Functional aquafeeds: Dietary supplements in breakthrough pledge

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Digital re-print - March | April 2009Feature: Dietary supplements

Feature title: Functional aquafeeds: Dietary supplements in breakthrough pledge

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The concept of func-

tional aquafeeds repre-

sents an emerging new

paradigm to develop

diets for fish and crustaceans.

Functional feeds extend beyond the

satisfying basic nutritional requirements of

the cultured organism to improving growth,

feed utilisation and furthermore the general

health and stress resistance of the animals.The increasing concerns about residues

of antibiotic or anabolic agents in food

production lead to a restrictive use of these

substances to stimulate growth and treat

bacterial diseases in most animal industries.

The alterations in

drug-use policies and

consumer attitudes have

already impacted aqua-

culture and thus have

prompted interests in developing alter-

native strategies for growth and health

management. Disease prevention and

treatment strategies such as vaccina-

tions and drugs are currently limited in

large-scale aquaculture due to regulatory

constrains or inconvenient administra-

tion protocols.

Without any doubt it would be benefi-

cial for the aquaculture industry if cultured

organisms were conferred with enhancedgrowth performance, feed efficiency and

disease resistance. This would reduce

the cost of medication and production

and simultaneously improve consumers

perception.

Maximise efficiencyof production

One goal in all types of aquaculture is

to maximise the efficiency of production to

optimize profitability.

Intensi f icat ion of product ion is

one means of increasing produc-

tion efficiency but also may lead

to increased suscept ibi l i ty of the

cultured organism due to deteriora-

tion of water quality and elevationof stress. Bacterial, viral or parasite

infections often affect the cultured

organisms whose immunity may

be compromised by the stressful

condit ions.

The development of functional feed including nutraceuticals will be the objective of feed millers

worldwide for the next years

Functional aquafeeds:Dietary supplements in breakthrough pledge

by Klaus Hoffmann, Chemoforma Ltd

"Probiotics

are Live

microorganismswhich when

administered in

adequate amounts

confer a health

benefit on the

host"

30 | InternatIonalAquAFeed | Mch-api 09 - i

Dietary supplementsIn case of the occurrence of bacterial

infections in aquaculture, the most common

means of treating was the administration of

antibiotics.

However, these drugs have been criti-

cised for potential development of antibi-

otic resistant bacteria and destruction of

environmental microbial flora as well as

being cost intensive and in some cases with

marginal effects only.Certain antibiotics have also been

shown to suppress the immune system,

making organisms in aquaculture more

susceptible to viral and parasite infections.

This has led to the ban of subtherapeutic

use of antibiotics in Europe and more

stringent regulations on application of

antibiotics in lots of other countries.

The development of alternative strate-

gies for disease control turned out to be

more and more interesting for livestock and

aquaculture.

In recent years there had been height-

ened research in developing dietary sup-

plementation strategies in which various

health-promoting compounds have been

evaluated.

It has been documented in a number

of terrestrial animals and humans that the

microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract

plays important roles in affecting nutrition

and health of the host. This similarly should

apply to aquaculture too.

In the following paragraphs some possi-

bilities to increase general health of aquatic

organisms will be compiled

Probiotics

Probiotics are dietary supplements and

live microorganisms containing potentially

beneficial live bacteria or yeast. According

to the currently adopted definition by FAO/

WHO, probiotics are Live microorgan-

isms which when administered in adequate

amounts confer a health benefit on thehost.

This health benefit is established by

affecting the intestinal microbial balance of

the host organism.

The addition to or altering of the intes-

tinal microbiota has been done to achieve

such positive effects as enhanced growth,

digestion, immunity and disease resistance.

Examples of probiotices include

gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus sp,

Carnobacterium inhibens K1 and Lactobacillus

sp as well as gram-negative bacteria such as

Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas flueres-

cens and Vibrio fluvialis. Other probiotics are

bacteriophages and yeast (Saccharomyces

cerevisiae, Phaffia Rhodozoma, Debaryomyces

hansenii) as well as microalgae (Tetraselmis

suecica).

Probiotics are usually

selected to control spe-

cific pathogens through

competitive exclusion

or enhancement of

fishes immune system.This means that the list

of probiotics is steadily

increasing.

In early work on

probiotics the microbial

preparations were either

applied directly to the

water or added to the

feed.

It turned out that the

normal gut microbiota needs to be identi-

fied and characterised in order to provide

the adequate cocktail of probiotics for a

given organism or species.

