Gallery Walk

In the library you will walk around the bookshelves QUIETLY to view each of the 10 photographs.

Part 1-take any notes/observations you make about the photographs

Part 2-answer any three of the questions PLUS write your own

The (Second) AMERICAN Industrial Revolution

CORE CONTENT a. Evaluate the impact of new inventions and

technologies of the late nineteenth century b. Identify and evaluate the influences on

business and industry in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries

c. Identify labor and workforce issues of the late nineteenth century, including perspectives of owners/managers and Social Darwinists

d. Explain the challenges and contributions of immigrants of the late nineteenth century

e. Explain the causes and impact of urbanization in the late nineteenth century

The Second Industrial Revolution Since the Civil War, the United States developed into an industrial

powerhouse. During the late 1800s, new technology and inventions led to the growth of industry, the rise of big business, and revolutions in transportation and communication

Technological Innovations and Industrial Development from 1865 to 1920

During this time, the US Grew to become the world’s leading industrial nation.

WHAT FACTORS LED TO THIS?

Abundance natural resources

Financing Plentiful supply of labor Technological

developments **

Reading Notes

Read Section 2 and 3 answering the questions and completing the graphs over new inventions and technologies

Reading Notes Section 2Section 2 1. The United States evolved

from a largely agricultural nation into a complex industrial society.

2.Capitalists provided financial backing for the scientific research that led to many new inventions. They provided funds to build railroads, mills, and factories furnished with machinery and supplies.

3. Capitalism is an economic system in which factories, equipment, and other means of production are privately owned rather than being controlled by government .

4. Telegraph lines brought dramatic progress in communications. Messages could quickly be sent anywhere in the country where there was a telegraph line. The invention of the telephone led to commercial lines, allowing businesses and eventually individual homes to quickly contact each other.

- One invention - BESSEMER PROCESS Promoted the

expansion of iron and steel manufacturing

Increased productivity

Revolutionized steel manufacturing by decreasing labor costs especially in bridges and buildings

THOMAS EDISON Light bulb –gave

birth to the electric power industry.

1882- Edison built a central station in NYC

HUGE impact on American industry – Could you live without electricity?

"Be courageous! Whatever setbacks America has

encountered, it has always emerged as a stronger and more

prosperous nation....""Be brave as your fathers before you. Have faith and go forward"

Thomas Alva Edison"

Research inventions activity

After civil war, factory owners improved mass production by?

Building specialized machinery that could produce identical parts for quick assembly

Why did they no longer need skilled workers?

Unskilled workers could run the machines cheaper

4. Corporations were formed to provide businesses with the capital necessary to expand. Corporations are run by the stock owners, who profit from the corporation’s success.

5. Monopolies, such as Rockefeller’s Standard Oil, dominate an industry by eliminating competition. Trusts are sets of companies managed by a small group of trustees that prevent companies in the trust from competing with each other.

SECTION 33 .Taylor’s time-and-motion

studies determined the most efficient way to perform each task in a production process. Industrialists such as Henry Ford applied these principles to their factories, creating assembly lines in which each person completed one small task. This increased productivity and resulted in cheaper goods.

Industry and Railroad Oil - In the mid-1800s

people began to refine oil found on coastal waters and lakes for kerosene lamps.

Steel - In the 1850s a new method made steel-making faster and cheaper and by 1910 the U.S. was the world’s top steel producer.

Transcontinental Railroad - In May 1869 the two rail lines met in the Utah Territory, linking east and west. Throughout the country railroads expanded into a vast network.

The Rise of Big Business Under laissez-

faire capitalism, which is French for “leave alone,” companies operated without government interference.

Social Darwinism explained how business was like nature: only the strongest survived.

GOVT did help industry

How did it help the railroads?› By giving it free land

-Govt sold natural resources very cheap.-Imposed a tariff on foreign goods.

-1877 to 1900 American exports doubled -STRONGEST INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY in

the world by 1900

GOVT LIMITS BUSINESS In 1890 concerned about Corporate actions that

interfered with free trade the government passed the Sherman Anti-Trust act. (outlawed monopolies that restricted trade)

› Act was ineffective as only a few companies were prosecuted under the act.

Industrial Tycoons

Cornelius Vanderbilt› Shipping

Industry in New York

› Invested in Railroads during the Civil War

› Donated money to education for the public

George Pullman

› Built sleeper cars to make long distance train travel more comfortable

JP MORGAN Wealthy banker,

financier, philanthropist

Expedites the growth of American business through finance

Created monopolies like General Electric (GE) from Edison Electric and Steel industry

If you have to ask how much it costs, you can't afford it.

CAPTAIN OF STEEL › Immigrant from

Scotland› Founded 1st steel plants

to use Bessemer Process › Established Carnegie

Steel Company which Dominated Steel industry

› Used VERTICAL INTEGRATION - controlled every step in production and distribution of product

CARNEGIE THE PHILANTHROPIST

He preached a Gospel of Wealth

Rich people have a duty to use their wealth for improvement of mankind.

Carnegie donated money for public libraries, art institutes, & promoted international peace.

A man who dies rich dies disgraced

› Started Standard Oil as a refinery

› Refined half of the U.S. oil by 1875- Monopoly

› Horizontal integration - joining together the firms of the same industry – control all of industry –oil

› Used a trust › Wealthy but a terrible

reputation for ruthless tactics

› Philanthropist – supported medical research, education and arts

Why do historians believe these men are ROBBER BARONS? › Drove competitors out of

business› Robbed the nation of

national resources› Bribed public officials› Raised prices › Paid low wages and poor

working conditions

WHY CAPTAIN OF INDUSTRY?

› Worked hard and used new technology

› Financed and organized business efficiently

› Created jobs for millions of Americans

› Middle class growth › Improved standard of

living WHAT DO YOU

THINK?

GILDED AGE 1877- 1900

This age of industrialization is often called the GILDED AGE- coined by Mark Twain – Gilded means covered with a thin layer of GOLD.

Thin but glittering layer of prosperity covered the poverty and corruption of much of society