sump tank, since the

measuring tank is fitted with overflow pipe.

CONCLUSION: The Performance curves are drawn.

PERFORMANCE TEST ON RECIPROCATING PUMP

FM & HM Lab 23

AIM; To conduct a test on a Reciprocating pump at various speeds and to draw

performance characteristics of the pump and also to determine percentage slip.

APPARATUS: Reciprocating pump experiment setup.

2) Stop-Watch.

THEORY: A reciprocating pump is a device used for lifting liquids from a lower level

to a higher level by increasing the pressure energy of the liquid in a closed system. The

pressure rise is due to the reciprocating action of the piston, i,e. The pump consists of

plunger which moves to and fro in a closed cylinder. The cylinder is connected to suction

and delivery pipes and are fitted with non return valves to admit the liquid in one

direction only. The piston is connected to a crank by means of connecting rod . As the

crank is rotated at uniform speed by prime mover, the plunger moves to and fro thus

creating continuous flow of liquid

The following characteristics becomes significant in determining the performance

of the pump.

Coefficient of Discharge: It is the ratio of actual discharge (Qa) to theoretical

discharge(Qt).

Cd = Qa/Qt

Actual discharge (Qa) = Area of the collecting tank x rise of height of water in mm

Time taken

Qa = A x R/t

Theoretical discharge is calculated as the volume of liquid that can be drawn inside the

cylinder.

Qt = Swept volume of cylinder /second.

Qt = n a L N

60

Where n = number of strokes of the pump / revolution

n = 1 for single acting pump

n =2 for double acting pump

a = area of cross section of the cylinder = d2 m2

4 d = diameter of cylinder in metres

L = length of stoke of piston in metres.

FM & HM Lab 24

Here being a double acting pump. The cylinder has two valve, one for allowing water into

the cylinder from the suction pipe and the other for discharging water from the cylinder

through the delivery pipe.

Specification of the pump:

Type: Double acting single cylinder

a) Piston Stroke L = 40 mm

b) Piston Diameter d = 55 m

The experimental set up consists of a reciprocating pump mounted on a sump

tank. The pump is driven by an electric motor through a cone pulley arrangement to

operate at 4 different speeds. The belt can be put in different grooves of the pulleys for

different speeds, by loosening the belt and shifting it to the required pulley groove. The

outlet from the pump is collected in a collecting tank of cross sectional area 0.4 m x 0.4

m. This tank is fitted with a gauge glass scale fitting and a drain valve. Suitable pressure

and vacuum gauges and a pressure relief valve is fitted in the pump pipe lines. An energy

meter is provided to determine the input power to the motor.

PROCEDURE:

1) Fill in the sump tank with clean water.

2) Keep the delivery and suction valves open.

3) Connect the power cable 1ph, 220V, 15 Amps.

4) Select the required speed using step cone pulley arrangement

5) Switch-ON the Mains, so that the Mains – ON indicator glows. Now, Switch –ON the

motor.

6) Select the desired speed using step cone pulley arrangement & digital rpm indicator.

7) Note down the Pressure Gauge, Vacuum Gauge and time for number of revolutions of

energy meter disc at full opening of delivery and suction valve.

8) Operate the butterfly valve to note down the collecting tank reading against the known

time. And keep it open when the readings are no taken.

9) Repeat the experiment for different openings of the delivery valve (Pressure & Flow

Rate), note down the readings as indicated in tabular column.

10) Repeat the experiment for different speeds and repeat the steps (4) & (9).

11) Tabulate the readings as shown in Annexure.

12) After the experiment is over, keep the delivery valve open and switch off the mains.

13) Calculate the results using Formulae .

