GAMBLING PARTICIPATION AND PROBLEM GAMBLING … et al(2011... · gambling participation and PG among ECCs has been examined; and (2) re-analysing existing data from the 2005 Ontario

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GAMBLING PARTICIPATION AND PROBLEM GAMBLING PREVALENCE IN

ONTARIO ETHNO-CULTURAL COMMUNITIES: MINING THE 2005 CPGI DATASET

Report prepared for the Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre

By

Matthew M. Young, Ph.D.

Senior Research & Policy Analyst

Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse

75 Albert Street, Suite 500

Ottawa, ON

Agata Falkowski-Ham, MA

Falkowski-Ham Research

9 HernshawCres.

Etobicoke, ON

July, 2011

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................................... 3

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................................... 4

LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................................ 5

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................................ 6

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................... 7

PART I: SYSTEMATIC SEARCH OF THE LITERATURE ............................................................................................... 8

METHODS ......................................................................................................................................................... 8 FINDINGS .......................................................................................................................................................... 8 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................................................... 10

PART II: ANALYSIS OF THE 2005 ONTARIO GAMBLING PREVALENCE STUDY DATA .............................................. 11

METHODS ....................................................................................................................................................... 11 Original data collection ...................................................................................................................... 11 Secondary Analysis ............................................................................................................................. 11

RESULTS ......................................................................................................................................................... 12 Gambling participation by ethnicity .................................................................................................. 15 Past year participation in specific gambling activities by ethnicity ................................................... 16 Past year frequency of participation .................................................................................................. 20 Past year frequency of participation by ethnicity .............................................................................. 22 Problem gambling by ethnicity .......................................................................................................... 25 Awareness of problem gambling services by ethnicity ...................................................................... 27 Summary of results ............................................................................................................................ 32

DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................................................ 34

Limitations ......................................................................................................................................... 35 Recommendations ............................................................................................................................. 35

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................................ 36

APPENDIX A : GAMBLING PARTICIPATION AND PROBLEM GAMBLING PREVALENCE IN CANADA ....................... 38

APPENDIX B : GAMBLING PARTICIPATION AND PROBLEM GAMBLING PREVALENCE IN ONTARIO ...................... 48

APPENDIX C: GAMBLING PARTICIPATION AND PROBLEM GAMBLING PREVALENCE BY ETHNICITY IN ONTARIO . 55

APPENDIX D: ONTARIO 2005 QUESTIONNAIRE .................................................................................................. 57

APPENDIX E: LIST OF EXLUDED SELF-IDENTIFIED ETHNICITIES NOT INCLUDED IN THE REPORT .......................... 78

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1. DISTRIBUTION OF SELF-REPORTED ETHNICITY IN THE ONTARIO 2005 PREVALENCE STUDY DATA COMPARED TO CENSUS 2006

......................................................................................................................................................................... 13 TABLE 2.PERCENTAGE OF RESPONDENTS REPORTING PAST YEAR GAMBLING PARTICIPATION BY SELF-REPORTED ETHNICITY ................... 16 TABLE 3.GAMBLING ACTIVITIES PARTICIPATED IN THE PAST YEAR (N=3550) .............................................................................. 17 TABLE 4A. PAST YEAR GAMBLING ACTIVITY PARTICIPATION BY SELF-REPORTED ETHNICITY .............................................................. 18 TABLE 5.ROTATED FACTOR LOADINGS ON THE SIX COMPONENTS EXTRACTED BY PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS OF THE FREQUENCY OF

PARTICIPATION IN GAMBLING ACTIVITIES USING THE 2005 ONTARIO GAMBLING PREVALENCE DATA ...................................... 21 TABLE 6. SIX COMPONENTS EXTRACTED BY PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS OF THE FREQUENCY PARTICIPATION IN GAMBLING

ACTIVITIES USING THE 2005 ONTARIO GAMBLING PREVALENCE DATA ............................................................................. 21 TABLE 7.FREQUENCY OF PAST -YEAR GAMBLING BY ACTIVITY CLUSTER AMONG GAMBLERS ONLY (N=2,273) .................................... 22 TABLE 8. GAMBLING FREQUENCY OF THOSE SELF-REPORTING AS AN ETHNICITY OTHER THAN CANADIAN VERSUS THOSE SELF-REPORTING AS

CANADIAN ........................................................................................................................................................... 22 TABLE 9. AVERAGE GAMBLING FREQUENCY SCORE FOR EACH ETHNICITY COMPARED TO SELF-IDENTIFIED AS CANADIAN ..................... 23 TABLE 10. PGSI SCORE BY ETHNICITY. ................................................................................................................................ 26 TABLE11.PERCENTAGE OF RESPONDENTS ENDORSING ONE OR MORE ITEM ON THE PGSI BY SELF-REPORTED ETHNICITY. ..................... 27 TABLE 12: PERCENT OF RESPONDENTS AWARE OF THE RESPONSIBLE GAMBLING COUNCIL BY SELF-REPORTED ETHNICITY .................... 28 TABLE 13 PERCENT OF RESPONDENTS WHO HAVE SEEN A POSTER, SINGS, WARNING LABELS, OR OTHER FORMS OF PUBLIC SERVICE

ANNOUNCEMENTS RELATED TO PROBLEM OR RESPONSIBLE GAMBLING BY SELF-IDENTIFIED ETHNICITY .................................... 29 TABLE 14.AWARENESS OF THE TOLL-FREE GAMBLING HELPLINE IN ONTARIO BY SELF-IDENTIFIED ETHNICITY. ..................................... 30 TABLE 15. PERCENT OF RESPONDENTS WHO ARE AWARE OF ANY GAMBLING COUNSELING SERVICES AVAILABLE IN THEIR COMMUNITY BY

SELF-IDENTIFIED ETHNICITY ...................................................................................................................................... 31

TABLE 16. SUMMARY TABLE OF RESULTS. UP ARROWS ( ) INDICATE THE GROUP MEAN /PERCENTAGE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER

THAN THE COMPARISON GROUP (I.E., THOSE SELF-REPORTING AS ‘CANADIAN’) AND DOWN ARROWS ( ) INDICATE THE GROUP

MEAN/PERCENTAGE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY LESS THAN THE COMPARISON GROUP. ................................................................. 32

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1. FLOW DIAGRAM OUTLINING THE SEARCH STRATEGY EMPLOYED TO ASSESS THE PREVALENCE OF GAMBLING AND PROBLEM

GAMBLING AMONG ETHNO-CULTURAL GROUPS IN CANADA IN GENERAL AND IN ONTARIO SPECIFICALLY.................................... 9 FIGURE 2. BAR CHART DEPICTING THE DISTRIBUTION OF ETHINIC GROUPS IN THE ONTARIO 2005 GAMBLING PREVALENCE STUDY

COMPARED TO THE 2006 CENSUS DATA.................................................................................................................... 15

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LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX A : GAMBLING PARTICIPATION AND PROBLEM GAMBLING PREVALENCE IN CANADA ...................................................... 38 APPENDIX B : GAMBLING PARTICIPATION AND PROBLEM GAMBLING PREVALENCE IN ONTARIO ..................................................... 48 APPENDIX C: GAMBLING PARTICIPATION AND PROBLEM GAMBLING PREVALENCE BY ETHNICITY IN ONTARIO ................................... 55 APPENDIX D: ONTARIO 2005 QUESTIONNAIRE ................................................................................................................... 57 APPENDIX E: LIST OF EXLUDED SELF-IDENTIFIED ETHNICITIES NOT INCLUDED IN THE REPORT .......................................................... 78

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ABSTRACT

Prevalence studies indicate there may be a higher prevalence of problem gambling (PG) among

some ethno-cultural communities (ECCs) than among the general population. However the

prevalence of gambling and problem gambling in Ontario ECCs is largely unknown. The

research presented in the following report was conducted to better understand the nature of

gambling and problem gambling in Ontario ECCs. In Part I we conducted a systematic search of

the literature and found only two recent (i.e., past decade) prevalence studies conducted in

Ontario that assessed gambling and problem gambling in ECCs. Taken together, these studies

revealed no clear pattern regarding the prevalence of gambling and PG among Ontario ECCs.

In Part II of the current report we conducted secondary analysis of the 2005 Ontario Gambling

Prevalence dataset in order to further assess the prevalence of gambling and PG among Ontario

ECCs. In terms of gambling related problems, compared to those self-identifying as Canadian a

significantly larger proportion of those self-identifying as Polish, South Asian (i.e., those self–

identifying as Indian, South Asian, Sri Lankan, and Pakistani), East Asian (i.e., self–identifying

as Asian, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, or Taiwanese but excluding Chinese), and African

endorsed one or more item on the PGSI.

Though the current report adds to the body of evidence regarding prevalence of gambling and

PG in ECCs, there are limitations. Small sample sizes in many ECC groups and likely biased

sampling procedure (due to the likelihood that many respondents from ECCs were screened out

of the study for not being proficient in English) mean that care should be taken in interpreting

the results. To accurately assess the prevalence of gambling and PG in ECCs it is recommended

that a study that aims to survey ECCs as it‟s primary goal, be conducted. This survey would

sample in such way to achieve adequate sample sizes of all the major ECCs in Ontario and

would enable members of these communities to answer questions in their native language.

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INTRODUCTION

Prevalence studies indicate there may be a higher prevalence of problem gambling (PG)

among some ethno-cultural communities (ECCs) than among the general population both

internationally (Murray, 1993; Raylu & Oei, 2004; Volberg, 1996; Welte, Barnes, Wieczorek,

Tidwell, & Parker, 2001) and within Ontario (Insight Canada Research, 1993; McCready,

Mann, Zhao, & Calla, 2007; Tepperman, Kwan, Jones, & Falkowski-Ham, 2004). However,

there are only a few estimates of gambling participation and PG prevalence rates among Ontario

ECCs (Insight Canada Research, 1993; McCready et al., 2007; Tepperman et al., 2004). Past

research suggests some Ontario ECCs (e.g., South Asians, Aboriginal, and Chinese) may be at

higher risk of developing gambling problems than the general population. However, some of the

aforementioned studies produced conflicting findings for some ECCs (e.g., Irish, French and

British ECCs), while for others the rates of PG are unclear (e.g., Black and Japanese).

These mixed findings may be a result of the methods employed by researchers to

identify ethnic subpopulations and measure their gambling problems. For example, McCready

et al. (2007) used categories from the 2001 Census to identify groups (e.g., „South Asian‟ or

„Black‟), while Tepperman and colleagues (2004) used different logic to group ECCs and their

naming practice for each ECC was different than that used by McCready et al. (2007) (for

example, East Indian vs. South Asian). Both reports (McCready et al., 2007; Tepperman et al.,

2004) were based on secondary data analysis of population surveys, therefore, respondents in

both reports were not selected on the basis of ethnicity. That is, the samples of ECCs used in

both reports were simply a function of the sampling frame employed in each dataset, which was

not stratified by ethnicity. Additionally, some groups discussed in the McCready study were not

represented in the Tepperman paper as sample size was too small (e.g., Black/African).

Though these studies provide valuable information regarding gambling and PG

prevalence rates among ECCs, there is still a need for more studies in order to gain a more

complete picture of gambling participation and PG among ECCs (Young, Sztainert, & Santoro,

2010). This more accurate understanding of gambling and PG in ECCs will in turn permit

policy analysts, prevention specialists, treatment providers, and other stakeholders to develop

more effective ways of treating/reaching these populations.

The current research represents an effort to contribute to this picture by: (1) conducting a

systematic search of the academic and grey literature on the prevalence of gambling and PG in

Canada more broadly and in Ontario more specifically to ensure that all existing research on

gambling participation and PG among ECCs has been examined; and (2) re-analysing existing

data from the 2005 Ontario gambling prevalence study (Wiebe, Mun, & Kauffman, 2006) to

assess gambling participation rates and prevalence of PG among Ontario ECCs. Specifically,

using this dataset we assess which ECCs are most likely to gamble, which gambling activities

they participate in and how frequently, and how aware they are of gambling support services

(such as the Responsible Gambling Council of Ontario or the Problem Gambling Helpline).

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PART I: SYSTEMATIC SEARCH OF THE LITERATURE

Methods

No limitations were placed on search terms in order to maximize sensitivity. Searches

were run to July 7, 2011 and were limited to the following databases: Project CORK, PsycINFO

and PubMed. Search strategies varied based on the database‟s specific controlled vocabulary. In

the Project Cork database, the term “gambling” was used in the keyword field, combined with

each of the following terms in the abstract field: prevalence, survey, interview, random,

telephone, and participation. For PubMed the following searches were conducted using Medical

Subject Heading (MESH) terms: gambling AND prevalence, gambling/epidemiology, and

gambling AND data collection. For PsycINFO the following search was conducted using index

terms: gambling AND epidemiology. The numbers of initial records retuned for each search are

indicated in Figure 1. Additional searches of the grey literature were conducted on the following

Canadian gambling content related websites: l‟Institue de la statistique Québec (searched using

the term “jeu de hazard”), the Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse (searched using the subject

terms: gambling AND statistics, and gambling research), the Alberta Gaming Research Institute

(scanned the Research page for relevant studies), and the Ontario Problem Gambling Research

Centre (conducted a search by category and selected “Prevalence”). References to scholarly

conference papers and posters were excluded unless detailed findings were available.

Findings

After removal of duplicate records this search resulted in a total of 379 records related to

gambling participation and problem gambling prevalence. These records then underwent the

first level of screening in which the Information Specialist conducted a visual scan of titles and

abstracts and removed all non-Canadian records. The result was a set of 116 records that related

to gambling participation and problem gambling prevalence in Canada (see Appendix A). The

Information Specialist then conducted a second visual scan of titles and abstracts and removed

all records that did not assess gambling or problem gambling prevalence in Ontario (Level 2

Screening). This resulted in 32 records (see Appendix B). The final 32 records underwent a full

text scan. Records that did not assess/report the prevalence of gambling or problem gambling

among ethnic groups were removed (Level 3 Screening). This final level of screening resulted

in a total of 8 records (see Appendix C).

Of the 8 records 5 were conducted within the past decade (Lai, 2006; McCready, Mann,

Zhao, & Eves, 2005; McCready et al., 2007; Tepperman et al., 2004; Wynne & McCready,

2004)(Young et al., 2010). Of the remaining 5, two were specifically focused on seniors (Lai,

2006; McCready et al., 2005). This left two papers that examined gambling and problem

gambling patterns among Ontario ECCs (McCready et al., 2007; Tepperman et al., 2004)

The results of these two studies were originally summarized by Young, Sztainert, and

Santoro (2010) as follows. McCready et al. (2007), found that mainstream Canadians were at

greater risk of PG than some ECCs (i.e., Blacks and South Asians), however Italians,

Ukrainians and Portuguese were at higher risk for PG than mainstream Canadians. Tepperman,

Kwan, Jones and Falkowski-Ham (2004) re-examined data collected from the 2001 Ontario

Prevalence Survey (Wiebe, Single and Falkowski-Ham, 2001). Examining the 14 largest ECCs

in their sample, Tepperman and colleagues found that Aboriginal, Chinese and East Indian

participants had higher rates of PG than Canadians, while French and Irish participants had

lower rates of PG. In terms of gambling participation, they found that English, German, and

French Ontarians were significantly more likely to be gamblers than non-gamblers. In terms of

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379 records identified related to gambling participation and problem gambling

prevalence

Project CORK

144 records identified

PsycINFO


PubMed


70 records identified by

specific searches of

Canadian gambling

content related websites

136 Duplicates removed

Level 1 Screening:

263 records excluded

116 RECORDS IDENTIFIED RELATED TO GAMBLING

PREVALENCE IN CANADA (DISCUSSION

32 records identified related to gambling participation and problem gambling

prevalence in Ontario (Appendix B)

8 records identified related to

gambling participation and problem

gambling prevalence by ethnicity in

Ontario (Appendix C)

3 records nominated

by content expert


through reference list

scan

Figure 1. Flow diagram outlining the search strategy employed to assess the prevalence of gambling and

problem gambling among ethno-cultural groups in Canada in general and in Ontario specifically

Level 2 Screening:

84 records excluded

Level 3 Screening:

27 records excluded

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problematic gambling, Chinese and Aboriginal gamblers had significantly higher than average

PGSI scores (indicating greater prevalence of PG) and Irish and English had significantly lower

than average PGSI scores (indicating a lower prevalence of PG among these groups). When

looking at the diversity of gambling activities the groups participate in , the Chinese sample

were more narrow in their preference (tending to gamble primarily on casino table games)

whereas Aboriginal respondents reported gambling on a great diversity of gambling activities

(preferring Bingo, and casino gambling).

