Galileo

The Example of the Church Being Opposed to Science or is it

Something Else?

Overview

• The trial of __________ is the main piece of evidence used to show that the Church is against __________

• In this PowerPoint we will look at• Science before Galileo• The issue that drove and continued the affair• Each of the three periods of the Galileo affair• The finding of the Inquisition• The Catholic Church after Galileo’s Trial

Before Galileo

• Science was done __________ • Start with a general principle and connect this

principle to the phenomena being studied– Galileo and others argued for experimentation, to

do science __________ – The goal was to preserve the __________ • There was not an attempt to explain it.

Before Galileo

• __________ followed the Ptolemaic system– The universe was big (but not as big as we think it

is today)– The earth was the __________ of the solar system– The earth was a round sphere• The misunderstanding people have is that the Church

taught the world was flat. It never did.

Before Galileo

• 1543 Copernicus argues for heliocentrism--that the sun is the __________ of the solar system– There is no observational data in the work

• He was urged to publish by people in the church

• The work was __________ to Pope Paul III

The Galileo Affair

• The Galileo affair can be seen as three distinct but ______________phases– 1613-1616 The 1st phase– 1623-1624 The 2nd phase– 1630-1633 The 3rd phase

• Each phase has its own unique __________, but together they tell the story of a transition in philosophy and science and an ongoing struggle in __________.

The 1st Phase - 1613-1616

• A __________ wrote to Galileo asking him to explain how the sun could stand still if the sun is the center of the __________ system?– The answer is easy if the earth is the center of the solar

system • Joshua prayed to the LORD, and said in the presence

of Israel: Sun, stand still at Gibeon, Moon, in the valley of Aijalon! The sun stood still, the moon stayed, while the nation took __________ on its foes– (Joshua 10:12-13)

The 1st Phase - 1613-1616

• 1613 Galileo writes a letter to the woman explaining his view and how to interpret __________.– Scripture must be interpreted in light of scientific

knowledge– Scriptural language was accommodated to the

original audience and the literal meaning• Galileo was called in front of the __________

for the first time

The 1st Phase - 1613-1616

• 1615 The __________ finds Galileo’s letter had some “Bad Expressions” but no serious objections

• __________ of heresy were found groundless• The __________ did not reject Copernicanism

The 1st Phase - 1613-1616

• Cardinal Bellarmino warned Galileo not to teach Copernicanism as __________ true

• Galileo agreed• Bellarmino cautioned another person that if

there were an __________ demonstration of the earth’s motions then scripture would have to be __________ carefully

The 1st Phase - 1613-1616

• What was Galileo’s “Proof” of the earth’s __________?– Telescopic proof--the phases of Venus and Jupiter’s

moons orbit Jupiter--inconclusive– Tides are caused by the earth’s rotation

• Galileo considered this his best proof, but he was wrong

• Galileo was right about __________ but wrong about his __________ of it. – The interpretation of scripture must be understood in

the light of proven science

The 1st Phase - 1613-1616

• Is this the __________ verses __________? No– Church men were on both sides of the issue

• Dominicans opposed Galileo• Jesuits supported him and confirmed his telescopic

observations.

• The issue was interpreting scripture in the light of __________ and when to change how we understand what scripture says – Galileo heard rumors of his being condemned so he

asked Bellarmino for a certificate setting out exactly what had been done.

The 2nd Phase - 1623-1624

• In 1623 Galileo’s friend is elected __________– Pope Urban VIII

• Galileo published Il Saggiatore, dedicated to the __________

• Galileo is called before the __________ for the second time.

• The I __________ dismissed implications about Galileo and Eucharist as groundless

The 2nd Phase - 1623-1624

• 1624 The Pope gives permission for Galileo to write on the earth’s __________ as long as he included one epistemological argument.– Because God is all powerful, determination of

ultimate __________ can never be certain.– In other words, God may have done what he did in

a way that we do not know.• Galileo begins On The Tides; he later calls it A

Dialogue on the Two Chief World __________.

