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.Yf^r-'-^^^."-,, v>-i/
THE
HISTORY
OF
JAVA.
BY THB LATB
SIR THOMAS STAMFORD RAFFLES, F.R.S.
FORMERLY LIBUTENANT-OOVERNOR OF THAT ISLAND AND ITS
DEPENDENCIES, AND PRESIDENT OF THE SOCIETY OF
ARTS AND SCIENCES AT BAT AVI A.
IN TWO VOLUMES.
VOL. II.
SECOND EDITION.
LONDON: JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE-STREET.
MDCCCXXX.
Kit%\^r,^
GILBERT AMD RITIHOToif, PRINTIM, T. iOllli's MliUllv LO!nO!.
CONTENTS
OP
VOLUME II.
CHAPTER IX.
PAOB
Helicon Introduction of Mahomedanism How far ita Teneta and
Doctrinw are obterved Priwta^How provided for How far the ancient
Iniititutions of the Country are superseded Antiquities Edifice s
The Temples of Brambinan B6ro B6do Gdnung Prihu Kediri Sing*a S4ri,
Sdku, &c. Sculpture Images in Stone Casts in Metal Inscriptions
on Stone and Copper Coins Ruins of the ancient Capitals at M^dang
Kamdlan, Majap^hit, Fajajiran, dec. Island of B41i Conclusion 1
CHAPTER X.
The History of Java from the earliest Traditions till the
establish- ment of Mahomedanism 69
CHAPTER XI.
History of Java from the establishment of Mahomedanism (A. J.
UOO) till the arrival of the British Forces in A.D. 1811, (A. J^
1738.) .^ 147
of Mahoroedan Sovereigns of Java 254
Chronological Table of Events 255
Aecoont of the several principal Divisions of Java and Madura. .
265
APPENDIX.
A Unheahhiness of Batavia. i
B. Account of the Japan Trade xvii
C. Translation of a modem Version of the Suria Alem xxxviii
D. Proclamation of the Governor General, and Regulation
passed by the Hon. the Lieutenant Governor in Council for the
more effectual Admimstration of Justice in the Plrovtndal Courta of
Java liv
i%' CONTENTS.
E. A comparative Vocabulary of the Milayu, Javan, Madurese.
Bali, and Lampung Languaget Izxvii
Extract from the Dana N4ma Ixxiz
Comparative Vocabulary of the Sanskrit, Kawi, and PaU . Ixxx
Vocabulary of Kawi Words, with the Meaning attached to
them, by the Panambahan of Sumenap Ixxxi
Specimen of the mystical Meaning attached to the LetterH
of the Alpha1)et, &c. according to the Interpretation of
the Panambahan of Sumenap Ixxxii
F. Account of the Island of Celebes ^ Ixxxr
Comparative Vocabulary of the Bugis, Makisar, Mandhar,
Buton, Sasak, Bima, Sembiwa, Tembora, and Ende Languages cv
Comparative Vocabulary of the Gimung Tilu, Menadu,
Temati, Sang'i, Sirang or Ceram, and Sapama Lan- guages ^
crii
G. Ntmierals according to the Chandra Sangklik. cix
H. Translation of the Manek Maya cxii
I. Translations of Inscriptions in the ancient Ja^'an or
Kiwi
Character cxxvii
K. Account of the Island of Bili cxxxviii
L. Proclamation declaring the Principles of the intended
Change
of System czlviii
ances which prevailed before the inti'oduction of Mahomedanism.
And although some few individuals among them may a.sj)ire to a
higher sanctity and closer confonnity to Mahomedanism than otliers,
it may be fairly stated, that the J avails in gtnieral, while they
believe in one supreme God, and that Mahomed was his IVophet, and
obsene some of the outward forms of tlie worship and obser\'ances,
are little acquainted with tlie doctrines of tliat religion, and
are tlie least bigoted of its followers. Few of the chiefs decline
the use of wine, and if the common people abstain from inebriating
liquors, it is not from any religious motive. Mahomedan
institutions, however, are still gaining ground, and witli a free
trade a great acces- sion of Arab teachers might be expecttd to
arrive. I^operty usually descends according to tlie Maliomedan law
; but in otlier cases, tlie Mahomedan code, as adopted by the
Javans, is strangely blended witli tlie more ancient institutions
of tlie countr\' .
