anita vulfolki

ganaTlebis fsiqologia

ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba

Tbilisi 2009

განათლების ფსიქოლოგია. ანიტა ვულფოკი, მე-10 გამოცემა

Educational Psychology. Anita Woolfolk, 10th Ed.

წიგნი საინტერესო და სახალისოა, მოიცავს როგორც პრაქტიკულ ინფორმაციას, ასევე თეორიასა და კვლევას. მოცემულია აზროვნებისა და პრობლემის გადაჭრის კარგი სტრატეგიები, რაც სტუდენტმა აქტიურ ჩართვას უზრუნველყოფს. აქ იხილავთ მრავალ სქემას, რომელიც მკითხველს ტექსტის გაგებაში დაეხმარება, ასევე მოკლე ეპიზოდებს, სიტუაციურ სავარჯიშოებსა და პრაქტიკულ რჩევებს. წიგნი საინტერესო იქნება განათლების ფსიქოლოგიის სფეროში მომუშავე პედაგოგებისა და სტუდენტების, და ასევე დაინტერესებული ფართო მკითხველისათვის.

Authorized translation from the English language edition, entitled EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY, 10th Edition, ISBN 0205459463, by WOOLFOLK, ANITA E., published by Pearson Education, Inc, publishing as Allyn & Bacon, Copyright © 2007

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage retrieved system, without permission from Pearson Education, Inc. GEORGIAN language edition published by ILIA CHAVCHAVADZE STATE UNIVERSITY, Copyright © 2007.

ყველა უფლება დაცულია. დაუშვებელია Pearson Education, Inc.-ის ნებართვის გარეშე წიგნის რომელიმე ნაწილის ნებისმიერი ფორმით გამოყენება. ქართულ ენაზე გამოიცა ილია ჭავჭავაძის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის მიერ, საავტორო უფლება © 2007.

წიგ ნის თარ გ მა ნი და ფი ნან ს და სა ქარ თ ვე ლოს მეც ნი ე რე ბი სა და გა ნათ ლე ბის სა მი ნის ტ როს პროგ რა მით - ‘საუ ნი-ვერსიტეტო სა ხელ მ ძღ ვა ნე ლო ე ბის გან ვი თა რე ბა’. წიგ ნი მომ ზად და ილი ას სა ხელ მ წი ფო უნი ვერ სი ტე ტის მი ერ.

ISBN 978-9941-9116-2-0

ილიას სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობაქაქუცა ჩოლოყაშვილის 3/5, თბილისი, 0162, საქართველოIlia State University Press3/5 K. Cholokashvili Ave., Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia

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Sesavali

mravali Tqvengani am wignis wakiTxviT CaerTveba ganaTlebis fsiqolo-giis kursSi. es iqneba profesiuli momzadebis nawili swavlebis, kon-sultirebis, logopediis an fsiqologiisTvis. saxelmZRvanelos masala daainteresebs yvelas, visac ganaTlebisa da swavlis bedi awuxebs, iqneba is sabavSvo baRSi moxalised momuSave, Tu unarSezRuduli zrdasrulebi-sTvis saTemo programis instruqtori. masalis gasagebad arc fsiqolo-giis da arc pedagogikis codna ar aris saWiro. is SeZlebisdagvarad Ta-visufalia Jargonisa da teqnikuri enisgan da mravalma adamianma imuSava, rom es gamocema naTeli, relevanturi da saintereso gamxdariyo.

`ganaTlebis fsiqologiis~ pirveli gamocemis Sem-deg am sferom mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada. me-aTe gamocemaSi kvlav xazgasmulia bavSvis ganviTarebis, kognituri mecnierebis, swavlis, swavlebisa da Sefasebis sakiTxebis kvlevis Sedegebis gavlena da gamoyeneba. Teor-ia da praqtika gamijnuli ar aris, isini erTad ganixileba; saxelmZRvaneloSi naCvenebia, rogor SeiZleba ganaTlebis fsiqologiaSi kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli informaciisa da ideebis gamoyeneba swavlebaSi yoveldRiuri problemebis gadasaWrelad. codnasa da praqtikas Soris kavSiris dasa-dgenad motanilia mravali magaliTi, nawyveti gakveTili-dan, situaciuri savarjiSo, rekomendacia da gamocdili maswavleblebis praqtikuli rCevebi. teqsti gaiZulebT, ifiqroT yovel TavSi ganxiluli mosazrebebis mniSvnelo-basa da gamoyenebaze da SeZlebT moqmedebaSi dainaxoT ga-naTlebis fsiqologiis principebi. profesorebma da stu-dentebma, romlebic pirvel cxra gamocemas iyenebdnen, wignis es Taviseburebebi Zalze sasargeblod miiCnies. ra SeiZleba iTqvas am gamocemis siaxleebze?

meaTe gamocemis axali Sinaarsi

axali Tavi: am gamocemaSi aris axali Tavi _ ̀ CarTuli swavla: kooperacia da sazogadoeba~. maswavleblebi aRiareben imas, rac mSoblebma ukve mrava-li welia ician _ swavleba ufro metia, vidre gakveTilebi; arsebiTi mniS-vneloba aqvs swavlebis mxardamWer socialur urTierTkavSirTa qselebs. am TavSi ganxilulia kooperaciuli swavlis, konfliqtebis gadaWrisa da saklaso sazogadoebebis Sesaxeb kvlevebi. momaval aTwleulSi gamocdis winaSe dadgeba Cveni unari, SevZlebT Tu ara moswavleTa qceviT, kogni-turad da emociurad CarTvas swavlaSi da iqneba Tu ara Cveni skolebi is adgili, sadac bavSvebi usafrTxod igrZnoben Tavs da sadac maT Tana-grZnobiT moekidebian. imedi maqvs, rom es Tavi axalbeda maswavleblebs am sirTuleTa daZlevaSi daexmareba.

axali Temebi: 400-ze meti axali sakiTxi daemata am gamocemas, raTa per-speqtiuli maswavleblebi uaxles informacias gascnobodnen. maT Sori-saa:

pirveli qarTuli gamocema

ganaTlebis

anita vulfolki

fsiqologia

4

• ganaTlebisfsiqologiisisto-ria

• mecnieruladdasabuTebulikvleva

• arcerTibavSviuyuradRebod• tvinidaswavleba• fizikuriganviTareba• ganviTarebisbronfenbreneri-

seuli Teoria• neo-piaJisturiSexedulebebi• kulturisinstrumentebiswav-

laSi • maswavlebli/moswavlisurT-

ierTobis mniSvneloba • gonebisTeoria

• daSinebadaurTierTobasTandakavSirebuli agresia

• eTnikuri,rasobrividagend-eruli identoba

• axaliSexedulebebimoralurimsjelobis Sesaxeb

• flinisefeqti• swavlisvizualur/verbaluri

stili• autizmidaaspergerissindromi• sicocxlisunarianobisxelSewy-

oba• funqciuriqceviTiSefaseba• gaelvebismexsiereba• evristika

• cnebisrukisSedgena• TviTregulaciisswavleba• problemazedafuZnebuli

swavla• swavlaSiCarTuloba• kompiuterismarTvasaklaso

oTaxSi• kulturadaklasismenejmenti• skolismasStabiTdadebiTi

qcevis mxardaWera• daxmarebisteqnologia• gakveTiliskvleva• araformaluridaavTentikuri

Sefaseba • maRaliTamasistestireba

wignis struqtura

Sesavali Tavi iwyeba perspeqtiuli maswavlebliT da im kiTxvebiT, romlebic SeiZleba gauCndes mas maswavleblis saqmianobasTan dakavSire-biT. ra aris kargi swavleba da rogor unda gaxdeT saukeTeso maswavle-beli? rogor SeiZleba amaSi ganaTlebis fsiqologia dagexmaroT?

pirveli nawili – `moswavleebi~ – imaT eZRvneba, vinc swavlobs. rogor viTardebian moswavleebi gonebrivad, fizikurad, emociurad da social-urad da rogor Seesabameba erTmaneTs ganviTarebis es aspeqtebi? saidan iRebs saTaves individualuri gansxvavebebi da ra mniSvneloba aqvT maT maswavleblisTvis? ras niSnavs, kulturis TvalsazrisiT, inkluziuri klasis Seqmna, romelic swavlas yvela moswavlisTvis xelmisawvdoms xdis?

meore nawili – `swavla da motivacia~ – swavlasa da motivacias ganixi-lavs sami mTavari perspeqtividan _ qcevis, kognituri da konstruqtiv-istuli – da aqcents or ukanasknelze akeTebs. swavlis Teoriebs arse-biTi gavlena aqvs swavlebis yovel safexurze. kognituri kvleva amJamad gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania da axlo momavalSi swavlebisTvis sasarge-blo ideebs gvpirdeba. CarTuli swavla yvela maswavleblis mizania.

mesame nawili – `swavleba da Sefaseba~ – ikvlevs saswavlo garemos Se-qmnas, swavlebasa da Sefasebas. am nawilSi Tavebis masala realur saklaso oTaxebSi ganxorcielebul bolodroindel kvlevebs emyareba. Cven swav-lebis, testirebisa da Sefasebis mraval strategias ganvixilavT.

ra dagvexmareba gagebaSi?yoveli Tavis dasawyisSi mocemulia TavSi ganxilul sakiTxTa CamonaT-

vali da miTiTebulia gverdebi. amas mohyveba kiTxva _ `rogor moiqceo-diT?~ _ romelic realuri saklaso oTaxis situacias TavSi ganxilul informaciasTan akavSirebs. Tavis bolo gverdebis wakiTxvamde, am kiTx-vis pasuxad damatebiTi mosazrebebi gagiCndebaT. kiTxvas mohyveba Tavis

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mokle mimoxilva kiTxvaTa CamonaTvaliT, rac azrTa koncentrirebis sa-Sualebas gaZlevT.

Tavis qvesaTaurebi, kiTxvebi da problemebi saWiro informaciis moZiebas giadvilebT. imavdroulad isini mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis swrafi mimoxilvis saSualebacaa. axali termini teqstSi gamuqebulad, xolo mindorze mokle gansazRvrebiT aris mocemuli. yoveli Tavis bo-los darTuli `Sejameba~ swavlisa da mimoxilvis saukeTeso wyaroa. sax-elmZRvaneloSi sqemebi, cxrilebi, fotoebi da komiqsebi teqstis masalis gagebisa da gavrcobis garda interesis aRZvrasac emsaxureba.

saxelmZRvanelos Taviseburebebi

wina gamocemebis msgavsad me-10 gamocemaSi kvlav ixilavT rubrikebs: `rekomendaciebi~, `maswavleblis Canawerebi: kavSirebi PRAXIS II TM-sTan~ da`argumenti/kontrargumenti~.

rekomendaciebiganaTlebis fsiqologiis Seswavlis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mizezia

im unar-Cvevebis gamomuSaveba, romlebic klasis problemebis mogvarebaSi dagvexmareba. xSirad saxelmZRvaneloebSi miTiTebulia gverdebi Teori-idan da kvlevis Sedegebi, magram mwirad aris mocemuli rCevebi Teoriis praqtikaSi gadatanisaTvis. Cvens SemTxvevaSi saqme sxvagvaradaa. pirveli Tavis Semdeg yvela TavSi mocemulia `rekomendaciaTa~ nakrebi. es gax-lavT konkretul TavSi ganxilul kvlevaze agebuli rCevebi swavlebisT-vis da praqtikuli mosazrebebi. yoveli mosazreba axsnilia ori an sami specifikuri magaliTiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom `rekomendaciebSi~ SeiZle-ba ver ganvixiloT yoveli SesaZlo situacia, isini codnasa da praqtikas Soris saWiro xids gvTavazobs da gvexmareba, teqstSi mocemuli infor-macia axal situaciaSi gadavitanoT. yvela Tavs, pirvelis garda, erTvis `rekomendaciaTa~ nakrebi, romelic `ojaxisa da sazogadoebis TanamS-romlobas~ – sadReisoT mzardi mniSvnelobis sferos eZRvneba.

maswavleblis Canawerebi: kavSirebi PRAXIS IITM - sTan/ rogor moiqceodiT? rogor moiqceodnen?

pirveli cxra gamocemis am popularul rubrikas winamdebare gamoce-maSic ixilavT. yoveli Tavis bolos gawafuli maswavleblebi, mTeli qvey-nis masStabiT, Tavis dasawyisSi wamoWrili problemis maTeul gadaWras gvTavazoben. warmodgenili realuri SemTxveva (case) mogamzadebT qeisis analizisTvis, romelic PRAXIS II TM-is msgavsi salicenzio gamocdebis nawilia. es diskusia saSualebas mogcemT, gaiziaroT eqsperti maswav-leblebis mosazrebebi da erTmaneTs SeadaroT maTeuli da Tqveneuli gadawyvetilebebi. maTi mosazrebebi namdvilad imis nimuSia, rogor gvex-mareba ganaTlebis fsiqologia yoveldRiur situaciebSi. `maswavleblis Canawerebi~ yovel TavSi ganxilul Temebsa da principebs acocxlebs.

argumenti/ kontrargumenti

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yovel TavSi debatebi saxelwodebiT `argumenti/kontrargumenti~mniSvnelovan sakiTxs an ganaTlebis fsiqologiaSi kvlevasTan an praqti-kasTan dakavSirebul or urTierTsawinaaRmdego Sexedulebas ganixilavs; debatebis TemaTa magaliTebia: inkluzia, unarebis gaTvaliswinebiT ga-nawileba, nulovani tolerantoba da xasiaTis wvrTna. am rubrikaSi ganxi-lulia mravali axali Tema, romlebic ganaTlebis reformatorTa yur-adRebis centrSia.

daukavSireT da ganavrceTes rubrika yovel TavSi ramdenimejer Cndeba mindvrebze da Tavisi

SinaarsiT ukavSirdeba swavlebas, kvlevas, profesiul Jurnalebs, veb-gverds, moswavlis azrovnebas da sawyis codnas, swavlebis filosofias da sxva Tavebs.