In sum, the two studies suggest Ontario ECCs (e.g., Aboriginal, and Chinese) may be at

higher risk of developing gambling problems than the general population. However, past

research studies reported conflicting results regarding some ECCs (e.g., South Asian, Irish,

French, and British ECCs). while for others the rates of PG are unclear (e.g., Arabs, Japanese).

Discussion

Though these Ontario based studies provide valuable information regarding PG

prevalence rates among ECCs, there is still a need for more studies examining gambling and

gambling participation among these groups as the studies reveal no clear pattern regarding the

prevalence of gambling and PG among Ontario ECCs.

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PART II: ANALYSIS OF THE 2005 ONTARIO GAMBLING PREVALENCE STUDY

DATA

Given the paucity of research assessing the prevalence of gambling and PG in ECCs and

the recommendation by Young, Sztainert, and Santoro (2010) that research aimed at

determining the prevalence of PG among Ontario ECCs be conducted, the Ontario Problem

Gambling Research Centre (OPGRC) requested that secondary analysis of the 2005 Ontario

Gambling Prevalence data be conducted. The following section includes the results of that

analysis.

Methods

Original data collection

The secondary data analysis was conducted on data collected by the Responsible

Gambling Council in 2005 (Wiebe et al., 2006). The 2005 Ontario Prevalence Study data were

collected via telephone by the Hitachi Survey Research Center at the University of Toronto,

with a total sample size of 3,604 adults 18 years and older residing in Ontario. The sample was

generated by Random Digit Dialling (RDD), and to qualify for the survey, the interviewer asked

to speak to an individual who was 18 years or older in the household. Responses were entered

into computer-assisted telephone-interviewing system (CATI) in real time by trained telephone

interviewers. Two response rates were calculated by the researchers: the response rate of 82.5%

among those who were proficient in English and were able to complete the survey (i.e.,

physically or mentally able to complete the survey) and an overall response rate of 46.4% for all

respondents regardless of their language or capacity.

All respondents were asked about their past year participation in 18 gambling activities,

and those who indicated that they participated in an activity were asked a series of follow-up

questions. These included how often the respondents participated in the activity, the amount of

time or money spent on each activity, and whether or not they had been negatively affected by

someone else‟s gambling. Lastly, all respondents were asked about spending habits and basic

demographics including age, gender, income, education, and ethnicity. For more detailed

information on the methods employed to collect the data please refer to Wiebe et al. (2006).

In order to ensure the representativeness of the sample, Wiebe et al. (2006) compared

the sample gender and age demographics to Statistics Canada‟s population estimates of Ontario

(Statistics Canada, 2006). The comparison revealed that while age distribution of the sample

closely resembled the census data, female respondents were oversampled. As a result, the

researchers calculated appropriate gender based weights, which were applied to all analyses

conducted in this paper.

Secondary Analysis

For the secondary analysis, we were interested in a number of variables: self-reported

ethnicity, overall participation and frequency of participation in gambling activities, problem

gambling severity, and awareness of various problem gambling services. The following is a

description of the variables analyzed in this paper:

Self-reported ethnicity. The main independent variable of interest is self-reported

ethnicity. In the 2005 Survey, respondents were asked to identify to what ethnic or cultural

group they or their ancestors belonged to upon first coming to Canada. Initially, the respondent

was not read any categories, but if it seemed that the respondent was confused, they were then

given some examples of some ethnic or cultural groups. Out of all respondents, 97.7% chose to

respond to this question.

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Frequency of gambling. Participants were presented with a series of 18 gambling

activities (see Appendix D) and were asked to respond on a scale of 0 to 4 how often they

engaged in that activity (0 = never participated in this gambling activity, 1 = less than once in

the past month, 2 = at least once a month, 3 = at least once a week, and 4 = daily.

Problem gambling severity. To assess the degree of PG in the sample, the Problem

Gambling Severity Index (PGSI: Ferris & Wynne, 2001) was employed. The PGSI is a 9-item

instrument that is a sub-set of the Canadian Problem Gambling Index (CPGI: Ferris & Wynne,

2001). The PGSI is typically more conservative and yields lower prevalence rates than other

more widely used measures such as the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS: Lesieur &

Blume, 1987) (For a discussion see Neal, Delfabbro, & O'Neil, 2005) The PGSI also assesses

gambling problems specifically during the previous 12 months and is thus more conservative

than lifetime prevalence measures. Participants respond to questions such as “Thinking about

the last 12 months, how often have you bet more than you could really afford to lose?” or

“Thinking about the last 12 months when you gambled, how often have you gone back another

day to try to win back the money you lost?”. Responses are given on a 4-point Likert scale

anchored at 1 (Never) and 4 (Almost always).

Awareness of services. Respondents were asked a number of questions about their

awareness of problem or responsible gambling services offered in Ontario. Specifically, they

were asked if they aware of the Responsible Gambling Council of Ontario, whether they had

seen any posters, signs, warning labels, or other forms of public service announcements related

to problem or responsible gambling, if they were aware of the toll free gambling help line, and

if they were aware of any gambling counselling services available in their community.

Respondents answered yeas or no to these questions

Results

Self-reported ethnicity. The frequencies of respondent self-identified ethnicity are listed

in Table 1. To assess gambling participation, problem gambling severity, and awareness of

problem/responsible gambling services, we chose to use those self-identifying as „Canadian‟ as

the comparison group for all analyses. We believe this is an appropriate comparison group as

those who self-identify as Canadian are most likely those who have either been in the country

for multiple generations or have acculturated to the degree to which they self-identify as

Canadian and for whom „mainstream‟ treatment and prevention services and programs are

targeted.

As may be observed in Table 1, many of the self-identified ethnic groups are very small

in number (some as few as 4). Conducting significance testing with small samples exposes the

researcher to an unacceptable rate of Type II errors. While, there is no generally accepted

minimum sample size, when examining sub-group differences in prevalence data sets most

researchers accept a minimum sample size of 50 (Yates, Moore, & McCabe, 1999), while others

would allow as few as 20 (Campbell, 2007). For the current secondary analysis we chose to

analyse ethnic groups with 40 or more respondents, as it allowed us to include some additional

ECCs. Since most of the analysis on ECCs will be done with 2x2 tables with a Chi-square test,

the cut of n=40 will allow us to meet sample size assumptions for chi-square analysis. In cases

where the sample size was too small, other techniques were utilized to appropriately analyse the

data (i.e., recode response categories, calculate combined scores). To achieve groups of 40 or

more some self-reported ethnicities were grouped together, thereby increasing sample size (see

Table 1). For example, the number of respondents self-identifying as Polish was sufficiently

large to form a group that could be analysed (n=56). However, a number of other Eastern

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European ethnicities that had small sample sizes were combined into one category called “Other

Eastern European (excluding Polish). Column one of Table 1 lists the grouping used in the

present report. Column two indicates ethnicities identified in the 2005 Ontario Prevalence

Study, and column three indicates the percentage of the total sample. Column four indicates the

percentage of the Ontario population the group makes up according to the 2006 Census.

Grouping in this manner meant that we were able to use 95% of the total Ontario 2005

Prevalence Study sample for this analysis while still having sufficient power to detect group

differences in participation, problem gambling severity, and awareness of services. Groups that

had less than 40 self-identifying respondents and those who could not be grouped into a larger

group represented 5% of the sample (see Appendix E for a listing of these excluded groups).

Table 1. Distribution of self-reported ethnicity in the Ontario 2005 Prevalence Study Data Compared to Census

2006 Ethnic Groups ( used in report) Ethnic Categories

employed by the

Prevalence Study

Ontario 2005

Prevalence Study Data

Census 2006 (Ontario

single ethnicity)

% (N) % (N) Canadian Canadian 44.8 (1,571) 17.5 (1,201,130)

British British 4.8 (169) N/A

English 6.3 (220) N/A

Total 11.1 (389) 9.3 (639,830)

Irish Irish 4.9 (170) 3.1 (215,115)

Scottish Scottish 4.8 (169) 3.8 (257,535)

French French 4.5 (156) 2.7 (182,510)

Dutch Dutch 1.5 (55) 2.4 (161,710)

German German 2.2 (78) 3.2 (216,630)

Polish Polish 1.6 (56) 2.5 (169,225)

Other Eastern European (excluding Polish) Russian 0.5 (16) 0.6 (39,660)

Ukrainian 0.7 (25) 1.3 (85,610)

Slovak 0.1 (4) 0.2 (12,205)

Czech 0.1 (4) 0.2 (10,995)

Hungarian 0.4 (12) 0.7 (48,090)

Romanian 0.2 (7) 0.5 (37,350)

Latvian 0.1 (2) 0.1 (5,585)

Lithuanian 0.1 (2) 0.1 (7,700)

Total 2.1 (72) 3.6 (247,195)

Italian Italian 2.9 (103) 7.1 (485,680)

Other Southern European (excluding Italian) Albanian 0.1 (3) 0.2 (14,185)

Bosnian 0.1 (2) 0.1 (7,980)

Bulgarian 0.1 (2) 0.1 (8,450)

Croatian 0.3 (12) 0.6 (38,790)

Greek 0.4 (15) 1.2 (79,970)

Macedonian 0.1 (2) 0.3 (17,585)

Maltese 0.2 (6) 0.9 (12,210)

Portuguese 0.9 (32) 2.8 (189,405)

Serbian 0.1 (4) 0.5 (34,195)

Spanish 0.3 (11) 0.5 (32,455)

Yugoslavian 0.1 (4) 0.2 (12,440)

Total 2.6 (93) 6.5 (447,665)

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South Asian Indian 1.8 (62) 6.6 (454,365)

South Asian 0.3 (12) 0.5 (35,550)

Sri Lankan 0.3 (11) 1.0 (65,585)

Pakistani 0.4 (15) 1.0 (65,800)

Total 2.8 (100) 9.1 (621,300)

Chinese 2.7 (94) 7.9 (543,320)

Other East Asian (excluding Chinese) East Asian 0.1 (2) N/A

Asian 0.8 (26) 0.0 (45)

Filipino 0.6 (22) 2.3 (159,155)

Japanese 0.1 (3) 0.3 (19,425)

Korean 0.1 (3) 1.0 (67,430)

Taiwanese 0.1 (2) 0.1 (3,250)

Total 1.7 (58) 3.6 (249,305)

West Indian/Caribbean West Indian 0.6 (19) 0.3 (21,690)

Caribbean 0.6 (20) 0.1 (3,175)

Jamaican 0.7 (24) 1.8 (120,355)

Cuban 0.0 (1) 0.0 (2,245)

Guyanese 0.2 (8) 0.4 (25,455)

Trinidadian 0.0 (1) 0.3 (19,140)

Total 2.1 (73) 2.8 (192,060)

African African 1.4 (48) 0.4 (26,425)

East African 0.0 (1) N/A

South Africa 0.1 (4) N/A

Total 1.5 (53) 0.4 (26,425)

Middle Eastern Middle Eastern 0.2 (8) N/A

Arabic 0.3 (9) 0.4 (23,880)

Iranian 0.2 (6) 0.8 (57,825)

Lebanese 0.2 (6) 0.6 (39,775)

Iraqi 0.2 (6) 0.2 (16,290)

Persian 0.1 (4) N/A

Afghan 0.1 (2) 0.4 (26,915)

Palestinian 0.0 (1) 0.1 (9,490)

Egyptian 0.1 (3) 0.3 (19,510)

Total 1.3 (45) 2.8 (193,685)

Table 1 includes the final list of ethnic groups that were used in the remainder of this

study along with the comparisons to the Canadian Census 2006 ethnicity breakdown for the

province of Ontario. Though the percentage of most ethnic groups included was similar to that

observed in the census, there are several groups that the 2005 gambling prevalence data either

over or under represented. Those who self-identified as Canadian were over represented in the

Ontario Prevalence data compared to the 2006 Census. However, other ethnic groups were

under-represented, such as Polish, Italian, or Portuguese.

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Figure 2. Bar chart depicting the distribution of ethinic groups in the Ontario 2005 Gambling Prevalence Study

compared to the 2006 Census Data

Gambling participation by ethnicity

In all but two of the ethnic groups examined, the majority of respondents (i.e., over

50%) indicated they had gambled in the past 12 months – the exceptions being respondents who

identified themselves as Dutch or South Asian (see Table 2). The group with the highest

prevalence of past-year gambling participation were those self-identifying as Middle Eastern,

followed by Italian. Those self –identifying as Canadian were ranked 6th. In order to determine

whether the ethnic groups differed significantly from the „mainstream‟ Canadian subgroup, chi-

square tests of significance were conducted. Compared to those self-identifying as Canadian, a

significantly smaller percentage of South Asian, Dutch, West Indian, and Other East Asian

(excluding Chinese) reported past-year gambling.

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Ontario 2005 Prevalence

Census 2006 (Ontario)

Canadian BritishIrish ScottishFrench DutchGerman PolishOther Eastern European (excluding Polish) ItalianOther Southern European (excluding Italian) South AsianChinese Other East Asian (excluding Chinese)West Indian/ Caribbean AfricanMiddle Eastern

16

Table 2.Percentage of respondents reporting past year gambling participation by self-reported ethnicity

Self-reported ethnicity % (n)

Canadian 65.7 (1032)

Irish 63.2 (108)

British 66.9 (261)

Scottish 61.3 (103)

French 66.7 (104)

Dutch * 44.4 (24)

German 57.7 (45)

Polish 66.1 (37)

Other Eastern Europe (excluding Polish) 63.5 (47)

Italian 67.0 (69)

Other Southern Europe (excluding Italian) 65.2 (60)

South Asian * 42.0 (42)

Chinese 58.1 (54)

Other East Asian (excluding Chinese) * 50.8 (30)

African 58.5 (31)

West Indian/Caribbean * 50.0 (36)

Middle Eastern 69.6 (32)

* Indicates the results of a chi-square test indicating the proportion is significantly different from those self-reporting as

Canadian (p<.05)

Past year participation in specific gambling activities by ethnicity

Regardless of ethnicity, the most common gambling activities reported were lottery

tickets, instant win/scratch tickets, or raffle tickets (see Table 3). Respondents who self-

identified as Canadian were compared to all other ethnicities combined. Those who self-

identified as Canadian were significantly more likely than other ethnicities to report purchasing

scratch or raffle tickets, play coin slot machines at Ontario racetracks, or gamble in casinos

outside of Ontario in the last 12 months.