** The reliiipon of the JaN-ans in in general Mahomedan, but
mingled with many Hiiperstitious dt>ctrines derived from the
ancient Pagan worship. The Javans, however, are far from biuots to
their religion, as other Mahomedans generally are. Tliey are mild
and tractable by nature, and although they do not eaitily forget or
forgive an injur)', they would be a quiet well diH{)oed |)eople
under good laws and a mild government. The murders, and other
crimes, which are nciw committed in Home places, are to be
attributed more to the present faulty admi- nistration than to any
bad diK|M)HitionH in the fieople. llie wune may be remarked of the
indolence and indifference which now characterize them. Property in
the land, with perRonal and commercial free throned in the grand
temple in the midst of them ; that this was firequently the case in
India, and wherever practicable the Brahmins placed images of
devotees, of exactly similar form and attitude, aroimd the fanes of
Brahma and their in- ferior gods ; that what I called curled hair
was nothing more than a peculiar kind of cap (tapi he called it)
worn by de- votees when in the most sacred acts of tupUyay which
capa are common, he said, throughout Bengal or Hindustan, and are
made for the purpose, by a particular class of people. I foimd the
lower part of two coimterpart decorated stones, hav- ing the part
of the body of Gan^aa in the centre of each.
12 ANTIQUITIES.
They were extremely well executed and in good preserva-
tion.
CHANDI I/iRO J(5nGRAN0 ; or TEMPLES OF l6R0 J^NGRAN.
These lie directly in front (north) of the village of Bram-
bdnauj and about two hundred and fiftv yards from^he road, whence
they are visible, in the form offiarge hillocks of fallen masses of
stone, surmounted, and in some instances covered, with a profusion
of trees and herbage of all descriptions.; In the present
dilapidated state of these venerable buildings, I found it very
difficult to obtain a correct plan or description of their original
disposition, extent, or even of their number and figure. Tliose
that remain, with any degree of their primar}' form or elevation,
are ten, disposed in three lines, running north and south. Of those
on the western line, which are far the largest and most lofty, that
in the centre towers high above the rest, and its jutting fragments
lie tumbled about over a large area. Nothing can exceed the air of
deso- lation which this spot presents ; and the feelings of every
visitor are attuned, by the scene of surrounding devastation, to
reflect, that while these noble monuments of the ancient splendour
of religion and the arts are submitting, with sullen 8lo%\'ness, to
the destructive hand of time and nature, the art which raised tliem
has perished before tliem, and the faitli which they were to honour
has now no other honour in the land.
After repeated visits to the place, I am perfectly clear, that
the temples of Jongrangan originally consisted of twenty separate
buildings, besides the enclosures and gateway ; that of these, six
large and two small temples were within the second wall, and twelve
small (mes, exactly similar to each other, foniied a kind of square
about the exterior of tlie inner wall. The first temple that occurs
on entering, is the small central one on the right hand of the
present pathway ; and though its rrwf is gtme, a most beautiful
terrace ap)>ears, which supported the building, and measures
twenty-three feet six inches by twenty-two feet ten inches. At
present the height of it is barely three feet and a half Tlie lower
part contains five small niches on either side, profusely decorated
and resting on small pilasters, each niche occupied by a lion,
seated ex-
\
ANTIQUITIES. 13
actly similar to those described in the elephant's mouth. The
internals between the niches are very neatly filled with diminu-
tive pilasters and other ornaments, displaying real taste and
skill, which again support a double fillet projecting all round.
One carved most beautifully, with a running festooned bead- ing,
with intermediate knots and pendents, each festoon filled with a
lively representation of a parroquet with expanded wings, the other
fillet with a fancy pattern more simple. On the opposite, or north
side, was a building similar to this, but now a moimd of stone.
The largest temple, apparently about ninety feet in height, is
at present a mass of ruin, as well as the five others con- nected
with it ; but ascending to its northern face, over a vast heap of
stones fallen fi'om it and the third temple, at the height of about
thirty feet, you reach the entrance : the whole is of hewn stones,
fitted and morticed into each other, without rubbish or cement of
any kind. Directly in firont of the door- way stands the image^ of
Ldro Jdngran, I had previously found a very similar, and I think a
more beautiful represen- tation of Devij as the Bramin called it,
in the village of KuwiraUy about fifteen miles north-east from
Brambdnan, The image of L6ro Jdngran here has exactly the same
attri- butes and accompaniments as that found at Kutcirany but it
is larger, not at all damaged, perfectly smooth, and with a
polished surface : the buffalo is entirely recumbent ; the cha-
racter of the countenance, general figure, and attitudes, are very
different, and the shape, attitude, and visage of the god- dess,
far less elegant and feminine. The figure at Brambd- nan is six
feet three inches by three feet one inch in the widest part at the
pedestal; that at Kuttnran is three feet nine inches high by twenty
inches. The general description of this goddess, as read to me by
the Bramin from a Sanscrit paper he copied at Benares, will serve
to illustrate both these images, in the literal precise manner in
which I took down his words.