SeCerdiT /dafiqrdiT /dawereT am rubrikas Cveni fiqri gamocdilebaze gadaaqvs. is SesaZlo davale-

bebs ukavSirdeba (mag., interaqtiuli Jurnalebi). veb-gverdi ̀ MyLabSchool~ (www.mylabschool.com) studentebs sasualebas aZlevs, Caweron sakuTari pa-suxebi da instruqtors eleqtronuli fostiT gaugzavnon.

rogor moiqceodiT?yovel TavSi Tqvens winaSe orjer an samjer ismeba kiTxva: rogor moiq-

ceodiT savaraudo samuSaoze ayvanasTan dakavSirebiT intervius dros. es kiTxvebi saxelmZRvanelos masalas ukavSirdeba da maTi avtorebi skolis direqtorebi da xelmZRvanelebi arian.

istoriebi swavlis Sesaxeb – xarki swavlebasyovel TavSi mocemulia mokle ambavi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor Secvala

realurma maswavlebelma moswavlis cxovreba. ramdenime wlis win Cems qaliSvils, saSualo skolis maswavlebels, yofili moswavlis mSobelma daureka. moswavles janmrTelobis seriozuli problema hqonda da kel-isTan _ ori sasurveli adamianidan erT-erTTan _ saubari surda. erTi kargi ambavi is iyo, rom gogonas gulis transplantacia gaukeTda da Tavs kargad grZnobda, xolo meore is, rom maswavlebeli misi cxovrebis umniS-vnelovanesi nawili iyo da aris. wignis yovel TavSi mocemulia swavlis istoria, romelic kelisnairi maswavleblebis mniSvnelobas gviCvenebs.

gza yovel moswavlemdepirveli Tavis garda yovel TavSi mocemulia nawili - `gza yovel mo-

swavlemde~, romelic gvTavazobs mosazrebebs sxvadasxva moswavlis, maT Soris, swavlis sirTuleebis mqone moswavleebis Sefasebis, swavlebisa da motivaciis Sesaxeb.

Tavi 2 kulturis instrumentebis gamoyenebaTavi 3 martooba da unarSezRuduli bavSvebiTavi 4 maRali donis azrovneba

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Tavi 5 bilingv bavSvebSi niWierebis aRmoCenaTavi 6 funqcionaluri qceviTi Sefaseba da dadebiTi qcevis xelSewyobaTavi 7 metakognituri strategiebi swavlis uunaro moswavleebisTvisTavi 8 swavlis uunaroba da cnebis swavlebaTavi 9 ori saklaso oTaxi da ojaxiTavi 10 SfoTvasTan gamklavebaTavi 11 kooperaciuli swavlis gonivruli gamoyenebaTavi 12 dadebiTi qcevis xelSewyoba skolis masStabiTTavi 13 inkluziur klasebSi efeqtiani swavlebaTavi 14 swavlis uunaro moswavleTa daxmareba maRali Tamasis testirebisTvis momzadebaSiTavi 15 SeTanxmeba SefasebaSi

meaTe Tavis axali Taviseburebebi

mravalgvaroba da msgavsebayoveli Tavis bolo nawilSi ganxilulia sxvadasxva moswavlis gamoc-

dileba da Taviseburebebi Tavis TemasTan kavSirSi. Semdeg ki –zogierTi sakiTxi da principi, romelic yvela moswavles miesadageba. am nawilis mizania, dagexmaroT, rom gaigoT da daafasoT moswavleTa Soris gansx-vaveba da ganviTarebis, swavlisa da motivaciis TvalsazrisiT, yvela Cven-ganis msgavseba.

madlierebis niSnadwignze muSaobis wlebSi mravalma adamianma dauWira mxari am proeqts.

maTi dauxmareblad es saxelmZRvanelo ubralod ver daiwereboda. mravalma pedagogma Seitana wvlili proeqtSi. qerol veinsteinma (Car-

ol Weinstein) me-12 TavSi dawera nawili `swavlebisTvis saWiro sivrcis~ Ses-axeb. nensi perim (Nancy Perry) (University of British Columbia) da fillip vinim (Philip Winne) (saimon fraizeris universiteti) me-9 TavSi TviTregulaciis nawili daweres. jipsi m. denzinma (Gypsy M. Denzine) CrdiloeT arizonas universiteti) iTava Sefasebis nakrebisa da ukukavSirisTvis saWiro ma-salebis damuSaveba. instruqtoris gzamkvlevi Seqmna robin reklim (Robin Rackley) (texasis universiteti), Power PointTM prezentacia – qerol skate-nam (Carol Scatena) (luisis universiteti), xolo swavlis gzamkvlevi – emili raiT jonsonma (Emilie Wright Johnson) (lindenvudis universiteti). mindorze SeniSvnebisa da nawilis `swavlebis cnobari da swavla mTeli cxovrebis manZilze~ avtoria jeims o’keli (James O’Kelly) rutjersis universiteti) me-2 da me-3 Tavebis momzadebaSi didi wvlili Seitana nensi napis (Nancy Knapp) (jorjiis universiteti) SeniSvnebma. `rogoria Tqveni azri?~ kiTx-vaTa nawili SemogvTavazes skolebis yofilma xelmZRvanelma, doqtorma maikl dipaolam (Dr. Michael DiPaola) (pitmeni, niu jersi, uiliamisa da meris sax. koleji), skolebis yofilma xelmZRvanelma, doqtorma hari galinskim (Harry Galinsky) (paramusi, niu jersi) da skolis direqtorma andrea vongma (hilsaidis dawyebiTi skola, nidhami, masaCusetsi).

am gamocemis ganaxlebis Taobaze gadawyvetilebis miRebisas qveynis

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masStabiT mravali profesoris mosazreba damexmara. maT Cems kiTxvebze sapasuxod dro ar daiSures, risTvisac madlobas vuxdi:

greis m. bartons, CrdiloeT karolinis vilmingtonis universiteti

i. j. karopreso, CrdiloeT karolinis vilmingtonis universiteti

linda Ciangi, Azusa Pacific universitetianmari konli, miCiganis universitetiqerol makdonald konori, floridis

universitetikaren eifleri, portlendis univer-

sitetimaikl hardmani, iutas universitetiJeims kaufmani, virjiniis universitetinensi nafi, jorjiis universitetipatrisia kopetzi, tenesi-Catanoogis universitetiuiliam lani, texasis teqnikuri univer-

sitetijon loidi, virjiniis universitetijim mkmilani, virjiniis Statis univer-

sitetiavidan milevski, pensilvaniis univer-

sitetisuzan aiveri mitCeli, ohaios univer-

sitetievan poveli, jorjiis universiteti

Tomas ratlifi, centraluri koneqti-kutis Statis universiteti

marla ris-veberi, ilinoisis Statis uni-versiteti

katerin a. rivoira, aRmosavleT karo-linis universiteti

jef sandozi, luizianis universitetisu Saari, kaliforniis Statis univer-

siteti domingos hiliroza hernandes sitsi, texasis Statis

universitetiken springeri, Southern Methodist univer-

sitetidebora svitzeri, klemsonis univer-

sitetimeri elen tilotsoni, rod-ailendis

kolejiSeril uaiti, aRmosavleT miCiganis uni-

versitetipatrisia uiliamsi, florida atlantikis

universiteti

skolis mravalma maswavlebelma mTeli qveynisa da msoflios masSta-biT Tavisi gamocdilebiT, Semoqmedebis unariTa da codniT wvlili Sei-tana `maswavleblis CanawerebSi~. CemTvis sasiamovno iyo maTTan urTier-Toba da madlobeli var am wignSi maTi wvlilisaTvis.

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jamaal alani, pointeris saSualo skola, hils-boro, oregoni

uiliam rodni alani, luizianis maTematikis, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa da xe-lovnebis skola

media aiala, Campus Garza Sada, monterei, meqsikasuz l. bosveli, pikinsis saSualo skola, jes-

peri, jorjiakaren a. boiarski, valter s. blakis dawyebiTi

skola, haigstouni, niu jersiqeiT j. boili, duneleni, niu jersikimberli d. bridgersi, donsonis dawyebiTi

skola, hermiteij, tenesivaleri CilqouTi, glenmounTis skola, balti-

mori, merilendiqeiTi CerCili, medoubruqis dawyebiTi skola,

texasieSli dodji, los anjelesis skolis gaerTianeb-

uli olqi, los anjelesi, kaliforniamitCel d. kleti, a.s. axali saSualo skola,

sfringsi, texasivivian lacola, noqson roudis dawyebiTi skola,

pougqifsi, niu iorkikeli makelroi bonini, klein oak hilis skola,

sfringi, texasisuzan midltoni, wm. jeimsis saepiskoposo

skola, beiton rouji, luizianafelisia louman-saiqsi, midouviuvis dawyebiTi

skola, midouviuvi, virjiniajuli mohoki, panamis dawyebiTi skola, papua

axali gvineaTomas neismiti, slokumis damoukidebeli

skolis olqi, slokumi, texasiTomas v. niukirki, hamiltonis saSualo skola,

arcadia, indianatimoTi norfliTi, linden makkinlis saSualo

skola, columbusi, ohaioTomas o’doneli, maldenis saSualo skola, mal-

deni, masaCusetsialan osborni, snag harnoris saTemo skola,

quinsi, masaCusetsiqarei perksoni, braunis skola, natiki, masaCu-

setsiqeiTi pieli, vest parkis skola, mosqou aidaho

margaret dulani, wm. miqaelis skola, gordon-veili, avstralia

daniel doili, wm. iosebis akademia, hofmani, ilinoisi

maikl j. elisi, quinsis saSualo skola, quinsi, masaCusetsi

emi fredeti, fiSeris dawyebiTi skola, volpo-li, masaCusetsi

pem gaskili, riversaidis dawyebiTi skola, dub-lini, ohaio

sandra gili, hudsonis saSualo skola, hudsoni, neu iorki

linda glisoni, wm. jeimsis saepiskoposo skola, beiton rouji, luiziana

iolita harperi, veinlend parkis dawyebiTi skola, kolumbusi, ohaio

daniel hartmani, qleimountis dawyebiTi skola, balvini, misuri

jef d. hortoni, koltonis skola, koltoni, vaS-ingtoni

v. sin kirnei, galen r. elolfis dawyebiTi skola, qonversi, texasi

debora p. ridi, derbi vudsis dawyebiTi skola, galovei, ohaio

Tomas j. ridi, derbi vudsis dawyebiTi skola, galovei, ohaio

rendal j. sampsoni, genoas saSualo skola, vestervili, ohaio

nensi Caferi, cincinati hilsis qristianuli aka-demiis saSualo skola

cincinati, ohaiodoqtor nensi Sihan-melzaki, snag harboris saTe-

mo skola, quinsi, masaCusetsimark smiti, medfordis saSualos skola, med-

fordi, masaCusetsijenifer hadson Tomasi, armideilis saSualos

skola, armideili, avstraliaJaklin volkeri, TreJa mauntinis saSualo

skola, park siTi, iutamaikl iazisi, l. h. tanglenis dawyebiTi skola,

minetonka, minesotasuzi e. iangi, iorkis saSualo skola, iorki, menidebi iangbladi, hiliard sitis skolebi, hiliar-

di, ohaio

aseTi zomis proeqtSi mravalma adamianma Seitana Tavisi arsebiTi wv-lili. nebarTvaTa koordinatori juli brauni muyaiTad muSaobda teqst-Si warmodgenili masalebis nebarTvis mosapoveblad. teqstis dizainerma

