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10.Socialchangeinmodernsociety: Socialchangeinmodernsociety referstochangeinthesocialorderof asociety . It includechangeinnature, socialinstitutions ,
socialbehaviorsorsocialrelations.
Modernization: Theprocess of movingfromanagrariantoindustrialsociety.
Characteristic of modernsocieties:-Largerroleof government insociety andbureaucracy torungovernments. Formingof
socialinstitutions toregulatebehavior. laws andsanctions toregulatebehavior.
Controloverandmanagement of environment resources: oil, water, land, animals etc.
Theability toadapt expect anddesire continuous change.
Example: Changeof governments, replacing goods andservices suchas cars, phone
services, marriage.
3aspectsofsocialchange:-
Socialchangeis necessarily aprocess of change withno referencetothequality of
change.
Changeinsociety is linkedto changes in culture. Socialchangeis definedas changeinthesocialstructureincludingthechanges inthesize of society. Culturechanges
refers to variationinculturalphenomena suchas knowledge andideas, art, religion
moraldoctrines , values , beliefs , symbolsystem andsoon.
i) Sociologicaltheoriesofsocialchange: Sociologicaltheories is agroupof
ideas. It provide anexplanationforhumansociety.
Thereare3basictheories ofsocialchange:-
Evolutionary theory orevolutionary
perspective Functionalist theory
Conflict theory
Accordingtoevolutionarytheorysocieties moves inspecific functions. The
concept of socialevolution was taken fromtheories of biological evolution.
Herbert Spencerput forward ananalog between socialand organic growth
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andbetween society and anorganization. Thetheories of social aremadeof
one ormore of thefollowingprinciples : change, order, direction, progress and
perfectibility. Someevolutionists add totheprinciples of changetheconcept that
changemust haveanorderandsomeevolutionists combinetheprinciples of
change.
Duetothis early evolutionists they sawsociety as progressingtohigher levels.They concludedtheirowncultureattitudes. Behaviors weremoreadvancedthan
thoseof earliersocieties. Sometimes it is difficult inevolutionary theory to
differentiate simpledirection fromprogress.
AugusteComet fatherof sociology subscribedtosocialevolution. Hesawhuman
societies as progressingintousingscientific methods.
EmileDurkheimis oneof thefounders of functionalism. Hesawsocieties as moving
fromsimpleto complex socialstructures.
Functionalisttheory:
Functionalist sociologists attentiononwhat maintains society. Functionalist believethat
society likethehumanbody is abalancedsystem. Eachinstitutionserves afunction in
maintainingsociety.
Accordingtothem, changes comefromthree sources:-
1) Adjustments of thesystem toexogeneous change(e.g. war, conquest).
2) Growththroughstructuralandfunctional differentiation(e.g. changes inthesize
of populationthroughbirths anddeaths)
3) Innovations by members of groups withinsociety (example: inventions and
discovery inasociety)
Accordingtoequilibriumtheory changes inoneaspect of society requireadjustment inotheraspects. Equilibriumdisappears whentheseadjustment donot occurandit
threateningsocialorder. Talcolt Parsons equilibriumtheory includetheevolutionary
concept of continuingprocess. Critics arguethat functionalist minimize theeffects of
change. They alsoarguethat functionalist ignoretheuseof forceby societys powerful
tomaintainamirageof stability.
Conflicttheory:
Conflict theory is WeberMarxist basedtheory. It argues that individuals andgroups
withinsociety havedifferent amounts of materialandnonmaterialresources. Itemphasizethesocial, politicalormaterialinequality of asocialgroup. Fatherof the
socialconflict theory is KarlMarx.
Many socialscientists havecompared thesocialist economy andsocial organization
withwestern capitalist economy andorganization.
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Agents of socialchange. Agents of socialchangedonot haveparticularnameand
socialchangeis themovement of peopletowardchangeintheeconomic, environment
andsocialjustice.
Dependencytheory:This theory states that colonialismandneocolonialism havecreatedunequaleconomic relations betweenpoorandwealthy countries. It is usedto
explain thefailureof nonindustrialized countries todevelopeconomically without
beingaffectedof investments fromindustrialcountries.
Educationandsocialchange
Educationcanbeused as atooltoauthorizetheindividual. Students areabletosee
theirownroleintransformationthrough childcentered learningandsocietalchange
comes fromthecommon transformation of theindividuals. Educationhas brought
about phenomenalchanges inevery features of mens life. It has beenchiefly
instrumentalinpreparingtheway forthedevelopment of scienceandtechnology.Francis J. Brown statedthat educationis aprocess whichbrings changes inthe
behaviorof society. It enables every individualtocompletely participated inthe
activities of society. It is process tomakepositive contribution totheprogress of
society. Educationis oneof themajoragency of socializationandteachers and
educationalinstitutions as socializingagents.
Threethingsareimportantindescribingeducationasaninstrument:-
Theagents of change
Thecontent of change
Socialbackgroundof thosewhoaresought tobechangedi.e. students
Theeducationalsystemof any society is relatedtoits totalsocialsystemandthemain
functions of theeducationalsystemis totransmit theculturalheritagetothenew
generation
Science,technologyandsocialchange.
Technologicaladvances suchas automobiles , airplanes , radio, television, cellular
phones , computers , modems andfax machines havebrought majoradvances and
changes totheworld. Certainly, twentiethcentury technology has completely changedtheway peoplemeet , interact, learn, work, play , travel, worshipand dobusiness.
It referredtoas scienceandtechnology studies.
It is thestudy of howsocial,political andcultural values affect scientific research and
technological innovation.
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Science, technology andsocialchange scholars areinterestedinavariety of problems.
It includedtherelationshipbetweenscientific andtechnological innovation. STS is a
new andexpanding subject.
Thefollowinghaveaffected theattitudes,attitudes,valuesandbehaviorof
people acrosssocieties:-
Themodernsociety
Means of transportation
Medicine
Surgery
Mass mediaof communication
Spaceandcomputers technology etc.
Example: Automobiles andothermeans of moderntransportation havespread culture
by increasinginteraction amongpeoplewholivefaraway fromeachother.