17

Table 3.Gambling activities participated in the past year (N=3550)

Gambling Activities

Self-Identified

Canadian

% (n)

Other Ethnic

Identities

% (n)

Lottery tickets 54.0 (849) 51.2 (1013)

Instant win or scratch tickets * 29.3 (461) 21.5 (425)

Raffles or fundraising tickets * 30.8 (483) 27.2 (539)

Horse races 4.4 (69) 3.9 (77)

Bingo 5.2 (82) 4.4 (88)

Slots at Ontario Casinos 17.9 (115) 15.5 (119)

Casino table games 7.3 (281) 6.0 (307)

Slots at Ontario racetracks * 7.4 (116) 5.7 (112)

Slots or VLTs outside of Ontario * 3.8 (60) 2.5 (49)

Sport select like Pro line 4.0 (63) 4.6 (91)

Sports pools or outcome of sporting events 3.8 (59) 4.6 (92)

Cards or board games with family and friends 8.7 (136) 8.4 (166)

Games of skill 3.5 (55) 3.9 (78)

Arcade or video games 1.2 (19) 1.8 (36)

Internet 1.5 (23) 1.8 (35)

Sports with a bookie/bookmaker 0.2 (3) 0.5 (9)

Short-term speculative stock 1.6 (25) 2.2 (43)

Casinos out of province 5.9 (92) 4.4 (88)

Total 100 (1571) 100 (1979)


Canadian (p<.05)

Next we conducted a more specific analysis of self-reported ethnicity. Despite the low

sample size, the analyses did reveal some significant relationships (see Table 4a & 4b). Other

East Asian and South Asian respondents were less likely than Canadians to have purchased

Lottery tickets in the last year. Similarly West Indian, Chinese, Italian, British and Other

Eastern Europeans respondents were less likely than Canadians to have purchased instant win or

scratch tickets. South Asian and German respondents were less likely than Canadians to have

gambled on slot machines in Ontario casinos. British respondents indicated they were more than

twice as likely as Canadians to have purchased short-terms stocks. Other Southern Europeans

(excluding Italian) were more likely than Canadians to bet on sport pools or the outcome of

sporting events. Finally, respondents who were of Other Eastern European (excluding Polish)

descent were more likely than self-identified Canadians to bet on card or board games with

family or friends.

18

Table 4a. Past year gambling activity participation by self-reported ethnicity

Self-Identified Ethnicity N Lottery

Tickets

Scratch

Tickets

Raffle

Tickets

Horse

Races Bingo

Slots in

Ontario

Casinos

Casino

Table

Games

Slots at

Ontario

racetracks

Canadian 1571 54.0%(849) 29.3%(461) 29.3%(461) 4.4%(69) 5.2%(82) 17.9%(281) 7.3%(115) 7.4%(116)

Irish 171 54.4%(93) 31.2%(53) 35.1%(60) 4.1%(7) 3.5%(6) 13.5%(23) 4.7%(8) 4.1%(7)

British 390 54.2%(211) 23.8%(93)* 33.9%(132) 4.1%(16) 5.4%(21) 16.9%(66) 5.4%(21) 6.7%(26)

Scottish 169 53.0%(89) 24.9%(42) 27.4%(46) 7.1%(12) 4.1%(7) 18.9%(32) 7.1%(12) 7.1%(12)

French 156 57.3%(90) 26.3%(41) 28.2%(44) 1.9%(3) 7.1%(11) 17.9%(28) 7.1%(11) 5.7%(9)

Dutch 55 33.3%(18)* 16.7%(9)* 25.5%(14) 3.6%(2) 5.5%(3) 10.9%(6) 1.8%(1) 9.1%(5)

German 78 46.2%(36) 24.4%(19) 24.4%(19) 2.6%(2) 3.8%(3) 7.7%(6)* 2.6%(2) 6.4%(5)

Polish 56 58.9%(33) 25.0%(14) 26.3%(15) 1.8%(1) 5.3%(3) 21.1%(12) 3.6%(2) 8.9%(5)

Other Eastern European (excluding Polish) 73 55.4%(41) 13.5%(10)* 31.1%(23) 4.1%(3) 1.4%(1) 17.6%(13) 6.8%(5) 4.1%(3)

Italian 103 58.3%(60) 19.4%(20)* 29.8%(31) 6.7%(7) 1.9%(2) 17.5%(18) 12.6%(13) 7.8%(8)

Other Southern European (excluding Italian) 91 53.3%(49) 22.0%(20) 21.7%(20) 4.3%(4) 7.6%(7) 19.6%(18) 9.8%(9) 7.6%(7)

South Asian 99 35.0%(35)* 10.0%(10)* 8.1%(8)* 1.0%(1) 0.0%(0)* 6.0%(6) 2.0%(2)* 2.0%(2)

Chinese 94 47.9%(45) 7.4%(7)* 17.0%(16)* 0.0%(0)* 1.1%(1) 13.8%(13) 2.2%(2) 1.1%(1)*

Other East Asian (excluding Chinese) 58 35.6%(21)* 12.1%(7)* 22.0%(13) 1.7%(1) 3.4%(2) 15.5%(9) 6.9%(4) 6.9%(4)

African 53 47.2%(25) 11.3%(6)* 18.5%(10) 1.9%(1) 1.9%(1) 15.1%(8) 3.8%(2) 3.7%(2)

Middle Eastern 45 53.3%(24) 17.8%(8) 17.8%(8) 4.4%(2) 4.4%(2) 20.0%(9) 4.4%(2) 4.3%(2)

West Indian/ Caribbean 73 43.8%(32) 17.8%(13)* 19.4%(14)* 4.1%(3) 5.5%(4) 16.4%(12) 1.4%(1) 5.5%(4)

* Indicates the results of a chi-square test indicating the proportion is significantly different from those self-reporting as Canadian (p<.05)

19

Table 4b (continued) .Past year gambling activity participation by self-reported ethnicity.

N

Slots or

VLTs

outside

of

Ontario

Sports

select

Sport

Pools

Cards or

board

games with

family or

friends

Games of

Skill

Arcade

or video

games

Internet

Sports

with a

bookie

Stocks

Casinos

out of

province

Canadian 1571 3.8%(60) 4.0%(63) 3.8%(59) 8.7%(136) 3.5%(55) 1.2%(19) 1.5%(23) 0.2%(3) 1.6%(25) 5.9%(92)

Irish 171 1.8%(3) 6.5%(11) 4.1%(7) 8.8%(15) 5.3%(9) 1.2%(2) 2.4%(4) 0.0%(0) 1.2%(2) 2.9%(5)

British 390 3.6%(14) 4.6%(18) 2.8%(11) 8.2%(32) 2.8%(11) 1.3%(5) 1.8%(7) 0.5%(2) 3.8%(15)* 5.1%(20)

Scottish 169 1.8%(3) 4.7%(8) 6.0%(10) 8.9%(15) 4.1%(7) 0.6%(1) 0.6%(1) 0.6%(1) 1.2%(2) 4.1%(7)

French 156 3.2%(5) 5.1%(8) 5.7%(9) 8.3%(13) 2.6%(4) 1.3%(2) 3.2%(5) 0.0%(0) 3.2%(5) 5.1%(8)

Dutch 55 3.6%(2) 1.9%(1) 0.0%(0) 3.7%(2) 0.0%(0) 0.0%(0) 0.0%(0) 0.0%(0) 0.0%(0) 5.5%(3)

German 78 1.3%(1) 2.6%(2) 1.3%(1) 2.6%(2) 1.3%(1) 0.0%(0) 1.3%(1) 0.0%(0) 1.3%(1) 2.6%(2)

Polish 56 0.0%(0) 5.4%(3) 0.0%(0) 8.8%(5) 1.8%(1) 3.6%(2) 1.8%(1) 0.0%(0) 0.0%(0) 0.0%(0)

Other Eastern European (excluding Polish) 73 2.7%(2) 4.1%(3) 8.1%(6) 16.4%(12)* 2.7%(2) 0.0%(0) 1.4%(1) 1.4%(1) 5.5%(4)* 6.8%(5)

Italian 103 1.9%(2) 6.7%(7) 6.7%(7) 10.7%(11) 6.7%(7) 2.9%(3) 2.9%(3) 1.0%(1) 0.0%(0) 5.8%(6)

Other Southern European (excluding Italian) 91 3.3%(3) 5.5%(5) 8.7%(8)* 6.6%(6) 5.4%(5) 1.1%(1) 1.1%(1) 0.0%(0) 1.1%(1) 2.2%(2)

South Asian 99 1.0%(1) 0.0%(0) 4.0%(4) 2.0%(2)* 2.0%(2) 2.0%(2) 0.0%(0) 0.0%(0) 1.0%(1) 1.0%(1)*

Chinese 94 1.1%(1) 3.2%(3) 1.1%(1) 2.2%(2)* 1.1%(1) 1.1%(1) 1.1%(1) 0.0%(0) 1.1%(1) 5.3%(5)

Other East Asian (excluding Chinese) 58 0.0%(0) 3.4%(2) 5.2%(3) 12.1%(7) 6.9%(4) 1.7%(1) 1.7%(1) 0.0%(0) 0.0%(0) 5.2%(3)

African 53 0.0%(0) 5.7%(3) 5.6%(3) 5.7%(3) 3.8%(2) 0.0%(0) 0.0%(0) 0.0%(0) 0.0%(0) 0.0%(0)

Middle Eastern 45 4.4%(2) 2.2%(1) 0.0%(0) 11.1%(5) 4.4%(2) 6.7%(3)* 4.4%(2) 0.0%(0) 6.7%(3)* 2.2%(1)

West Indian/ Caribbean 73 1.4%(1) 2.8%(2) 2.8%(2) 4.1%(3) 0.0%(0) 0.0%(0) 0.0%(0) 0.0%(0) 0.0%(0) 4.1%(3)

* Indicates the results of a chi-square test indicating the proportion is significantly different from those self-reporting as Canadian (p<.05)

20

Past year frequency of participation

As may be seen in Table 4a and 4b small sample sizes results in responses to questions

about participation in many of the 18 gambling activities asked about in the survey are too small

to conduct any meaningful analysis Therefore in order to assess whether the type of gambling

activity asked about in the CPGI differs systematically by ethnicity, we decided to combine

responses to gambling activities that have similar patterns of participation through the use of a

common scaling technique –principal component analysis (PCA). In short, PCA allows us to

form clusters of correlated gambling activities. Once we obtain the gaming clusters, we will

then examine ethnic variations in game clusters, and variations in CPGI by game clusters. This

technique increases the power of our analysis and was used by Tepperman et al.,(2004) to

combine the number of distinct gaming categories and examine ethnic variations in game

clusters.

To evaluate the suitability of the data for PCA, we performed the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO)

and Bartlett‟s test for sphericity. Small values of KMO indicate that PCA may not be

appropriate for the data. Values of .9 or higher are desirable, while values below .5 are

unacceptable. For the current data the KMO statistic was .755, well-within the accepted range.

We therefore felt comfortable proceeding with the PCA on the frequency of participation in the

18 gambling activities. This analysis was followed by a Varimax rotation with Kaiser

normalization to identify the main components, or clusters and to maximize the statistical

independence of the clusters identified. The rotated component loadings were sorted by size,

and coefficient with values of less than .1 were suppressed. The PCA produced six components

with eigenvalues greater than 1 (3.50, 1.81, 1.48, 1.14, 1.10, and 1.09) that explained 56.2% of

the variance. The component loadings for each activity are presented in

Table 5. The six components were labelled as follows: Social Betting, Sports Betting, Casino

Betting, Casino Gaming Outside of Ontario, Stocks/Internet Betting, and Ticket Betting. Table

6, lists these labels and the activity clusters they represent.

21

Table 5.Rotated factor loadings on the six components extracted by principal components analysis of the frequency

of participation in gambling activities using the 2005 Ontario Gambling Prevalence data

Gambling Activities Component

1 2 3 4 5 6

Games of skill .754 .160

Cards or board games with family or friends .687 .155 .136 .145

Arcade or video games .665 .112 -.101 .195

Casino table games .456 .368 .207 .234

Sports with a bookie/bookmaker .731 .149

Sports pools or outcome of sporting events .340 .723

Sport select like Pro line .207 .652 .147

Slot machines at an Ontario racetrack .810 .102

Slot machines in ONTARIO casinos .118 .747 .199 -.101

Horse races .156 .306 .476 .326

Bingo .224 -.199 .379 .271

Casinos out of province .864 .107

Slot machines or VLTs OUTSIDE of Ontario .114 .854

Scratch tickets .106 .247 .696

Lottery tickets -.132 -.105 .675 .104

Raffles or fundraising tickets .153 .616

Short-term speculative stock .802

Internet .319 .108 .630

% of Variance 11.54 10.33 9.772 9.321 8.021 7.195

Cumulative % 11.54 21.87 31.64 40.96 48.98 56.18

Table 6. Six components extracted by principal components analysis of the frequency participation in gambling

activities using the 2005 Ontario Gambling Prevalence data Component Label Gambling activity

1 Social Betting Games of skill

Arcade or video games

Cards or board games with family or friends

Casino table games

2 Sports Betting Sports pools or outcome of sporting events

Sport select like Pro line

Sports with a bookie/bookmaker

3 Casino Betting Slot machines at an Ontario racetrack

Slot machines in ONTARIO casinos

Horse races

Bingo

4 Casino Betting Outside of Ontario Casinos out of province

Slot machines or VLTs OUTSIDE of Ontario

5 Stocks/Internet Betting Short-term speculative stock

Internet

6 Ticket Betting Lottery tickets

Scratch tickets

Raffles or fundraising tickets

22

Past year frequency of participation by ethnicity Participant responses to gambling frequency questions for each gambling cluster were

assessed by calculating the mean frequency of the activities that made up the cluster. For

example, to assess gambling frequency of a participation in sports betting one would simply

calculate the mean response to the three activities that comprise the cluster (i.e., Sports pools or

outcome of sporting events, Sport select like Pro line, and Sports with a bookie/bookmaker).

Scores ranged from 0 to 4 (M = 0.25, SD = 0.21).

Table 7 lists the mean frequency scores for each of the 6 gambling activity clusters. The

activities with the highest frequency of play are ticket betting, followed by social betting, and

slots/horse race betting. The least frequent set is gambling in a venue outside of Ontario.

Table 7.Frequency of past -year gambling by activity cluster among gamblers only (N=2,273)

Frequency Scores Mean SD

Social Betting 0.13 0.34

Sports Betting 0.08 0.29

Casino Betting 0.16 0.31

Casinos Out of Province Betting 0.07 0.26

Stocks or Internet Betting 0.05 0.26

Ticket Betting 0.96 0.63

Next, we tested for significant relationships between the frequency scores for each

activity cluster and whether the respondent self-identified as Canadian versus another ethnicity.

Overall Canadians reported gambling significantly more frequently (M = 0.17, SD = 0.21) then

those self-identifying as another ethnicity (M = 0.15, SD = 0.20), F(1,3 548) = 5.57, p < .02.

When compared to other ethnic identities combined, respondents self-identified as Canadian

gambled significantly more frequently on following gaming clusters: casino betting, casinos out

of province and ticket betting (see Table 8).

Table 8. Gambling frequency of those self-reporting as an ethnicity other than Canadian versus those self-

reporting as Canadian Frequency Scale Ethnic Identity Mean SD N

Social Betting Canadian 0.08 0.26 1571

Other 0.08 0.28 1979

Sports Betting Canadian 0.04 0.21 1571

Other 0.05 0.25 1979

Casino Betting * Canadian 0.11 0.27 1571

Other 0.09 0.24 1979

Casinos Out of Province

Betting *

Canadian 0.06 0.24 1571

Other 0.04 0.18 1979

Stocks or Internet Betting Canadian 0.02 0.17 1571

Other 0.04 0.24 1979

Ticket Betting * Canadian 0.65 0.71 1571

Other 0.57 0.65 1979

* Indicates significant results of an F-test indicating the proportion of those self-reporting as an ethnicity other than Canadian

is significantly different from the proportion of those self-reporting as Canadian (p<.05)

23

When examining the gambling frequency score of those self-reporting as an ethnicity

other than Canadian versus those self-reporting as Canadian, there were several significant

relationships. For example, British, French, Middle Eastern and other Eastern Europeans

(excluding Polish) engage more frequently than Canadians in stock market or internet betting.

Italian respondents engage in social betting and sports betting more frequently than those self-

identified as Canadian, while West Indian/ Caribbean respondents engage in social betting less

frequently. South Asian, Chinese and Other East Asian (excluding Chinese), and African

respondents engage less frequently in ticket betting, when compared to those who self-identified

as Canadian. South Asian and Chinese respondents were also less likely to engage in casino

betting. Both Dutch and African respondents had a lower overall gambling frequency score than

respondents who self-identified as Canadian (see Table 9).