10

qerol sombergma da garekanis koordinatorma linda novlesma wignis me-10 gamocemas garegnul mimzidvelobas SeunarCunebs. proeqtis mene-jerma qeiTi smitma patar-patara saocrebebi moaxdina da proeqtis yvela aspeqts organizebulad da gonivrulad mouyara Tavi. imdenad kargad gamouvida yvelaferi, rom vTxove, Cemi cxovrebis gaZRolasac xom ar iTavebdi-meTqi. warmoebis administratori anita jozefi da warmoebis menejeri elain oberi proeqtis yvela aspeqtis koordinirebas gasaocari unariTa da sifaqiziT asrulebdnen. maT rogorRac saRi azri mianiWes SesaZlo qaoss da yvelaze mosabezrebeli samuSaoc ki saxaliso gaxades. axla wigni ukve marketingis ufrosi menejeris tara kelis, alin da beko-nis marketingis direqtoris ami kronin iordanis, ufrosi sareklamo spe-cialistis Jaklin makdermotis, reklamis direqtoris qeiTi qonveisa da maTi TanamSromlebis xelSia. erTi suli maqvs, gavigo, amJamad ras gegma-ven CemTvis. gamimarTla, rom am niWier da SemoqmedebiT jgufTan momiwia muSaoba.

kvlav mqonda bedniereba, am gamocemaze memuSava cnobil saredaqcio jgufTan alin da bekonis prezidentis nensi forsaiTisa da vice-prezi-dentis, mTavari redaqtoris pol a. smitis SemadgenlobiT. maTi inteleq-ti, SemoqmedebiToba, gonivruli gansja, stili da wignis xarisxisTvis daucxromeli zrunva wignis nebismier gverds etyoba. maT mudam uRrmes pativs vcem da Tavdadebul megobrobas gavuwev. weras mxolod maTTan muSaobis surviliT gavagrZeleb. redaqtoris TanaSemwis ani spiris wya-lobiT samuSao mSvidad sruldeboda da Cemi faqsis manqana da eleqtro-nuli fosta masalebis miReba-gastumrebas veRar audioda. ganviTarebis redaqtorma alisia reilim xom fasdaudebeli daxmareba gamiwia am gamo-cemaze muSaobisas. is xelmZRvanelobda am gamocemis yvela aspeqts, yov-elTvis erTi nabijiT uswrebda movlenebs, mTeli msoflios masStabiT amyarebda urTierTobas adamianebTan da codnasTan Serwymuli araCveu-lebrivi organizaciuli unaris wyalobiT gamaognebel Sedegebs aRw-evda. arc is arnaxuli pedagogiuri mxardaWera iarsebebda, rom ara misi Tavdauzogavi Zalisxmeva. danarTebis vrceli nakrebis koordinirebas guldasmiT awarmoebda redaqtoris asistenti adam vaitharsti.

dabolos, minda madloba gadavuxado Cems ojaxsa da megobrebs im sik-eTisa da mxardaWerisaTvis wignze muSaobis dros grZeli dReebisa da Ra-meebis ganmavlobaSi rom ar momklebia. madloba vuTxra Cems ojaxs – mari-ons, bobs, eriks, suzis, elzas, lizis, veine k. marias, kelis, toms, lizas, lourensa da maiks – Tqven Seudareblebi xarT.

bolos ki didi madloba vein hois – Cems megobars, kolegas, sulisCam-dgmels, meuRles, yoveli dRe saCuqrad rom miqcia.

anita vulfok hoi

mosazrebebi

anita vulfokiseuli `ganaTlebis fsiqologia~ gasaocaria. Sinaar-sisa da konteqstis yovlismomcveloba da siRrme daxvewilad aris erT-maneTTan dakavSirebuli da aRtacebuli aRmoaCen, rom Tavbrudamxvevad martivia, rac wigns swavlisa da swavlebisTvis misawvdoms xdis. CemTvis gansakuTrebiT faseulia bolodroindeli da mniSvnelovani kvlevebis xazgasma, romelic teqstSia mocemuli.

meri elen tilotsoni, rod ailendis koleji

11

vulfokiseuli teqsti da damatebiTi masalebi uamrav saSualebas aZlevs studentebs, rom Teoria da kvleva realur situaciebs daukav-Siron. studentebs SeeZlebaT martivi damaxsovrebis nacvlad srulyon masalis `daswavlis~ unari.

marla riz-veberi, ilinoisis saxelmwifo universiteti

wigni saintereso da saxalisoa, moicavs rogorc praqtikul informa-cias, ise Teoriasa da kvlevas. mocemulia mravali sqema, romelic stu-dentebs teqstis gagebaSi daexmareba, aseve ixilavT mokle epizodebs, situaciur savarjiSoebsa da praqtikul rCevebs. vfiqrob, wigni nebism-ieri studentisTvis saintereso iqneba.

siu Cari, kaliforniis saxelmwifo universiteti

vulfokis wigni yovelTvis mogvwonda mec da Cems studentebsac, weris mkafio, lakonuri manera da wyobis gamo. es erT-erTi mizezia, ris gamoc am wigniT vsargeblob. rekomendaciebi, mindorze SeniSvnebi, cxrilebi da CanarTebi did daxmarebas uwevs studentebs masalis gagebaSi. eqvsi welis am saxelmZRvanelos viyeneb da misi yoveli momdevno gamocema winaze uke-Tesia xolme.

katerina a. rivoira, aRmosavleT kaliforniis universiteti

wigni kargad aris dawerili, gasagebia da lakonuri. masSi mocemulia azrovnebisa da problemis gadaWris araCveulebrivi strategiebi, garda amisa uzrunveloT studentTa aqtiur CarTvas.

suzan averi mitCeli, ohaios universiteti

wignis yvelaze arsebiTi Rirsebaa Temebis sirTule, uaxlesi kvlevebi da damxmare masala. is Tavis sferoSi kvlav klasikad rCeba.

stiv huveri, wm. klaudis saxelobis universiteti

vulfokis wigni yvelaze saintereso saxelmZRvaneloa ganaTlebis fsiqologiaSi. amas garda, werisa da mosazrebaTa miwodebis stili mkiTx-velzea orientirebuli.

Ceril s. darvini, samxreT koneqtikutis saxelmwifo universiteti

weris manera araCveulebrivia, saswavlo Temebis sirTule – Seudarebeli.nensi nafi, jorjiis universiteti

12

Tavi 1maswavleblebi, swavleba da swavlebis fsiqologia

maswavleblis Canawerebi: rogor

moiqceodiT?

mimoxilva

swavleba _ `arc erTi bavSvi

uyuradRebod~

diferencirebulad moqmedeben Tu

ara maswavleblebi

maswavleblisadamoswavlis

urTierToba

maswavleblismomzadeba

daxarisxi

ras niSnavs kargad swavleba?

oTxsaklasooTaxSi

eqspertTacodna

ganaTlebis fsiqologiis roli

ramdenimesainteresoistoria

mxolodsaRiazria?

swavlisgagebisda

gaumjobesebisTviskvlevis

gamoyeneba

rasgulisxmobsmecnierebaze

dafuZnebulikvleva?

TeoriebiswavlebisTvis

rasniSnavsiyokargidamwyebi

maswavlebeli

mravalferovneba da erTgvarovneba

pedagogiur fsiqologiaSi

mravalferovneba

erTgvarovneba

Sejameba

maswavleblis Canawerebi:

kavSirebi PRAXIS IITM- Tan/rogor moiqceodnen?

13

rogor moiqceodiT?

m kurss Tavidan, SesaZloa, mravali studen-tismsgavsad,TqvencgarkveulisifrTxiliT

moekidoT. SesaZloa, ganaTlebis fsiqologiisSeswavlaTqveniZiriTadiprofesiis,magaliTad,pedagogiuri ganaTlebis, logopediis, konsul-taciis nawili gaxdes an fakultatiuri iyos.miuxedavad ganaTlebis fsiqologiis Seswavlismizezisa, imedovnebT, rom am sagnis SeswavlisSemdegswavlebasTan,skolasTan,moswavleebTan– da gindac sakuTar TavTan – dakavSirebulinformaciasmiiRebT.sworedamideiTvxelmZR-vanelobdiganaTlebisfsiqologiisme-10gamo-cemazemuSaobisas.

pirvel TavSi ganaTlebas SevexebiT, ufrokonkretuladkiswavlebisdRevandelformasadafederalurkanonmdeblobas,romeliczegav-lenas axdens TiToeul maswavlebelze. maswav-leblebze sxvadasxva azri arsebobs. zogi maTakritikebs da Tvlis, romisini araefeqtianadmuSaoben, zogi ki maT axalgazrda adamianebisimedad aRiqvams. gansxvavdeba Tu ara moswav-leTaswavlebisforma?raaspeqtebiganapiro-bebs karg swavlebas? ganaTlebis fsiqologiismoSvelebisSefasebasmxolodimSemTxvevaSiSe-

ZlebT, Tu dRevandel swavlebasa da swavlazegaqvT warmodgena. maswavleblis cnebis mokleganmartebis Semdeg kvlav davubrundebiTgana-Tlebisfsiqologiisganxilvas.rogorexmarebaganaTlebis fsiqologiis codna maswavleblebs,eqimebs(fsiqiatrebs),mSoblebsadaswavlebiTadaswavliTdainteresebulpirebs?raarisga-naTlebisfsiqologiisSinaarsi,dasaidanmodisesinformacia?winamdebareTavisSeswavlisSem-deggacilebiTadviladSeZlebT,pasuxigasceTaramartoqvemoTdasmulkiTxvebs:

raaqtia No Child Left Behind? _ `arcerTibavSviuyuradRebod“?

mniSvnelovaniaTuaraswavleba? rasniSnavskargadswavleba? raiciangamocdilmamaswavleblebma? ZiriTadadrazeundazrunavdesdamwyebi

maswavlebeli? ratom unda SeviswavloT ganaTlebis

fsiqologia? ramniSvnelobaaqvsTeoriasadakvlevas

aRniSnulsferoSi

maswavleblis Canawerebi

meore welia, racriversaidkombaindkampusis (sabavSvobaRi_ me-8 klasi)

maswavlebeli xarT. Tqvenma skolam, rogorcsaxelmwifosgan, ise kerZo seqtori garkveuliTanxa miiRo. aRniSnuli Tanxa saukeTeso swav-lebisTvis(saukeTesopedagogiurimiRwevebisT-vis)jildossaxiTundagadaecesTqveniskolissammaswavlebels.direqtorimaswavleblebisganamsamjildozewardgenilmaswavlebelzereko-mendacias iTxovs. Seiqmna komisia. komisiiswevrebiarian:origamocdilimaswavlebelidaerTidamwyebianu–Tqven.valdebulebidanga-momdinare,TqvendaTanxmdiT.mTelikvirisgan-mavlobaSipedagogebisamaswavlebloSiguldas-miTganixilavdnendajildoebasTandakavSirebulsakiTxebs.zogimaswavlebelieWvsgamoTqvamda,rom gadawyvetilebas politikuri datvirTvaeqneboda, zogi ki maswavlebelTa Zalisxmevisdafasebis SesaZleblobas miesalmeboda. gamoi-kveTae.w.„gamarjvebulTa“saxelebidaisram-denimemaswavlebeli,romlebicZalianiSviaTadgesaubrebodnen,komisiiswevradTqveniarCevis

Semdegsakmaoddagimegobrdnen. pirveliSexve-dramomdevnokvirasSedgeba.rogormoemzadeb-iTamSexvedrisTvis?

mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi raundaicodeTswavlasTandakavSirebiT,raTadakisrebulimovaleobakargadSeas-ruloT?

ra ZiriTadi faqtorebi gansazRvravs„saukeTesoswavlebas“(saukeTesopedago-giurimiRwevebs)?

aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT swav-lebis sxvadasxvagvari filosofia gva-ZlevsTuarasxvadasxvapasuxs?

rarekomendaciagaqvTaRniSnulsakiTxze?daasabuTeTigi.

kolaboracia3 an 4 TanaklaselTan erTad CamoayalibeT

dagrafikuladasaxeT`kargadswavlis~konce-fciis ruka. magaliTisaTvis ixileTme-8 TavSi8.2 sqemaze: “Any’s Molecule” asaxulikoncefciisruka.