Moreover, questions on the ability of

the probiotics

to adhere to

the mucosal

surface of

the gut were

raised by some

scientists. How

long will the

m i c r oor g a n -

isms survive in

the intestinal

tract and what

really happens

in the intestinal

tract and in the

environment?

These ques-

tions as well as

issues on opti-

mal dosage orsurvival of the

probiotics in

or on pelleted

feeds were

addressed. It

turned out that

there is really

some recent

success by the

a p p l i c a t i o n

of probiotics.

But still there

is additional

work needed

to answer questions concerning optimal

dosage, the organisms used as probiotics

and their presentation.

Prebiotics

The restrictions on application of pro-

biotics in aquaculture include the costs as

well as the insufficient evaluation of the

biological consequences and the potential

"The main advantage of

prebiotics over probiotics is that

they are natural feed ingredients

and thus regulatory control over

dietary supplementation should

be limited"

Tas Consult

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we add our knowledge and experience

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[email protected] tel: +32-3-239 36 49

T . 1 1 :

- i Mch-api 09 | InternatIonalAquAFeed | 31

Dietary supplements
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improve the performance and

the general health of the animals

by addition of specific feed sup-

plements is appealing not only

for farmers but also for feed

producers in times of increasing

competitions on the markets.

The success of probiotics and

prebiotics in livestock industry

might spill over to aquaculture.Nevertheless, the basic

requirements of a diet to supply

adequate quantities of essential

and non-essential nutrients for

the various organisms must not

be neglected. The stimulation of

growth of intestinal bacteria by

pro- or prebiotics involves the supply of

sufficient amounts of other nutrients to

enable the multiplication of these microbes.

If the supply of basic nutrients cannot be

guaranteed by the diet or the animal itself,

the beneficial effects of pro- and/or prebiot-

ics will be reduced or even unverifiable.

It is still questionable if there are not

other possibilities to increase performance

and at the same time the immunity of fish

or crustaceans without the risk of extensive

biological and environmental consequences.

Although prebiotics are widely regarded as

being safe, their usability in aquaculture is

still in its infancy and it will take several years

to establish cheap, profitable and feasible

protocols for their usage.

Nowadays, there are other already scien-

tifically approved feed supplements available

which must be regarded as nutraceuticals

achieving the dual advantage of improving

performance and general health of fish and

crustaceans at the same time.

NucleotidesFor years, nucleic acids and nucleotides

were not considered essential nutrients for

use in any dietary programmes.It was thought that all organisms can

supply sufficient amounts of nucleotides to

meet their physiological demands.

However, under certain conditions,

including rapid growth, limited food sup-

ply, stress, immunological challenges and

some others, dietary nucleotides turn to

conditionally essential nutrients. Balanced

formulations of purified dietary nucleotides

modulate innate and adaptive immune

response as reported in numerous scientific

publications.

Fish fed nucleotide-supplemented diets

generally have shown enhanced resistance

ingredients and thus regulatory control

over dietary supplementation should be

limited.

The classic definition of p rebiotics today

only fits on fructooligosaccharide (FOS),

galactooligosaccharides (GOS) and transga-

lactoologosaccharides (TOS).

Other feed supplements often referred

to as being prebiotics like for example man-

nanoligosaccharides (MOS) have effects on

the composition of the intestinal microflora

but their mode of action is different as they

are not directly utilised or metabolised by

the bacteria.

The inclusion of prebiotics

in the diet has been reported

to increase the uptake of glu-

cose and the bioavailability of

trace elements most likely by

decreasing the pH of the intes-

tinal tract.

Moreover effects on volatile

fatty acids (VFAs) have been

observed.

SynbioticsSynbiotics refer to nutri-

tional supplements combiningprobiotics and prebiotics to form a symbi-

otic relationship. This is a new concept for

aquaculture which needs further evaluation

and more in-deep research to more fully

characterise the effects in aquatic organisms.

Improving general health and perform-

ance in aquaculture by stimulating the growth

of specific microbes in the intestinal tract

or directly stimulating the immune system

basically is a good and rational strategy. The

development of functional feed including

nutraceuticals will be the objective of feed

millers worldwide for the next years.

The perspective to simultaneously

influence on natural microbial diversity.

In addition, there are some potential

constrains to dietary application of probiot-

ics including the susceptibility of these live

organisms to inactivation by heat during

extrusion. It is well established that some

microbial products such as lipopolysac-

charides and -glucans can stimulate the

cell-mediated immune system.

Some of these products can be delivered

orally without complete degradation and

thus may be used as potential immunos-

timulants for aquaculture.