Table 9. Average Gambling Frequency Score for each Ethnicity compared to Self-Identified as Canadian

Mean SD

Canadian Overall Gambling Frequency Score 0.17 0.21







Irish Overall Gambling Frequency Score 0.17 0.20







British Overall Gambling Frequency Score 0.16 0.20





Stocks or Internet Betting * 0.05 0.25


Scottish Overall Gambling Frequency Score 0.16 0.18







French Overall Gambling Frequency Score 0.17 0.16







Dutch Overall Gambling Frequency Score * 0.11 0.16

24







German Overall Gambling Frequency Score 0.12 0.14







Polish Overall Gambling Frequency Score 0.16 0.18







Other Eastern European

(excluding Polish)

Overall Gambling Frequency Score 0.17 0.21







Italian Overall Gambling Frequency Score 0.18 0.21

Social Betting * 0.15 0.46

Sports Betting * 0.09 0.33





Other Southern European

(excluding Italian)








South Asian Overall Gambling Frequency Score * 0.06 0.11



Casino Betting * 0.02 0.08



Ticket Betting * 0.26 0.39

Chinese Overall Gambling Frequency Score * 0.09 0.11



Casino Betting * 0.04 0.12


25



Other East Asian (excluding

Chinese)








African Overall Gambling Frequency Score* 0.11 0.15







Middle Eastern Overall Gambling Frequency Score 0.16 0.19







West Indian/ Caribbean Overall Gambling Frequency Score 0.12 0.18

Social Betting * 0.01 0.06






* Indicates the results of a F-test indicating the proportion is significantly different from those self-reporting as Canadian

(p<.05)

Problem gambling by ethnicity

The average PGSI score for all respondents who have gambled in the last 12 months was

0.47 (SD=2.11). With the exception of British respondents, there were no significant

differences between respondents who self-identified as Canadian and any other ethnic group

(see Table 10).

On average, British respondents scored lower on PGSI items than their Canadian

counterparts. Although the relationship was not significant, respondents of West Indian and

East Asian descent had a higher average PGSI score than Canadians.

26

Table 10. PGSI score by ethnicity.

Self reported ethnicity % (n)

Canadian 13.2 (136)

Irish 11.2 (12)

British 10 (26)

Scottish 11.7(12)

French 13.5 (14)

Dutch 4.2 (1)

German 8.9 (4)

Polish* 27.0 (10)

Other Eastern European (excluding Polish) 19.1 (9)

Italian 11.6 (8)

Other Southern European (excluding Italian) 22.0 (13)

South Asian* 26.2 (11)

Chinese 14.8 (8)

Other East Asian (excluding Chinese)* 34.5 (10)

African* 32.3 (10)

Middle eastern 18.8 (8)

West Indian/Caribbean 22.2 (8)

* Indicates the results of a F-test indicating the proportion is significantly different from those self-reporting as Canadian

(p<.05)

The vast majority of respondents in each ethnic group were classified as non-problem

gamblers. As a result, when conducting a cross tabs analysis of PGSI level by ethnicity cell

sizes were too small to provide meaningful results. Therefore PGSI scores were recoded into

two categories: non-problem gamblers (PGSI score of 0) versus those who have had

encountered any problems with gambling (PGSI score of 1 or more). The analysis below

compares ethnic groups based this division.

27

Table11.Percentage of respondents endorsing one or more item on the PGSI by self-reported ethnicity.

Self reported ethnicity % (n)

Canadian 13.2 (136)

Irish 11.2 (12)

British 10 (26)

Scottish 11.7(12)

French 13.5 (14)

Italian 11.6 (8)

Other Southern European (excluding Italian) 22.0 (13)

Chinese 14.8 (8)

German 8.9 (4)

South Asian* 26.2 (11)

Polish* 27.0 (10)


Dutch 4.2 (1)

African* 32.3 (10)

Middle eastern 18.8 (8)

West Indian/Caribbean 22.2 (8)

Other East Asian (excluding Chinese)* 34.5 (10)


Canadian (p<.05)

Dutch and German respondents were the least likely group to experience any problems

as a result of their gambling, while respondents self-identifying as South Asian, Polish, African,

and East Asian were more likely than Canadians to have scored 1 or more on the PGSI scale

(see Table11).

Awareness of problem gambling services by ethnicity

As part of the survey respondents were asked a number of questions about their

awareness of various problem gambling services. First, they were asked if they were aware of

the Responsible Gambling Council of Ontario (RGCO). The results are presented in Table 12.

Overall, 28.5% of Canadians are aware of the RGCO. Among the ethinic groups, Germans were

the most likely group to be aware of RGCO while those of Other East Asian descent were least

likely to be aware of RGCO. Furthermore, German respondents were significantly more likely

than Canadians to be aware of RGCO, while South Asian, Chinese and other East Asians, as

well as those of African descent were significantly less likely than Canadians to be aware of

RGCO.

28

Table 12: Percent of respondents aware of the Responsible Gambling Council by self-reported ethnicity Self-reported ethnicity % (n)

Canadian 28.5(446)

Irish 27.8(47)

British 25.4(99)

Scottish 30.8(52)

French 22.3(35)

Dutch 25.9(14)

German * 41.0(32)

Polish 26.8(15)

Other Eastern European (excluding Polish) 31.1(23)

Italian 30.1(31)

Other Southern European (excluding Italian) 26.1(24)

South Asian * 12.0(12)

Chinese * 16.0(15)

Other East Asian (excluding Chinese) * 8.5(5)

African * 14.8(8)

Middle Eastern 22.2(10)

West Indian/Caribbean 20.5(15)


Canadian (p<.05)

Next, respondents were asked if they had seen any posters, signs or other forms of

public service announcements related to problem or responsible gambling. Almost half of self-

identified Canadians respondents (46.4%) have seen some kind of public service announcement

related to gambling. Overall, those of Scottish and Dutch descent were most likely ethnic

groups to have seen such announcements, while those of South Asian descent were least likely.

Overall, South Asian, Chinese and other East Asian respondents, African, Middle Eastern, and

those from West Indies/Caribbean were significantly less likely than Canadians to have seen

public service announcements related to problem or responsible gambling. These results are

presented in Table 13.

29

Table 13 Percent of Respondents who have seen a poster, sings, warning labels, or other forms of public service

announcements related to problem or responsible gambling by self-identified ethnicity

Self-Identified Ethnicity % (n)

Canadian 46.4(728)

Irish 47.4(81)

British 46.8(182)

Scottish 51.5(87)

French 49.4(77)

Dutch 50.0(27)

German 40.3(31)

Polish 42.9(24)

Other Eastern European (excluding Polish) 41.7(30)

Italian 43.1(44)



Chinese * 26.6(25)

Other East Asian (excluding Chinese) * 25.9(15)

African * 24.1(13)

Middle Eastern * 30.4(14)

West Indian/Caribbean * 32.9(24)


Canadian (p<.05)

Respondents were asked if they were aware of the toll-free gambling helpline in Ontario

(see Table 14). Among those self-identifying as Canadian, 39% were aware of such service.

Overall, Irish, Dutch, and Polish respondents were most likely to have heard of the toll-free

gambling helpline, while Chinese respondents were the least likely group to have heard of this

service. Other Eastern European (excluding Polish), South Asian, Chinese, African, and West

Indian/Caribbean respondents were significantly less likely than Canadians to be aware of the

toll-free gambling helpline in Ontario.

30

Table 14.Awareness of the toll-free gambling helpline in Ontario by self-identified ethnicity. Self-Identified Ethnicity % (n)

Canadian 39.2(617)

Irish 43.5(74)

British 37.9(147)

Scottish 36.3(61)

French 37.8(59)

Dutch 40.7(22)

German 37.2(29)

Polish 40.4(23)

Other Eastern European (excluding Polish) * 23.3(17)

Italian 33.0(34)



Chinese * 17.2(16)

Other East Asian (excluding Chinese) 31.0(18)

African * 24.1(13)




Canadian (p<.05)

Finally, respondents were asked if they were aware of any gambling counseling services

available in their community. Overall, few respondents were aware of such services, with only

18% of self-identified Canadians being aware of these counseling services. Other Eastern

European (excluding Polish) and Irish respondents were most likely to have heard about

gambling counseling services available in the community, while Dutch, West Indian/Caribbean

and Dutch respondents were the least likely group to be aware of such service. In fact, Dutch,

Other Southern European (excluding Italian) and West Indian/Caribbean respondents were

significantly less likely to be aware of gambling counseling services in their community.

31

Table 15. Percent of respondents who are aware of any gambling counseling services available in their community

by self-identified ethnicity Self-identified Ethnicity % (n)

Canadian 18.4 (288)

Irish 23.8 (40)

British 17.8 (69)

Scottish 16.1 (27)

French 17.3 (27)

Dutch * 7.5 (4)

German 14.3 (11)

Polish 16.1 (9)


Italian 18.6 (19)

Other Southern European (excluding Italian) * 8.9 (8)

South Asian 12.0(12)

Chinese 10.8(10)

Other East Asian (excluding Chinese) 11.9(7)

African 11.1(6)




Canadian (p<.05)

32

Summary of results

Table 16. Summary table of results. Up arrows ( ) indicate the group mean /percentage was significantly greater than the comparison group (i.e., those self-

reporting as ‘Canadian’) and down arrows ( ) indicate the group mean/percentage was significantly less than the comparison group. Self-

reported

ethnicity

Gambling

Participation

Gambling Frequency on specific types of gambling a Problem

Gambling

Awareness of responsible/problem gambling services

% who have

gambled in

past 12

months

Overall Social

Betting

Sports

Betting

Casino

Betting

Casino

Betting

Outside

Ontario

Stocks/

Internet

Betting

Ticket

Betting

% with

>= 1on

the PGSI

% Heard of

the RGCO

% reporting

exposure to

problem or

responsible

gambling

information

% aware

of toll

free

gamblin

g help

line

% aware

of

gambling

counseling

services

Irish

British

Scottish

French

Dutch

German

Polish

Other

Eastern

European

(excluding

Polish)

Italian

Other

Southern

European

(excluding

Italian)

South Asian

Chinese

Other East

Asian

(excluding

Chinese)

33

African

Middle

Eastern

West Indian/

Caribbean

a Scores range from 0 to 4 (0 = never participated in this gambling activity, 1 = less than once in the past month, 2 = at least once a month, 3 = at least once a week, and 4 = daily

34

DISCUSSION

The research presented in the preceding report was conducted to better understand the

nature of gambling and problem gambling in Ontario Ethno-cultural communities. In Part I we

conducted a systematic search of the literature and found only two recent (i.e., past decade)

prevalence studies conducted in Ontario that assessed gambling and problem gambling in

ECCs. Taken together, these studies revealed no clear pattern regarding the prevalence of

gambling and PG among Ontario ECCs. However, both studies were secondary analyses of data

collected for purposes other than to assess gambling and PG among ethnic communities.

Therefore neither study used methods required to accurately assess gambling or PG prevalence

rates in ECCs (e.g., stratified sampling designed to acquire representative samples from the

largest ECCs in Ontario, offering the survey in multiple languages to avoid non-random

response bias in favour of English speaking members of ECCs).

In Part II of the current report we conducted secondary analysis of the 2005 Ontario

Gambling Prevalence dataset in order to further assess the prevalence of gambling and PG

among Ontario ECCs. The key findings are presented in Table 16 and are as follows.

Compared to those self-identifying as „Canadian‟:

Those self-identifying as Irish, Scottish, and Other Southern European (excluding

Italian) were not significantly different on any of the variables assessed

Those self-identifying as British and French reported gambling on stocks/internet

significantly more frequently than „Canadians‟

A significantly smaller proportion of those self-identifying as Dutch reported past year

gambling, reported gambling less frequently, and were significantly less likely to be

aware of gambling counseling services

A significantly larger proportion of those self-identifying as Polish endorsed one or

more item on the PGSI.

A significantly larger proportion of those self-identifying as German indicated they

were aware of the RGCO.

Those who self-identified as another Eastern European (excluding Polish) ethnicity

reported gambling on stocks/internet significantly more frequently and were less likely

to be aware of the Ontario gambling help line or other gambling counseling services.

Those who self-identified as Italian reported social betting and sports betting

significantly more frequently

A significantly smaller proportion of those self-identified as South Asian reported past

year gambling, they also reported gambling less frequently (particularly so on Casino

and ticket gambling). However a significantly greater proportion endorsed one or more

symptom of problem gambling (PGSI). They were also less likely to be aware of

responsible/problem gambling services.

Those who self-identified as Chinese reported gambling significantly less frequently

(Casino betting, ticket betting). They were also less likely to be aware of


A significantly smaller proportion of those self-identified as other East Asian

(excluding Chinese) reported past year gambling, they also reported ticket betting.

However a significantly greater proportion endorsed one or more symptom of problem

35

gambling (PGSI). They were also less likely to be aware of responsible/problem

gambling services.

Those who self-identified as African reported gambling significantly less frequently

(ticket betting less frequently). However a significantly greater proportion endorsed one

or more symptom of problem gambling (PGSI). They were also less likely to be aware

of responsible/problem gambling services.

The group with the highest prevalence of past-year gambling participation were those

self-identifying as Middle Eastern (though not significantly greater than „Canadian‟).

They also reported stock/internet betting significantly more frequently

Finally, a significantly smaller proportion of those self-identified as West

Indian/Caribbean reported past year gambling. They also reported engaging in social

betting significantly less frequently and were less likely to be aware of


Limitations

As the sample for this data set was selected via random digit dialling and not stratified

by ethnicity, sample sizes of many ethnic groups were too small to detect significant differences

from the mainstream population of respondents self-identifying as „Canadian‟. This was

particularly true when assessing gambling problems, less so when examining gambling

participation or awareness of responsible/problem gambling services.

Another limitation to the current study is the response rate. Recall that two response

rates were calculated for this study. The first calculation of 82.5% is the response rate among

those who were proficient in English and were capable to complete the survey. The second

response rate of 46.4% is the rate achieved without consideration of language or capacity. Given

that it is possible many members of ECCs are not proficient in English, it is likely that they

were perhaps screened out of the survey. If one is to accurately assess the gambling

participation and PG rates among ECCs, the survey methodology will need to be capable of

asking the questions in multiple languages. Otherwise it is likely that those who do not have a

sufficient command of the English will be screened out. This will likely systematically

influence estimates of gambling and PG among some groups given that language barriers may

be a factor influencing PG rates among some ECCs (Young et al., 2010)

Recommendations

Though the current report adds to the body of evidence regarding prevalence of

gambling and PG in ECCs, there are limitations. To accurately assess the prevalence of

gambling and PG in ECCs it is recommended that a study that aims to survey ECCs as it‟s

primary goal be conducted. This survey would sample in such way to achieve adequate sample

sizes of all the major ECCs in Ontario and would enable members of these communities to

answer questions in their native language.

36

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Tourism Research, 33(2), 568-571.

Walker, G. J., Courneya, K. S., & Deng, J. Y. (2006). Ethnicity, gender, and the theory of

planned behavior: The case of playing the lottery. Journal of Leisure Research, 38(2), 224-

248.

Wardman, D., el-Guebaly, N., & Hodgins, D. (2001). Problem and pathological gambling in

north american aboriginal populations: A review of the empirical literature. Journal of

Gambling Studies, 17(2), 81-100.

Wiebe, J., Single, E., & Falkowski-Ham, A. (2001). Measuring gambling and problem

gambling in ontarioCanadian Centre on Substance Abuse, Responsible Gambling Council

(Ontario).

Wiebe, J., & Turner, N. (2008). Gambling patterns & problem gambling service utilization by

ontario local health integration networksOntario Problem Gambling Research Centre.

Williams, R. J., Belanger, Y. D., & Arthur, J. N. (2011). Gambling in alberta: History, current

status, and socioeconomic impacts. final report to the alberta gaming research institute.

Edmonton, Alberta: Alberta Gaming Research Institute.