" Bhawdnif D^viy Soca^ Juggudumbay Afahamyay LutalUy "
PhulmuttiSy and Malay are the designations of this power- " ful
goddess, who resides a,iS/iasi or Basin i (Benares), at an " angle
of the sacred Ganges. Her adoration is caUed urchit ^*' with
oblations of flowers, chunduuy kundun, and mugt.
14 ANTIQUITIES.
u
In her hand she holds a tulwar ^ called khug: round her '^ neck
she has a mala of sumpurun^ iooisij or chundun. " Her weight is
very great, and wherever her efBgy is placed *' the earth trembles
and becomes much heavier. The name ** of her buffalo is Mahiaa^ and
the Dewth who attempts to " slay it is Usfioor. She sleeps upon a
bed of flowers.*'
Thus much could I understand, and repeat verbatim of this
goddess's power and attributes. For the rest, in her eight arms she
holds, Ist the buffalo's tail ; 2d. tlie sword called khurg: 3d.
the hhulla or janclin ; 4th. the chukur or whut ; 5th. the lune or
conch shell ; 6lh. the dhat or shield ; 7th. ihc jundah or flag;
and 8th. the hair of the Dewth Mahiku- BOTy or personification of
vice, who, while attempting to slay her favourite, Mahifta is
seized by the goddess in a rage. He raises a dhat or shield in his
defence, and a sabre, or some offensive weapon, should be in his
right hand.
The apartment in which tliis image and some other sculp- tured
stones are placed, rises perfectly square and plain, to the height
of ten feet, and there occurs a richly carved cor- nice of four
fillets, a single stone to each. From this rises the roof in a
square pyramid, perfectly plain or smooth, for ten feet more.
Proceeding over the ruins round to the west face of this
builcUng, you pass tlie intermediate angular projection, carved
alternately in a running flower or foliage, which Colonel Mackenzie
has called Arabesque j and with small human figures of various form
and attitude in compartments, above representations of sqiuire
pyramidal temples, exactly like those on so many of the
entablatures of B&ro BddOj and similar, I understand, to the
Budh temples of Ava, &c. &.C., the whole extremely rich and
minute beyond description. The western doorway is equally plain
with the former, and the entrance is still lower. The apartment is
ten feet two inches square, apparently more filled up (that is, the
floor raised higher tlian tlie other), but in all other respects
exactly the same. In fn)nt is seated a complete Gan^sa^ of smooth
or polished stone, seated on a throne: the whole a single block,
five and a half feet high and three >nde. In his hands he has a
plantain, a circlet of beads, a flower, and a cup to which the end
of his proboscis is applied : a hooded snake
ANTIQUITIES. 15
encircles his body diagonally over the left shoulder. His cap is
high, with a death's head and homed moon in front, and as well as
his necklaces, waistband, amilets, bracelets, anklets, and all his
habiliments, is profusely decorated. The only damage he appears to
have sustained, is in losing all but the roots of his tusks.
Thef Javans to this day continue to pay their devoirs to him and
\jo\L6ro J6ngrani^2j& they are constantly covered with
turmerick, flowers, ochre, &c,> They distinguish Ganesa by
the name of Raja Demdngy Singa Jdya^ or Gana Singa Jdya. Going
still round over heaps of fallen stone to the south face, you with
some difficulty enter by the door-way (nearly closed up by the
ruin) inte the third apartment, where there is scarce light enough
to see a prostrate Siva with his feet broken off and lost What
remains is four feet ten inches and a half long, and two feet two
inches wide.
The whole of the apartment on the east side has fallen in, or is
closed up by the dilapidation of that entire front.
From the elevated situation of the entrances to all the
apartments first described, it is evident that there must for-
merly have been flights of steps to them. Thefplan of this temple,
and as far as I could judge of the two adjoining ones, nortfi and
south, was a perfect cross^ each of the four apart- ments first
described occupying a limb or projection of the figure, and the
small intermediate protruding angles between these limbs of the
cross could only be to admit of a large apartment in the centre of
the building, to which, however, no opening was practicable or
visible. Moreover, as all the grand entrances to the interior of
Hindu temples, where it is practicable, face the rising sun, I
could have wished to ascer- tain from this (the largest and most
important at Jongrdngan) whether or not the main apartment was in
existence, as I had made up my mind, that were I possessed of the
means to clear away the stone, I should have found Brahma himself
in possession of the place : the smaller rooms being occupied by
such exalted deities as Bhawaniy Siva, and Gan^sa^ scarce any
other, indeed, than Brahma could be foimd pre- siding on the seat
of honour and majesty.