a

14

swavleba - `arc erTi bavSvi uyuradRebod~ - Semdeg

imSemTxvevaSi,TuaraferigsmeniaTaqtisN _ `arcerTibavSviuyu-radRebod~ _ Sesaxeb,anTuiciTkidecamaqtisSesaxeb,winamdebareteqstSiamcnebasaraerTxelSexvdebiT.2002wlis8ianvarsprezi-dentmajorjbuSmaNo Child Left Behind(NCLB)aqtsxelimoawera.faqto-brivad,NCLB 1965welsmiRebulidawyebiTidasaSualoganaTlebisaqtis(igiveESEA)yvelazegviandelisanqcirebaiyo,romelicaxalisaxelwodebiTiqna miRebulidaTandarTulcvlilebasasaxavda. amaqtismixedviT2005-2006saswavlowlisbolosaTvis,me-3klasidanme-8klasisCaTvliT,yvelamoswavlemyovelwliuradundagaiarosstan-dartulitestirebakiTxvasadamaTeEmatikaSi;saSualoskolaSikideverTigamocdisCabarebaiqnebasaWiro.sxvasagnebimogvianebiTdae-mateba.zemoaRniSnulitestebisqulebissafuZvelzexdebaskolebisSefaseba, kerZod, testirebul saganSi skolis moswavleTaM adekva-turi adreuli progresis (AYP) Semowmeba. saxelmwifo gansazRvravsdasauflebelcodnas,unar-Cvevebsadastandartebs.miuxedavadsax-elmwifosmiergansazRvrulistandartebisa,NCLBmixedviT,2013-2014saswavlo wlis bolos, skolis yvela moswavlem gansazRvruldonesundamiaRwios.gardaamisa,skolamsxvadasxvajgufisTvis(rasobrivida eTnikuri umciresobis warmomadgenelTaTvis,unarSezRudulebisadaimaTTvis,visTvisacinglisurienaararismSobliurianmwirSe-mosavliani ojaxebidanarian) cal-calkeundaCamoayalibosmiznebida warmoadginos dagrovili qulebi. es Sedegi did gavlenas moax-dens rogorc maswavlebelze, isemSobelze. jeims pofami, Sefasebiseqsperti,ambobs:

swavleba _ datestireba–rac NCLB aqtsmohyva,udavodgan-sxvavdeba im swavlebisa da testirebisgan, romelicaRniSnulikanonismiRebamdeiyoZalaSi.(2005a, p.4)

winamdebareTavi NCLB aqtisganxilviTimitomdaviwyeT,rom,ro-gorc pofamma aRniSna, igi Tqveni swavlebis yoveldRiurobaze iqo-niebsgavlenas.gardaamisa,kanonimaRalkvalificiurimaswavlebliskriteriumsgansazRvravs–anumaswavleblisa,rogoricgindaTgax-deT. NCLB aqtismixedviT,2005-2006saswavlowlisbolosTvisZiriTa-diakademiurisagnebisyvelamaswavlebeli`maRalkvalificiuri~undaiyos.yvelamaswavleblisasistentiamaqtiTgansazRvrulmaRalkvali-ficiurobisparametrebsundaakmayofilebdes.rakriteriumebsundaakmayofilebdesmaRalkvalificiuripedagogi?

NCLB mixedviT, zogadad, maRalkvalificiuria is pedagogi,romelsacaqvssertifikati,bakalavrisxarisxidagavliliaqvsakademiurikursiansaxelmwifotestirebaimsaganSi,romelsacaswavlis. veterani maswavleblebisTvis, romlebsac axalgazrdamaswavleblebisgangansxvavebiT,argauvliaTakademiurikursiim saganSi, romelsac aswavlian, arsebobs Sefasebis mesame sa-Sualeba, kerZod, unda daakmayofilon saxelmwifos `SefasebissaerTosaxelmwifostandartihigh objective uniform state standard of evaluation~,anmokledHOUSSE.(Centre on Education Policy, 2005, p. 148)

zemoT mocemuli gansazRvrebis mixedviT, 2005 wels pedagogTaumetesoba `maRalkvalificiurad“ iqna Sefasebuli. magram arsebobs

15

problemebi _ `arakvalificiur~maswavlebelTaTanafardobagacile-biTdidiaimmoswavleebTan,romlebicdabalSemosavlianiojaxebidandaumciresobidanarian,gansakuTrebulisaWiroebebismqonemoswav-leebsadasoflisskolebSi.

gulisxmobsTuaramaRalkvalificiurobakargadswavlebas?qve-moTganvixilavTramdenimepasuxskiTxvaze _ `raariskargadswav-leba?“magram,sanamaRniSnulsakiTxsSevexebiT,modiTganvixiloT,ufroZireulimniSvnelobiskiTxva _ diferencirebulad moqmedeben Tu ara maswavleblebi?

diferencirebulad moqmedeben Tu ara maswavleblebi?

zogimkvlevrisnaSromebismixedviTswavliswarmatebisZiriTadiganmsazRvrelifaqtoriasimdidredasocialurimdgomareoba(sta-tusi),daaraswavleba(Goleman,1966).sinamdvileSi,swavlebissferoSiadreul periodSi Catarebuli gamokvlevebi aCveneben,rom maswavle-blebisiRaribisadasicialuriproblemebiswinaSeuZlurniararian(Wittrock, 1986).

TqveniazriT,iTvaliswinebsTuaraswavlebagansxvavebas?moiSve-lieT gamocdileba. gyavdaT Tu ara iseTi maswavlebeli, romelmacgavlenaiqoniaTqvenscxovrebaze?SesaZloa,erT-erTmamaswavlebelmaganapirobakidecTqveniarCevani,gamxdariyaviTpedagogi.magramga-naTlebis fsiqologiis erT-erTi mizani, zogadad, gansakuTrebiT kiwinamdebareTavSi,araindividualurigamocdilebisadamagaliTebis,aramed didi jgufis kvlevaa. Catarebuli sami kvleva moswavleTacxovrebaze,maswavleblebisgavlenazemogviTxrobs.pirvelikvlevisdrosdakvirvebasabavSvobaRidanmerveklasisCaTvliT179bavSvzeganxorcielda. meore kvleva ufro masStaburi iyo da SeerTebuliStatebis50StatSiaTasobiTmoswavledamaswavlebelimoicva,xolobolokvlevisasSeswavliliqname-2,me-4dame-5klasismoswavleTaSedegebimaTematikaSi.

maswavleblisa da moswavlis urTierTobabrijitharmemdarobertpiantma(2001)bavSvebzedakvirvebamoax-

dines sabavSvo baRidan merve klasis CaTvliT. es kvleva erT-erTiraionispataraskolaSiCatarda.mkvlevrebmadaadgines,romsabavS-vobaRSimaswavleblisadaaRsazrdelisurTierTobisxarisxi(bavS-vTan konfliqtis done, maswavlebelze bavSvis damokidebulebisa dabavSvismiermaswavleblismimarTgamoxatulisiyvaruli)me-8klasSiganapirobebs akademiur da qcevis garkveul Sedegebs, miT ufro immoswavleebSi, romlebsacqcevasTandakavSirebuliseriozuliprob-lemebihqondaT.moswavleebissqesis,eTnikuriwarmomavlobis,kogni-turiSesaZleblobebisa,daqcevisSefasebisgaTvaliswinebiT,maswav-lebelTanurTierTobaskolaSimiRwevebisgarkveuliaspeqtebiswinapirobaa. mkvlevrebma daadgines, rom maswavlebelsa da bavSvs SorisadreuliurTierTobisxarisxsadaskolaSimiRwevebsSorisdamokide-buleba, SesaZloa, Zlieri da mudmivi iyos. didi sizustiT Catare-bulikvlevisSedegebissafuZvelzeSegviZliavTqvaT,romimmoswav-

daukavSireT swavlebas da ganavrceT CamoayalibeTganaTlebisre-aluridaidealurimiznebi,vismiiCnevenganaTlebuladamianad?raganapirobebsmaswavleblismuSaobisefeq-tianobas?daaxasiaTeTTqveniyvelazeefeqtianimaswavle-beli:TqveniazriT,romeliaswavlebissaukeTesoforma?risimiRebagsurTamkursisgavliT?pasuxebiswavlisfilosofiisganviTarebaSidagvexmareba.

16

leebs,romlebsacadreulasakSiqcevasTandakavSirebuliseriozuliproblemebi hqondaT, skolis gviandel periodSi gacilebiT naklebiproblemebiaqvT,TukimaswavleblebimaTisaWiroebebismimarTsensi-tiurebiiyvnen.maswavlebelsadamoswavlesSorisdadebiTiurTier-TobisZlierizegavlenisSesaxebgaecaniTCanarTs`istoriebiswavlisSesaxeb _ xarkiswavlebas~.

maswavleblis momzadeba da xarisxi50StatSiarsebulpolitikazedakvirvebis,amsakiTxebissaxelm-

wifo kvlevis analizze dayrdnobiT linda darling-hamondma (2000)maswavlebelTa kvalifikaciasa da moswavleTa miRweulSedegebs So-riskavSiriStatebismasStabiTgamoikvlia.kvlevisSedegebismixed-viT, maswavlebelTa momzadebis xarisxi – aqvs Tu ara sertifikatidagaiaraTuarakursiimsaganSi,romelsacaswavlis–moswavlee-biswarCineba-warumateblobasTaniyodakavSirebuli. realurad, mas-wavleblismomzadebulobada sertificireba moswavliswignierebasada maTematikaSi maRali Sedegebis Zlier wina pirobad moiazreboda.magaliTisTvis,ixileTcxrili1.1,romlispirvelxazzemiTiTebuliTanafardobadadebiTia.eskigulisxmobs,racufromaRaliamaswav-lebliscodnisxarisxidaZlieriaimsaganSi,romelsacaswavlis,miT

megim Tavis oTxi wlis biWunas xeli mohkida da quCas gauyva. maT SeniSnes, rom Savi manqana nel-nela mi-

hyveboda.

`vin aris es, dediko?~

`gza ganvagrZoT~, _ Tqva megim. man ver icno manqana da gza gaagrZela.

biWuna dedas CamorCa. megi iZulebuli gaxda, gaCerebuliyo. Savi manqanac gaCerda, mZRolma manqanis mina

Camoswia. axalgazrda mamakaci, romelsac mzis saTvale ekeTa, manqanidan deda-Svils daJinebiT akvirdeboda.

`q-no Jensen, es Tqven xarT?~ _ megis TiTqos xma ecno da Tavi miabruna mamakacisken. Tan xelSi aiyvana bavSvi

da ukan daixia.

mZRolma manqana gaaCera, gadmovida da megisken gaemarTa. man mzis saTvale moixsna, raTa megis misi saxe ukeT

daenaxa. `ver micaniT, ara?~_ ikiTxa guldawyvetiT mamakacma.

megis sifrTxile sixarulma Secvala, rodesac mamakacSi Tavisi yofili moswavle amoicno; `ra Tqma unda

gicani, jei. Znelia Seni daviwyeba!~

`arasdros damaviwydebiT, q-no Jensen. Tqven erTaderTi xarT, vinc Sansi momca.~

megis Tvalwin warmoudga sistemis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli Tormeti wlis biWuna. rodesac manqana daiZra,

megim daxeda jeis savizito baraTs _ `jei getsi, arqiteqtori~ da saxeze Rimili moefina.

wyaro: Apples & Chalkdust by Vicki Carauma. Copyright ©1998 by Vicki Carauma. Used with permission of Honor Books, an imprint of Cook Communications Ministries.

istoriebi swavlis Sesaxeb

xarki swavlebas

17

ufrodidwarmatebebsaRwevenmoswavleebimaTematikasadakiTxvaSi.meorexazzemiTiTebuliTanafardobanegatiuriadaamdenadsayur-adReboa.isgviCvenebs,racufromaRaliaimpedagogTaprocentuliraodenoba,romlebicaswavliansagansaraTavisiprofiliT,miTufrodabaliamoswavleTaSedegebiamsaganSi.(mogvianebiTamaveTavSiufrodetaluradavxsniT,rogorundawavikiTxoTaRniSnulistatistikurimonacemebi). swavlebisTvis maswavleblis sagnis codna da misi axsnamniSvnelovanifaqtoria,magrammomzadebadakvalifikaciaasevese-riozulgansxvavebasgvaZlevs(Darling-Hammond & Youngs, 2002).aserom,cneba _ iyo`maRalkvalificiurimaswavlebeli~,NCLBmixedviT,kargipirvelinabijiasaimisod,romgaxdekargipedagogi.