Williams, R. J., & Volberg, R. A. (2010). Best practices in the population assessment of

problem gambling. Guelph, Ontario: Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre.

Williams, R. J., & Wood, R. T. (2007). Internet gambling: A comprehensive review and

synthesis of the literature. Guelph, Ontario: Ontario Problem Gambling.

Williams, R., Wynne, H., Nixon, G., & Frank, L. (2005). Using participatory action research to

study canadian aboriginal gambling. 66Th

European Conference on Gambling Studies and

Policy Issues, Malmo Sweden.

47

Williams, R. J., Royston, J., & Hagen, B. F. (2005). Gambling and problem gambling within

forensic populations: A review of the literature. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 32(6), 665-

689.

Wilson, D. H., Gilliland, J., Ross, N. A., Derevensky, J., & Gupta, R. (2006). Video lottery

terminal access and gambling among high school students in montreal. Canadian Journal

of Public Health, 97(3), 202-206.

Wood, R. T., & Williams, R. J. (2008). Internet gambling: Prevalence, patterns, problems, and

policy options. Guelph, Ontario: Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre.

Wood, R. T., & Williams, R. J. (2007). Problem gambling on the internet: Implications for

internet gambling policy in north america. New Media & Society, 9(3), 520-542.

Young, M., Sztainert, T., & Santoro, M. (2010). The treatment and prevention of problem

gambling in ontario ethno-cultural communitiesOntario Problem Gambling Research

Centre.

48

APPENDIX B : GAMBLING PARTICIPATION AND PROBLEM GAMBLING

PREVALENCE IN ONTARIO

Adlaf, E. M., Demers, A., & Gliksman, L. (2005). Canadian campus survey 2004. Toronto, ON:

Centre for Addiction and Mental Health.

http://www.camh.net/Research/Areas_of_research/Population_Life_Course_Studies/CCS_

2004_report.pdf

Adlaf, E. M., Paglia, A., & Beitchman, J. H. (2006). The mental health and well-being of

Ontario students 1991-2005 : Detailed OSDUS findings. Toronto, ON: Centre for

Addiction and Mental Health.

http://www.camh.net/Research/Areas_of_research/Population_Life_Course_Studies/OSDU

S/OSDUS2005_mental_detailed_fnl.pdf

Adlaf, E. M., & Ialomiteanu, A. (2000). Prevalence of problem gambling in adolescents:

Findings form the 1999 ontario student drug use survey. The Canadian Journal of


Determined the prevalence of gambling disorders in adolescent students in Ontario and

described the psychometric characteristics of the South Oaks Gambling Screen revised for

adolescents (SOGS-RA). Data were based on a random survey of 2,371 Ontario students in

grades 7 to 13 using the SOGS-RA. In total, 5.8% of students met the criteria for past-year

problem gambling, and an additional 7.5% met the criteria for at-risk gambling. Gambling

disorders were significantly higher among male students than female, but did not differ

significantly by age or region. The SOGS-RA has a mean of 0.68 and standard deviation of

2.15 and a reliability alpha of 0.82, with distributions similar to those of other studies. The

prevalence of gambling disorders among adolescents warrants thorough investigation and

ongoing monitoring. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)

Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission. (2003). Alberta, ontario and nova scotia

substance use and gambling activities (profile). Edmonton, AB: Author.

http://www.aadac.com/documents/profiles_ab_on_ns_substance_use.pdf

Azmier, J. J. (2000). Canadian gambling behaviour and attitudes : Main report (gambling in

canada research report ; no. 11). Calgary, AB: Canada West Foundation.

Azmier, J. J. (2005). Gambling in canada 2005: Statistics and context. Calgary, AB: Canada

West Foundation.

https://dspace.ucalgary.ca/bitstream/1880/47412/1/GamblingInCanada.pdf

Azmier, J., & Smith, G. (1998). The state of gambling in canada : An interprovincial roadmap

of gambling and its impact. Calgary, AB: Canada West Foundation.

Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. (1998). Problem gambling across canada. Ottawa, ON:

Author.

http://www.ccsa.ca/2003%20and%20earlier%20CCSA%20Documents/ccsa-009383-

1998.pdf

http://www.camh.net/Research/Areas_of_research/Population_Life_Course_Studies/CCS_2004_report.pdf

http://www.camh.net/Research/Areas_of_research/Population_Life_Course_Studies/CCS_2004_report.pdf

http://www.camh.net/Research/Areas_of_research/Population_Life_Course_Studies/OSDUS/OSDUS2005_mental_detailed_fnl.pdf

http://www.camh.net/Research/Areas_of_research/Population_Life_Course_Studies/OSDUS/OSDUS2005_mental_detailed_fnl.pdf

http://www.aadac.com/documents/profiles_ab_on_ns_substance_use.pdf

https://dspace.ucalgary.ca/bitstream/1880/47412/1/GamblingInCanada.pdf

http://www.ccsa.ca/2003%20and%20earlier%20CCSA%20Documents/ccsa-009383-1998.pdf

http://www.ccsa.ca/2003%20and%20earlier%20CCSA%20Documents/ccsa-009383-1998.pdf

49

Centre for Addiction and Mental Health. (2005). Internet gambling among ontario adults.

CAMH Populations Studies Ebulletin, 6(4), 1-2.

http://www.camh.net/Research/Areas_of_research/Population_Life_Course_Studies/eBulle

tins/ebv6n4_InternetGambling200003.pdf

Chipman, M., Govoni, R., Jazmaji, V., Wilson, S., & Gao, P. (2008). High vs. low risk

gambling: What is the difference?Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre.

http://www.gamblingresearch.org/download.php?docid=10542

Cox, B. J., Yu, N., Afifi, T. O., & Ladouceur, R. (2005). A national survey of gambling

problems in canada. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry.Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie,

50(4), 213-217.

OBJECTIVE: The 1990s saw widespread expansion of new forms of legalized gambling

involving video lottery terminals (VLTs) in community settings (that is, in bars and

restaurant lounges) and permanent casinos in several Canadian provinces. To date, there

has never been a national survey of gambling problems with representative interprovincial

data. Using a new survey, we sought to compare prevalence figures across the 10 Canadian

provinces. METHOD: Using the Canadian Problem Gambling Index, we investigated the

current 12-month prevalence of gambling problems in the Canadian Community Health

Survey: Cycle 1.2--Mental Health and Well-Being, in which a random sample of 34,770

community-dwelling respondents aged 15 years and over were interviewed. The response

rate was 77%. The data are representative at the provincial level and were compared with

the availability of VLTs per 1000 population and with the presence of permanent casinos

for each province. RESULTS: Manitoba (2.9%) and Saskatchewan (also 2.9%) had the

highest prevalence of gambling problems (specifically, moderate and severe problem levels

combined). These 2 provinces had significantly higher levels than the 2 provinces with the

lowest prevalence of gambling problems: Quebec (1.7%) and New Brunswick (1.5%).

CONCLUSIONS: The 12-month prevalence of gambling problems in Canada was 2.0%,

with interprovincial variability. The highest prevalence emerged in areas with high

concentrations of VLTs in the community combined with permanent casinos. These

findings support earlier predictions that the rapid and prolific expansion of new forms of

legalized gambling in many regions of the country would be associated with a considerable

public health cost.

Currie, S. R., Hodgins, D. C., Wang, J., el-Guebaly, N., Wynne, H., & Miller, N. V. (2008).

Replication of low-risk gambling limits using canadian provincial gambling prevalence

data. Journal of Gambling Studies / Co-Sponsored by the National Council on Problem


335.

A set of low-risk gambling limits were recently produced using Canadian epidemiological

data on the intensity of gambling behavior and related consequences (Currie et al.

Addiction 101:570-580, 2006). The empirically derived limits (gambling no more than two

to three times per month, spending no more than $501-$100o CAN per year or no more

than 1% of gross income spent on gambling) accurately predicted risk of gambling-related

harm after controlling for other risk factors. The present study sought to replicate these

limits on data collected in three independently conducted Canadian provincial gambling

http://www.camh.net/Research/Areas_of_research/Population_Life_Course_Studies/eBulletins/ebv6n4_InternetGambling200003.pdf

http://www.camh.net/Research/Areas_of_research/Population_Life_Course_Studies/eBulletins/ebv6n4_InternetGambling200003.pdf


50

surveys. Dose-response curves and logistic regression analyses were applied to gambling

prevalence data collected in surveys conducted in 2001-2002 within the provinces of

Alberta, British Columbia, and Ontario (combined sample N = 7,675). A comparable dose-

response relationship between gambling intensity and risk of harm was found in each

province. The optimal thresholds for defining an upper limit of low-risk gambling were

similar across the three provinces despite variations in the availability and organization of

legalized gambling opportunities within each region. These results provide additional

evidence supporting the validity of the low-risk gambling limits. Quantitative limits could

be used to augment existing responsible gambling guidelines.

Huang, J. H., & Boyer, R. (2007). Epidemiology of youth gambling problems in canada: A

national prevalence study. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry.Revue Canadienne De

Psychiatrie, 52(10), 657-665.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the epidemiology of gambling problems among youth aged 15

to 24 years in Canada and to examine whether these gambling prevalence patterns differ by

sex and (or) by geographic region. METHOD: We used data from The Canadian

Community Health Survey: Mental Health and Well-Being. Gambling problems were

determined according to the Canadian Problem Gambling Index. All prevalence estimates

used appropriate sampling weights and bootstrap variance estimation procedures developed

by Statistics Canada. Multivariate logistic regression modelling was also employed to

supplement the above prevalence comparisons by age, sex, and region. RESULTS: Among

Canadian youth aged 15 to 24 years (n=5666), 61.35% gambled in the past 12 months and

the national prevalence of moderate-risk or problem gambling was 2.22% (3.30% in male

respondents and 1.10% in female respondents). Male respondents had significantly higher

prevalence of gambling problems than female respondents. Regional prevalence estimates

of youth moderate-risk or problem gambling were 1.37% in British Columbia, 2.17% in the

Prairie provinces, 2.75% in Ontario, 2.12% in Quebec, and 1.71% in the Atlantic

provinces. CONCLUSIONS: Youth, particularly young men, are at greater risk for

gambling problems than adults. More prevention and research efforts are also needed to

address the observed sex differences and interregional variability in the prevalence of

gambling problems among youth. The national prevalence estimates from this study

provide important baseline data against which future cohorts of Canadians can be

monitored and measured.



Compulsive Gambling (Ontario)

Lai, D. W. L. (2011). Gambling and experience of ethno-cultural minorities. A poster

presentation at Lost in Translation: Seeking Answers in Addiction and Concurrent

Disorders. University of British Columbia Point Grey Campus, Life Sciences Institute.

https://dspace.ucalgary.ca/bitstream/1880/48427/1/Lai_Gambling_Ethnocultural_Minoritie

s_Feb_2011.pdf



https://dspace.ucalgary.ca/bitstream/1880/48427/1/Lai_Gambling_Ethnocultural_Minorities_Feb_2011.pdf

https://dspace.ucalgary.ca/bitstream/1880/48427/1/Lai_Gambling_Ethnocultural_Minorities_Feb_2011.pdf

51


In Canada, there is a lack of research on gambling among the older adults from ethnic

minority groups, especially the older Chinese. In this study, two research questions were

used to examine gambling among the older Chinese: (1) What is the pattern of gambling

among the older Chinese in Canada? (2) What are the predictors associated with gambling

among the older Chinese in Canada? The data for this study were collected as part of a

multi-site study on health and well-being of 2272 older Chinese in Canada. Four main

questions related to gambling were used in this study. Among the 2257 participants who

answered the questions on gambling, 26.6% of them reported that they gambled. Results of

the hierarchical logistic regression analysis showed that being male, having lived in Canada

longer, having a higher level of social support, having more service barriers, and having a

stronger level of Chinese ethnic identity would increase the probability for an older

Chinese to participate in gambling. Conversely, having a post-secondary and above level of

education and having a higher level of life satisfaction would reduce one's probability of

gambling. Although city of residency was also significant in predicting gambling, further

analysis showed that its effect was actually caused by other factors including services

barriers, social support, life satisfaction, Chinese ethnic identity, and education.

MacNeil, P., & Webster, I. (1994). Canada's alcohol and other drugs survey 1994 : A

discussion of the findings. Ottawa, ON: Health Canada.

http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/H39-338-1-1994E.pdf









Munro, B. (2003). Seniors who gamble: A summary review of the literature. Edmonton,

Alberta: The Alberta Gaming Research Institute.

https://dspace.ucalgary.ca/bitstream/1880/1631/1/Munro_Seniors.pdf

Papoff, K. M., & Norris, J. E. (2009). Instant ticket purchasing by ontario baby boomers:

Increasing risk for problem gamblers. Journal of Gambling Studies / Co-Sponsored by the



Instant ticket purchase gambling (ITPG) is pervasive in Ontario and has features that mimic

slot machine play. Previous researchers have reported that ITPG is one preferred activity

for at-risk/problem gamblers. In the general Canadian population, rate of participation in

ITPG is second only to lottery ticket gambling. Both are particularly favored by youth and

seniors. The next cohort of seniors will be Canada's baby boomers, one-third of whom live

in Ontario. Secondary analysis of Statistics Canada data revealed that adults in this cohort

http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/H39-338-1-1994E.pdf



https://dspace.ucalgary.ca/bitstream/1880/1631/1/Munro_Seniors.pdf

52

who buy instant gambling tickets (N = 1781) are significantly different from the complete

group of their age peers (N = 4266) in number of activities pursued and frequency of

involvement. At-risk/problem gambling prevalence was 10.2% amongst Ontario baby

boomers who participate in instant ticket gambling, significantly higher than the 6.7%

found amongst the total group of baby boom gamblers. For those who reported

experiencing one or more of the Canadian Problem Gambling Index indicators for problem

gambling (N = 237), 73% were buying instant tickets. Future research should consider

cohort effects and explore combinations of preferred gambling activities that may increase

risk for problem gambling. Social policy recommendations include the use of all ITPG

venues as key locations for promoting awareness of problem gambling treatment services.

Room, R., Turner, N. E., & Ialomiteanu, A. (1999). Community effects of the opening of the

niagara casino. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 94(10), 1449-1466.

AIMS: The impacts on the community of the opening of a casino in Niagara Falls are

studied. DESIGN: The study uses a pre/post design for the community data, with pre/post

data from Ontario as a whole as a comparison. SETTING: The study site is the city of

Niagara Falls, Ontario, where a casino opened in early December, 1996. PARTICIPANTS:

Using random-digit dialing, telephone interviews were conducted with adult residents of

Niagara Falls in 1996 and 1997, and with adult residents of Ontario in 1995 and 1997.

MEASUREMENTS: Aside from demographic variables, measures included general

attitudes to gambling, expectations about (1996) and experiences with (1997) the casino's

opening, extent of participation in 11 types of gambling and 18 items on problems with

gambling: five key items from a standard gambling problems score (SOGS), five life-area

problems items, and items on pressures from others concerning the respondent's gambling

and on gambling problems among family and friends. FINDINGS: Attitudes to gambling

remained stable in Niagara Falls, while there was some evidence of decline in approval in

Ontario as a whole. While strong majorities of 1996 respondents had expected many

positive and negative effects on The Community of the Casino's opening, Significantly

fewer respondents in 1997 reported actually experiencing most of these effects. While a

small increase in employment was found, it fell far below projections, a result probably

reflecting displacement effects. The rate and level of casino gambling increased in Ontario,

but increased even more in Niagara Falls, with little displacement of other gambling.

Reported gambling problems increased significantly in Niagara Falls for two of 10

gambling problem items and for the short SOGS score, while rates were generally stable or

declining in the province. Pressure from others about gambling rose significantly in

Niagara Falls (in contrast to the province), and reported rates of family members or friends

with gambling problems also rose substantially. There was an increasing trend in Niagara

Falls for all 18 problem indicators. CONCLUSIONS: The casino's opening brought more

gambling by local residents, and an increase in reported gambling problems; yet support for

the casino, already strong, if anything grew. At least in the short term, problems from the

increased availability of gambling manifested themselves not in the public arena but rather

in the arena of private life.

