FYI - MARKING CODE: PQC - Put the Ques into Context IRC - Issues Related to the Controversy

FYI - MARKING CODE:PQC - Put the Ques into ContextIRC - Issues Related to the Controversy

http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/nuremberg/meetthedefendants.html

http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/nuremberg/meetthedefendants.html

DATE: April 28 - 30, 2015TOPIC: Wartime Germany - 1939 to 1945

OBJECTIVES: 9. Describe the impact of WWII on morale in Germany.10. Explore the degree of opposition to the Nazi regime during WWII.11. Evaluate the efficiency of the Nazi war economy.12. Describe the Nazi reasoning for the ‘Final Solution’.

REVIEW:• Nazi Progression - a) gain power; b) bolster the image of the Führer

(RMPEP); c) ’Work Toward the Führer’ • ‘Cumulative Radicalisation’ and concept of ‘WTtF’.• All became more radical towards two central themes of ‘WTtF’ /

Weltanschauung: 1) Removal of the Jews and 2) Lebensraum • Case Studies - trace the ‘radicalisation’ aspects: 1) Boycott, 1933; 2)

Nuremburg Laws, 1935; 3) Kristallnacht - Nov 9, 1938; 4) Bouhler and Aktion T4 - 1939

TOPIC: Wartime Germany - 1939 to 1945

ARTICLE and VIDEO REVIEW:One Man Against TyrannyA lone German carpenter displays astounding determination, skill and ingenuity—and comes within 8 minutes of assassinating Adolf Hitler at the outset of World War II. So why is Georg Elser's name so nearly forgotten?

http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/one-man-against-tyranny-53850110/?no-ist

Come And See (1985) pt. 1 - 59 min 5 sechttp://www.dailymotion.com/video/xvgqu8_come-and-see-1985-pt-1_creationCome And See (1985) pt. 2 - 58 min 55 sechttp://www.dailymotion.com/video/xvhe2n_come-and-see-1985-pt-2_creation





http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xvgqu8_come-and-see-1985-pt-1_creation



http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xvhe2n_come-and-see-1985-pt-2_creation

http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xvhe2n_come-and-see-1985-pt-2_creation

TOPIC: Wartime Germany - 1939 to 1945OBJECTIVES: 9. Describe the impact of WWII on morale in Germany.

WARM UP:What factors are likely to lead a nation to favour or oppose war? What role does morale play? Discuss.

KD:1. Review these dates on pages 199 - 201 and determine what effect they would have on German morale for the ‘Home front’ :• End of 1940 - countries - F B H D N L• Sept 1940 - Battle of Britain• June 1941 Nov 1941• June 1942 Jan 31, 1943 May 1943• June 1944 June 6, 1944 Dec 1944 End of 1944• April 30, 1945 May 8, 1945


KD:2. Why is trade essential for any country? Think back to Year 10 History and the importance of trade in relation to peace.

3. The rationing in Germany is somewhat of an indicator for judging the feelings or morale for the war. Explain how they are connected. p. 202

4. Maybe for the first time, contempt for Nazi leadership was expressed in 1943. Why do you think the defeat at Stalingrad (Jan 1944) was especially damaging to German morale? p. 201, 203

5. It’s one thing to lose a war on foreign soil, but why might the British and American bombing campaigns be especially devastating? p. 203 - 204


KD ANSWERS / NOTES 1:1. Effect - on German morale for the ‘Home front’ :• End of 1940 - countries - F B H D N L - invaded and overwhelmed

• Sept 1940 - Battle of Britain - Operation Sealion - Britain managed to hold out and defeat the Luftwaffe

• June 1941 - Operation Barbarossa - Hitler turned his attention to his main goal, the destruction of the USSR. German forces invaded Russia on June 22, 1941.

• Nov 1941 - Leningrad and Moscow were under siege and 3 million Soviets had been taken prisoner. By December, heavy snow and freezing temperatures brought the Germans to a standstill 30 miles west of Moscow. Hitler underestimated the strength of the Red Army.

• June 1942 - Stalingrad Offensive with Hitler hoping to capture the Caucasus oil fields. General Zhukov organised ‘heroic’ resistance.


KD ANSWERS / NOTES 2:1. Effect - on German morale for the ‘Home front’ :• Jan 31, 1943 - General von Paulus surrendered - 92,000 men and 24

Generals were captured. • May 1943 - Axis forces in North Africa surrendered • June 1944 - Rome was captures by the Allies • June 6, 1944 - ‘Operation Overlord’ - 326,000 allied forces, led by

Eisenhower and Montgomery landed on five Normandy beaches to begin the liberation of France.