The various potential constrains to pro-

biotic application as well as some of the

positive influences of live microbes such

as increased growth and disease resistance

have resulted in the evaluation of the so-

called prepiotics.

These are non-digestible feed ingre-

dients that beneficially affect the host by

selectively stimulating the growth and/or

activity of one or a limited number of

bacteria in the intestinal tract, and thus

improve host health.

The main advantage of prebiotics over

probiotics is that they are natural feed

"Synbiotics refer to nutritional

supplements combining

probiotics and prebiotics to

form a symbiotic relationship"

32 | InternatIonalAquAFeed | Mch-api 09 - i

Dietary supplements

have multiple effects on the gastrointestinal

tract in animal models, including physiologi-

cal, morphological and microbiological influ-

ences. Proximal, mid and distal intestinal villi

are significantly elongated, thereby simulta-

neously increasing the total gut surface area,

compared to control animals.

and flora. Unhindered cell pro-

liferation is a prerequisite for

growth, repair, development

and functionality of organs

and regulatory systems

(for example, the immune

system).

To date, with an increasing

number of publications, rather

consistent and encouraging trialresults are reported favouring

balanced formulations of free

and isolated nucleotides for

health and performance man-

agement in aquaculture.

Nucleic acids found in many

feed and food ingredients are

protected by specific binding

proteins only allowing just

around 30 percent to be nutri-

tionally available for the organism. By isolat-

ing and purifying RNA/nucleotides, thereby

eliminating the protective proteins, it is

possible to formulate feed additives with

a nucleotide availability of over 95 percent.

Dietary nucleotides have been shown to

to viral, bacterial and parasitic infections.

The reasons for the immunofacilitating

properties of RNA/nucleotides include

dietary provision of physiologically

required levels of nucleotides due to lim-

ited synthetic capacity of certain tissues,

inadequate energetic expenditure for de

novo synthesis or salvage, immunoendo-

crine interactions and modulation of gene

expression patterns.Nucleotides are chemical compounds

that consist of three portions: a hetero-

cyclic base, a sugar and one or more

phosphate groups.

In the most common nucleotides the

base is a derivative of purine or pyrimi-

dine, and the sugar is a five-carbon sugar

(pentose). Nucleotides have universally

valid essential physiological and biochemical

functions including encoding and decipher-

ing genetic information, mediating energy

metabolism and cell signalling as well as

serving as components of coenzymes, allos-

teric effectors and cellular agonists.

RNA and nucleotides provide basic

building blocks for cell proliferation in fauna

"Probiotics are usually selectedto control specific pathogens

through competitive exclusion

or enhancement of fishes

immune system"

D

ohnal|Dreamstime.com

For enquiry, please e-mail

[email protected] www.aqua.biomin.net

BIOMIN AQUAProduct LineSpecific Action Effective Solutions

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y

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The natural way.

. 1 .. 11::

- i Mch-api 09 | InternatIonalAquAFeed | 33

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h m u lt i l f f c t n t h t r i n t t i n l

t r ct i n ni m l m l , i n cl u i n h i l i -

c l , m r h l i c l n m i cr i l i c l in fl u-

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( f r m l , t h i mm un

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T t , i th n i nc r i n

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u cl t i r c h mi c l c m u n

t h t c n i t f th r r ti n : h t r -

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I n t h m t c m m n n u cl t i t h

i r i t i f ur in r r i mi -

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( n t ). ucl t i h uni r ll

l i n ti l h i l i c l n i c h m i c l

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m t l i m n c ll i n l li n l l

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" r c r ll l c

c r l c fc

r c cl

r c f f

"

ohnal|

reamstime.com

For enquiry,please e-mail

[email protected] www.aqua.biomin.net

BIOMIN AQUAProduct LineSpecific Action Effective Solutions

AquaStar , high performance probioticstrains to enhance gut and pond environment.

HepaProtect Aqua, an effective solutionto support and protect liver metabolism.

Mycofix , the most complete strategyfor counteracting mycotoxins.

Biomin P.E.P. for improvingdigestion and feed conversion.

y

VIV Asia 2009.

Visit usinHall1, A010.

Thenatural way.

Ad_IAF_FZE__09.indd 1 06.0.00911:4:07Uhr

c h -p i 0 9 | InterntIn l uF e e | 33

IAF090 .indd 33 1 /03/ 009 10:03

I n c f t h c c ur r n c f c t r i l

i n f ct i n i n u c u lt ur , t h m t c m m n

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