Rush, B., Veldhuizen, S., & Adlaf, E. (2007). Mapping the prevalence of problem gambling and

its association with treatment accessibility and proximity to gambling venues. Journal of

Gambling Issues, 20, 193-213.

53

This study examined geographic variation in the prevalence of problem gambling in

Ontario and the association with various demographic factors and proximity to treatment

for problem gambling and gambling venues. Drawing upon multiple sources, secondary

data analysis was undertaken based on multivariate statistical methods and techniques of

geographic information systems (GIS). Regional variation in prevalence of problem

gambling was found in the province. Prevalence of problem gambling was associated with

many demographic characteristics, as well as mental disorders, co-occurring substance

abuse problems, and physical health status. Geographic access to treatment was not

associated with the risk of being a problem gambler. However, proximity to gambling

venues was marginally important in predicting risk of problem gambling. Results are

interpreted in the context of needs-based planning of treatment and prevention programs

for problem gambling. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)

Schrans, T., Schellinck, T., & Walsh, G. (2000). Highlights report : 2000 regular VL players

follow up : A comparative analysis of problem development & resolution. Halifax, NS:

Department of Health, Government of Nova Scotia.

http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/63f0002x/63f0002x1999026-eng.pdf



OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the link between gambling, alcohol and drug problems

among Ontario adults and to present information on the relationship between expenditures

on gambling and type of gambling with gambling problems. METHOD: Using data

collected in a 1994 telephone survey of 2,016 randomly chosen Ontario adults, gambling

problems are related to the CAGE scale of alcohol problems and the ICD-10 measure of

alcohol dependence, as well as smoking, other drug use, and demographic variables.

Descriptive tables based on crosstabulations and means are provided, as well as a series of

9 logistic regression models. RESULTS: The most significant predictor of gambling

problems was the amount spent on gambling in the preceding 30 days, with alcohol

dependence on the ICD-10 scale and age also important predictors. Lottery players,

compared to other gamblers, are more likely to be male, relatively less affluent, older on

average, more likely to report alcohol problems (but not dependence) and be currently

smoking. CONCLUSIONS: The results make clear that heavy drinking and drinking

problems are associated with higher levels of spending on gambling and reports of

gambling problems. This leads to the suggestion that treatment programs for those with

gambling, alcohol or other drug problems should assess that possibility of comorbidity,

since the presence of more than one of these problems can significantly affect the success

of treatment and contribute to relapse.

Tepperman, L., Kwan, A., Jones, C., & Falkowski-Ham, A. (2004). Dreaming the Numbers:

Ethnocultural Gambling in Ontario. Guelph, Ontario: Ontario Problem Gambling Research

Centre.


Wiebe, J., Single, E., & Falkowski-Ham, A. (2001). Measuring gambling and problem

gambling in ontarioCanadian Centre on Substance Abuse, Responsible Gambling Council

http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/63f0002x/63f0002x1999026-eng.pdf


54

(Ontario).

http://www.responsiblegambling.org/articles/CPGI_report-Dec4.pdf

Wiebe, J., & Turner, N. (2008). Gambling patterns & problem gambling service utilization by

ontario local health integration networksOntario Problem Gambling Research Centre.


Williams, R. J., & Volberg, R. A. (2010). Best practices in the population assessment of

problem gambling. Guelph, Ontario: Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre.


Williams, R. J., & Wood, R. T. (2007). Internet gambling: A comprehensive review and

synthesis of the literature. Guelph, Ontario: Ontario Problem Gambling.

http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/bitstream/10133/432/1/2007-InternetReview-OPGRC.pdf

Wood, R. T., & Williams, R. J. (2008). Internet gambling: Prevalence, patterns, problems, and

policy options. Guelph, Ontario: Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre.

https://www.uleth.ca/dspace/bitstream/handle/10133/693/2009-InternetPPPP-

OPGRC.pdf?sequence=4

Young, M., Sztainert, T., & Santoro, M. (2010). The treatment and prevention of problem

gambling in ontario ethno-cultural communitiesOntario Problem Gambling Research

Centre.

http://www.responsiblegambling.org/articles/CPGI_report-Dec4.pdf



http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/bitstream/10133/432/1/2007-InternetReview-OPGRC.pdf

https://www.uleth.ca/dspace/bitstream/handle/10133/693/2009-InternetPPPP-OPGRC.pdf?sequence=4

https://www.uleth.ca/dspace/bitstream/handle/10133/693/2009-InternetPPPP-OPGRC.pdf?sequence=4

55

APPENDIX C: GAMBLING PARTICIPATION AND PROBLEM GAMBLING

PREVALENCE BY ETHNICITY IN ONTARIO

Faveri, A., & Gainer, L. (1995). A report on gambling activities and related issues among

clients of multicultural service providers in ontario. Toronto: Addiction Research

Foundation, University Settlement Recreation Centre and Chinese Family Life Services of

Metro Toronto.



Compulsive Gambling (Ontario).

Kwan, K. (1998). Gambling alcohol and other drug uses among chinese adults in greater

toronto: A summary report of a telephone survey. Toronto: Chinese Family Life Services

of Metro Toronto.




In Canada, there is a lack of research on gambling among the older adults from ethnic

minority groups, especially the older Chinese. In this study, two research questions were

used to examine gambling among the older Chinese: (1) What is the pattern of gambling

among the older Chinese in Canada? (2) What are the predictors associated with gambling

among the older Chinese in Canada? The data for this study were collected as part of a

multi-site study on health and well-being of 2272 older Chinese in Canada. Four main

questions related to gambling were used in this study. Among the 2257 participants who

answered the questions on gambling, 26.6% of them reported that they gambled. Results of

the hierarchical logistic regression analysis showed that being male, having lived in Canada

longer, having a higher level of social support, having more service barriers, and having a

stronger level of Chinese ethnic identity would increase the probability for an older

Chinese to participate in gambling. Conversely, having a post-secondary and above level of

education and having a higher level of life satisfaction would reduce one's probability of

gambling. Although city of residency was also significant in predicting gambling, further

analysis showed that its effect was actually caused by other factors including services

barriers, social support, life satisfaction, Chinese ethnic identity, and education.











56



OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the link between gambling, alcohol and drug problems

among Ontario adults and to present information on the relationship between expenditures

on gambling and type of gambling with gambling problems. METHOD: Using data

collected in a 1994 telephone survey of 2,016 randomly chosen Ontario adults, gambling

problems are related to the CAGE scale of alcohol problems and the ICD-10 measure of

alcohol dependence, as well as smoking, other drug use, and demographic variables.

Descriptive tables based on crosstabulations and means are provided, as well as a series of

9 logistic regression models. RESULTS: The most significant predictor of gambling

problems was the amount spent on gambling in the preceding 30 days, with alcohol

dependence on the ICD-10 scale and age also important predictors. Lottery players,

compared to other gamblers, are more likely to be male, relatively less affluent, older on

average, more likely to report alcohol problems (but not dependence) and be currently

smoking. CONCLUSIONS: The results make clear that heavy drinking and drinking

problems are associated with higher levels of spending on gambling and reports of

gambling problems. This leads to the suggestion that treatment programs for those with

gambling, alcohol or other drug problems should assess that possibility of comorbidity,

since the presence of more than one of these problems can significantly affect the success

of treatment and contribute to relapse.

Tepperman, L., Kwan, A., Jones, C., & Falkowski-Ham, A. (2004). Dreaming the Numbers:

Ethnocultural Gambling in Ontario. Guelph, Ontario: Ontario Problem Gambling Research

Centre.



57

APPENDIX D: ONTARIO 2005 QUESTIONNAIRE

HITACHI RESEARCH

INTERVIEWER: PHONE: ( __ __ __ ) - __ __ __ - __ __ __ __

(1) Hi, my name is (first & last) and I‟m calling from a research Centre at the University of Toronto. We

are (describe organization)……….. and today we‟re calling a random sample of 3000 Ontario residents

on behalf of the Responsible Gambling Council of Ontario, a non-profit organization aimed at reducing

gambling-related problems. As you probably know, in recent years opportunities to gamble have become

more common in Ontario and this has resulted in both positive and negative effects on individuals as

well as society. The Responsible Gambling Council is conducting a study to determine adult Ontarians‟

attitudes and behaviours towards gambling and we would like to include your views, regardless of

whether you gamble or not. Your input is most valuable for determining the extent of gambling

participation in Ontario and minimizing any related problems. For the purposes of this study we would

like to speak to the person living in your household who is 18 or over, and whose birthday will come

next. Would that be you?

IF NO, ASK TO SPEAK TO THE PERSON WHO DOES MEET THE REQUIREMENTS. IF THE

PERSON WHO MEETS THE REQUIREMENTS IS NOT AT HOME, ASK FOR ANY PERSON

WHO IS 18 OR OVER. IF NO ONE PRESENTLY AT HOME QUALIFIES, ARRANGE A TIME TO

CALL BACK.

(2) The survey will take no more than 20 minutes of your time. You can quit the survey at any time, or

refuse to answer any question. All of your answers will remain confidential; you will not be identified in

any report that may arise from this study. Only the researchers on this project will have access to all of

the information collected. If the data is shared with other researchers in the future, all identifiers would

be removed.

(3) If you want further information on this study, you may call a toll free number from the University of

Toronto (insert U of T number here) or the Responsible Gambling Council (1-888-391-1111)

(4) Would you be willing to participate?

(5) The survey will ask you questions in the following areas:

• Gambling behaviours and other leisure spending activities

• Difficulties you may have experienced from your own or someone else‟s gambling

• Your background such as level of education, and marital and financial status

58

AWARENESS Q1 Before this survey, had you heard of the Responsible Gambling Council of Ontario?

Yes....................................................................................................#1

No....................................................................................................#2

Don‟t know......................................................................................#3

Refused............................................................................................#4

Q2 Have you seen any posters, signs, warning labels, or other forms of public service

announcements related to problem or responsible gambling?

Yes....................................................................................................#1

No....................................................................................................#2 GO TO Q3

Don‟t know......................................................................................#5 GO TO Q3

Refused............................................................................................#6 GO TO Q3

Q2A Where did you see them? (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY)

At gambling venues (e.g., casinos, racetracks)..............................#1

On gaming products themselves (e.g., lottery tickets, slots)....... .#2

Television advertisement/PSA........................................................#3

Television program (e.g., talk show, news programs)...................#4

Radio...............................................................................................#5

Newspaper/Magazines....................................................................#6

Internet............................................................................................#7

Outdoor advertisement .................................................................#8

School..............................................................................................#9

Books/other media.......................................................................#10

Mail................................................................................................#11

Conversation with others ............................................................#12

Don‟t know....................................................................................#13

Refused..........................................................................................#14

Q3 Are you aware of the toll free gambling help line in Ontario?

Yes....................................................................................................#1

No....................................................................................................#2

Don‟t know......................................................................................#3

Refused............................................................................................#4

Q4 Are you aware of any gambling counseling services available in your community?

Yes....................................................................................................#1

No....................................................................................................#2 GO TO Q5

Don‟t know......................................................................................#3 GO TO Q5

Refused............................................................................................#4 GO TO Q5

Q4A What are they? (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY)

Gamblers Anonymous....................................................................#1

Doctors/medical professions (e.g., psychiatrist)...........................#2

Addictions Centre...........................................................................#3

Psychologist/social worker.............................................................#4

Other (specify)................................................................................#5

Don‟t know......................................................................................#3 GO TO Q5

Refused............................................................................................#4 GO TO Q5

59

GAMBLING ACTIVITIES INTERVIEWER: IF NON-GAMBLER STARTS GETTING IMPATIENT:

Please bear with me, I need to take about 30 seconds to ask about these activities to ensure that you get

the proper questions.

a) Lottery tickets like 649, Super 7, Pick 3 or Lottario

b) Instant win or scratch tickets like break open, pull tab or Nevada strips

c) Raffles or fundraising tickets

d) Horse races - both live at track and off track betting

e) Bingo

f) Coin slot machines in ONTARIO COMMERCIAL or CHARITY casino

g) Games other than slot machines at an ONTARIO COMMERCIAL or CHARITY casino such as

poker, blackjack, roulette or keno

g) Coin slot machines at an Ontario RACETRACK

i) Coin slot machines or video lottery terminals (VLTs) OUTSIDE of Ontario

j) Sport select like Pro line, over/under and point spread

k) Sports pools or outcome of sporting events

l) Cards or board games anywhere other than at a casino such as at home, a friends house, work or

card rooms

m) Games of skill such as pool, bowling or darts

n) Arcade or video games

o) Internet which includes day trading, casino table games, VLTs/slot machines, poker and sports

betting

p) Sports with a bookie/bookmaker

q) Short-term speculative stock or commodity purchases such as day trading,but not including long

term investments such as mutual funds or RRSPs

r) Casinos out of province such as at Las Vegas, Atlantic City or another province

For those that are “yes” go to frequency questions

Q5 In the past 12 months, how often did you spend money on Lottery tickets like the 649, Super

7, Pick 3 or Lottario? Would you say daily, at least once a week (but not daily), at least once a

month (but not weekly), less than once a month or never?

Daily................................................................................................#1

At least once a week........................................................................#2

At least once a month.....................................................................#3

Less than once a month..................................................................#4

Never...............................................................................................#5

(DO NOT READ)

Don‟t know......................................................................................#6

Refused............................................................................................#7

Q6 In the past 12 months, how often did you spend money on instant win or scratch tickets

like break open, pull tab or Nevada strips? Would you say daily, at least once a week (but not

daily), at least once a month (but not weekly), less than once a month or never?

Daily................................................................................................#1




Never...............................................................................................#5

(DO NOT READ)

60

Don‟t know......................................................................................#6

Refused............................................................................................#7

Q7 In the past 12 months, how often did you bet or spend money on raffles or fundraising

tickets? Would you say daily, at least once a week (but not daily), at least once a month (but

not weekly), less than once a month or never?

Daily................................................................................................#1




Never...............................................................................................#5

(DO NOT READ)

Don‟t know......................................................................................#6

Refused............................................................................................#7

Q8 In the past 12 months, how often did you bet or spend money on horseraces (i.e. live at the

track or off track)? Would you say daily, at least once a week (but not daily), at least once a

month (but not weekly), less than once a month or never?

Daily................................................................................................#1




Never...............................................................................................#5 GO TO Q9

(DO NOT READ)

Don‟t know......................................................................................#6 GO TO Q9

Refused............................................................................................#7 GO TO Q9

Q8A Roughly how much time do you spend on horse races in a typical month?

IF ONLY MINUTES, ENTER 0 FOR HOURS.

Hours______________________________

Don‟t know....................................................................................#98

Refused..........................................................................................#99

Q8B Roughly how much money do you spend on horse races in a typical month?

(ENTER NUMBER OF DOLLARS). ROUND UP TO NEAREST DOLLAR.

$_____________________________________________

Don‟t know....................................................................................#98

Refused..........................................................................................#99

Q9 In the past 12 months, how often did you bet or spend money on bingo? Would you say daily,

at least once a week (but not daily), at least once a month (but not weekly), less than once a

month or never?

Daily................................................................................................#1




Never...............................................................................................#5 GO TO Q10

(DO NOT READ)

Don‟t know......................................................................................#6 GO TO Q10

Refused............................................................................................#7 GO TO Q10

61

Q9A Roughly how much time do you spend on bingo in a typical month? IF ONLY MINUTES,

ENTER 0 FOR HOURS.

Hours______________________________

Don‟t know....................................................................................#98

Refused..........................................................................................#99

Q9B Roughly how much money do you spend on bingo in a typical month?


$_____________________________________________

Don‟t know....................................................................................#98

Refused..........................................................................................#99

Q10 In the past 12 months, how often did you bet or spend money on coin slot machines in an

Ontario commercial or charity casino? Would you say dailyat least once a week (but not

daily), at least once a month (but not weekly), less than once a month or never?

