Fundamental of Fundamental of Programming(101)Programming(101)

Why study ProgrammingWhy study ProgrammingLanguage Concepts?Language Concepts?

Increased capacity to express programmingconcepts Improved background for choosing appropriate languagesIncreased ability to learn new languagesUnderstanding the significance of implementation Increased ability to design new languagesOverall advancement of computing

Evaluation SchemeEvaluation Scheme

The academic performance of student is based on Continuous Internal Assessment (CIA) and Semester End Examinations (SEE).

parameters of CIA Unit TestQuiz Assignments Seminar2 Internal Test SEE INCLUDE 2 HOURS PRACTICAL AND 3 HOURS

THOERY EXAM.

Reference Books:Reference Books:Text Books:

1. Farrell Joyce, Programming Logic and Design, Course Technology.

2. Behrouz Forouzan, Richard Giberg, Computer Science- A Structure Approach Using C, Cengage Learning

Question Bankhttp://www.bvpinst.edu.in/BCAStdCorner.htmutu.ac.in

Unit-1Unit-1

Introduction of Computers,

Logic and Structure

1.1 Computer Components and 1.1 Computer Components and Operations Programming ParadigmOperations Programming Paradigm

Computer ComponentsComputer Components

1. Hardware Hardware is the equipment,

or the devices, associated with Computer.

for example Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse, Printer etc.

Computer ComponentsComputer Components2. Software Computer Software are programs that tell the

computer what to do given by the instructions. It is classify into two categories:

1.Systems Software : Includes the operating system and all the utilities that enable the computer to function.

2.Applications Software: Includes programs that do real work for users. For example, word processors, spreadsheets

Computer H/W & S/W Computer H/W & S/W accomplish four major accomplish four major operations:operations:

InputProcessingOutputStorage

Information Processing Information Processing cycle--1cycle--1

Processor

Control Unit/Arithmetic Logic Unit

Memory

Storage Devices

Input Devices

Output Devices

Input DevicesInput Devices

Any hardware component that allows you to enter data, programs, commands, and user responses into a computer

Input Device ExamplesKeyboardMouse

Output DevicesOutput Devices

Output devices make the information resulting from processing available for use

Output Device Examples◦Printers Impact Nonimpact Photo

◦Display Devices CRT LCD

Storage DevicesStorage Devices 1. Internal storage(Main Memory or Primary Memory) Use to store inside the machine.It is Volatile (contents are lost every

time the computer loses power)

2.External Storage Use to store outside the machine.It is Non-Volatile

Examples of external storage are: floppy-disk, hard disk or magnetic tape

Information Processing Information Processing cycle--2cycle--2

ProcessingInput

DevicesOutput Devices

Programming Languages

Machine LanguagesComplier /

Interpreter

source code for a program has been written by one or more humans in a programming language(or High level Language) (e.g., C or C++), it is compiled (i.e., converted) into machine code by a specialized program called a compiler, or by Interpreter. (converted language is known as machine language or low level language(o and 1 )This machine code is then stored as an executable file (i.e., a ready-to-run program) and can be executed (i.e., run) by the operating system.

1.2 Programming 1.2 Programming Process: Problem Process: Problem

Understanding, Planning, Understanding, Planning, Coding, Translation, Coding, Translation,

Testing and ProductionTesting and Production

Programming process broken down into six steps:Programming process broken down into six steps:Understand the problem

Plan the logic

Code the program

Translate the program

Test the program

Put the program into production

Understand the problem Analyze use needs and requirements

Plan the logic Give the instructions to the computer in specific

sequence this is called developing the logic Most common tools are: 1) Flowcharts 2) Pseudo code

Code the programTo follow certain rules for giving instruction to machine is

called syntax of the language

Translate The programHigh-Level and low-level Language

Test the program Logical and syntax errors

Put the program into production if program is tested ,the organization can use it by

putting into production.