sxvamkvlevrebmagamoikvlies,rogorzegavlenasaxdensmoswavlee-bze pedagogTa efeqtianoba da araefeqtianoba (Sanders & Rivers, 1996).aRniSnuli kvleva tenesis Statis dedaqalaqis ori udidesi skolisme-5klaselbavSvebzeCatarda.erTskolaSimoswavleebma,romlebsacme-3, me-4 da me-5 klasSi kvalificiuri pedagogebi hyavdaT, maTema-tikis standartultestSi saSualod 83 procenti daagroves, xolomeoreskolaSi _ 96procenti(99procentiSesaZlebeliumaRlesiqu-laa).aRniSnulissapirispirod,erTskolaSimoswavleebma,romlebsacsami wlis ganmavlobaSi naklebad kvalificiuri pedagogebi hyavdaT,maTematikis standartul testSi saSualod 29 procenti daagroves,xolomeoreskolaSi _ 44procenti.oriveSemTxvevaSimaqsimaluradSesaZlebeldamiRebulSedegebsSorissxvaoba50procentzemetia!moswavleebski,romlebsacsamiwlisganmavlobaSisxvadasxvakvali-fikaciispedagogebihyavdaT,maTematikistestSiSualeduriqulebidaagroves.sandersmadariversmadaaskvnes,romsaukeTesopedagogebi

daukavSireT kvlevas da ganavrceT maswavleblisdonisadapedagogismomzadebissxvaperspeqtivisSesaxebixileTborkosadasxvaTanaSromSi(2000).

cxrili 1.1

pedagogis kvalifikaciisa da moswavleTa Sedegebis korelacia

me-4klasi,maTematika1992

me-4klasi,maTematika1996

me-8klasi,maTematika1996

me-4klasi,maTematika1992

me-4klasi,maTematika1994

maRalkvalificiurmaswavle-belTaprocentulimaCvenebeli(sertificirebulidaZiriTadisagnismaswavlebeli)

.71** .61** .67** .80** .75**

maswavlebelTaprocentulimaCvenebeli,romlebicaswav-liansagansaramaTiprofiliT(sakuTarsferoSimagistrzenaklebiwodebiT)

-.48* -.44* -.42* -.56* -.33*

* p

18

yvelamoswavlessaukeTesomiRweviskenubiZgebdnen,dabalimiRwevebismoswavleebisTviskargadswavlebasgacilebiTmetisargeblobamoaqvs.swavlebisefeqtianobaariszrdadidanarCeni–racgulisxmobs,rommaRal klasebSi kargad swavlebas dawyebiT klasebSi araefeqtianiswavlebisSedegebisnawilobrivikompensirebaSeuZlia,magramyvelaproblemisaRmofxvramaincarZaluZs.marTlac,erT-erTmakvlevamcxadyo,rommoswavleTadagroviliqulebissxvaobissulmcire7%maswavleblebisdamsaxurebaa(Rivkin, Hanushek, & Kain, 2001).

is pedagogebis, romlebsac SeuZliaT moswavleebTan pozitiuriurTierTobisdamyareba,sakuTarimoswavleebiscxovrebazedidgav-lenas axdenen. problemebis mqone moswavleebi kargi swavlebidan Sesa-ZloametsargebelsiRebdnen.raganapirobebspedagogisefeqtianobas?raariskargiswavleba?

ras niSnavs kargad swavleba?

rogoria Tqveni azri?

esTqvenipirveliinterviuamaswavleblisTanamdebobisda-sakavebladad. direqtori iRebs furcels da kalams, TvalebSigiyurebT da geubnebaT: `ram mogxiblaT Tqvens sayvarel mas-wavlebelSi? ras niSnavs kargi maswavlebeli da ra faqtorebiganapirobebs,iyokargimaswavlebeli?“

pedagogebi, fsiqologebi, filosofosebi, mwerlebi, Jurnalistebi,reJisorebi, maTematikosebi, mecnierebi, istorikosebi, politikosebidamSoblebi,daesaraaimspecialistebissruliCamonaTvali,romlebicaRniSnuli kiTxvas CauRrmavdnen; am kiTxvaze asobiT gansxvavebuli pa-suxiarsebobs.kargadswavlebamxolodsaklasooTaxiTarSemoifargle-ba–esxdebasaxlSi,saavadmyofosaTumuzeumebSi,saqmianSexvedrebze,TerapevtiskabinetsadasazafxulobanakebSi.winamdebarewignSiZiriTa-di aqcenti klasSi mimdinare swavlebazea gakeTebuli, magram bevriram,rasacamwignisSeswavlisasgaecnobiT,sxvaketegoriebsacganekuTvneba.

oTx saklaso oTaxSiimisaTvis, rom gaverkveT, ras niSnavs kargi swavleba, modiT, oTxi

cnobilimaswavleblisklasSiSevideT.yvelaaRwerilisituaciare-aluria.pirvelioripedagogiCemspraqtikantmaswavleblebTaner-TadadgilobrivdawyebiTskolaSimuSaobda.ampedagogebisSerCevaganapirobaimfaqtma,romCemmayofilmakolegamratgeridan,karolvainstainma, Tavis wignSi `saklaso oTaxis menejmenti~, am pedagoge-bze isaubra (Weinstein & Mignano, 2003). CemiSerCeuli mesame pedagogi,konsultantis daxmarebiT, gaxda eqsperti, romelic swavlasTan da-kavSirebuliseriozuliproblemebismqonemoswavleebskvalificiurdaxmarebas uwevda. bolo, meoTxe pedagogi ki iyo saSualo skolismaswavlebeli,romelsacganaTlebisfsiqologiasxvafsiqologebTanhqondanaswavli.

orenovani I klasi.vivianasklasSi25moswavlea.maTiumravlesobaarcisedidixania,racdominikisrespublikidanCamovida,danarCenebiki

daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s da ganavrceT maswavleblisprofesional-izmi(IV,A2).daiwyeTsaku-TariganviTarebaganaTlebisfsiqologiisSesaxebwignebisadastatiebiskiTxviT.erT-erTiyvelazepopularuliperioduligamocemaa“Educa-tion Week”.misieleqtronulivariantiixileTmisamarTzewww.edweek.com.

19

_ nikaraguadan,meqsikidan,puerto _ rikodandahondurasidanarian.miuxedavadimisa,rombavSvebiskolaSiSesvlisasinglisurenazeansrulebiTvermetyvelebdnen,anZaliancotaicodnen,vivianamimdeniSeZlo, rom ivnisSi, I klasis dasrulebis Semdeg, bavSvebma raionismixedviTgaTvaliswinebulisaswavloprogramadaZlies.aseTimiRwevakiimanganapiroba,rommaswavlebelisaswavlowlisdasawyisSi,bavSvssaswavloprogramisaTvisebaromgaadvilebodaT,gakveTilebsespanurenaze atarebda, da rodesacdarwmunda, rom moswavleebi inglisurienisSesaswavladmzadiyvnen,misietapobrivadswavlebadaiwyo.vivi-anasarsurda,rommisimoswavleebidanarCenibavSvebisgangamoeyoTanmaTTvisuvargisisiarliyimiekraT.isbavSvebsamxnevebdadasia-mayisgrZnobasuRvivebdamaTiespanuriwarmomavlobisadmidayvelaSesaZleblobasiyenebda,raTabavSvebsinglisurienisukeTdaufle-baSidaxmareboda.

vivianas molodini moswavleTa mimarT maRalia. is maqsimaluradcdilobsbavSvebiuzrunvelyosyvelasaWiroresursiT,yvelasaxismasaliT–fanqrebiT,makratliT,feradicarciTise,romarcerTbavSvsswavlisTvissaWirosaSualebaardaakldes. racmTavaria, ismaTukeTesimiRwevebiskenmudmivadaqezebs.`vivianaaSkaraddidpa-suxismgeblobasgrZnobsmoswavleebismimarT...aseTiiSviaTimondo-mebiTadaenergiiTigiTavismoswavleebswaaxalisebs,aqezebs,aZlevssaWirorCevebs,aqebsmaTdainteressuRvivebs.mismiermoswavleebi-sTvisSeTavazebulitempicocxalia.vivianasaSkaraTeatraluriniWiaqvs; bavSvebisTvis masala advilad aRsaqmeli rom iyos, is axsnisasmusikas,Jestikuliacias,mimikasiyenebs“(Weinstein & Mignano, 2003, p.14).sakuTari moswavleebis ukeT Secnobis mizniT, maTTan saxlSi midis.vivianasTvisswavlebaaramartosamuSao,aramedcxovrebisstilia.

gareubnis skolis me-5 klasi. keni niu-jersis centrSi mdebare ga-reubnisdawyebiTiskolisme-5klasismaswavlebelia.misklasSiTav-moyriliarianmoswavleebisxvadasxvarasis,eTnikuriwarmomavlobis,enisadasxvadasxvaSemosavlismqoneojaxidan. kenididmniSvnelo-bas aniWebs `weris process~. misi moswavleebi jer naSromis pirve-lad monaxazs asruleben, Semdeg mas klasSi ganixilaven, asworeben,damxolodSemdeg„aqveyneben“.moswavleebiyoveldRiurJurnalsac,avseben. amis ZiriTadi mizani kenisTvis piradi interesebis gaziare-baa.isinikensojaxSiarsebulproblemebze,CxubsadasakuTarSiSzeesaubrebian;keniyovelTvispoulobsdros,moswavleebswerilobiTipasuxigasces.iscdilobssabunebismetyvelosagnebisSeswavlareal-uricxovrebisWrilSiwarmoaCinos.moswavleebiokeanisekosistemase.w. `Field Trip to the Sea” kompiuteruli programis gamoyenebiT swav-loben(Sunburst, 1999). sazogadoebrivisagnebisSeswavlisTvismasoriTamaSiaqvs.amTamaSebisasZiriTadiaqcentiistoriazekeTdeba-erTiamerikismkvidrimosaxleobiskulturas,xolomeore-amerikiskolo-nizaciasexeba.

mTeliwlisganmavlobaSikenididyuradRebasaqcevsmisimoswav-leebissocialurdaemociurganviTarebas.iscdilobs,moswavleebmagaiTavisondaiswavlon,UraarispasuxismgeblobadasamarTlianoba,rasagnebiSedissabunebismetyvelo da sazogadoebrivmecnierebaSi. misidamokidebulebaaSkaradCans,wlisdasawyisSiklasSiwesebsadgensdaaviTarebsmaT.kenidamisimoswavleebiyveladadebiTidauaryofiTifaqtorisganxilvisSemdegklasisTvisadgenen`uflebaTakanonmde-blobas“, sadac moswavleTa uflebebia Camoyalibebuli. es uflebebi

daukavSireT sxva Tavebs da ganavrceTkenis`werisprocesi~moswav-leebismiergamoqveynebulinaSromebi,Jurnaliswar-moebayovelivees`kenisadmi~midgomissaSualebebia.aRniSnuliTemame-13TavSiaganxiluli.kenis`uflebaTakanonmdebloba“klasSidadge-niliwesebisadmiinovaciurimidgomismagaliTia(amTemasme-12TavSiganvixilavT).

20

TiTqmisyvelaimsituaciasmoicavs,romelic̀ wesis“dacvasmoiTxovs.

inkluziuri klasi.eliotigonieridamolaparakebavSviiyo.patarao-bisasigiadviladimaxsovrebdamoTxrobebs,magramkiTxvaarSeeZlo.misi problemebi swavlasTan dakavSirebuli seriozuli sirTuleebisSedegi iyo, rac gamoixateboda smenis da mxedvelobisintegraciisadavizualurimexsierebissiZneleSi.vizualurimexsiereba.rodesacigi weras cdilobda, yvelaferi erTmaneTSi ereoda. doqtori nensiuaiTi eliotis maswavlebelTan, mia raselTan muSaobda. misi mizaniiyoSeeqmnaintensiuriswavlebismodeli,romelicgansakuTrebuladeliotis individualurswavlebasa da misi problemebis aRmofxvrasSeuwyobdaxels.momdevnowlisganmavlobaSielioti,Tavisipedago-gisdaxmarebiT,swavlissakuTarimeTodiseqspertigaxda.ammeTodisgamoyenebiTmasswavladamoukidebladSeeZlo,icodaswavlisromelistrategiebiradrosundagamoeyenebina.eliotisazriT,„miuxedavadimisa,romesstrategiebiarciseadviliSesasrulebelia,maTSedegiaqvs!“(Hallahan & Kauffman, 2006, pp. 184-185).

gaZlierebuli maTematikis klasi. hildaborkomdakarollivingston-ma(1989)aRweres,rogormuSaobssaSualomaTematikuriklasiseqsper-timaswavlebelirendimoswavleebTan(masalisvergagebiTgamowveuliareulobisas).integralebisgamoyvanisstrategiasTandakavSirebuligakveTilisaxsnisas,erT-erTmamoswavlemTqva,romamwignisgarkveu-linawilialalbedzemoxvedriliCans.rendimklassmasalisorgani-zebis procesis axsna dauwyo - Tavidan klass sTxova integralebisgamoyvanisxelsayrelistrategiebiszogadidebulebisCamoyalibeba.rendimmaTimosazrebebiguldasmiTganixiladamoswavleebsdaexmarasxva moswavleebisTvis gaugebari masala aexsnaT, amasTanave sTxovasakuTarimosazrebebiteqstTandaekavSirebina,miuxedavadimisa,rommanyvelakeTilgonivrulimosazrebagaiazra,dafazemxolodZiriTa-di strategiebi Camowera. gakveTilis bolos moswavleebisTvis wig-nidangaugebarimasalakargaddalagebuldasasargeblosaxelmZR-vanelodgadaiqca.gardaamisa,isiniukeTgaerkvnen,rogorwaekiTxaTdagaegoTrTulimasala.