The three large temples on the eastern line are in a state of
utter ruin. They appear to have been very large and lofty.
/
16 ANTIQUITIES.
and perfectly square. The upper terraces, just under the sup-
posed entrances, were visible in some places, at the height of
about sixty feet.
CHANDI SEWU, or THE THOUSAND TEMPLES^
/in the whole course of my life I have never met with such
stupendous and finished specimens of human labour, and of the
science and taste of " ages long since forgot,'* crowded together
in so small a compass as in this little spot ; which, to use a
military phrase, I deem to have been the head quar- ters of
Hinduism in Javay These ruins are situated exactly eight hundred
and thirty-five yards north-north-east firom the northern extremity
of those of L^o Jdngran^ and one thou- sand three hundred and
forty-five yards firom the high road opposite the bdndar^s house.
Having had in view all the way one lofty pvTamidal or conical ruin,
covered with foliage, and surrounded by a midtitudeof much smaller
ones, in every stage of humbled majesty and decay, you find
yourself, on Teaching the soutliem face, very suddenly between two
gigan- tic figures in a kneeling posture, and of terrific forms,
appear- ing to threaten you with their uplifted clubs : their bulk
is so great, that the stranger does not readily comprehend their
figiu*e. These gigantic janitors are represented kneeling on the
left knee, with a small cushion under the right ham, the left
resting on tlie retired foot. The height of the |>edestal is
fifteen inches, of the figure, seven feet nine inches to the top of
tlie curls ; total, nine feet. Hie head twenty -six inches long:
width across the shoidders, tlirec feet ten inches. The pedestal
just comprises the kneeling figiu^e, and no more.
ITie character and expression of tlie face I have never met with
elsewhere : it belongs neither to India nor to any of the easteni
isles. The countenance is full, round, and expressive of good
humour. Tlie eyes are large, prominent, and circular; the nose is
prominent and \iide, and in pnifile seems pointed ; tlie upper lip
is covered with tremendous mustaches; the moutli is large and open,
with a risible character, shewing two ven* large dog-teetli ; the
under lip tliin, and tlie chin ver>' strait and short ; f)rehead
Uie same ; no neck visible ; the breast broad and full, with a vvry
prominent round belly ; the lower limbs, as well as the arms,
extremely short and
ANTIQUITIES. 17
stout But the most extraordinary appendage of these porters, is
a very large full-bottomed wig, in full curl all over, which,
however, the Bramin assured me (and I really believe) is intended
to represent the usual mode in which the Moonis are supposed to
dress their natiural hair; these gigantic genii, whose duty it is
to guard the sanctuaries of the gods, requiring as formidable an
appearance as possible. In other respects the images are in the
Hindu costume. The lungota passes between the legs, the ends of it
decorated, hanging down before and behind, over the waistband, and
a curious square- linked chain, which encircles the waist. A snake
entwines the body diagonally over the left shoulder, the tail and
head twisted on the left breast. A small ornamented dagger is stuck
in the girdle on the right loins. A pointed club of an octagonal
form is held up in the right hand, and rests on the knee ; the left
hand, dropped down his side, grasps a circled snake, which seems to
bite the fore-part of the left arm. The necklace is of
fiUagree-work (such as is called star) ; and the ears, which are
large and long, are decorated with the im- mense ornamented
cylindrical ear-rings worn by the Javan women of the present day.
Round the two arms are twisted snakes, and round the wrist
bracelets of beads. The waist- band extends nearly to the knees.
From the waist upwards the figure is naked.
The same description is applicable to the eight other pair of
images, which guard the other approaches of Chdndi Sewn; at twenty
feet distance from the exterior line of temples, and facing inwards
to each other about twelve feet apart. Each of these statues and
its pedestal is of one piece of a species of pudding-stone, which
must have required great care in working.