FM & HM Lab 25

TABLE OF READINGS:

Pump speed in rpm

Motor speed in rpm

Delivery pressure in kg/cm2 (P)

Vacuumm gauge in mm of Hg (Pv)

Time for 5 Revs of Energymeter in Sec(t)

Water collected in mm of height (h)

Discharge Time taken in sec


Speed of pump in

rpm

Head ‘H’ in metres

Discharge ‘Q’in m3/sec

HPelec HPshaft HPpump %ovrall %pump % slip


1) Basic Data / Constants:1 hp = 736 Watts

1 Kg/Cm2 = 760 mm of Hg (10m of water )

Density of Water ‘W’ = 1000 Kg/m3

Energy meter constant = 1500 rev = 1KWH

Area of Collecting Tank ‘A’ = 0.125m2

FM & HM Lab 26

2) Electrical Power as indicated by Energy Meter:

HPelec =

HPelec = 16.3/t

Where ‘t’ is the time taken by the Energy Meter for 5 revolutions in seconds.

3) Shaft Horse Power :

HPshaft = ηmotor X HPelec

HPshaft = HPelec X 0.75

Where ηmotor = Efficiency of motor = 75% 4) Discharge:

Q = A x h m3/sec1000 x T

Q = 0.125 x h 1000 x T

Where ‘A’ = 0.125 m2 is the area of Collecting Tank

‘ h’ = The height of water collected in mm.

‘ T’ = The time taken in seconds for collecting water.

5) Total Head :

H = 10 (Delivery Pressure + Vacuum Head )

10 ( P + Pv/ 760) metres

Where ‘P’ is the pressure in Kg/ Cm2

Pv is the Vacuum in mm of Hg .

6) Hydraulic Horse Power (Deliverd by the pump ):

HPpump = W Q H 75

Where ‘W’ = 1000 Kg/m3

‘Q’ = Discharge

‘H’ = Total Head

7) Pump Efficiency:

%pump = HPpump x 100 HPshaft

FM & HM Lab 27

8) Overall Efficiency : %overall = HPpump x 100 HPelec

9) % of Slip for Reciprocating Pump: % S = Vs - Va x 100 Vs

Where Vs= Swept volume of piston

Va = Actual volume of water collected

Va = Q X 60 X 106 cm3/min

PRECAUTIONS: 1) Do not start the pump if the voltage is less than 180V

2) Do not exceed 5 kg/cm2 on pressure gauge reading and never fully close the

delivery valve

3) Frequently grease/ oil the rotating parts

4) Initially put clean water free from foreign material

GRAPHS: Draw the following graphsa) Head (H) Vs percentage Efficiencyb) Head (H) Vs percentage slip.

RESULTS:

CONCLUSIONS: Performance curves are drawn

FM & HM Lab 28

PERFORMANCE TEST ON A MULTI STAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

AIM: To conduct a test on a three stage centrifugal pump at various heads and discharge

to obtain the pump characteristics.

APPARATUS : 1) A Four stage centrifugal pump with pressure and vacuum gauge

fitted at delivery and suction sides.

2) An electric motor for driving the pump.

3) Water sump and a collecting pump.

4) Energy meter.

THEORY: Centrifugal pump consisting of two or more impellers the pump is called the

multistage centrifugal pump. The impeller may be mounted on the same shaft or on

different shafts. In this pump the liquid is made to rotate in a closed chamber (volute

casing) thus creating the centrifugal action which gradually builds the pressure gradient

towards outlet thus resulting in the continuous flow, the pressure gradually builds up in

successive stages. The multistage centrifugal pump have the following functions;

1. To produce high heads.

2. To produce large quantities of liquids.

If a high head is required the impellers are connected in series (on the same

Shaft ) while the discharge is required to be large the impellers are connected in parallel.

These pumps are more suitable for handling viscous, turbid(muddy) liquids.

PROCEDURE: 1) Fill in the sump tank with clean water.

2) Keep the delivery and suction valves open.

3) Connect the power cable to 3 ph, 440V, 30 amps with earth connection

4) Switch ON the mains , so that mains ON indicator glows. Now, switch on the pump.