1.3 Data Hierarchy, Flowchart 1.3 Data Hierarchy, Flowchart Symbols, Pseudo code Statements Symbols, Pseudo code Statements

and Connectorand Connector

Data HierarchyData HierarchyFile Record

Field Character

Flowchart Symbols, Pseudo code Flowchart Symbols, Pseudo code Statements and ConnectorStatements and Connector

Flow Chart A flow chart is a pictorial representation of the

logical steps to solve a problem.

Pseudo code Pseudo code is a kind of structured English for

describing algorithms. It allows the designer to focus on the logic of the algorithm without being distracted by details of language syntax.

Flowchart SymbolsFlowchart Symbols

ConnectorConnectorA connector will be used when limited page size

forces to continue the flowchart on another page.

Start

Step -1

Step -2

1 Stop

Step -3

Step -4

1

1.4 Variables, Data Types and 1.4 Variables, Data Types and Evolution of Programming Evolution of Programming

TechniquesTechniques

VariableVariable

A variable is a value that can change any time. It is a memory location used to store a data value. A variable name should be carefully chosen by the programmer so that its use is reflected in a useful way in the entire program. Example of variable names are:

SunnumberSalaryEmp_nameaverage1

Rules of Variables

They must begin with a letter some system permit underscores as the first character.

Length of variable should not be normally more than eight characters.

Uppercase and lowercase are significant. That is the variable Total is not the same as total or TOTAL.

The variable name should not be a keywordWhite space is not allowed.

Keywords and Identifies Keywords and Identifies

Every C word is classified as either a Keyword or identifier. Keywords are the words whose meaning has already been explained to the C compiler. for example Auto ,Break ,Case ,Char,Const,Continue,Default ,Do ,Double , Enum

Identifiers refer to the names of variable, functions and arrays. These are user defined names and consist of a sequence of letter and digits

Data TypeData TypeC support three types of data

type1.Primary ( int, char etc)2.Derived (array , structure)3.User defined (enum , type def)

Data TypeData Type

Data Type Range Bytes FormatSigned char -128 to +127 1 % c

Unsigned Char 0 to 255 1 % c

Short signed intSigned int

-32768 to +32767 2 % d

Short unsigned int 0 to 65535 2 % u

Long signed int -2,14,74,83,648 to +2 14,74,83,647

4 % ld

Long unsigned int 0 to 4,29,49,67,295

4 % lu

Float -3.4e38 to +3.4e38

4 % f

Double -1.7e308 to +1.7e308

8 % lf

Long double -1.7e4932 to +1.7e4932

10 % Lf

1.5 Unstructured Spaghetti1.5 Unstructured Spaghetti Code and Code and

Recognizing StructureRecognizing Structure

Unstructured / Spaghetti CodeUnstructured / Spaghetti Code

The popular name for unstructured program organization is spaghetti code. logic is free to

jump from one place to anywhere else in the a program

1.6 Storae classes,1.6 Storae classes,basic structure & its reasonsbasic structure & its reasons

The Sequence The Sequence StructureStructureA structure is a basic unit of programming logic;

each structure is a sequence, selection, or loop .here with we can perform actions in order.

Selection StructureSelection Structure

Dual Branch Selection Dual Branch Selection

A Repetition StructureA Repetition Structure

programmers refer to looping as repetition or iteration

Stacking StructuresStacking Structures

Nesting StructureNesting StructurePlacing a structure within another structure is called nesting the structures

Priming ReadPriming Read

Understanding the Reasons for StructureUnderstanding the Reasons for Structure

Three structures(sequence, selection, and loop) is better for the following reasons:

ClarityProfessionalismEfficiency Maintenance

1.7 Special Structures1.7 Special Structures

Case(selection)StructureCase(selection)StructureUse the Case structure when there are several

distinct possible values for a single variable being tested and each value requires different

actions

Case(selection)StructureCase(selection)Structure

The Do Until LoopThe Do Until Loop

The Do While LoopThe Do While Loop