The 3rd Phase - 1630-1633

• 1630 Galileo received approval to publish the book in Rome from the __________ Chief Censor.– Problems caused delayed publication – A __________ caused the city to be quarantined.

• 1632 Galileo publishes in Florence.

The 3rd Phase - 1630-1633

• A Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems– The book presents a discussion of the solar system

by a holder of the __________ system and a holder of __________ system.

– The dialogue is moderated “A Fool”– The Pope’s argument is the last statement the fool

makes

The 3rd Phase - 1630-1633

• Pope __________ is furious with Galileo, “I have been deceived!”

• His epistemological argument is put at the end of the book, in the mouth of the __________. – At no other point in the book does the fool show

any sense or knowledge at all.• Galileo is called to Rome to face the

__________.

The 3rd Phase - 1630-1633

• The Inquisition produced a document from 1616 ordering Galileo not to teach __________

• Galileo produced the document from Cardinal __________.

• A lenient plea deal is reached. • The Pope rejects the plea deal.

The 3rd Phase - 1630-1633

• June 1633 Galileo is convicted of “vehement suspicion of __________.”

• Galileo abjures the earth’s __________.• Any decision by the __________ had to be

signed by all the inquisitors. – 3 of the 10 Inquisitors do not sign the conviction– The Lead Inquisitor, who is also the Pope’s nephew

does not sign the conviction

The Transitions and Struggle

• There were at the time of the Galileo affair two major transitions and an ongoing struggle– A Transition in __________ – A Transition in __________ – An ongoing Struggle in __________

The Transition in Philosophy

• The Galileo Affair took place during the philosophical shift from __________ to __________

• Instrumentalism claims that scientific theories are __________ used to explain and save the phenomena but the theory may not accurately tells us about the world– Realism claims that scientific theories are true

depictions of the world

The Transition in Science

• The Galileo Affair took place during the scientific shift from a __________ to an __________ approach to science– Deductive starts with general principles and attempts

to explain and predict phenomena based on __________

– Inductive starts with observable data and does experiments to discover the __________ of the data.

– This period is the labor pains to the birth of the scientific method.

The ongoing Struggle in Religion

• The Religious __________ at stake during the Galileo Affair is an ongoing issue or even a current event– How do we interpret __________ in the light of

science?– When should we change our interpretation of

scripture in the light of __________?• Think of those who push for creationism or intelligent

design as a competing scientific theory

After Galileo

• Where the __________ comes from• How the Galileo affair gets used• Catholic Church and Science• Pope John Paul II and his __________

Where the Misinformation Comes From

• During the 19th century, the __________ conception of a European "Dark Age" gave much more prominence to the Flat Earth model than it ever possessed historically

• Some historians consider that the early __________ who projected flat Earth upon Christians of the Middle Ages were highly influential – Recall the book by Andrew Dickson White

• There were ongoing polemics that wanted to show that __________ stood against the world

How the Galileo Affair gets Used

• The common acceptance of the __________ allows for a false dilemma (a rational fallacy) that religion and science are __________ to each other

• Thus people think they are being __________ by rejecting religion and God– No fallacy is rational

How the Galileo Affair gets Used

• Notice in this painting how Galileo is standing, the strong __________ in the face of a close minded Church

• This panders to the view that by simply rejecting __________, a person is being true to __________

Catholic Church and Science

• The Catholic Church wanted to go out of the way to show how the Faith and Science were __________

• Catechisms listed the names of Catholic __________ – These pages come from a Catechism first

published in 1936 and reprinted in 1961– It is call “My Catholic Faith”

Pope John Paul II and his Apology

• 1979 John Paul II convened a commission to __________ the Galileo case.

• In his __________ he makes an admission of “errors committed” and also affirms Augustinian principles of __________

• Which were also held by Galileo.

Conclusion

• The Galileo Affair is one page in a long history of the Church’s respect for and use of science

• Due to __________ and rationale a false dilemma, this affair is used to show that the Church is anti-science

• The Truth is that we are not. We make __________, but the Church stood on both sides of the Galileo Affair.

• We have apologized, lets see if those who use this affair to reject religion are __________