5) Now, you will find the water starts flowing to the measuring tank through notch tank

6) close the delivery valve slightly, so that the delivery pressure is readable.

7) Operate the butterfly valve slightly to note down the collecting tank reading against the

known time and keep it open when the readings are not taken.

8) Note down the time taken in seconds for the number of revolutions of energy meter

disc.

FM & HM Lab 29

9) Note down the pressures in each stage on pressure indicator & pressure gauges also by

operating the corresponding ball valve

10) Note down the other readings as in tabular column.

11) Repeat the experiment for different openings of the delivery valve and suction valve.

TALBE OF READINGS:

Speed in rpm

Delivery pressure/

head stages I,II,III,IVKg/cm2

Vacuum pressure

Pv

Energy meter

reading for 5 rev in‘t’ in

sec

Rise of water ‘h’ in

mm

DischargeTime taken

’t’ sec

TABLE OF CALCULATIONS;

Head ‘H’ in mm

Discharge ’Q’ in m3/sec

HPpump

HPelec

(with load)%pump %ovreall

FM & HM Lab 30


1) Basic Data /Constants: 1hp = 736 Watts

1Kg/cm2 = 760 mm of Hg = 10 m of water

Density of Water ‘w’ = 1000 Kg/m3

Energy meter = 500 rev = 1 KWH

Area of Collecting tank= 0.25m2

HPelec (no load)= 0.24hp

2) Discharge: Q = A x h m3/sec 1000X t Where, A = Collecting tank area

h = Rise in water level in mm

t = Time taken in sec

3) Total Head : H = 10(Delivery pressure + vaccum head)

H = 10 [ P + Pv/760] metres

Where P = Pressure in kg/cm2

Pv = Vacuum head in mm of HG.

4) Electric Power:

HPelec=

5) Hydraulic Horse Power:

HPpump = WQH 75

Where W = 1000 kg/m3

Q = Discharge in m3/sec

H =Total Head in m

6) HP shaft = HPelec x m

Where m = Efficiency of motor = 75%

7) Pump Efficiency: %pump = HPpump x 100 HPshaft

FM & HM Lab 31

GRAPHS: Draw the following graphs

a) Total Head Vs Efficiency

b) Discharge Vs pump Efficiency, head in m, HPelec

RESULTS:

PRECAUTIONS :

3) Do not start the pump if the voltage is less than 300v

4) There is no danger of water being not there in the sump tank, since the measuring

tank is fitted with overflow pipe.

5) Frequently grease/ oil the rotating parts

4) Initially put clean water free from foreign materia

Conclusion:

Hence performance characteristics for one particular speed at various heads has

been studied.

FM & HM Lab 32

PERFORMANCE TEST ON FRANCIS TURBINE

AIM: To conduct the Brake Test on Francis Turbine and to determine.

a) Brake power (b) Turbine Efficiency

ii) To evaluate the performance characteristics of the Francis Turbine.

APPARATUS:

1) Francis Turbine experiment setup.

2) Stop-Watch

THEORY:

Hydraulic turbines are the machines which use the energy of water(Hydro

power) and convert it into mechanical energy. Thus the turbine becomes the prime mover

to run the electrical generators to produce electricity.

Francis Turbine is a reaction type turbine consists of Runner, scroll casing,

Guide mechanism and draft tube. Between the scroll casing and runner, the water turns

through right angle and passes through the runner and thus rotating the runner shaft.

When guide vanes are varied, high efficiency can be maintained over wide range of

operating conditions.

PROCEDURE: 1) Connect the supply pump-motor unit to 3ph, 440V,30A, electrical

supply, with neutral and earth connections and ensure the correct direction of pump motor

unit.

2) Keep the gate closed.

3) Keep the electrical load at maximum, by keeping all the switches at ON-position.

4) Press the green button of the supply pump starter & then release.

