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dN prey
dt= rN prey 1−
N prey
K− cN pred N prey
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟
# prey predator kills; on predator efficiency = c,
# prey, # predators
€
dN pred
dt= b(cN pred N prey ) − dN pred
# kills
Efficiency of converting kills to new predators
Death rate of predators in absence of prey
Cryptic coloration in the flounder, which is capable of changing their color and pattern rapidly to match bottom sediments.
Interaction between herbivory and pollution
• N pollutants: decrease C:N ratio >> more palatable• Combined stress of herbivory and pollution may be synergistic
Symbiosis• Close association between individuals of two or more species• Includes parasitism and mutualism• Parasitism: member of one species (parasite) feeds on, but
usually doesn’t kill member of another species (host)• Mutualism: an interaction between individuals of two or
more species in which the growth, growth rate, and/or population size are increased in reciprocal association
Volatile fatty acids: 57 gMicrobial cells: 128 g
Minerals: 43 gRumen dry matter: 343 g
960 g alfalfa Methane, CO2
369 g feces(50 g bacteria; 319 g food residue
• 4.7 L total volume• 20% volume = microorganisms
Cleaner-customer mutualism
Indicator indicator:honeyguideMutualism b/t bird and honeybadger or humans
Deep Sea Pompeii Worm Alvinella pompejana Close-up showing the bacteria-coated filaments that cover the body of this
hydrothermal vent worm. � 2004 Peter Batson/Image Quest Marin
protoeukaryote
Krebs cycle-containing bacterium
promitochondrion
eukaryote
spirochaete
cyanobacteria
chloroplasts
mitochondria
flagellate