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G. K. Panda gopalkrishna_panda@yahoo.co.uk Climate Change, Coastal Vulnerability & Policy Choices

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Focus on Foot prints of climate extremes i.e. Floods, Cyclones, Lightning, Heat Waves and Coastal Erosion Impacts and Vulnerabilities Practices and policy options

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Areas of Possible Submergence

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ORISSA : TOP 10 DISASTERS BASED ON No. of Deaths (1970 2007) Sl.NoYearDeathHazard 119999924Cyclone 219715307Cyclone 319982042Heatwaves 42007351Lightning 52005303Lightning 62004298Lightning 72006283Lightning 82001270Lightning 92003262Lightning 102005235Heat waves

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Orissa : Total Property Loss by Hazards (1970-2007) 83% 2% 15% 0% FloodCycloneLightningFire

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1970 to 2000 - 37 / Yr 2001- 2008 - 267/ Yr 1970 -2008- 79 / Yr) Seasonal peaks shifting from June- August to April October.

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Climatic Hazards : Population Affected Climatic Hazards of Orissa Population Affected Climatic Hazards include: Cyclone & Flood Annually >1 lakh people are affected from coastal Dist. Flood & Cyclone accounts for 93 % of population affected.

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Climatic Hazards : Loss of Life Climatic Hazards of Orissa Loss of Human Life Climatic Hazards includes: Cyclone, Flood, Lightening & Heat Wave Death due to climatic hazards increasing since 1998

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Max. Temp ( o C) of coastal stations of Orissa (1965-2010) MarchAprilMay Balasore Chandabali Paradeep Puri Gopalpur

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Heat waves : Human Death (1998-2007) Annual average human death is 5 times of Flood. Highest human death was in 1998 (2042). Coastal & North Western dists show higher human death

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Lightning : Human Death (1998-2007) Human Causality Increasing. Annual average human death is 205. Highest causality is in 2007 (351).

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Puri Photo courtesy: Prof. G.K. Panda Dept. of Geography, Utkal University Bhubaneswar Coastal Erosion in Orissa

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Coastal Erosion in Orissa Gopalpur

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Podampeta village 10 km NE of Ganjam, Orissa (September 2011 dated Newspaper clipping)

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Coastal Erosion in Pentha Village & Puri Marine Drive

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(a) Changing Morphology of the Spits, Bay Mouth Bars & Islands around Hukitola Bay 1929 1994 2008 (a)(b) 11 2 3 4 5 2 3 5 4

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Coastal Erosion in Pentha Village

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LITTORAL DRIFT WIND DIRECTION BAYOFBENGAL 10 25 50 75 100 Agents along Orissa Coast Coastal Wind Costal Wave Littoral Drift Storm Surges Flood Discharge Tides Human Interference PARADIP GOPALPUR CHANDBALI ADVANCING WAVE CREST

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IRS P6, LISS-III Image of Northern Part of Orissa Coastal Zone from Subarnarekha Mouth to Mahanadi Mouth B E N G A L B A Y O F 25 Km. Buffer Zone

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Erasama Plain Puri Plain Chilika Ganjam Plain B A Y O F B E N G A L IRS P6, LISS-III Image of Southern Part of Orissa Coastal Zone from Mahanadi Mouth to South of Rusikulya Mouth. 25 Km. Buffer Zone

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Possible Impacts on. Coastal Habitation Fishing Communities Low & Marginal Farmers Daily Wagers & Ag. Laborers Agriculture & Plantations Small Traders & Artisans

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Cyclone & Storm Surges Flood & Tidal Inundations Coastal erosion Migration of Sand dunes. Popln. Pres. & LU change Coastal encroachments Loss of Mangroves Loss of Habitat & Bio-Diversity Mangrove based LHSS Fishing & Aquaculture Eco-Tourism Plantations ProblemsPotential for LHSS

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50 % of the farmers had already applied adaptation strategies to respond to their experience of climate change. i.e changes in crops, crop varieties, planting dates, along with increased irrigation and supplementing livestock. Impediments to adaptation, including poverty, lack of savings and access to credit, insecure property rights and lack of social protection mechanisms to insure against the risks of using new techniques or technologies. Microcredit programs can provide the direct provision of livestock or poultry through asset transfers

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Mitigation Options Interventions Capacity Building & Knowledge Management Adaptations Policy and Programs Research & Development

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Mitigation Opportunities.. Interventions 1. Reduction of Climate Change Hazards through Coastal Afforestation with community focus. 2. Providing drinking water to coastal communities to combat enhanced salinity due to sea level rise. 3. Construction of flood shelter, information and assistance centre to cope with enhanced recurrent floods in major floodplains.

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Capacity Building 1.Capacity building for integrating Climate Change in planning, designing of infrastructure, conflict management and land use zoning & management. 2. Climate change and adaptation information dissemination to vulnerable community to raise awareness. 3. Mainstreaming adaptation into policies and Programs in different sectors, focusing on disaster management, water, agriculture, health and industry

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Reducing risks to Livelihoods through Developing context specific crop packages and promoting improved agricultural practices Addressing Fishermans issues Pre- flood paddy cultivation, Safe storage of seeds and food- grains, Promoting organic agriculture Formation and strengthening of Farmers Club Promotion of crop insurance

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1. Overall Objective Enhance disaster risk reduction & reduce vulnerability of the poor women, men and children with increased resilience to risks & preparedness and new challenges emanating from climate change. 2. Economic Justice Need to focus on policies & programs to ensure poor peoples right to resilient and sustainable livelihoods through the reduction of poverty and vulnerability. 3. Essential Services Policies on empowering poor people to realize their rights to accessible and affordable health, education, water and sanitation.

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Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, ORISSA T hank Y ou