• Dec 1944 - Battle of the Bulge - allied forces halted a German advance through the Ardennes, staging for an advance across the Rhine.

• End of 1944 - all of Russia had been liberated.• April 30, 1945 - Red Army closed in on Hitler’s underground bunker at

the Reich Chancellery. Hitler committed suicide. • May 8, 1945 - Admiral Dönitz surrendered to the Allies.


KD ANSWERS / NOTES 3:2. Trade - importance of trade in relation to peace:• Trade means money, goods and jobs, which encourages nations to stay

peaceful.

3. Rationing in Germany - indicator for judging morale for the war:• Very few Germans wanted war but one reason for their continuing

support was that the regime was highly sensitive to the issues of rationing and shortages on the Home Front.

• The Nazi leadership intended to avoid a repetition of the scarcities in basic foodstuffs, and clothing that caused such widespread unrest in WWI.

• Considerable sacrifices were not made by the consumer until 1942 – the rationing system introduced in late 1939 was generally fair and sufficient, although the quality of the products declined.


KD ANSWERS / NOTES 4:3. Rationing in Germany - indicator for judging morale for the war:• There was greater flexibility in rationing in Germany than in Britain

• Extra rations for those undertaking strenuous occupations & Christmas bonuses – propaganda stunts that masked difficulties

• The regime placed a significant important on maintaining adequate supplies

• The German population faced difficulties and shortages, but at least until the very end of the war, they did not face the hardship or the levels of inflation seen in WWI


KD ANSWERS / NOTES 5:4. Contempt for Nazi leadership in 1943 - defeat at Stalingrad (Jan 1944) was especially damaging to German morale:• The war against the USSR launched in June 1941 provoked concern.

• The failure to win outright victory in the east led many to question Nazi ideology for the first time.

• As German forces were defeated in North Africa, the Soviet Union, the Atlantic and Italy, there was a greater contempt expressed for the leadership of the Nazi movement.

• The Führer was prone to greater criticism and jokes as he became increasingly isolated.

• The defeat at Stalingrad clearly marked a turning point in morale.


KD ANSWERS / NOTES 6:5. British and American bombing campaigns - especially devastating:• The bombing campaign undertaken by the RAF and the USAF was

partly aimed at destroying the German war industry but also at undermining morale on the Home Front.

• It caused widespread death and destruction: 305,000 Germans were killed by Allied bombing, 780,000 were injured and nearly 2 million homes were destroyed.

• By 1943, the population in areas such as the Rhineland, which was systematically bombed, had become demoralized.

• The sense of impending doom was made worse by knowledge of the advance of the Soviet armies. As the reality of certain defeat dawned, Nazi propaganda became ever less effective.

DATE: May 3 - 7, 2015TOPIC: Wartime Germany - 1939 to 1945

OBJECTIVES: 10. Explore the degree of opposition to the Nazi regime during WWII.

REVIEW:• Battle dates and effect on German morale for the ‘Home front’

• Rationing in Germany - indicator for judging morale for the war.

• Contempt for Nazi leadership in 1943 - defeat at Stalingrad (Jan 1944) damage to German morale.

• British and American bombing campaigns - especially devastating.

TOPIC: Wartime Germany - 1939 to 1945OBJECTIVES: 10. Explore the degree of opposition to the Nazi regime during WWII.

KD:1. Opposition by both the Catholic and Protestant Churches seems to be motivated more by attempts to maintain independence and integrity within the system rather than by philosophical objection to Nazism. What objections then did Catholics actually have? p. 204 - 205 Also review pages 131, 160 and 161 for perspective.

2. Would you characterise Opposition from the Left as a serious threat to the Nazi regime during WWII? Explain. p. 205 Also review pages 128 - 130, 150 - 151 for perspective.

3. Why might opposition from Youth Groups be significant? p. 205 - 206 Also review pages 161 - 162 for perspective.


KD:4. Although Conservative opposition was limited, there were many with great courage and conviction prepared to challenge the ‘amorality’ of the Nazi regime. Describe the aims of the Goerdeler Group and the Kreisau Circle. p. 206 - 207

5. Do you think Hitler ever really had unconditional support of the army? In what ways might the Gestapo / SS and ‘Operation Valkyrie’ (July 20, 1944) influence your opinion? p. 207 - 209 Also review pages 147, 157 - 158 for perspective.