Daily................................................................................................#1




Never...............................................................................................#5 GO TO Q11

(DO NOT READ)

Don‟t know......................................................................................#6 GO TO Q11

Refused............................................................................................#7 GO TO Q11

Q10A Roughly how much time do you spend on these coin slot machines in a typical month?


Hours______________________________

Don‟t know....................................................................................#98

Refused..........................................................................................#99

Q10B Roughly how much money do you spend on these coin slot machines a typical month?


$_____________________________________________.............

Don‟t know....................................................................................#98

Refused..........................................................................................#99

Q11 In the past 12 months, how often did you bet or spend money on games other than slot

machines in an Ontario commercial or charity casino such as poker, blackjack, roulette or

keno? Would you say daily, at least once a week (but not daily), at least once a month (but not

weekly), less than once a month or never?

Daily................................................................................................#1




Never...............................................................................................#5 GO TO Q12

(DO NOT READ)

Don‟t know......................................................................................#6 GO TO Q12

Refused............................................................................................#7 GO TO Q12

Q11A Roughly how much time do you spend on these games in a typical month?

62


Hours______________________________

Don‟t know....................................................................................#98

Refused..........................................................................................#99

Q11B Roughly how much money do you spend on these games in a typical month?


$_____________________________________________

Don‟t know....................................................................................#98

Refused..........................................................................................#99

Q12 In the past 12 months, how often did you bet or spend money on coin slot machines at an

Ontario racetrack? Would you say daily, at least once a week (but not daily), at least once

a month (but not weekly), less than once a month or never?

Daily................................................................................................#1




Never...............................................................................................#5 GO TO Q13

(DO NOT READ)

Don‟t know......................................................................................#6 GO TO Q13

Refused............................................................................................#7 GO TO Q13

Q12A Roughly how much time do you spend on these coin slot machines in a typical month?


Hours______________________________

Minutes____________________________

More than 8 hours........................................................................#97

Don‟t know....................................................................................#98

Refused..........................................................................................#99

Q12B Roughly how much money do you spend on these coin slot machines in a typical month?


$_____________________________________________

Don‟t know....................................................................................#98

Refused..........................................................................................#99

Q13 In the past 12 months, how often did you bet or spend money on coin slot machines or

video lottery terminals located outside of Ontario? Would you say daily, at least once a week

(but not daily), at least once a month (but not weekly), less than once a month or never?

Daily................................................................................................#1




Never...............................................................................................#5 GO TO Q14

(DO NOT READ)

Don‟t know......................................................................................#6 GO TO Q14

Refused............................................................................................#7 GO TO Q14

Q13A Where were they? (province/state) __________________________

Don‟t know....................................................................................#98

Refused..........................................................................................#99

63

Q14 In the past 12 months, how often did you bet or spend money on Sport Select (e.g. Pro Line,

Over/Under, Point Spread)? Would you say daily, at least once a week (but not daily), at least

once a month (but not weekly), less than once a month or never?

Daily................................................................................................#1




Never...............................................................................................#5

(DO NOT READ)

Don‟t know......................................................................................#6

Refused............................................................................................#7

Q15 In the past 12 months, how often did you bet or spend money on sports pools or the

outcome of sporting events? Would you say daily, at least once a week (but not daily), at

least once a month (but not weekly), less than once a month or never?

Daily................................................................................................#1




Never...............................................................................................#5

(DO NOT READ)

Don‟t know......................................................................................#6

Refused............................................................................................#7

Q16 In the past 12 months, how often did you bet or spend money on cards or board games

anywhere other than at casinos (at home, friends‟ homes, work, card rooms, etc.)? Would

you say daily, at least once a week (but not daily), at least once a month (but not weekly),

less than once a month or never?

Daily................................................................................................#1




Never...............................................................................................#5

(DO NOT READ)

Don‟t know......................................................................................#6

Refused............................................................................................#7

Q17 In the past 12 months, how often did you bet or spend money on games of skill such as

pool, bowling or darts? Would you say daily, at least once a week (but not daily), at least


Daily................................................................................................#1




Never...............................................................................................#5

(DO NOT READ)

Don‟t know......................................................................................#6

Refused............................................................................................#7

Q18 In the past 12 months, how often did you bet or spend money on arcade or video games?

64

Would you say daily, at least once a week (but not daily), at least once a month (but not


Daily................................................................................................#1




Never...............................................................................................#5

(DO NOT READ)

Don‟t know......................................................................................#6

Refused............................................................................................#7

Q19 In the past 12 months, how often did you bet or spend money gambling on the Internet?

Would you say daily, at least once a week (but not daily), at least once a month (but not


Daily................................................................................................#1




Never...............................................................................................#5 GO TO Q20

(DO NOT READ)

Don‟t know......................................................................................#6 GO TO Q20

Refused............................................................................................#7 GO TO Q20

Q19A What activities did you bet on? (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY)

Day trading.....................................................................................#1

Casino table games.........................................................................#2

VLTs/slots machines........................................................................#3

Sports betting..................................................................................#4

Poker................................................................................................#5

Other (specify)................................................................................#6

Q19B Roughly how much time do you spend on gambling in a typical month? IF ONLY

MINUTES,

ENTER 0 FOR HOURS.

Hours______________________________

Don‟t know....................................................................................#98

Refused..........................................................................................#99

Q19C Roughly how much money do you spend on Internet gambling in a typical month? (ENTER

NUMBER OF DOLLARS). ROUND UP TO NEAREST DOLLAR.

$_____________________________________________

Don‟t know....................................................................................#98

Refused..........................................................................................#99

Q20 In the past 12 months, how often did you bet or spend money gambling on sports with a

bookie/bookmaker? Would you say daily, at least once a week (but not daily), at least once

a month (but not weekly), less than once a month or never?

Daily................................................................................................#1




Never...............................................................................................#5 GO TO Q21

65

(DO NOT READ)

Don‟t know......................................................................................#6 GO TO Q21

Refused............................................................................................#7 GO TO Q21

Q20A Roughly how much money do you spend on sports betting with a bookie in a typical

month? (ENTER NUMBER OF DOLLARS). ROUND UP TO NEAREST DOLLAR.

$_____________________________________________

Don‟t know....................................................................................#98

Refused..........................................................................................#99

Q21 In the past 12 months, how often have you made short-term speculative stock or

commodity purchases such as day trading, not including long-term investments such as

mutual funds or RRSPs? Would you say daily, at least once a week (but not daily), at least


Daily................................................................................................#1




Never...............................................................................................#5 GO TO Q22

(DO NOT READ)

Don‟t know......................................................................................#6 GO TO Q22

Refused............................................................................................#7 GO TO Q22

Q21A Roughly how much money do you spend on these kinds of short-term speculative

purchases in a typical month? (ENTER NUMBER OF DOLLARS). ROUND UP TO

NEAREST DOLLAR.

$_____________________________________________

Don‟t know....................................................................................#98

Refused..........................................................................................#99

Q22 In the past 12 months, how often did you bet or spend money gambling in casinos out of

province (e.g. at Las Vegas or Atlantic City or casinos in other Canadian provinces)? Would

you say daily, at least once a week (but not daily), at least once a month (but not weekly), less

than once a month or never?

Daily................................................................................................#1




Never...............................................................................................#5 GO TO Q23

(DO NOT READ)

Don‟t know......................................................................................#6 GO TO Q23

Refused............................................................................................#7 GO TO Q23

Q22A Where were the casinos located? (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY)

Other Canadian province/territory...............................................#1

United States...................................................................................#2

Overseas...........................................................................................#3

Cruise ship......................................................................................#4

Other (specify)................................................................................#5

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

66

_______________________________________________

Don‟t know......................................................................................#6

Refused............................................................................................#7

IF A PERSON HAS NOT GAMBLED ON ANY OF THESE ACTIVITIES IN THE PAST YEAR,

GO DIRECTLY TO Q47

Q23 Roughly how many hours or minutes do you spend each month on all of these gambling

activities? Please give the total amount of time spent on gambling in an average month.

[ASK OF EACH ACTIVITY THEY PARTICIPATED IN] IF ONLY MINUTES, ENTER 0 FOR

HOURS.

Hours______________________________

Minutes____________________________

Don‟t know....................................................................................#98

Refused..........................................................................................#99

Q24 Considering all the amounts you have won and lost from gambling in the past year how

would you describe the overall outcome? READ LIST

I won a lot.......................................................................................#1

I won a little....................................................................................#2

I broke even.....................................................................................#3

I lost a little......................................................................................#4

I lost a lot.........................................................................................#5

(DO NOT READ)

Don‟t know......................................................................................#6

Refused............................................................................................#7

CPGI Thinking about the last 12 months, would you say you never, sometimes, most of the time or almost

always … ROTATE. (IF THEY ANSWER YES (I.E., #2-#4) ASK WHETHER THEY DID IT IN THE

PAST 6 MONTHS AND PAST MONTH (SEE Q25A-Q33A BELOW) YOU MAY CHECK BOTH IF

RESPONDENT DID IT IN BOTH PAST 6 MONTHS AND PAST MONTH)

FREQUENCY

Never Sometimes

Most of the time

Almost always DK REF

Q25 Bet more than you could really afford to

lose? #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Q26 Need to gamble with larger amounts of

money to get the same feeling of excitement? #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Q27 Go back another day to try to win back the

money you lost? #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Q28 Borrow money or sold anything to get

money to gamble? #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Q29 Feel that you might have a problem with

gambling? #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Q30 Feel gambling has caused you any health

problems, including stress or anxiety? #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Q31 Have people criticizing your betting or

telling you that you have a gambling problem,

regardless of whether or not you think it is true? #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6

67

Q32 Feel your gambling has caused financial

problems for you or your household? #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Q33 Feel guilty about the way you gamble or

what happens when you gamble? #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6

RECENCY

Past 6 Months?

Past month? DK REF

Q25A Bet more than you could really afford to lose? #1 #2 #3 #4 Q26A Need to gamble with larger amounts of money to get the

same feeling of excitement? #1 #2 #3 #4

Q27A Go back another day to try to win back the money you lost? #1 #2 #3 #4

Q28A Borrow money or sold anything to get money to gamble? #1 #2 #3 #4

Q29A Feel that you might have a problem with gambling? #1 #2 #3 #4 Q30A Feel gambling has caused you any health problems,

including stress or anxiety? #1 #2 #3 #4 Q31A Have people criticizing your betting or telling you that you

have a gambling problem, regardless of whether or not you think it

is true? #1 #2 #3 #4 Q32A Feel your gambling has caused financial problems for you or

your household? #1 #2 #3 #4 Q33A Feel guilty about the way you gamble or what happens when

you gamble? #1 #2 #3 #4

DIFFICULTIES RELATED TO GAMBLING The next series of questions asks if you have had any difficulties related to your own gambling. By

difficulties in general I mean at work, finances, with relationships or any other area I have not

mentioned.

Q34 Have you ever had any difficulties related to your gambling?

Yes....................................................................................................#1

No....................................................................................................#2

GO TO Q44

Don‟t know......................................................................................#3

GO TO Q44

Refused............................................................................................#4

GO TO Q44

Q35 When last did you have these difficulties?

Less than 3 months ago..................................................................#1

4-6 months ago...............................................................................#2

7-12 months ago.............................................................................#3

13 - 24 months ago.........................................................................#4

Over two years ago..........................................................................#5

Don‟t know......................................................................................#6

Refused............................................................................................#7

68

Q36 When did these difficulties first occur?

Less than 3 months ago..................................................................#1

4-6 months ago...............................................................................#2

7-12 months ago.............................................................................#3

13-24 months ago...........................................................................#4

Over two years ago..........................................................................#5

Don‟t know......................................................................................#6

Refused............................................................................................#7

Q37 Did your difficulties from gambling start gradually, building slowly over

time, or was it a fairly abrupt or sudden change in your play?

Gradual start...................................................................................#1

Sudden change................................................................................#2

(DO NOT READ)

Don‟t know......................................................................................#3

Refused............................................................................................#4

Q38 At the time you started developing difficulties with your gambling was

there anything in particular or different going on in your life? (CHECK ALL

THAT APPLY)

Nothing...........................................................................................#1

Change in job..................................................................................#2

Loss of job.......................................................................................#3

Retired from job..............................................................................#4

Problems with spouse/partner.......................................................#5

Loss of spouse/partner...................................................................#6

Divorce/separation..........................................................................#7

Spouse/partner absent/away working ...........................................#8

Children leaving home...................................................................#9

Illness.............................................................................................#10

Lonely............................................................................................#11

Bored ............................................................................................#12

Depressed......................................................................................#13

Financial problems.......................................................................#14

Other (specify)..............................................................................#15

Don‟t know....................................................................................#16

Refused..........................................................................................#17

Q39 Thinking of the last 12 months, have you experienced any of the following? If yes, please

indicate how severe a problem it was for you with 1=Not much of a problem 2=A little bit of

a problem 3=A large problem 4=A very large problem 5=An overwhelming problem

Problems Yes Severity (if yes) No Maybe DK REF

Q39A A personal relationship (e.g., marriage, friendship)

has been negatively affected due to my gambling #1 Q39AS #2 #3 #4 #5 Q39B My gambling made it harder to make money last from

one payday to the next #1 Q39BS #2 #3 #4 #5 Q39C My gambling negatively affected my performance at

work (includes study, home duties, care duties, voluntary

work among others) or employment status #1 Q39CS #2 #3 #4 #5

69

Q39D I thought about committing suicide because of the

difficulties related to my gambling behaviour. #1 Q39DS #2 #3 #4 #5 Q39E Gambling led me to obtain money illegally (even if I

intended to pay it back) #1 Q39ES #2 #3 #4 #5

Q39F I used credit cards for a cash advance to gamble #1 Q39FS #2 #3 #4 #5

Q39G I gambled to make money #1 Q39GS #2 #3 #4 #5 Q39H I Gambled with money that was budgeted for

something else #1 Q39HS #2 #3 #4 #5

These next questions concern any gambling-related difficulties you‟ve experienced whether or not they

occurred in the past 12 months.

Q40 Is there a specific type or several types of gambling activity that causes or caused difficulties

for

you?

Yes....................................................................................................#1

No....................................................................................................#2 GO TO Q44

Don‟t know......................................................................................#3 GO TO Q44

Refused............................................................................................#4 GO TO Q44

Q41 Which activities cause or caused you difficulties? (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY)

VLTs/Slots........................................................................................#1

Bingo...............................................................................................#2

Lottery/scratch tickets....................................................................#3

Horse races......................................................................................#4

Casino table games.........................................................................#5

Speculative investments..................................................................#6

Sports betting with bookie.............................................................#7

Internet............................................................................................#8

Sports select....................................................................................#9

Card or board games with friends etc..........................................#10

Other (please specify)...................................................................#11

Don‟t know....................................................................................#12

Refused..........................................................................................#13

Q42 How long have or had you been gambling on this activity? (IF ONLY MONTHS, ENTER 0

FOR YEARS) „

Q43 Did you do any of the following to address these gambling-related difficulties? (CHECK ALL

THAT APPLY)

Limited access to money................................................................#1

Increased other activities................................................................#2

Stopped gambling...........................................................................#3 ASK Q43A

Other (please specify).....................................................................#4

Sought professional help (e.g., counselor, psychologist)..............#5 ASK Q43B & Q43C

Did not do anything.......................................................................#6 ASK Q43D

Refused............................................................................................#7

Q43A How successful were you in stopping gambling? READ LIST

Not at all (I was never able to stop)...............................................#1

70

Somewhat (I was for a while but then started again)...................#2

Very (I was for a long time, but then started again).....................#3

Extremely (I still do not gamble)...................................................#4

(DO NOT READ)

Don‟t know......................................................................................#5

Refused............................................................................................#6

Q43B For how long did you receive this professional help?