5)a) Slowly, open the gate so that the turbine rotor picks up the speed and attains

maximum at full opening of the gate.

b) Keep the guide vane angles at maximum.

6) a) Note down the voltage and current , speed, pressure, vacuum on the control panel,

head over the notch, and tabulate the results.

b) Change the position of guide vane angles and repeat the readings. If necessary, the

gate valve (butterfly valve) also can be used for speed control.

7) Close the gate and then switch OFF the supply water pump set.

FM & HM Lab 33

8) Follow the procedure described below for taking down the reading for evaluating the

performance characteristics of the Francis Turbine.

a)To obtain Constant speed characteristics: ( operating characteristics):

1) Keep the gate opening at maximum.

2) For different electrical loads on the turbine/generator, change the guide vane angle

position, so that the speed is held constant. See that the voltage does not exceed

250 V to avoid excess voltage on Bulbs.

3) Reduce the gate opening setting to different position and repeat(2) for different

speeds 1500 rpm, 1000 rpm, and tabulate the results.

4) The above readings will be utilized for drawing constant speed characteristics

Viz.,

a) Percentage of Full load Vs Efficiency.

b) Efficiency and BHP Vs Discharge characteristics.

b)To obtain constant head characteristics: (Main characteristics):

1) Select the guide vane angle position.

2) Keep the gate closed, and start the pump.

3) Slowly open the gate and set the pressure on the gauge.

4) For different electrical loads, change the guide vane angle position, and maintain the

constant head and tabulate the results as given in table-II.

c)To obtain run-away speed characteristics:

1. Switch OFF all the load on the turbine.

2. Keep guide vane angle at optimum position.

3. Slowly open the gate to maximum and note down the turbine speed. This is

the runaway speed which is maximum

d) Performance under unit head- unit quantities.

In order to predict the behavior of a turbine working under varying conditions and

to facilitate comparison between the performances of the turbines of the same type but

having different outputs and speeds and working under different heads, it is often

convenient to express the test results in terms of certain unit quantities.

From the output of a turbine corresponding to different working heads ( table

calculations-II) it is possible to compute the output which would be developed if the head

was reduced to unity ( say 1mt): the speed being adjustable so that the efficiency remains

unaffected.

FM & HM Lab 34

a) Unit speed Nu = N/H

b) Unit Power

Pu = P/H3/2

c) Unit Discharge

Qu = Q/H

d) Specific Speed

The specific speed of any turbine is the speed in rpm of a turbine

geometrically similar to the actual turbine but of such a size that under corresponding

conditions it will develop 1 metric horse power when working under unit head (i.e. 1

meter ).

The specific speed is usually computed for the operating conditions

corresponding to the maximum efficiency.

Ns = NP / H5/4

TABLE OF READINGS-I

Constant speed characteristics:

METHOD: By keeping the gate constant & By changing the guide vane position.

Guide vane

position

Turbine Speed in

RPM

Head on turbine

Head over

Notch (Flow rate

‘h’ in mts

Load on generator Wattage

of Bulb in action

Energy Meter

reading Time 5

Revolutions in seconds.

Press-ure

‘P; in Kg/C

m2

Vacuume ‘Pv’ in

mm of Hg

‘V’ Volt

s

‘I’Amp

s

FM & HM Lab 35

TABLE OF CALCULATIONS-IConstant Speed Characteristics;

Turbine Speed in

RPM

Net Head on

Turbine ‘H’ in mtrs.

Discharge(Flow rate)

Q’ in m3/sec

HP hyd BHP

%ηturbine

% of Full Load

TABLE OF READINGS – II

Constant Head Characteristics :Method : By keeping the Gate opening constant & By changing the guide vane angles.