VIDEO REVIEW:Valkyrie:The Plot to Kill Hitler 01 Valkyrie Part 1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Td9xCQETEVQ&list=PL671405F99B375E28<iframe width="560" height="315"

src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Td9xCQETEVQ?list=PL671405F99B375E28" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>

Real Valkyrie - 9 min 24 sechttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FQtBa5Hd5Jo<iframe width="420" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/FQtBa5Hd5Jo"

frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>

Hitler's Death The Final Report - Operation Myth - 48 min 39 sec https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJL1P7D2wa0<iframe width="420" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/oJL1P7D2wa0"


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Td9xCQETEVQ&list=PL671405F99B375E28



https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FQtBa5Hd5Jo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FQtBa5Hd5Jo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJL1P7D2wa0




KD ANSWERS 1:1. Objections Catholics had: p. 204 - 205, p. 131, 160, 161 perspective• In some instances ‘loyal reluctance’ was tested.

• In April 1941, the Gauleiter of Munich and Upper Bavaria, Adolf Wagner, demanded that all crucifixes in Bavarian schools be removed.

• His order met with a storm of protest. Meetings, letters, petitions and even demonstrations from angry Bavarians demanding that the crucifixes be restored forced Wagner to overturn his order.

• Most Bavarians were not expressing a dislike of the regime – they were mostly defending their distinct regional culture, without challenging the authority of the Führer.


KD ANSWERS 2:1. Objections Catholics had: p. 204 - 205, p. 131, 160, 161 perspective• Bishop von Galen - courageous acts of the war

• In August 1941 Bishop von Galen openly challenged the Nazi policy of killing asylum patients as part of the T4 programme.

• The closure of local monasteries moved von Galen to attack the policy of so-called euthanasia from the pulpit

• Acting pragmatically, Hitler called off the campaign to close religious institutions and ended the T4 programme. Any similarity to Solidarity?

• Opposition from the Catholic and Protestant churches towards the regime, however, was motivated more by an attempt to maintain independence and integrity within the system than by a philosophical objection to Nazism. Dissent was individual, not institutional.


KD ANSWERS 3:2. Characterise Opposition from the Left as a serious: p. 205 Also review pages 128 - 130, 150 - 151 for perspective.• The Nazi-Soviet Pact undermined any communist opposition to the

regime - at least until Operation Barbarossa in June 1941.

• Opposition came from individuals and underground groups – rather than a single united movement. The KPD and the SPD only formed small groups of opposition, limiting their effectiveness.

• Most important for the communists were the 89 resistance cells set up in factories and coordinated by Robert Uhrig. They produced papers and pamphlets attacking the regime and calling for acts of resistance.

• The main weakness of the communist resistance was that it was vulnerable to Gestapo infiltration – in 1943, the communist resistance movement was devastated and Wilhelm Knöchel (the leader of the communist resistance) was arrested.


KD ANSWERS 4:3. Opposition from Youth Groups - significant: p. 205 - 206 p. 161 - 162 for perspective.

• Some young people had already become alienated by the regimentation of youth groups, and this mood increased as the focus on military training intensified.

• The absence or loss of a father encouraged delinquency, drinking, smoking and promiscuity among young people.

• A minority of young people, repelled by the brutality of the dictatorship actively opposed the regime.

• Disaffected working class youths formed groups such as the Edelweiss Pirates who attacked members of the Hitler Youth

• Hans and Sophie Scholl led Munich students in the White Rose Group distributing anti-Nazi leaflets and attempting to sabotage the German war effort. They were arrested, tried and executed in February 1943.


KD ANSWERS 5:4. Aims of the Goerdeler Group and the Kreisau Circle: p. 206 - 207• From 1941, Carl Goerdeler had created links with the dissident

General Beck and created a loose group that drew in a range of conservative and military opponents to the regime based on ‘conscience’ against the Nazis – wanted to build diplomatic links with the Allies.

• Another significant centre of conservative opposition to the regime was the Kreisau Circle. Starting in 1941, it drew in those critical of the regime from a range of intellectual traditions and backgrounds (Helmuth Graf von Moltke). Their aim was to discuss the political and social landscape after the Nazi regime has fallen.

OBJECTIVES: 10. Explore the degree of opposition to the Nazi regime during WWII.

KD ANSWERS 6:4. Aims of the Goerdeler Group and the Kreisau Circle: p. 206 - 207• Common ground - Kreisau Circle and the Goerdeler Group: a) All wished to see the restoration of human rights and freedoms denied by the Nazis b) End of the war and the restoration of the rule of law.

