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GABY MARTIN
Albert Bandura: A Study on Self-Efficacy
Biography
Born on December 4, 1925 in Alberta, Canada
Graduated from University of British Columbia with B.A. in psychology in 1949
Received M.A. in 1951 and Ph.D. in clinical psychology at University of Iowa in 1952
Postdoctoral internship at Wichita Guidance Center in Kansas
Biography
Joined faculty at Stanford University in 1953 Met Robert Sears, a
pioneer in social learning theory
Bandura became interested in social learning theory himself
Elected president of the American Psychological Association 1974
Continues to teach at Stanford today
Social Learning Theory
We learn to interact with one another to obtain rewards Similar to Skinner
We learn in social situations Through imitation By observing models
Bandura’s studies: Powerful effects models have on behavior
Bobo doll studies How our efforts affect our beliefs in our capacities (self-
efficacy)
Socialization Studies
Socialization is the process by which societies influence the behavior of their members
Bandura’s studies: Aggression (Bobo doll) Gender roles Prosocial behavior Self-regulation: when a person begins to depend
less on externalities in society to regulate his/her own behavior
Self-Efficacy
Self-efficacy is “the belief in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action to manage prospective situations” Involves self-observation which is when a person
observes his/her own performance and compares it to his/her own standards
Self-efficacy appraisal: a conclusion made after a performance on one’s general ability “I’m not good at math”
Self-Efficacy
Self-efficacy comes from Actual performance: failure or success Vicarious experience: failure or success of others Verbal persuasion: pep talks Physiololgical cues: bodily cues
Statement of Problem How do actual performance, vicarious experience,
verbal persuasion and physiological cues affect a child’s self-efficacy?
Do these sources of self-efficacy really make a great impact on a child’s performance?
My Study
Setting St. Clement’s Episcopal School in El Paso, TX
Procedure 20 8th grade students divided into four groups:
Actual performance Vicarious experience Verbal persuasion Physiological cues
Each group took a quick math test along with a questionnaire to fill out before and after the test
Each student was asked whether or not they think they are good at math and to predict how well they will do on the test
Each test was graded and each questionnaire was evaluated to establish a sense of each student’s self-efficacy
My Study
Hypotheses The students’ self-efficacy will be affected by
vicarious experience and especially by actual performance. Bandura explains that the process of self-regulation takes in actual performance through self-observation in order to make an assessment about one’s own performance. One will then perform accordingly with his/her evaluation.
Students’ sense of self-efficacy will have a major impact on performance (test scores).
The students’ performance (test scores) will be also be impacted by vicarious experience, verbal persuasion and physiological cues.
Questionnaire
How was each student’s self-efficacy evaluated?
Rubric Answers to questions:
Self-efficacy evaluation:
“YES” / “GOOD” “SOMETIMES” / “IN THE MIDDLE”
“NO” / “BAD”
+2 +1 +0
POSITIVE MEDIUM NEGATIVE
4 3 2 1 0
Results
Group 1: Actual Performance
First Predictions Second Predictions
Name Sex Age Do you think you are good at math?
How well do you think you will do? Score How well do you think you will
do? Self-Efficacy Score
Adrian M 14 Yes Good 7/8 Good 4
Ximena F 13 Sometimes In the middle 7/8 Good 2
Paulo M 14 Sometimes In the middle 4/8 In the middle 2
Lauren F 14 Sometimes In the middle 4/8 In the middle 2
Paola F 13 Sometimes In the middle 4/8 In the middle 2
Results
Group 2: Vicarious Experience
Predictions
Name Sex Age Do you think you are good at math? After peers, how well do you think you will do? Score Self-Efficacy Score
Pita F 14 Yes Good 6/8 4
Regina F 13 Yes In the middle 4/8 3
Luis M 14 Sometimes In the middle 4/8 2
Estefania F 13 Sometimes In the middle 5/8 2
Eduardo M 14 Sometimes Bad 3/8 1
Results
Group 3: Verbal Persuasion
Predictions
Name Sex Age Do you think you are good at math? How well do you think you will do? Score Self-Efficacy Score
Viviana F 14 Sometimes In the middle 5/8 2
Nicholas M 13 Sometimes Good 5/8 3
Manuel M 14 Yes In the middle 4/8 3
Daniel M 14 Yes Good 4/8 4
Megan F 14 Sometimes In the middle 4/8 2
Results
Group 4: Physiological Cues
Predictions
Name Sex Age Do you think you are good at math? How well do you think you will do? How are you feeling? Score Self-Efficacy Score
Paxton F 13 Sometimes In the middle Tired 2/8 2
Hannah F 14 Sometimes In the middle Tired 4/8 2
Kevin M 13 Sometimes In the middle I feel kinda nervous 4/8 2
Jose M 14 Yes In the middle Sick and tired 2/8 3
Mary Jo F 13 Sometimes In the middle Tired and bored 3/8 2
Results
Results
Results
Changes in Self-Efficacy
Group 1: Actual PerformanceFirst Predictions Second Predictions
Good at math? How will you do? Self-Efficacy Score How will you do? Second Self-Efficacy ScoreAdrian M 14 Yes Good 4 Good 4Ximena F 13 Sometimes In the middle 2 Good 3Paulo M 14 Sometimes In the middle 2 In the middle 2
Lauren F 14 Sometimes In the middle 2 In the middle 2Paola F 13 Sometimes In the middle 2 In the middle 2
Group 2: Vicarious ExperiencePredictions
Good at math? How will you do? Self-Efficacy Score After peers, how will you do? Second Self-Efficacy ScorePita F 14 Yes In the middle 3 Good 4
Regina F 13 Yes In the middle 3 In the middle 3Luis M 14 Sometimes In the middle 2 In the middle 2
Estefania F 13 Sometimes In the middle 2 In the middle 2Eduardo M 14 Sometimes In the middle 2 Bad 1
Conclusion
Two of my hypotheses were proven incorrect
This was because the research was very limited Very small sample of students Much data was inconclusive
Bandura is not wrong
Did You Know?
Did you know that a bandura is a musical instrument? It is often described as the voice of Ukraine. From a musical perspective, the bandura unifies acoustic principles of both the lute and the harp. This produces a sound that is both emphatic and gentle, resembling that of a harpsichord, but with a wider range of dynamics and tonal control.