Head on Turbine Turbine speed

in RPM

Head over

Notch (Flow

rate) ‘h’ in mts

Load on Generator

Energy Meter

Reading Time for 5 revolutions

in sec

Wattage of bulb

in action

Press-ure ‘P;

in Kg/Cm2

Vacuume ‘Pv’ in mm of

Hg

‘V’ Volts

‘I’Amps

FM & HM Lab 36

TABLE OF CALCULATIONS-IIConstant Head Characteristics;

Turbine Speed in

RPM

Net Head on

Turbine ‘H’ in mtrs.

Discharge(Flow rate)

Q’ in m3/sec

HP hyd BHP

%ηturbine

% of Full Load

SAMPLE CALCULATION:

1) Head on the Turbine ‘H’ in meters of Water :

H = 10 (P + Pv/760) Where, P = Pressure gauge reading in Kg/Cm2

Pv = Vacuum gauge reading

2) Discharge (Flow rate) of water through the turbine:

Flow rate over the rectangular notch is = Q = Cd 2/3 b 2g h3/2 m3/sec

Where, Cd = 0.6 (assumed ) B = 0.5m (width of notch )

3) Hydraulic input to the turbine:

HP hyd = W Q H 75

Where, W = 1000 Kg/m3

Q = Flow rate of water in m3/sec from Formulae-2 H = Head on turbine in mts from formulae-1

4) Break horse power of the turbine:

BHP = Electrical output η of generator

= HPelec 75

FM & HM Lab 37

where 0.75 is the Efficiency of Transmission & Generator and

HPelec=

Where, E.M = 1500 rev/KWH (Energy meter constant ) and is the time in seconds for energy meter disc to rotate by 5 revolutions.

5) Turbine Efficiency:

%tur = BHP/ HP hyd x 100

6) Unit quantities – under unit head,

a) Unit speed, Nu = N / H

b) Unit Power Pu = P / H3/2

c) Unit discharge Qu = Q / H

7) Specific spped:

Ns = N P / H5/4 (obtained at maximum efficiency)

8) Percentage full load = Part load BHP x 100 (At any particular speed.) Max. load BHP

GRAPH: Draw the following graphs.

Constant head characteristics:

a) Unit speed Vs Unit power

b) Unit speed Vs Efficiency

Constant speed characteristics(operating characteristics):

a) DischargeVs % of Turbine , BHP

PRECAUTIONS: 1) Do not start the pump if the supply voltage is less than 300v2) To start and stop the pump, always keep Gate valve closed3) Gradual opening and closing of the gate valve is recommended for smooth

operation

RESULT:

CONCLUSION:

PERFORMANCE TEST ON PELTON WHEEL

FM & HM Lab 38

_____________________________________________________________

AIM: To find the efficiency of the pelton wheel turbine.

ii) To evaluate the performance characteristics of the Francis Turbine.

APPARATUS:

1. Pelton wheel turbine experimental setup

2. Stop Watch

3. Centrifugal Pump Set

4. Sump Tank

5. Collecting Tank

6. Notch Tank

7. Brake Drum

8. Rectangular Notch

THEORY:




Pelton wheel is an impulse type of turbine where the available energy is first

converted into the kinetic energy by means of an nozzle, the high velocity jet from the

nozzle strikes a series of suitably shaped buckets fixed around the rim of a wheel. The

buckets changes the direction of the jet with out changing its pressure, the resulting

change in momentum set bucket and wheel in to rotatory motion and thus mechanical

energy made available at the turbine shaft. The water after passing through the turbine

unit enters the collecting tank.

Description:

The actual experiment facility consist of multi stage centrifugal pump set, turbine

unit , sump tank, collecting tank, notch tank arranged in such a way that the whole unit

works as a recirculating water system. The centrifugal pump set supplies the water from

sump tank to the turbine through control valve which has the marking to meter the known

quantity of water. The water after passing through the turbine unit enters the collecting

tank .The water then flows back to sump tank with 600 v-notch for the measurement of

flow of rate.