• Areas of Disagreement: c) Kreisau Circle wanted a democratic Germany - return of Länder. d) The Goerdeler Group rejected democracy in favour of an aristocratically governed society. c) Conservatives looked for political consensus after the war with a mixed economy of private and state ownership.

• Conservative opposition to the regime was not great, but individuals of great courage and conviction were prepared to challenge the amorality of the Nazi regime.


KD ANSWERS 7:5. Hitler - unconditional support of the army - Gestapo / SS and ‘Operation Valkyrie’ (July 20, 1944) influences: p. 207 - 209 - p. 147, 157 - 158

• Attempt by Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg to assassinate Hitler. • Aug 2, 1934 - von Hindenburg died and Hitler declared himself

‘Führer and Reich Chancellor.’

• Aug 2, 1934 - Defense Minister Blomberg ordered every member of the military to take an oath of loyalty to the Führer. This was an attempt to establish influence over Hitler.

• In 1937 at the Hossbach Conference Hitler clarified his thoughts on foreign policy, including Lebensraum.


KD ANSWERS 8:5. Hitler - unconditional support of the army - Gestapo / SS and ‘Operation Valkyrie’ influences: p. 207 - 209 - p. 147, 157 - 158 for perspective.

• However, leading members of the armed forces were skeptical about his plans including the Reich War Minister (Blomberg) and the Commander-in-Chief of the Army (Fritsch). In their view Germany was not ready to go to war against Britain or France.

• In January 1938 the Blomberg-Fritsch Affair led to the consolidation of power by February, 1938. By 1939, the army had became a fully integrated part of the Nazi regime – the oath of allegiance and most generals were ideologically committed to the regime.

• It was not until 1943 that a serious nationwide opposition movement led by dissident generals emerged. For a few this was the result of long-term opposition to a regime they had despised on moral grounds.


KD ANSWERS 9:5. Hitler - unconditional support of the army - Gestapo / SS and ‘Operation Valkyrie’ influences: p. 207 - 209 - p. 147, 157 - 158 for perspective.

• The increasing political interference of the SS had now become intolerable. Some generals from the Eastern Front were shocked by atrocities committed against partisans and Jews.

• Opposition was triggered by the growing belief that Germany as losing the war.

• U.S. entry into the war in December 1941, the failure to defeat Russia, Montgomery’s victory at El Alamein in 1942 and Germany’s catastrophic defeat at Stalingrad made it evident that the war had turned decisively against Germany.

DATE: May 10 - 14, 2015TOPIC: Wartime Germany - 1939 to 1945 - War Economy

OBJECTIVES: 11. Evaluate the efficiency of the Nazi war economy.

REVIEW:• Opposition by both the Catholic and Protestant Churches. Gauleiter of

Munich and Upper Bavaria, Adolf Wagner vs. Bishop von Galen and the Nazi policy of the T4 programme.

• Opposition from the Left - Nazi-Soviet Pact - Operation Barbarossa - Wilhelm Knöchel (the leader of the communist resistance).

• Opposition from Youth Groups - Edelweiss Pirates - Hans and Sophie Scholl led the White Rose Group (arrested and executed in Feb 1943).

• Goerdeler Group (Carl Goerdeler and dissident General Beck) and the Kreisau Circle (Helmuth Graf von Moltke).

TOPIC: Wartime Germany - 1939 to 1945 - War EconomyOBJECTIVES: 11. Evaluate the efficiency of the Nazi war economy.

VIDEO REVIEW:Albert Speer: The Nazi who said Sorryhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AtHEuU50S8M<iframe width="420" height="315"

src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/AtHEuU50S8M" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>

Henry T. King, Jr. (1981) interviews Nazi war criminal Albert Speer (part 1)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5IF7VxIA2aI<iframe width="420" height="315"

src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/5IF7VxIA2aI" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AtHEuU50S8M

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AtHEuU50S8M

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5IF7VxIA2aI

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5IF7VxIA2aI


VIDEO REVIEW:

The Nazi Economic Miracle - 4 min 24 sec http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A7m6b1cyRyo<iframe width="420" height="315"

src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/A7m6b1cyRyo" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>

The Story of the Third Reich Part 1 of 15 - 9 min 12 sechttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6B4l9g0wqjs&list=PL036939611638155A<iframe width="420" height="315"

src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6B4l9g0wqjs" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A7m6b1cyRyo

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A7m6b1cyRyo

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6B4l9g0wqjs&list=PL036939611638155A

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6B4l9g0wqjs&list=PL036939611638155A


WARM UP:What is ‘TOTAL WAR’ ? How does the Blitzkrieg strategy contradict the ‘TOTAL WAR’?