The whole site or ground-plan of these temples forms a
quadrangle of five himdred and forty feet by five hundred and ten,
exactly facing the cardinal points.' The greater extent is on the
eastern and western sides, as there allowance has been made for
wider avenues leading up to the grand central temples situated
within, while on the north and south sides the spaces between the
small exterior temples are all alike. There is no vestige of an
exterior boimdary wall of any kind. The outer quadrangle, which is
the limit of the
VOL. II. c
18 ANTIQUITIES.
I whole, aud which encloses four others, consists of eighty-
ifour small temples, twent}-two on each face: the second 'consists
of seventv-six ; the third of sixty -four ; the fourth of
forty-four ; and the fifth, or inner parallelogram, of twenty-
height ; in all two hundred and ninety -six small temples, dis-
posed in five regular parallelograms. The whole of these are upon
an uniform plan, eleven feet and a half square on the outside, with
a small vestibule or porch, six feet two inches long, by four feet
and a half externally. Within is an apart- ment exactly six feet
square, with a door-way five feet nine inches high, by three feet
four inches wide, directly opposite to which stands tlie seat or
throne of the statue which occu pied the temple. The walls inside
rise square to the height of seven feet ten inches, and quite plain
; thence the roof rises about five feet more in a plain pyramid,
and above that a perpendicular square rises two feet more, where
the roof is closed by a single stone. Tlie interior dimensions of
the porch or vestibule in front were three feet and a half by two
and a half, llie tliickness of wall to each temple was about two
feet nine inches, and of the vestibule one foot four inches. The
exterior elevation of each must have been about eighteen feet,
rising square to the cornices about eight or nine feet, according
to tlie irregularities of ground, and the rest a fan- ciful
superstructure of various forms, diminishing in size to the summit,
which was cro\nied wilh a ver>' massive circular stone,
surmounted with another cylindrical one rounded off at the top.
llie whole of each superstructure thus formed a kind of irregular
pyramid, composed of five or six retiring steps or j)arts, of which
the tliree lowest ap|K"ared to me of the figure of a cross, wilh
intenuediate projecting angles to the two lower, and retired ones
to the upj)er step, which varied in position also from the lower
ones. Above that the summit appeared to rise in an octangidar
fonii, diminishing gradually to the stones above described. The
same kind of stone appears also to have been placed on tlie four
projecting angles of at least the lower part of the elevation above
the been a spacious temple, long since prostrate. The principal
image is called by theJavanfi Begn Minda.
ANTIQUITIES. 25
CHANDI KALI SARI, or TEMPLE of KALI SARI.
Returning to the angle of the road which I had left to in- spect
B^ga Minda and his maimed and headless brethren, and proceeding
along the high-road, at a distance of little more than two furlongs
further, I crossed the small stream now called Kali Bening,
formerly Kali Buhits, A hundred and twenty yards beyond this,
having the village of Kali Sdriy which gives its name to the
temple, close to the right hand, you tiun up a path between two
hedges in that direc- tion, and at the south-western side of the
village, about two hundred yards off the road, you come upon the
south-east angle of a large and lofty quadrangular building, having
much the appearance of a two-story house, or place of residence of
a Hindu Raja. It resembles a temple in no point of view even
externally. It is an ^ oblong square, regularly divided into three
floors, the ground-floor having in front a large door between two
windows, and on the sides two windows corres- ponding to the
others. The first floor appears to have three windows in front, and
two in the depth, answering to the apertures below, and through the
foliage which decorates and destroys this monument of grandeur, may
be seen several small attic windows at intervals, seemingly on the
slope of the roof: these, however, are false, as the structure has
but the two floors and no other.
The external appearance of this edifice is really very strik-
ing and beautifiil. The composition and execution of its outer
surface evinces infinite taste and judgment, indefatigable pa-
tience and skill. Nothing can exceed the correctness and minute
beauties of the sculpture throughout, which is not merely profuse,
but laboured and worked up to a pitch of peculiar excellence,
scarcely suitable to the exterior of any building, and hardly to be
expected in much smaller subjects in tlie interior of the cabinet.
It originally stood upon an elevated terrace of from four to six
feet in height, of solid stone. The exterior dimensions of this
building are fifty- seven feet and a half by thirty-three and a
half, measured along the walls just above the terrace or line of
the original basement, which is divided obviously enough into three
parts,
26 ANTIQUITIES.
by the centre projecting nearly a foot, and the general cor-
respondent composition or arrangement observable in each. The door
in the centr^ is four feet eight inches and a half wide, surmounted
^^'ith the wide-gaping, monstrous visage, before described at
Chandi Sewu, from which runs round each side of the portal a
spiral-fluted chord, ending near the bottom in a large sweep or
flourish, inclosing each a caparisoned elephant in a rising
]K)sture ; the space left over its hinder quarters being filled
with the face of a munnooky or human being, all in the usual style
of relief At either side of the door the original coat of stone has
fallen, as far as the ex- tremities of the vestibule, which covered
the whole central compartment of the east or front of the building.
In the middle of each of the other di>dsions is an apertiure or
window, nearly a square of eighteen inches, having a very deep and
projected double resemblance of a cornice beneath, resting on the
upper fillet of the terrace, while the same single proj