rasxedavTam saklasooTaxebSi?maswavleblebisakuTarmoswav-leTapotencialsxedaven.isiniiTvaliswinebenmoswavleTasxvadasxvaSesaZleblobas da maT mravalferovnebas: sxvadasxva ena, sxvadasxvasocialurimdgomareoba,sxvadasxvaSesaZleblobadauunaroba.isiniinstruqtirebasa da Sefasebas moswavleebis saWiroebebs unda usad-agebdnen. maT unda SeZlon, rom TiToeuli moswavlisTvis gasagebigaxdesyvelazeabstraqtulicnebebi, rogoricaris,magaliTad,in-tegralebi, amasTanave arsebobs axali teqnologiebi da meTodebi,romlebic maswavleblebma ara mxolod moswavleTa gasarTobad, ar-ameddasaxulimiznis misaRwevadunda gamoiyenon. garda imisa, romes eqspertebi cdiloben moswavleebs akademiuri masala Seaswavlon,isiniTiToeulimoswavlisemociursaWiroebasiTvaliswineben.isinimaTSi TviTSefasebis amaRlebasa da pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis gaR-vivebas cdiloben. Tu am maswavleblebs swavlis pirvelive dRidandavakvirdebiT,davinaxavT,TuraodendidisifrTxiliTgegmavenisi-ni sakuTar klasSi saswavlo process da raoden didi sifrTxiliTaswavlian cxovrebisa da swavlebis ZiriTad procedurebs (anabanas).maTSeuZliaTgonivruladSeagrovondaSeasworonsaSinaodavaleba,gadaajgufonmoswavleebi,miscensworimimarTuleba,gaanawilonmasa-

daukavSireT kvlevas daganavrceT robertmosesi,kembrijSi(masaCusetsi)martinluTerkingisskolaSialgebrisproeqtisdamfuZnebeli,moswavleebsricxvebisadasimboloebiskoncefciasfizikurimovlenebismeSveo-biTaswavlis.isinimetroSiCadian,irCevenerTgaCere-bas,rogorcsawyiswertilsdamoswavleebiSemosvlasdagasvlasdadebiTdauaryofiTricxvebsukavSire-ben.isinimetroSimgzavro-bas,gaCerebebisraodeno-bisadamaTimimarTulebisgaTvaliswinebiT,maTematikurenazeTargmnian.maswavlebeliamsaSualebasmanammimarTavssanammoswavleebisTvisalg-ebrisenagasagebiargaxdeba.aRniSnuliTmosesimaTemati-kasTavisimoswavleebisTvis,ufromxiarulsdaadviladaRqmadsxdis.ufrometiinformaciisTviswaikiTxeT Moses, R.P., & Cobb, C. E. Jr. (2002). Radical equations: Civil rights from Mississippi to the Algebra Project. Boston: Beacon Press.

21

lebi,SeagrovonlanCisTanxa–dayoveliveaRniSnulTanerTadisiniafiqsirebendaSedegadgansazRvraven,maTierT-erTimoswavleratomarisasedaRlili.

ase rom, ra aris kargi swavleba? mecnierebaTuxelovneba,maswavle-belzeorientirebulileqciaTumoswavlezeorientirebuliaRmoCena,zogadiTeoriebisganacxadiTusituaciiTganpirobebulipraqtika?karg pedagogs kargad axsna SeuZlia Tu kiTxvis kargad dasma, igi`scenazemdgomibrZenia~Tu`megzuri~?eskiTxvebiwlebismanZilzeismis.TqvenssxvaklasebSi,SesaZloa,SexvdeTmecnieruli,maswavle-belze orientirebuli, Teoriaze dafuZnebuli sistemebis kritikas.TqvengaxdebiTmsaxiobi,gamomgonebeli,moswavlezeorientirebuli,kiTxvisdamsmelimegzuri.arisTuaraessworigza?modiT,ganvixi-loTangumentebi.

erT-erTimosazrebiT,swavlebaTeoriazedafuZnebulimecniere-baa. fsiqologebi wlebis manZilze swavlobdnen bavSvebis azrebs dagrZnobebs.maTainteresebdaT,TurogorswavlobenbavSvebi,ragana-pirobebsmotivacias,ragavlenaaqvsswavlebasdaswavlaze.eszogadidaabstraqtulikoncefciebisxvadasxvatipissituaciebSigamoiyene-ba.ratomsWirdebaTmaswavleblebsyvelaamcodnisxelaxaliinter-pretacia?maswavlebelTagarkveuljgufsmiaCnia,romsaukeTesomas-wavlebeliisaa,romelicswavlebisasmxolodTeoriisimedadkiaris,aramedRrmadswvdebaswavlebisarssdaSemoqmedebiTadudgebamas.(Schon, 1983).pedagogebs,romlebicammosazrebasiziareben,miaCniaT,romswavleba`undaSeesabamebodesamocanas,dros,adgils,monawilee-bs da Sinaarss, xolo sxvadasxva sagani icvleba am TaviseburebebismixedviT~(Leinhardt, 2001, p. 334).zemoaRniSnulimosazrebismixedviT,swavlebaimdenadkompleqsuria,romyoveliaxalisagnisSeswavlisasdayovelaxalklasSiyovelTvisaxlismofiqrebaasaWiro.

dafiqreba arCevanis gakeTebisas (an-an). adamianTa umetesoba immosazrebas eTanxmeba, rom maswavleblebi TeoriulicodniTaRWur-vilnidaSemoqmedniundaiyvnen.maTsxvadasxvastrategiisgamoyenebadaaxlisgamogonebaundaSeeZloT.isiniklasismarTviskvlevazeda-fuZnebulZiriTadxerxebsundaflobdnen,magramimavdrouladmaTundaSeswevdeTunaridahqondeTsurvili,dadgeniliwesiSecvalon,Tuamukanasknelssituaciiscvlilebakarnaxobs.maswavleblebsundahqondeT rogorc zogadi Teoriuli codna, ise situaciis specifi-kuradganWvretisunari.maTundaSeZlon,„zogadad,gaugonmoswav-leebs,CaswvdnenimTaviseburebebs,romlebicdamaxasiaTebeliaamaTuimasakisTvis,kulturisaTuklasisTvis.moswavleebmaundaSeZlonindividualebisdanaxvajgufebisSesaxebsociologiuridafsiqolo-giuriganzogadebisfonze~.amwignSimotaniliTeoriulimasalaundagamoiyenoT, rogorc SemecnebiTi saSualeba, romelic mTeli TqvenikarierisganmavlobaSiwamoWriliproblemebis(sirTuleebis)gamokv-levasadaaRqmaSidagexmarebaT(Leinhardt, 2001).

piradadmevimedovneb,romTqvensakuTarsaganSigaxdebiTbrZene-bi,Tan`moswavleebismxareze~iqnebiT.

viviana,keni,miadarendieqspertmaswavlebelTamagaliTebswar-moadgenen.imisTvis,romigivekiTxvas„raariskargiswavleba?“sxvarakursiTSevxedoT,modiT,ganvixiloT,Turaicianeqspertmamas-wavleblebma.

refleqsiuri _ sazrianidagamWriaxi,moazrovnemaswav-lebeli,romelicganixilavsganvlilsituacias,aanali-zebs,radaratomgaakeTa,raTagaiTvaliswinos,rogorundagaaumjobesosswavleba.

22

eqspertTa codnaeqspertma maswavleblebma swavlebaSi arsebuliproblemebis gas-

agebadcodnissistemebiganaviTares.magaliTisTvis,rodesacdamwyebimaswavlebelimoswavleebismiermaTematikisanistoriistestebSidaS-vebulSecdomebsxvdeba,yvelaarasworipasuximisTvisTiTqoserT-nairad–Secdomaa.maSin,rodesaceqspertimaswavleblisTvisarasworipasuxicodnismdidarisistemisnawilswarmoadgens,romlismixedviT-acsxvadasxvatipisarasworipasuxebisamocnobaaSesaZlebeli,kerZodki,daSvebuliSecdomagaugebrobisbraliaTuinformaciisnaklebobisSedegi.gaugebrobiTgamowveuliSecdomisgamosworebissaukeTesosa-SualebagavlilimasalisadaCatarebulisamuSaosxelaxaliaxsnadagameoreba. imisaTvis, rom davrwmundeT xelaxla axsnili masala gas-agebi iyo Tu ara moswavleebisTvis, sxvadasxva meTodiT testirebisCatarebaa saWiro. damatebiT, eqspert maswavleblebs keTilSobilurimiznebiaqvTdasakuTarimoswavleebisTvisgegmisSemuSavebisas, maTindividualurobasaciTvaliswineben.esmaswavleblebimoazrovnepraq-tikosebiarian(Floden & Klinzing, 1990; Hogan, Rabinowitz, & Craven, 2003).

raicianeqspertmamaswavleblebmaiseTi,racmaTexmarebaTiyvnenaseTiwarmatebulebi?liiSulmanma(1987)aRniSnulikiTxvaSeiswavla.manprofesiulicodnisSvidiarealis(sferos)identifikaciamoax-dina.eqspertmamaswavleblebmaician:

1. akademiurisagnebi,romlebsacisiniaswavlian–sagnisSinaarsiscodnaRrmaadaurTierTdakavSirebuli.

2. swavlebiszogadistrategiebi,romlebsaciyenebenyvelasagnisswavlebisas(mag. saklasooTaxismenejmentisZiriTadiprinci-pebi,efeqtianiswavleba,daSefaseba,romelsacTqvenamwignSiamoikiTxavT).

3. sakuTarisagnisdasxvadasxvadonisTvisgansazRvrulisaswavlomasalebidaprograma.

4. swavlebisTvissagnisTaviseburebiscodna:garkveulimoswavleebisdagarkveulicnebebisgansakuTrebuliswavleba,magaliTadrogorajobebsuaryofiTiricxvebisaxsnasustiSesaZleblobismqonemo-swavleebisTvis.

5. moswavleTaTaviseburebanidakulturulifesvebi.6. ispirobebi,romelSicisiniswavloben–wyvilebi,mcirejgufebi,

gundebi,klasebi,skolebidasazogadoeba.7. swavlebismiznebidadaniSnuleba.

ZiriTadifaqtori,romelic,SesaZloa,arcisenaTladCanszemo-CamoTvlilTvisebebSi,sakuTariTavisSecnobaa–Tqvenimiswrafebebi,siZliere, sisusteebi, sakuTari kulturuli warmomavloba. mxolodsakuTariTavissruliSecnobiTxdebaSesaZlebelisakuTarimoswav-leebisgagebadamaTikulturispativiscema.jeidiimdaalanhenkim(2002) aRniSnes, rom maswavleblebs, romlebic dominanti kulturiswarmomadgenlebiarian,sakuTarimoralismiRmaarsebulisSecnobissurviliundahqondeT.

aRniSnuliCamonaTvaliararissrulyofili.cxadia,erTikursiTqvenswavlebisTvissaWirosrulinformaciasvermogcemT. Ffaqtiaisic, rom yvela kursis gavla eqspert maswavleblad ver gagxdiT.amisTvisdrodagamocdilebaasaWiro.magramerTiramudavoa _ gana-TlebisfsiqologiaTqveniprofesiulicodnisgaRrmavebasdaexmare-

daukavSireT sxva Tavebs da ganavrceT maswavleblisprofesion-alizmi(IV,A1)profesiulizrda,praqtikosTaTemidaqvemoTCamoTvlilierovnuliorganizaciebimTeliqveynismasStabiTaqvTwarmomadgen-lobebidafilialebi,romle-bicregularuladatarebenaRniSnulTemasTandakavSire-bulkonferenciebs,saubrebsdaSexvedrebssakuTarsfer-oSiswavlebisTanamedrovegamocdilebisgasaziareblad.ix.qvemoTCamoTvliliveb-gverdebiprofesionalizmis-admimaTidamokidebulebisgasacnobad.

www.ncte.orgwww.reading.orgwww.nsta.ogrwww.ncss.orgwww.nctm.org

eqsperti maswavleblebi _ gamocdili,warmatebulimas-wavleblebi,romlebsacCamoya-libebuliaqvTproblemebisgadaWrismeTodebi.swavlebisprocesisdaSinaarsisSesaxebmaTkargadorganizebulidafarTocodnaaqvT.