KD:1. The demands of war forced the Nazis to shift their labour, investment and priorities towards munitions. What challenges did they face through 1943? p. 209 - 210

2. Describe Albert Speer’s roles (as Minister of Weapons and Munitions - Feb 1942 - and Reich Minister for Armaments and Production - Sep 1943) and the Rationalisation strategy. Give examples. p. 210 - 211


KD:3. As the war progressed, what other challenges did the Nazi face? How do these compare with their opponents? p. 211 - 215 Also review page 200 (Soviet relocations) for perspective.


KD ANSWERS / NOTES 1:1. The demands of war - shift towards munitions - challenges, 1943: p. 209 - 210

• Competing agencies all took a part in coordinating Nazi armaments programs - but in conflicting and overlapping ways.

Minister of War - General Thomas Minister of Economics - Walter Funk Office of Four Years Plan - Hermann Göering Minister of Munitions (March 1940) - Fritz Todt

• German economy was NOT fully mobilised for war because it fought a series of Blitzkrieg wars.

• In the arms industry, output per head fell from 1939 - 1940 by 12.5% due to the effects of conscription and the concentration on consumer industries – which saw an output increase by nearly 16%



• Operation Barbarossa changed all of that. Military expenditure rose from 17.2 billion Reichsmarks in 1939 to 55.9 billion Reichsmarks in 1942.

• Shortage of labour - by May 1940 there were 3.5 million fewer workers in the workforce than one year before.

Made up by 800,000 French POWs by October 1940 and other nationals, making a total of around 2 million foreign workers.

This wasn’t enough to satisfy the growing demand (1.7 million workers drafted in 1941 and a further 1.4 million called up between May 1941 and May 1942).



• Plenipotentiary (pleno pa ten cher ree) General for Labour Allocation - Fritz Sauckel issued a compulsory labour decree for

all occupied countries in August 1942.

• By September, the Vichy government (the puppet French gov of the Germans) established compulsory labour for men and women between the ages 18 – 65.

This brought in around 2.5 million new workers

By the end of 1942, there were 6.4 million foreign workers in Germany

Fritz Sauckel


KD ANSWERS / NOTES 4:2. Albert Speer’s roles and the Rationalisation strategy - examples: p. 210 - 211

• On Dec 3, 1941 Hitler issued the Führer Order on the ‘Simplification and Increased Efficiency in Armaments Production’ – demanded rationalisation of armaments industry.

• Albert Speer was appointed Minister for Weapons and Munitions in February 1942 and Reich Minister for Armaments and Production - Sep 1943.

• A campaign of total war was initiated by Goebbels in February 1943 - called for a universal labour service and the closure of all non-essential businesses.



• Speer developed his plans for the rationalization of industry and the more efficient control of raw material distribution.

• Speer’s aim was to introduce labour, time and space saving measures thereby boosting production.

• The Armaments Commission was set up in 1943 to standardize production, allowing greater mass production - results were impressive:

Promotion of better use of floor space and reduced tank models (18 to 7).

Central control of raw materials, the reduction of handworking practices and more realistic contracts saw a rise in output per head in armament – 32% higher in 1943 than in 1939.



• Better processes cut the amount of precious raw materials used – guns were produced with 93% less aluminum.

• A significant improvement in industrial production – BMW engines for planes.

• Production lines were introduced, cutting production time. • Output per worker rose by 60% from 1939 – 1944 despite the Allied

bombing. • Even through the numbers in the industrial workforce increased by

only 11% between 1941 and 1943, the production of all weapons grew by 130%.

• Changes in work methods, increased mechanization, better distribution of materials, a more equitable wage structure for German workers and the introduction of mass production techniques resulted in increases in productivity.


KD ANSWERS / NOTES 7:War Economy Sequence:• 1st Labour Shortage

• 2nd Albert Speer - Minister for Weapons and MunitionsReich Minister for Armaments and Production

• 3rd Rationalisation - increased output with increased military budget

• 4th Changed work methods, distribution of materials.

• 5th Mass production.

• 6th % changed - the industrial workforce increased by only 11% between 1941 and 1943, the production of all weapons grew by 130%.