FM & HM Lab 39

The loading of the turbine is achieved by rope brake drum connected to spring

balance. The provision for measurement of turbine speed, head on the turbine are built in

the control panel.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the supply water pump-water unit with 3-phase, 400v, 20A, electrical

supply with neutral and earth connection and ensure the correct direction of the

pump motor unit.

2. Keep the butterfly valve and sphere valve closed.

3. Keep the brake drum loading at minimum.

4. Press the green button of the supply pump starter now the pump picks up the full

speed and becomes operational.

5. Slowly open the sphere valve so that turbine rotor picks up the speed and attain

the maximum at full opening of the valve.

A. To obtain constant speed characteristics:

1. Keep the butterfly valve opening at maximum.

2. For the different brakedrum loads on the turbine change sphere rod setting

between maximum and minimum so that the speed is held constant

3. Tabulate the readings in table 1.

B. To obtain constant Head characteristics:

1. keep the sphere rod setting and butterfly valve setting as maximum.

2. For different brake load, Note down the speed ,Head over notch and tabulate the

readings as per table 2.

C. To obtain run way speed characteristics:

1. keep the load on the zero.

2. keep sphere rod and butterfly valve at maximum.

D. Performance under unit head unit quantities:

In order to predict the behaviour of a turbine working under varying condition and

to facilitate comparison between the performances of the turbines of the same type but



FM & HM Lab 40

From the output of a turbine corresponding to different working heads it is

possible to compute the output which would be developed if the head was reduced to

unity the speed being adjustable so that the efficiency remains unaffected.

1. Unit speed:

Nu=

2.Unit power:

Pu =

3.Unit discharge:

Qu =

4.Specific speed:

The specific speed of any turbine is the speed in rpm of a turbine


conditions it will develop 1 metric horse power when working under unit head.

The specific speed is usually computed for the operating conditions corresponding

to the maximum efficiency.

Ns=N√P/H5/4

TABLE OF READINGS:

Constant Speed characteristics:

Method : By keeping butterfly valve position fully open

By changing the sphere valve position

N in

rpm

Sphere valve

position in mm

P in

kg/cm2

Head over the notch in h mts

F1 in

kgf

F2

in kgf

Energy meter

reading for 5 rev.

FM & HM Lab 41

TABLE OF CALCULATIONS


N in

rpm

H in

mts

Flow rate Q in

m3/secHPhyd BHP %ηturbine

full load%

TABLE OF READINGS

Constant head characteristics:

Method: Sphere rod at fixed position

Butterfly valve fully open

Change brake drum load

N in

rpm

P in

kg/cm2

Head over the notch in

h mts

F1

in kgf

F2 In

kgf

Energy meter reading for 5

rev.

TABLE OF CALCULATIONS (Constant head characteristics):

FM & HM Lab 42

N in rpm H in mtsFlow rate Q

in m3/sec HPhyd BHP %ηturbine

Unit quantities under unit head

Net head on turbine H

mts

Unit speedNu

Unit powerPu

Unit discharge

Qu

Specific speed

Nu

%ηturbine


1. Head on turbine in meter of water;

H = 10P =_______

“P” is the pressure gauge reading in kg/cm2

2. Flow rate of water through the turbine over 600 V-notch

Q= Cd √2g tanθ/2 h5/2

Assuming Cd =0.6, g=9.81, θ=600 ,h=head over the notch in m.

3.Hydraulic input to the turbine :

HPhyd=

where W =1000 kg/m3

4.Brake horse power of the turbine :

FM & HM Lab 43

BHP=

Where F1,F2 are spring balance readings in kgf and r=0.15 radius of break drum.