23

ba,vinaidanpedagogiurifsiqologiisarsiswavlebasTanurTierTobisCamoyalibebaa. imisaTvis, rom gaxde kargi pedagogi (maswavlebeli),saWiroa:sakuTarimoswavleebisSecnoba(winamdebarewignisInawili),swavladamotivacia(IInawili),swavlebadaSefaseba(IIInawili).

ganaTlebis fsiqologiis roli

ganaTlebisfsiqologiisarsebobisdaaxloebiT100wlismanZilzemisarsTandakavSirebiTaraerTikamaTigamarTula.zogssjera,romganaTlebisfsiqologiafsiqologiidanmiRebulicodnisSedegiadameti araferi da is saklaso oTaxSi moqmedebas swavlobs. sxvebs kimiaCniaT, rom is fsiqologiis meTods moicavs, romelic klasis daskolis cxovrebas swavlobs (Brophy, 2003; Wittrock, 1992). istorias TugadavxedavT, davinaxavT, rom ganaTlebis fsiqologiasa da swavlasSorismWidrourTierTkavSiriarsebobs.

ramdenime saintereso istoriaerTiSexedviTganaTlebisfsiqologiaZalzexandazmulidiscipli-

naa.ganaTlebisfsiqologebiplatonisadaaristotelesmierganxi-lulsakiTxebs,rogoricarismaswavleblisroli,swavlebismeTo-debi, swavlis buneba da Tanmimdevroba, swavlaze zemoqmedebismniSvneloba,dResackiswavloben.1500welsJuanLvivshqondafriad Tanamedrove mosazrebebi praqtikis Rirebulebis Ses-axeb,moswavleTainteresebisgaTvaliswinebisaucileblobaze,moswavleTaindividualuriTaviseburebebisadmi swavlebis adaptirebaze, moswavleTa na-muSevris TviTSefasebis upiratesobaze sxvebTan SedarebiT.1700 wlebSi komeniusma wignebsa da swavlebaSi vizualuridaxmarebebi daamkvidra. igi acxadebda, rom swav- lebismizaniagagebadaaradamaxsovreba(Berliner, 1993).modiT, wavideT win, fsiqologiis zogadi kv-levisken.

SeerTebul StatebSi fsiqologia TavidanveswavlebasTaniyodakavSirebuli.1890wels,amerika-Siharvardisprofesorma,uiliamjeimsmafsiqologiisdargi Camoayaliba da maswavleblebisTvis SeimuSavaleqciaTaseria„fsiqologiasTandakavSirebulisaubre-bimaswavleblebTan“.esleqciebiqveynismasStabiTmas-wavleblebssazafxuloskolebSiCautardaTda1899welsgamoqveynda. jeimsis studentma j. stenli holma amerikisfsiqologiuriasociaciaCamoayaliba.misidisertaciisTemaiyobavSvebismiersamyarosgageba;monacemebisSegrovebaSimasmaswavleblebiexmarebodnen.holmamaswavleblebsurCia,TavianTimaTimoswavleebisganviTarebisSeswavlasdetalu-raddakvirvebodnen–zustadise,rogorcdedamisiiqceodamaswavleblobisas. holis mowafem jon diuim Cikagos uni-versitetSilaboratoriuliskoladaaarsa.igiprogresuliganaTlebismoZraobismamadaaaRiarebuli(Hilgard, 1996).

uiliam jeimsis meore mowafes, i. l. Torndaiks pedagogiurifsiqologiis pirveli naSromi (1903) ekuTvnis. man 1910 wels gana-

eqspertimaswavleblebiaramxolodflobensagans,ro-

melsacaswavlian,aramedicianTurogordau-kavSironaRniSnulisSinaarsisaklasooTaxismiRmaar-sebulsamyarosdaTurogorwaaqezonmoswavleebisagnisSeswavlisken.

24

Tlebis fsiqologiis Jurnali daaarsa. Torndaikma, kvlevis mizniT,saklaso oTaxidan laboratoriaSi gadanacvlebis procesi daiwyo -gadanacvlebis procesi, romelic jeimsma da holim ugulebelyves.aRiarebulia, rom Torndaikis Sexedulebebi metadviwroa, radganacswavliskanonebslaboratoriebSieZebda,daeskanonebiundadaner-giliyorealurklasSimaTigadamowmebisgareSe. 50welidasWirdaswavlisfsiqologiurkvlevas,romsaklasooTaxebSidabrunebuliyo(Hilgard, 1996).

me-20 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi swavlebis ganviTareba fsiqolo-giaskidevufrodauaxlovda.iseTifsiqologebisTvis,rogoriciyoTorndaiki, jadi an maTi mowafeebi, araferi uCveuloar iyo imaSi,romerTdrouladyofiliyvnenamerikisfsiqologiisasociaciispre-zidentebi, Tan swavlebisa da saskolosagnebis Sefasebis masalebisavtorebi.amepoqisganmavlobaSiganaTlebisfsiqologia„skolissax-elmZRvanelomecniereba“ iyo (Cubberly, 1919, p. 755). 1940-ian da 1950-ian wlebSi ganaTlebis fsiqologiis Seswavla individualur gansx-vavebebze, Sefasebaze, swavlisqcevebze iyo aqcentirebuli. 1960-ianda1970-ianwlebSikvlevismimarTulebamkognituriganviTarebisadaswavliskengadainacvla,romlisdrosacyuradRebaeqceodaimas,Turogor swavloben da imaxsovrebencnebebs moswavleebi. TanamedroveganaTlebis fsiqologiaSi kvlevis sagani gaxda is, Tu ra gavlenasaxdensswavlasadaganviTarebazekulturadasocialurifaqtorebi(Pressley & Roehrig, 2003).

raswarmoadgenspedagogiurifsiqologiadRes?zogadiganmartebismixedviT,ganaTlebis fsiqologiaarisdisciplina,romelicSeiswav-lis swavla/swavlebis procesebs, iyenebs fsiqologiis meTodebsa daTeoriebs, aqvs sakuTari Teoriebi, problemebi, kvlevis teqnika dameTodebi.warsulismsgavsad,ganaTlebisfsiqologiadResacswavlasadaswavlebisprocesebsikvlevsdaamavedrospedagogiuripraqtikisgaumjobesebascdilobs(Pintrich,2000).swavleba-swavlisadmiinteresisxangrZliviistoriismiuxedavad,ariskiganaTlebisfsiqologTamo-napovarirealuradgamosadegimaswavleblebisTvis?bolosdabolosswavleba mxolod saRi azria? modiT ramdenime wuTi davuTmoT amkiTxvebs.

mxolod saRi azria?Cveulebriv,ganaTlebisfsiqologiaSimocemuliprincipebi–didi

Zalisxmeva,droisadadaxarjulifuladisaxsrebisSedegi–aSkaradpaTeTikuradJRers.xalxSiarisimiscduneba,romiTqvas,daxSiradambobenkidevac`esxomyvelamviciT!~ganvixiloTesmagaliTi.

Tanamimdevroba:rakriteriumebiTundaixelmZRvanelosmaswavlebelmaimisTvis,rommoswavleebidawyebiTikiTxvisklasisTvisSearCios?

saRi azriT gacemuli pasuxi.maswavleblebmamoswavleebiaraTana-mimdevruladundagamoiZaxon,Sedegad,TiToeulimoswavleiZulebu-liiqnebagakveTilikargadiswavlos.imSemTxvevaSi,TumaswavlebeliyoveljerzeerTidaimaveTanamimdevrobiTgamoiZaxebsmoswavles,maSinyvelamoswavlesecodineba,rodismovamisijeri.

kvlevaze dafuZnebuli pasuxi.wlebiswinodenis,brofisdaever-sonis mier Catarebuli kvlevis (1977) Sedegma aCvena, rom dasmul

daukavSireT da ganavrceT sakvlevad`ganaTlebisfsiqologiis~2001wlisgazafxulisgamoce-ma,36,(2)mieZRvnaganaTlebisfsiqologias:guSin,dRes,xval”,igiTviTregulaciisSeswavlaze,klasisoTaxismarTvaze(menejmentze),mas-wavleblismolodinisSedege-bze,programisganviTarebasadaSeswavliskoncefciebzemogviTxrobs.

ganaTlebis fsiqologia_ disciplina,romelicSeiswav-lisswavlebisadaswavlisprocesebs,iyenebsfsiqologi-ismeTodebs,TeoriebsdaaqvssakuTaric.

25

SekiTxvaze pasuxi arc Tu ise martivia. magaliTisaTvis, I kiTxvisklasebSi bavSvebis Tanamimdevrulma (wreze) gamoZaxebam da yovelibavSvisTvis wakiTxvis saSualebis micemam gacilebiT ukeTesi Sedegimogvitana,vidremoswavleebisaraTanamimdevrulmagamoZaxebam.Tana-mimdevuli(wreze)gamoZaxebisZiriTadimizania,romTiToeulbavSvsmieces kiTxvis procesSi monawileobis SesaZlebloba. sxva meTodisSemTxvevaSi,romelicariTvaliswinebsyvelabavSvisgamoZaxebas,Sesa-Zloa, romelime moswavle, ubralod, gamogveparos. kvlevam gviCvena,rom kiTxvis saswavleblad moswavleebis Tanmimdevrul gamoZaxebas-Tan SedarebiTukeTesi alternativebicarsebobs, magram miuxedavadSerCeulialternativisa,maswavlebelidarwmunebuliundaiyos,rompraqtikulsamuSaoSiukleblivyvelamoswavleseqnebamonawileobisdaukukavSirismiRebisSansi(Teirney, Readence, & Dishner, 1990). kiTxvisswavlebadetaluradme-13TavSiamocemuli.

moswavleebis daxmareba. rodis unda aRmouCinos maswavlebelma dax-marebasaklasodavalebisSesrulebisdrosdabalimiRwevebismqonemoswavles?

saRi azriT gacemuli pasuxi. maswavleblebi moswavleebs xSiradundaexmarebodnen.bolosdabolosdabalimiRwevebismoswavleebi,SesaZloa,verckimixvdnen,TurodissWirdebaTdaxmarebaansavsebiTSesaZlebelia,romdaxmarebisTxovnackimoeridoT.

kvlevaze dafuZnebuli pasuxi.sandragraham(1996)aRmoaCina,romim SemTxvevaSi, Tu maswavlebeli moswavles misi Txovnis gareSe ex-mareba,Tvlis,rommasTavadgarkvevisunariarSeswevsda,racmaTa-varia, igive azris arian danarCeni moswavleebic. moswavle sakuTarmarcxsxSirSemTxvevaSi araZalisxmevis, aramedSesaZleblobissim-wiresufroukavSirebs,risgamocmotivaciaklebulobs.

klasidan klasSi gadaxtoma. valdebulia Tu ara skola, gansa-kuTrebuladniWierimoswavleebiklasidanklasSigadaxtomiTwaaxal-isosanmiscesmaTkolejSidrozeadreSesvlisSesaZlebloba?

saRi azriT gacemuli pasuxi.ara!zedmetadganaTlebulimoswav-leebiklaselebzeerTianoriwliTTuarianumcrosebi,SesaZloa,socialur morgebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi gauCndeT. isiniufrosiasakismoswavleebTanurTierTobisdamyarebisTvisarcfizi-

es moswavleebi realur er-Tobliv `hands-on” swavle-baSi iReben monawileobas. gaaumjobesebs Tu ara aRniS-nuli midgomis gamoyenebas maTi mecnierebis codna? aris Tu ara biologiis Seswavlis sxva saSualebebi (gzebi). pedagogiurma kv-levebma swored msgavs kiTx-vebs naTeli unda mohfinos.

daukavSireT sxva Tavebs da ganavrceTix.me-10Tavi,sadacufrodetaluriinformaciaamotanilimaswavleblebismizanmimarTulireaqciebiSemTxveviTsignalebze.