KD ANSWERS / NOTES 8:3. Other challenges did the Nazis faced - opponents: p. 211 - 215 Also review page 200 (Soviet relocations) for perspective.

a) Continuing Chaos - Looting and ‘what to do’ with acquired lands - businesses and regulation by the State

• The Nazi state was too chaotic, with too many competing agencies/power blocs for any consistent policy to be formulated

• Until the ideology was undermined by military failure, its aims were supported at least implicitly by large sections of the financial and industrial world.

• Following the Bomb Plot, Goebbels was appointed to the post of Reich Plenipotentiary for Total War (pleno pa ten cher ree) – giving him even greater control over production and allowed his ally Speer more scope for change.


KD ANSWERS / NOTES 9:3. Other challenges did the Nazis faced - opponents: p. 211 - 215

a) Continuing Chaos: • From January 1945, the German economy was in a state of collapse

• As defeat became inevitable, Hitler ordered the evacuation of all in the path of the advancing armies and a ‘scorched earth policy’ – Speer ignored this order who refused to destroy German industry in the west, realizing it would be essential for Germany to recover after the war.



b) Foreign Workers• The German economy increasingly relied on foreign workers whose

productivity was 60 - 80% lower than German workers.

• From 1943 to the end of the war 2.5 million extra foreign workers were employed and all eastern workers (March 1944) were given the same pay and benefits to increase production.

• Attempts to improve conditions were far too little and too late – thousands died on projects such as the V2 rocket production for want of basic food, shelter and sanitary provision.

• Due to poor treatment, the recruitment of millions of forced labourers failed to solve Germany’s foreign labour problems.



c) Iron ore supplies and varying qualities• Germany didn’t have the natural resources, iron, coal, oil that it

needed for sustained war effort. It lacked reserves of high quality iron ore and became dependent on imports.

• In 1940, Germany imported 5.4 million tons and in 1943, 5.6 million tons of iron ore from Sweden.

• The annexations of Austria, Bohemia, Poland and Alsace-Lorraine brought with them huge quantities of iron ore in 1940 - producing 6.7 million tons by 1943.

• Supplies of iron increased from 13.4 million to 20.2 million tons between 1940 -1943.

• Other areas conquered brought raw materials: e.g nickel from Norway.



d) German limitations - lacked the resources to maintain a major war.• Germany needed to annex or have control of the natural resources of

other nations in order to fight a major war.

• German access to oil supplies was limited.

• Chronic shortage of steel throughout the war.

• Shortage of coal – the Soviets destroyed all they had to leave behind.

• The failure of the Nazis to fully exploit the raw materials of the counties they occupied was crucial in preventing the expansion of the German economy necessary to fight a major war.



e) Female labour• Only 200,000 extra women entered the workforce between 1939 - 44.

• In 1939 – 14.6 million women in the workforce/ 1941 – 14.2 million and / 1944 14.9 million.

• Hitler didn’t allow conscription for women – ideologically based – kinder, kuche, kirche (children, kitchen, church).

• Women were encouraged to raise families – 1 million more children born in 1939 than 6 years before and the wives of soldiers received good benefits.

• Large numbers of women worked in agriculture and textiles – nature of women’s employment made it hard to redistribute women into essential war industry.



e) Conclusion - Sequence of Nazi Problems:• Shortage of Raw materials and Labour

• The economy was converted too late to TOTAL WAR The Nazi HAD to rely on a consumer economy early on to

maintain legitimacy and support.

Very few Germans wanted war but one reason for their continuing support was that the regime was highly sensitive to the issues of rationing and shortages on the Home Front.

Considerable sacrifices were not made by the consumer until 1942 – the rationing system introduced in late 1939 was generally fair and sufficient, although the quality of the products declined

DATE: May 17, 2015TOPIC: Wartime Germany - 1939 to 1945 - ‘Final Solution’

OBJECTIVES: 12. Describe the Nazi reasoning for the ‘Final Solution’.

REVIEW:• Competing agencies - coordinating Nazi armaments programs.

• Effect of Blitzkrieg strategy and campaign of total war

• Shortage of Labour

• Albert Speer’s - Reich Minister for Armaments and Production - Sep 1943 and Rationalisation strategy.

• Foreign Workers

• Germany didn’t have the natural resources, iron, coal, oil that it needed for sustained war effort.

• Role of Women workers.

TOPIC: Wartime Germany - 1939 to 1945 - ‘Final Solution’OBJECTIVES: 12. Describe the Nazi reasoning for the ‘Final Solution’.