5.Turbine efficiency :

%

6. % full load =

( at any particular speed)

7.Unit quantities- under unit head:

1. Unit speed:-

Nu=

2.Unit power:

Pu =

3.Unit discharge:

Qu =

4. Specific speed:-

Ns=

GRAPHS:

Draw the following graphs

a) Total head Vs Brake power

b) Total head Vs Efficiency

PRECAUTIONS: 1) Do not start the pump if the supply voltage is less than 300v 2)To start and stop the pump, always keep Gate valve closed 3) It is recommended to keep the sphere rod setting at close position before starting the

turbine. This is to prevent racing of the runner shaft with out load.RESULT:

Hence the the average efficiency of pelton wheel is

CONCLUSION:

Performance characteristics are drawn.PERFORMANNCE TEST ON KAPLAN TURBINE

FM & HM Lab 44

AIM: To determine the performance characteristics of Kaplan Turbine at constant speed

and under constant head.

APPARATUS: 1) Kaplan turbine experiment setup.

2) Stop-Watch.

THEORY:




Kaplan turbine, the Reaction type consists of main components

such as propeller(runner), scroll casing and draft tube. Between the scroll casing the

runner, the water turns through right angle into the axial direction and passes through the

runner and thus rotating the runner shaft. The runner has four blades which can be turned

about their own axis so that the angle of inclination may be adjusted while the turbine is

in motion. when runner blade angles are varied, high efficiency can be maintained over

wide range of operating conditions. In other words even at part loads, when a low

discharge is flowing through the runner, a high efficiency can be attained in case of

Kaplan turbine, where as this provision does not exist in Francis and propeller turbines

where, the runner blade angles are fixed and integral with hub.

DESCRIPTION:

The experimental setup consists of a centrifugal pump set , turbine unit, sump

tank, collecting tank, notch arranged in a such a way that the whole unit works on

recirculating water system the centrifugal pump set supplies the water from the sump tank

to the turbine through gate valve which has the marking to meter the known quality of

water. The water after passing through the turbine unit enters the collecting tank through

the draft tube. The water then flows back to the sump tank through the notch tank with

cipolleti notch for the measurement of flow rate. Additionally, the provision is also made

to estimate the rate of flow of water using the “Bend Meter.”

The loading of the turbine is achieved by electrical AC generator connected to

lamp bank. The provisions for measurement of electrical energy AC voltmeter and

ammeter turbine speed (digital RPM indicator) Head on the turbine (pressure gauge) are

built-in on the control panel.

PROCEDURE:

FM & HM Lab 45

1) Connect the supply pump-motor unit to 3ph, 440V,30A electrical supply

with neutral and earth connections and ensure the correct direction of

pump-motor unit.

2) Keep the gate closed and also keep the electrical load at maximum by

keeping the all switches at ON position.

3) Press the green button of the supply pump starter and then release.

4) Slowly, open the gate so that the turbine rotor picks up the speed and

attains maximum at full opening of the gate.

5) Note down the voltage and current, speed , pressure vacuum on the control

panel head over the notch, and tabulate the results.

6) Close the gate and then switch off the supply water pump set.

7) Follow the procedure described below for taking down the reading for

evaluating the performance characteristics of the Kaplan turbine.

a) To obtain constant head characteristics(main characteristics):

1) Select the propeller vane angle position.

2) Keep the gate closed and start the pump.

3) Slowly open the gate and set the pressure on the gauge.

4) For different electrical load, change the rotor pitch position and maintain the

constant head and tabulate the results.

b) To obtain constant speed characterics(operating characteristics):

1) Keep the gate opening at maximum .

2) For different loads on the turbine/generator, change the gate position so that the

speed is held constant say at 1500 rpm. See that the voltage does not exceed 250V

to avoid excess voltage on bulbs.

3) Reduce the gate opening setting to different position and repeat (2) for different

speeds 1500 rpm , 1000 rpm and tabulate the results.