________ months

Don‟t know....................................................................................#98

Refused..........................................................................................#99

Q43C How helpful was the professional assistance you received in making a

difference for the better with your gambling? READ LIST

Very helpful.....................................................................................#1

Somewhat helpful...........................................................................#2

A little helpful.................................................................................#3

Not at all helpful.............................................................................#4

(DO NOT READ)

Don‟t know......................................................................................#5

Refused............................................................................................#6

Q43D Why didn‟t you seek professional help? Was it because:

Did not know where to get it.........................................................#1

Thought I could solve it myself......................................................#2

I was not concerned enough (not serious enough)......................#3

Embarrassed (did not want anyone to know)...............................#4

It was inconvenient for me.............................................................#5

Other (specify)................................................................................#6

Don‟t know......................................................................................#7

Refused............................................................................................#8

RESPONSIBLE GAMBLING ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOURS

Now I would like to ask you some questions regarding your gambling spending behaviour.

Q44 In the past 12 months, how often did you do any of the following to manage your gambling?

Strategy Never Sometimes Often

Very

Often DK REF

Q44ALimit amount of time playing #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6

Q44B Limit how often you play #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6

Q44C Reduce the bet level per wager #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6

Q44D Restrict access to additional cash (i.e.,

leaving bank cards at home) #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6

Q44E Play with friends and/or family present #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6

Q44F Have spouse or someone else control

your finances #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6

Q44G Get involved in other activities instead

of gambling #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6

Q44H Set a predetermined spending limit or #1GO #2GO TO #3GO #4GO #5GO #6GO

71

budget where you decided in advance how

much you would spend gambling

TO Q45 Q44HI TO

Q44HI

TO

Q44HI

TO

Q45

TO

Q45

Q44HI What percentage of the time that you set a budget did you exceed it?

0%....................................................................................................#1

1%-25%...........................................................................................#2

26%-50%.........................................................................................#3

51%-75%.........................................................................................#4

76%-100%.......................................................................................#5

Don‟t know......................................................................................#6

Refused............................................................................................#7

Q45 How much do you agree with the following statement: “If I lose money at gambling, I just

consider it

another way to spend money on a recreational activity.” READ LIST

I completely agree...........................................................................#1

I somewhat agree............................................................................#2

I somewhat disagree.......................................................................#3

I completely agree...........................................................................#4

(DO NOT READ)

Don‟t know......................................................................................#5

Refused............................................................................................#6

Q46 When you‟re placing a bet, which of the following best describes how you feel?

READ LIST

Chances are good that you will win...............................................#1

50/50 chance...................................................................................#2

Chances are good that you will lose...............................................#3

(DO NOT READ)

Don‟t know......................................................................................#4

Refused............................................................................................#5

AFFECTED ISSUES

Q47 Have you ever experienced difficulties from someone else‟s gambling? By difficulties in

general I mean at work, finances, with relationships or any other area I have not mentioned.

Yes....................................................................................................#1

No....................................................................................................#2 GO TO Q53

Don‟t know......................................................................................#3 GO TO Q53

Refused............................................................................................#4 GO TO Q53

Q48 What is the nature of the difficulties you experienced as a result of this person‟s gambling?

(CHECK ALL THAT APPLY)

Been threatened by this person......................................................#1

Had money or credit cards stolen or used without permission...#2

Had other valuables taken or sold.................................................#3

Been pushed, hit, or physically abused in any way........................#4

Had loans not paid back.................................................................#5

Manipulated into lending money..................................................#6

Been neglected/abandoned............................................................#7

Other (specify)................................................................................#8

72

Refused............................................................................................#9

Q49 What is this person‟s relationship to you?

Spouse ............................................................................................#1

Partner.............................................................................................#2

Child................................................................................................#3

Sibling..............................................................................................#4

Grandchild......................................................................................#5

Grandparent....................................................................................#6

Parent..............................................................................................#7

Other relative (e.g. uncle, cousin)..................................................#8

Friend..............................................................................................#9

Acquaintance.................................................................................#10

Co-worker.......................................................................................#5

Employee.........................................................................................#6

Neighbour.......................................................................................#7

Other...............................................................................................#8

Don‟t know......................................................................................#9

Refused..........................................................................................#10

Q50 How often did or do you gamble with this person? READ LIST

Never...............................................................................................#1

I used to, but not any more............................................................#2

Rarely...............................................................................................#3

Occasionally....................................................................................#4

Sometimes.......................................................................................#5

Often................................................................................................#6

Always..............................................................................................#7

(DO NOT READ)

Don‟t know......................................................................................#8

Refused............................................................................................#9

FINANCIAL SITUATION

The following are some questions concerning your general spending behaviour and financial situation.

Q51 During the past 12 months how often did you spend more than you could afford on drinking

and/or socializing? READ LIST

Very often........................................................................................#1

Somewhat often..............................................................................#2

Once in a while...............................................................................#3

Never...............................................................................................#4

(DO NOT READ)

Don‟t know......................................................................................#5

Refused............................................................................................#6

Q52 During this same period how often did you spend more than you could afford on eating out or

ordering take-out? READ LIST

Very often........................................................................................#1

Somewhat often..............................................................................#2

Once in a while...............................................................................#3

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Never...............................................................................................#4

(DO NOT READ)

Don‟t know......................................................................................#5

Refused............................................................................................#6

Q53 Again during the past 12 months, how often did you spend more than you could afford to see

a sporting event, movies or other entertainment events? READ LIST

Very often........................................................................................#1

Somewhat often..............................................................................#2

Once in a while...............................................................................#3

Never...............................................................................................#4

(DO NOT READ)

Don‟t know......................................................................................#5

Refused............................................................................................#6

Q54 Please indicate in the past 12 months, how often each of the following occurred due to a

shortage of money:

Never

happened Sometimes

Somewhat

Often

Very

Often DK REF

Q54A Went without meals #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6

Q54B Borrowed money or used credit cards to

pay for items you used to pay for with cash #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6

Q54C Sought assistance or financial help from

friends/family or welfare/community organization #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6

Q54D Pawned or sold something #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6

Q54E Could not pay rent on time #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6

Q54F Could not pay utility/ telephone bill on time #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6

Q54G A collection agency called about an

overdue bill #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6

DEMOGRAPHICS Finally, we would like to ask you some basic demographic questions. Like all your other answers, this

information will be kept strictly confidential.

Z1 RECORD GENDER (DO NOT READ)

Male.................................................................................................#1

Female.............................................................................................#2

Z2 What is your age? (if unwilling, go to Z2A)

Z2A Instead of giving us your exact year of birth, could you please tell us to which of the following

age categories you belong? READ LIST.

18 to 24............................................................................................#1

25 to 34............................................................................................#2

35 to 49............................................................................................#3

50 to 59............................................................................................#4

60 or over........................................................................................#5

(DO NOT READ)

Don‟t know......................................................................................#6

Refused............................................................................................#7

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Z3 Currently are you married, living with a partner, widowed, divorced, separated or have you

never been married?

Married (incl widowed and divorced who remarried).................#1

Living with a partner......................................................................#2

Widowed (not remarried)..............................................................#3

Divorced or separated (not remarried).........................................#4

Separated.........................................................................................#5

Single, never married......................................................................#6

Never married.................................................................................#7

(DO NOT READ)

Don‟t know......................................................................................#8

Refused............................................................................................#9

Z4 To what ethnic or cultural group did you or your ancestors belong on first coming to this

country? IF RESPONDENT IS NOT CLEAR SAY “Are you Scottish, Chinese, Greek or

something else?” IF RESPONDENT SAYS CANADIAN ASK ”In addition to being Canadian, to

what ethnic or cultural group did you or your ancestors belong on first coming to this country?”

(CHECK ALL THAT APPLY)

Native Indian, Inuit......................................................................#01

Australian......................................................................................#02

Austrian.........................................................................................#03

Bahamian......................................................................................#04

Bangladeshi...................................................................................#05

Black / African...............................................................................#06

Dutch / Netherlands / Holland....................................................#07

English / British............................................................................#08

Canadian.......................................................................................#09

Chilean..........................................................................................#10

Chinese..........................................................................................#11

Croatian.........................................................................................#12

Czech.............................................................................................#13

Danish...........................................................................................#14

East Indian....................................................................................#15

El Salvadorian...............................................................................#16

Ethiopian.......................................................................................#17

Finnish...........................................................................................#18

French............................................................................................#19

German.........................................................................................#20

Greek.............................................................................................#21

Guyanese.......................................................................................#22

Haitian...........................................................................................#23

Hungarian.....................................................................................#24

Inuit...............................................................................................#25

Irish...............................................................................................#26

Israeli.............................................................................................#27

Italian.............................................................................................#28

Jamaican........................................................................................#29

Japanese.........................................................................................#30

Jewish.............................................................................................#31

Korean...........................................................................................#32

Lebanese........................................................................................#33

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Macedonian..................................................................................#34

Metis..............................................................................................#35

New Zealander..............................................................................#36

Nigerian.........................................................................................#37

Norwegian.....................................................................................#38

Pakistani........................................................................................#39

Philipino........................................................................................#39

Polish.............................................................................................#41

Portugese.......................................................................................#42

Russian..........................................................................................#43

Scottish..........................................................................................#44

Serbian...........................................................................................#45

Sikh................................................................................................#46

Slovakian.......................................................................................#47

Somalian........................................................................................#48

Spanish..........................................................................................#49

Sri Lankan.....................................................................................#50

Swedish..........................................................................................#51

Tamil..............................................................................................#52

Trinidadian....................................................................................#53

Ukrainian......................................................................................#54

Vietnamese....................................................................................#55

Welsh.............................................................................................#56

Yugoslavian...................................................................................#57

Other (specify below)...................................................................#58

Don‟t know....................................................................................#59

Refused..........................................................................................#60

Z5 What is the highest level of education you have completed?

Some high school / junior high or less..........................................#1

Completed high school...................................................................#2

Some post secondary school..........................................................#3

Completed post secondary school.................................................#4

Completed post graduate education..............................................#5

Don‟t know......................................................................................#6

Refused............................................................................................#7

Z6 How many people under the age of 18 live with you?

None................................................................................................#1

One..................................................................................................#2

Two..................................................................................................#3

Three...............................................................................................#4

Four.................................................................................................#5

Five..................................................................................................#6

Six....................................................................................................#7

Seven or more.................................................................................#8

Don‟t know......................................................................................#9

Refused..........................................................................................#10

76

Z7 What is your present job status? Are you employed full time, employed part time, unemployed,

a student, retired or a homemaker? IF RESPONDENT GIVES MORE THAN ONE ANSWER,

RECORD THE ONE THAT APPEARS FIRST ON THE LIST.

Employed full time (30 or more hrs/wk)......................................#1

Employed part time (less than 30 hrs/wk)....................................#2

Unemployed....................................................................................#3 GO TO Z9

Student – employed part or full time............................................#4

Student – not employed.................................................................#5 GO TO Z9

Retired.............................................................................................#6 GO TO Z9

Homemaker....................................................................................#7 GO TO Z9

Other (specify)___________________________........................#8 GO TO Z9

Don‟t know......................................................................................#9 GO TO Z9

Refused..........................................................................................#10 GO TO Z9

Z8 What type of work do you currently do (or do you do when you are employed)? Job title.

________________________________________________________________________

Z9 What is your best estimate of your total PERSONAL income last year, please include income

from all sources such as savings, pensions, rent and employment?

_________dollars

Don‟t know......................................................................................#1

Refused............................................................................................#2

IF HESITATION, READ INCOME RANGES

Less than $20,000..................................................................................#1

Between $20,000 and $39,999..............................................................#2

Between $40,000 and $59,999..............................................................#3

Between $60,000 and $79,999..............................................................#4

Between $80,000 and $99,999..............................................................#5

Between $100,000 and $119,999..........................................................#6

Between $120,000 and $139,999..........................................................#7

Between $140,000 and $159,999..........................................................#8

Between $160,000 and $179,999..........................................................#9

Between $180,000 and $199,999........................................................#10

$200,000 or more................................................................................#12

(DO NOT READ)

Don‟t know.........................................................................................#13

Refused................................................................................................#14

Z10 Could you please tell me how much income you and other members of your household

received

in the year ending December 31st 1999. Please include income form all sources such as savings,

pensions, rent and employment insurance as well as wages? We don‟t need the exact amount:

could

you tell me which of these broad categories it falls into.. READ LIST.

_________dollars

Don‟t know......................................................................................#1

Refused............................................................................................#2

IF HESITATION, READ INCOME RANGES

Less than $20,000............................................................................#1

Between $20,000 and $39,999........................................................#2

Between $40,000 and $59,999........................................................#3

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Between $60,000 and $79,999........................................................#4

Between $80,000 and $99,999........................................................#5

Between $100,000 and $119,999....................................................#6

Between $120,000 and $139,999....................................................#7

Between $140,000 and $159,999....................................................#8

Between $160,000 and $179,999....................................................#9

Between $180,000 and $199,999..................................................#10

$200,000 or more..........................................................................#12

(DO NOT READ)

Don‟t know....................................................................................#13

Refused..........................................................................................#14

Z11 Can I just confirm that the first three digits of your postal code are ___ ___ ___

Z12 We hope to speak to some people again. May we call you for a short follow up?

Yes....................................................................................................#1

No....................................................................................................#2 GOTO END

Don‟t know / Refused.....................................................................#3 GOTO END

Z13 (IF YES) Can I have your first name so that I make sure that it is you I speak to when I call

back?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Z14 May I just confirm that your phone number is (READ NUMBER DIALED)

( __ __ __ ) __ __ __ - __ __ __ __

Z15 In order to make future contact easier, if applicable, may we also have your email address?

_____________________________________________________________

In case we have trouble reaching you at this number, is there another telephone number, like a work

number, where we could try to reach you? We would only try this number if we weren‟t able to reach

you at your home number and we wouldn‟t reveal to anyone who answered the reason why we are

calling.

Could you give me the phone number of a friend or relative who would know how we could contact you,

in case we have trouble reaching you? Again, we would only try this number if we weren‟t able to reach

you at the other numbers and we wouldn‟t reveal to anyone why we are calling.

Friend or relatives name

I‟d like to thank-you for taking the time to participate in this survey and to advise you that my supervisor

may be calling you later to verify your participation.

END

We‟ve reached the end of the interview. I would like to thank you very much for your participation.

78

APPENDIX E: LIST OF EXLUDED SELF-IDENTIFIED ETHNICITIES NOT

INCLUDED IN THE REPORT

Self-Reported Ethnicity

Ontario 2005

Prevalence Study

Data

% (N)

Census 2006 (Ontario

single ethnicity)

% (N)

Jewish 0.47 (17) 1.12 (76,750)

North American Indian Total 0.69 (24) 1.28 (87,900)

Aboriginal 0.42 (15)

Native American 0.17 (6)

First Nations 0.07 (2)

N. American Indian 0.03 (1)

Métis 0.12 (4) 0.14 (9,825)

American 0.42 (15) 0.14 (9,360)

South East Asian 0.23 (8) 0.06 (3,840)

Austrian 0.2 (7) 0.15 (9,940)

Welsh 0.19 (7) 0.17 (11,800)

Vietnamese 0.16 (5) 0.92 (63,390)

Belgian 0.16 (5) 0.17 (11,430)

Finnish 0.14 (5) 0.27 (18,445)

Israeli 0.11 (4) 0.02 (1,625)

Mexican 0.09 (3) 0.16 (11,005)

Brazilian 0.08 (3) 0.04 (2,780)

Swedish 0.06 (2) 0.08 (5,370)

Scandinavian 0.05 (2) 0.01 (895)

Latin American 0.07 (2) 0.09 (6,325)

Chilean 0.07 (2) 0.1 (6,720)

Colombian 0.06 (2) 0.23 (15,525)

Uruguayan 0.06 (2) 0.01 (965)

Turkish 0.06 (2) 0.19 (13,255)

Celtic 0.03 (1)

Nicaraguan 0.03 (1) 0.05 (3,740)

Armenian 0.03 (1) 0.22 (14,905)

New Zealander 0.03 (1) 0.0 (245)

Specify (Other) 1.34 (47)

79