VIDEO REVIEW:Wannsee Conference (Intro) – 6 min 8 sechttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x3up5SZBZdY&index=7&list=PLDxGApEUGxBMVdb6GC4CQUbEV108SjgJl

Wannsee Conference- Conspiracy 2001 (Hebrew) - P.2 - 7 min 03 sechttps://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=KBhOzD-k-VQ&index=2&list=PLDxGApEUGxBMVdb6GC4CQUbEV108SjgJl

Auschwitz The Nazis and the Final Solution complete - 47 min 05 sechttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gz9TF_IXmG8<iframe width="420" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/gz9TF_IXmG8"


BBC's World at War- The Final Solution part 1 - 1 hour 35 minhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y9_sDp1PGYg<iframe width="420" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/y9_sDp1PGYg"


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x3up5SZBZdY&index=7&list=PLDxGApEUGxBMVdb6GC4CQUbEV108SjgJl

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x3up5SZBZdY&index=7&list=PLDxGApEUGxBMVdb6GC4CQUbEV108SjgJl

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KBhOzD-k-VQ&index=2&list=PLDxGApEUGxBMVdb6GC4CQUbEV108SjgJl



http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gz9TF_IXmG8

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gz9TF_IXmG8

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y9_sDp1PGYg

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y9_sDp1PGYg


KD QUESTIONS:1. The ‘Final Solution’ was likely a consequence of the struggle between International Jewry and the Hitler’s Aryan ‘world view’ (Weltanschauung).

What factors initiated this policy? p. 216 - 217

Vernichtung - annihilation http://www.forvo.com/word/vernichtung/

http://www.forvo.com/word/vernichtung/

http://www.forvo.com/word/vernichtung/


KD QUESTIONS:2. Trace the Turning Points in the Nazi radicalisation of the ‘Jewish Question’. use pages 218 - 222 • Victor Klemperer• Sep 1939 • Summer 1940• June 1941• Autumn 1941• Deportations - Gauleiter concerns - Jewish crowding p. 219 - 220• WTtF from Below / Cumulative radicalisation p. 220• Dec 1941• Jan 20, 1942 - Wannsee Conference• Extermination• Summary - WTtF / Cumulative Radicalisation


KD:

Reinhard Heydrich - SD - Sicherheitsdienst (SS Security Service) chaired the January 1942 Wannsee Conference, which formalised plans for the final solution to the Jewish Question—the deportation and extermination of all Jews in German-occupied territory.

Adolf Eichmann was a German Nazi SS lieutenant colonel and one of the major organisers of ‘Final Solution’. Eichmann was charged by Heydrich with facilitating and managing the logistics of mass deportation of Jews to ghettos and extermination camps in German-occupied Eastern Europe during World War II. In 1960, he was captured in Argentina by the Israel’s Mossad. Following a widely publicised trial in Israel, he was found guilty of war crimes and hanged in 1962.


KD ANSWERS / NOTES 1:1. Factors that initiated the ‘Final Solution’: p. 216 - 217

• Racial policy became the central important theme in the process of the Nazis radicalisation.

• Jan 30, 1939 - Hitler spoke to the Reichstag of a Prophecy - linking his ambitions of war with racial struggle. He professed ‘the Vernichtung (annihilation) of the Jewish race in Europe’. This was the ultimate struggle.

• In the 1930s there was never an official policy for Vernichtung, but racial responses were commonly ‘from below’. Anti-Semitism was limited by the need to ensure economic recovery and maintain the ‘veneer of legality’.


KD ANSWERS / NOTES 2:1. Factors that initiated the ‘Final Solution’: p. 216 - 217

• Vernichtung

• The war lead to a further tightening of restriction on Jews: Sep 1, 1939 - a curfew was introduced for all Jews

Sep 21, 1939 - Reinhard Heydrich ordered the concentration of Jews around railway junctions.

All radio sets were confiscated from Jews in Germany

Jan 1940 - all ration books belonging to Jews were to be stamped with a capital ‘J’ to make sure that the didn’t claim goods barred to Jews such as leather.

April 1943 - German Jews lose their German citizenship.


KD ANSWERS / NOTES 3:2. Turning Points in the Nazi radicalisation of the ‘Jewish Question’: p 218 - 222

• Victor Klemperer - retired Jewish professor at University of Dresden. He kept a diary which is not the most vivid source of information about the day-to-day life of Jews in Nazi Germany.

• Sep 1939 - successful conquest of Poland and much of western Europe brought millions more Jews under direct control of the Nazis

• Summer 1940 - Heydrich suggested that the 3.25 million Jews under German control should be moved – i.e. Madagascar. In reality, it was Vernichtung – Madagascar could not sustain the Jewish population, and most Jews would die during transportation. The plan relied on the defeat of the British and on German control of the high seas.