4) The above readings will be utilized for drawing constant speed characteristics.

a) % of full load Vs efficiency.

b) Efficiency and BHP Vs Discharge characteristics.

c) Performance under unit head-unit quantities:

FM & HM Lab 46

In order to predict the behavior of a turbine working under varying conditions and

facilitate comparison between the performances of the turbines of the same type but



From the output of a turbine corresponding to different working heads it is

possible to compute the output which would be developed if the head was reduced to

unity (say 1 mt) the speed being adjustable so that the efficiency remains unaffected.

a) unit speed :

Nu = N/H

b) unit power

Pu = P/H3/2

c) Unit discharge

Qu = Q/ H

d) Specific speed: The specific speed of any turbine is the speed in rpm of a turbine


conditions it will develop 1 metric horse power when working under unit head (i.e. 1

meter ).

The specific speed is usually computed for the operating conditions

corresponding to the maximum efficiency

Nu = N√P/H5/4

FM & HM Lab 47

TABLE:1 Constant speed characteristics:

Method: By keeping the rotor pitch constant & By changing the gate position.

Gate positi

onTurbin

eSpeed

inrpm

Head on turbine Head over

notch ‘n’(mts)

Load on generator

Wattage of bulb

in action

Energy meter

reading in secs for 5 rev.

Volts‘V’

Amps‘I’

Pressure ‘P’

inKg/cm2

Vaccuum

‘Pv’mm of

Hg

Table of calculations :Constant speed characteristics

Method: By changing the rotor pitch constant & By changing the gate position

Turbine speed in

rpm

Net head on turbine ‘H’ in mts

Discharge ‘Q’ inm3/sec

HPhyd BHP % tur

% offull load

FM & HM Lab 48

Table:2 Constant head characteristics Method: By keeping the gate opening constant & by changing the rotor pitch

Head on turbine Turbine speed in

RPM

Head over

notch ‘H’ in mts

Load ongenerator Wattage

of bulb in

action

Energy meter

reading time for

5 rev

Pressure in

kg/cm2

VaccumePressure in mm of

Hg

Volts‘V’

AmpsI

Table of calculations-IIConstant head characteristics:Turbine speed in rpm

Net head on turbine ‘H’ mts

Discharge ‘Q’ in m3/sec

HPhyd BHP % tur

Table:5 Unit quantities under unit speedNet head on turbine ‘H’ mts

Unit speed ‘N’

Unit power Pu

Unit DischargeQu

Specific speed NS

% tur

FM & HM Lab 49



Basic data /Constants:Turbine speed ‘N’ = 1300 rpm

Pressure ‘P’ =

Vacuum ‘Pv’ = mm of Hg

Head over notch ‘h’ = mtrs

Load on generator ‘V = 188 volts

‘ I’ = 1.53 Amps

Energy meter constant = 1500 rev/Kwh

1)Net Head on Turbine ‘H’ :

H = 10(p + Pv/760) m

2)Discharge ‘Q’:

Q = 1.48 h3/2

3)Input to Turbine:

HPhyd = WQH/75

Where W = 1000kg/m3

Q = Discharge

H = Net head

4)HPtur

HPtur = HPele

0.755) HPele

HPelec=

6) % turbine

HPtur x 100 HPhyd

Unit Quntities under unit head:

Unit Speed (Nu) = N/H

Unit Power (Pu) = P/H3/2

Where, P = V x I736 x 0.75

Unit Discharge ‘Qu’ = Q/H

FM & HM Lab 50

Specific Speed ’Ns’ = NP/H5/4

Percentage Full Load = Part Load BHP x 100Max BHP

GRAPHS: Draw the following graphs.

a) % of full load Vs Efficiency

b) Discharge Vs Efficiency, BHP

c) Unit Speed Vs Unit Discharge

d) Unit speed Vs Efficiency

PRECAUTIONS:

4) Do not start the pump if the supply voltage is less than 300v

5) To start and stop the pump, always keep Gate valve closed

6) Gradual opening and closing of the gate valve is recommended for smooth

operation

7) Fill the water enough so that the pump does not choke.

RESULTS:

CONCLUSION: Hence the performance characteristics of Kaplan turbine at constant

speed and under constant head has been studied.

FM & HM Lab 51

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