• June 1941 - invasion of the USSR increased the number of Jews under Nazi control and increased the possibility of relocating Europe’s Jews to the other side of the Urals. The plan, however, relied on military victory. SS troops were authorized by Hitler to exterminate Jews in Russia – 8 months later, 700,000 Jews had been murdered.

• Autumn 1941 - Hitler dithered about the fate of the Jews. Shooting them was unrealistic and messy. Hitler considered using them as potential paws/hostages in any future dealings with the USA.

• In mid-September, Hitler changed his attitude for two main reasons: August 1941 - Stalin ordered the deportation to Siberia of 600,000

ethnic Germans and another 400,000 followed. Hitler’s fury at Stalin’s order was matched by his response to

Roosevelt’s order on 11 September 1941 that the US Navy should shoot on sight at any German warships considered as threatening.



Deportations - Gauleiter concerns - Jewish crowding p. 219 - 220• German advance slowed - Hitler had to make a decision about the

Jewish Question.

• Late 1941 - pressure came from Gauleiter in the west, including Goebbels, that they should be allowed to deport ‘their’ Jews. Demands came from Gauleiter in the East as well for permission to take more radical action (i.e. extermination).

• Sep 16, 1941 - Hitler and Himmler decided for deportations to the east. Kershaw argues that the decision to deport to the east brought the ‘Final Solution’ a massive step further. Hitler’s agreement to deportation of the Jews to the east led to new initiatives from numerous local and regional Nazi leaders. This was another example of WTtF from Below / Cumulative Radicalisation.



Deportations - Gauleiter concerns - Jewish crowding p. 219 - 220• October 1941 - in Lublin, the Police Chief Globocnik ordered the

construction of gassing facilities at Belzec for killing Jews incapable of work. In Lodz, Jews were being shot and gassed in vans.

• Dec 1941 - gas vans began their work of killing 100,000 Jews of the Warthegau at Chelmno.

Dec 1941 - gas vans began their work of killing 100,000 Jews of the Warthegau at Chelmno.



Deportations - Gauleiter concerns - Jewish crowding p. 219 - 220• October 1941 - Gestapo chief, Heinrich Müller, published Himmler’s

order that no Jew could now emigrate from the Reich.

• Nov 21, 1942 - Hitler demanded an ‘aggressive policy’ to rid Berlin of Jews. In late November, invitations were issued for the Wansee Conference to discuss the Jewish Question (Final Solution).

• Dec 11, 1941 - declaration of war against the USA.

• Dec 18, 1941 - Hitler told Himmler that the Jews were to be exterminated as partisans – Russian Jews were already being shot. This authorised the extermination of all European Jews.



Jan 20, 1942 - Wannsee Conference:• Chaired by Reinhard Heydrich to coordinate the Nazi government

into steps to be taken next on the Jewish Question.

• Final Solution created a huge logistics effort.

• By Spring 1942 - construction of the extermination centres began. A systematic programme for the annihilation of Europe’s Jews had been formed and death camps at Belzec, Treblinka, Sobibor, Majdanek and Auschwitz operated.

Extermination / Death CampsBelzec, Treblinka, Sobibor, Majdanek and Auschwitz



Extermination:• Auschwitz - the largest camp - over 1 million murdered • Treblinka – 800,000• Sobibor - 300,000

• July 1944 - transporting Jews by railway to death camps was priority.

• The pursuit of the Final Solution clarifies the relationship between ideological considerations and the demands of the economy for labour and materials.

• The Final Solution was maybe the last attempt to achieve Hitler’s Weltanschauung.

• Jan 1945 - Auschwitz was liberated by Soviet troops, with 6 million Jews murdered. Radicalisation



Summary - WTtF / Cumulative Radicalisation• In the fulfillment of the Final Solution, complicity was huge - from

the Army to a Civil Service as willing as ever ‘WTtF’ .

• Hitler’s role was in authorizing more than directing but also decisive and indispensable.

• Part of the pressure for ‘a solution’ came from - WTtF from Below / Cumulative Radicalisation.

• The Final Solution was the worst example of how thousands had be come trapped in ‘WTtF’ even it if meant selling their soul.

• The process of radicalization, was sped up by the war, and had led to ever more murderous initiatives from above and from below.

Documents

FYI - MARKING CODE: PQC - Put the Ques into Context IRC - Issues Related to the Controversy