26

kuraddaarcemociuradararianmzad. Sedegad, socialursitua-ciebSiumweoebiiqnebian,rasacZaliandidimniSvnelobaaqvsskolaSi,gansakuTrebiTkimaRalklasebSi.

kvlevaze dafuZnebuli pasuxi. SesaZloa. samuelkirkis da misikolegebisMmier(1993)`skolisSemdegkolejSidrozeadreSesvlasTandakavSirebulma kvlevebma cxadyo, rom is bavSvebi, romlebic ufromaRalklasSigadavidnen(romelTamimarTswrafimeTodiiqnagamoye-nebuli), iseve Seeguen, da SeiZleba iTqvas ukeTesadac ki, vidre isbavSvebi,romlebicmiuxedavadniWisa,klasidanklasSiTanamimdevru-ladgadahyavdaT~(gv.105).moswavlisTvisdaCqarebulimeTodisgamoy-enebiswarmatebulobaindividualurTvisebebze,moswavlisinteleq-tzedasimwifeze,sxvamonacemebsaTusaSualebebzeadamokidebuli.zogierTi moswavlisTvis masalis daCqarebuli gavla da ufros mo-swavleebTanerTadmuSaobaZaliansasargebloa.moswavleTaSesaZle-blobis mixedviT, swavlebis morgeba ufrodetalurad amave wignisme-4TavSiaganxiluli.

aSkara pasuxebi?lilivongma(1987)gviCvena,romaRniSnulTanda-kavSirebiT weris kvlevis SedegebiTac ki SesaZloa naTeli warmod-genaSegveqmnas.manswavlasTandakavSirebuli12kvlevisSedegiSear-CiaerTimaTganizemoxsenebuli`rigisdakavebis~(Take Turn)Sedegiiyo.man,rogorckolejismoswavleebs,isemaswavleblebs6SedegisworiformiT,xolo6sapirispiroformiTwarudgina.moswavleebmadamas-wavleblebmaarasworiSedegebisdaaxloebiTnaxevari`aSkarad~mar-TebuladSeafases.momdevnokvlevisas,sagnebissxvajgufis12sworidaarasworiSedegebiwarmoudgines.kvlevismixedviTmaswavleblebsda moswavleebs marTebuli pasuxebi unda aerCiaT. 12-idan 8 SedegiarasworisagnisSerCevaiyo.

SesaZloa, fiqrobT, rom ganaTlebis fsiqologebi TavianT drosimisaRmoCenasandomeben,racisedaccxadia.zemoaRniSnulimagaliTe-biimazemigvaniSnebs,TuraodensaSiSiaaseTimsjeloba.Tugarkveuliprincipimartivadarisaxsnili,SeiZlebamogveCvenos,romismartiviSesasrulebelia.msgavsifenomenia,rodesacCvenniWiermocekvavesanaTletsvxedavT;kargadgawvrTnilidasakuTarsaqmeSidaxelovneb-uliadamianismierSesrulebulisamuSaomartivadgveCveneba.magramCven mxolodvarjiSisSedegsvxedavT, da aracalkeulimoqmedebisSesrulebisTvisgaweulSromas.gaiTvaliswineT,romyovelikvlevisSedegi–daTugindsapirispiro–SesaZloa,saRiazrisSTabeWdile-basaxdendes.mniSvnelovaniiskiararis,raodengonivruladJRersesaTuisidea,aramedis,TuraswarmoadgenstestSiCadebuliprin-cipi(Gage,1991).

swavlis gagebisa da gaumjobesebisTviskvlevis gamoyeneba

SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT swrafadCamoayalibeTTqvenTviscnobilikvlevissxvadasxvameTodi.

ganaTlebisfsiqologiaorumniSvnelovanesamocanasmoicavs.er-Tia, kvlevis gamoyeneba SesaZlo urTierTkavSirebis Sesamowmeblad.xolo meore _ sxvadasxva kvlevis Sedegebis TeoriaSi gadmotana daswavlebaze,swavlasadaganviTarebazesaerToSexedulebiswarmodge-nisSeqmnismcdeloba.

daukavSireT kvlevas da ganavrceTwaikiTxeTdaganixileT Gage, N.L. naSromi(statia)(1991).socialurdagana-TlebissferoSiCatarebulikvlevebisSedegebissicxade.EducationalResearcher,20(1),10-16.mniSvnelovanikiTxvebi:raganapirobebspedagogiurikvlevebiTmiRebuliSede-gebis`sicxades~?rasaSiS-roebaswarmoadgensmsgavsiazrovneba?

27

aRweriTi kvleva.ganaTlebisfsiqologebisxvadasxvakvlevisSeswav-lasgegmavendaaxorcieleben.zogierTimaTgani`aRweriTia~,anumaTimizaniaerTkonkretulanramdenimesaklasooTaxSimomxdarimovle-nebisaRwera. aRweriTi kvlevis angariSi moicavsgamokvlevisSede-gebs,gamokiTxvisSedegebs,saklasooTaxSidialogebismagaliTebsansaklasooTaxissaqmianobisaudiodavideoCanawerebs.

erT-erTi aRweriTi midgoma anTropologiidan gadmoRebuli sak-laso oTaxis eTnografiaa. eTnografiuli meTodebis saSualebiTSeiswavlianerTijgufiscxovrebaSimomxdarbunebrivmovlenebsdacdiloben Caswvdnen, Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvT maT am jgufis adami-anebisTvis. magaliTisaTvis, winamdebare Tavis dasawyisSi naxsenebimeTodi, romelic saSualo skolis maTematikis eqspertma maswavle-belmarendimgamoiyenaborkosdalivingtonismierCatarebulieT-nografiulikvlevidaniyomotanili(1989)mkvlevrebmaimisTvis,romganesazRvraTaxalbedadaeqspertmaswavlebelTaSorisgansxvavebebi,maswavleblebisklasebsdetaluraddaakvirdnen(audioCanawerebisadamaswavlebelTangasaubrebisSedegadmiRebulipasuxebisCaTvliT)daSemdegdakvirvebisSedegebigaaanalizes.

zogierTaRweriTikvlevisas,mkvlevrebiCarTul dakvirvebasmi-marTaven.msgavsidakvirvebisdros,imisTvis,romqmedebebimaswavle-blisdamoswavlisWrilSidainaxon,mkvlevrebiTavadsaklasooTaxisan skolis cxovrebis monawileni xdebian. agreTve, konkretul Sem-Txvevasac Seiswavlian (Case Study). SemTxvevis Seswavla, magaliTad,maswavleblis mierkursis dagegmvis, an moswavlis mierkonkretulimasalisdauflebissafuZvliankvlevasgulisxmobs.

korelaciuri kvleva. xSir SemTxvevaSi aRweriTi kvleva korelaciisSedegebsmoicavs.gamomdinareimfaqtidan,rom1.1cxrilisdaSemdegTavebSimotanilikorelaciebiskargadgagebisTviskorelaciiscod-naasaWiro,modiT,ramdenimewuTiamkoncefciisgamokvlevasdavuT-moT.korelaciawarmoadgensricxvs,romelicaCvenebsormovlenasa

sqema 1.1

korelacia ar gviCvenebs mizezskvlevagviCvenebs,romgamwvanebulimonakveTiskolaSimiRwevebTanaadakavSirebuli,magramisargviCvenebsmizezs.sazogadoebiskeTildReoba,mesamecvladi,SesaZloaiyosrogorcskolaSimiRwevebis,isegamwvanebulimonakveTebismizezi.

korelacia

ufromarTebulivaraudi

gamwvanebulimonakveTi

mivyavarT

saskolomiRwevebi

mivyavarT

sazogadoebrivikeTildReoba

korela c

i a k o

relacia

korelacia

gamwvanebulimonakveTi

saskolomiRwevebi

mivyavarT

mcdarivaraudi

aRweriTi kvlevebi _ kvle-vebi,romlebSicgrovdebadawvrilebiTiinformaciaraimesituaciisSesaxeb.gamoiyenebadakvirveba,gamokiTxva,interviu,CaweraanammeTodebiskombinire-bulivarianti.

eTnografia _ kvlevisadmiaRweriTimidgoma,romelicfokusirebuliaerTijgufiscxovrebazedacdilobsCa-wvdesmovlenaTamniSvnelobasamjgufisadamianebisTvis.

CarTuli dakvirveba-aR-weriTikvleviserT-erTimeTodi,rocamkvlevarijgu-fiscxovrebisukeTgasagebadTviTonacmonawilexdeba.

konkretuli SemTxvevis Seswavla–erTiadamianisanerTisituaciissafuZvlianiSeswavla.

daukavSireT realur cxovre-

bas da ganavrceT

absoluturi(saukeTeso)

dadebiTi(1.0)korela-

cia:wrisradiusidamisi

garSemoweriloba.absolu-

turi(saukeTeso)uaryofiTi

(-1.0)korelacia:yovelidRe-

RamisganmavlobaSisinaTlisa

dasibneliswuTebisraode-

noba.absolutur(saukeTe-

so)dadebiTkorelaciaze

naklebi:manqanisRirebuleba

damisidazRvevisRireb-

uleba.absolutur(saukeTe-

so)uaryofiTkorelaciaze

naklebi:TeatrisbileTis

RirebulebadamanZili

scenamde.nulovanikorela-

cia:indoeTismosaxleobada

niuiorkeliiankismogebis

procenti.

28

anorcvladsSoriskavSirs,siZlieresac,mimarTulebasac.korelacia(korelaciisskalaadiapazoni)1.00-dan-1.00-mdemeryeobs.korelaciaracufro1.00an-1.00axlosaa,miTufroZlieriaurTierTkavSiri.magaliTisTvis,korelaciasimaRlesadawonasSorisdaaxloebiT.70(ZlierikavSiri);adamianissimaRlesadasasaubroenebisricxvsSoriskorelaciadaaxloebiT.00(aranairikavSiri).

korelaciisniSaniurTierTkavSirismimarTulebasgviCvenebs.dade-biTi korelaciagviCvenebs,romorifaqtorierTdrouladizrdebaan klebulobs. erTismomatebisSemTxvevaSi, izrdebameorec. simaR-lesa da wonas Soris dadebiTi korelaciaa, vinaidan ufro did si-maRles gaaCnia tendencia, daukavSirdes ufro did wonas, rogorc1.1. cxrilSia asaxuli, sertificirebul maswavlebelTa procentulmaCvenebelsadamoswavleebismaTematikaSimiRwevebsSoriskorelaciadadebiTia(rodesacizrdebasertificirebulimaswavleblebisraode-noba,moswavleebicmetwarmatebebsaRwevenmaTematikaSi).negatiuri (uaryofiTi) korelaciagulisxmobs,romerTifaqtoriszrdameorefaqtorisSemcirebasTanarisdakavSirebuli.1.1. cxrilzeasaxulia,rom Tu arasertificirebuli maswavleblebis raodenoba izrdebamaTematikaSimoswavleebismiRwevebicklebulobs.

aseveaRsaniSnaviaismniSvnelovanigaremoebac,romkorelaciaargviCvenebsmizezsdaSedegs(ix.cxrili1.1).simaRledawonakorela-ciaSia–maRaliadamianebiswonaSimatebistendenciaufromaRalia,vidredabaliadamianebisa.magramwonaSimomatebaargulisxmobssi-maRleSi matebasac. adamianis wonis mixedviT, SegiZliaTdaaxloebiTgansazRvroT misi simaRle. pedagogiuri fsiqologebi gansazRvravenkorelaciasise,romSeZlonsaklasooTaxSimniSvnelovanimovlenebiswinaswarganWvreta.

eqsperimentuli kvleva. kvlevismeore–eqsperimen tu liformaSesaZ-leblobasaZlevsganaTlebisfsiqologebs,ivaraudondaSeiswavlonmizezi da Sedegi. arsebuli situaciis mxolod dakvirvebisa da aR-werisnacvlad,mkvlevrebmaSeitanescvlilebebidaaRricxvisSede-gebi.upirvelesyovlisa,yalibdebamonawileTaSesadarebeljgufTaraodenoba. fsiqologiuri kvlevisas, termini monawile _ e.w. cdis pirigulisxmobsSesaswavladamianebs,rogoricaa,magaliTad,maswav-leblebi an merveklaselebi. imisTvis, rom davrwmundeT monawileTajgufebiarsebiTadidenturiaTuara,undagamoviyenoTerTizogadixerxi,romlismeoxebiTacTiToeulimonawilejgufSigadanawildebaSemTxveviTi proceduris meSveobiT. SemTxveviToba gulisxmobs, romTiToeulmonawilesTanabariSansiaqvs,moxvdesTiToeuljgufSi.

erTanerTzemetjgufSieqsperimentatorebisituaciiszogierTaspeqtscvlianimisTvis,romdaakvirdnen,aqvsTuaraaRniSnulcv-lilebas mosalodneli Sedegi. Semdgom TiToeuli jgufis Sedegebsadareben.xSirSemTxvevaSi,statistikuritestebitardeba.rodesacgansxvavebebimiiCneva,rogorcstatistikurad mniSvnelovani,esgu-lisxmobsimas,romisini,SesaZloa,mxolodSemTxveviTixasiaTisaraa.kideverTxeldaakvirdiT1.1 cxrils. P.05 gulisxmobs, romam Sede-gebis SemTxveviTi xasiaTi 100-dan 5-ze naklebia, xolo P.01 gulisx-mobs,romamSedegebisSemTxveviToba100-dan1-zenaklebia.CvensmierganxilulikvlevebisdaxmarebiTvecdebiT,ganvsazRvroTmizezisadaSedegisurTierTdamokidebulebaiseTikiTxvebismeSveobiT,rogori-

korelacia–statistikuriaRweraimisa,TuramdenadaxlokavSirSiaoricvladierTma-neTTan.

dadebiTi korelacia–damokidebulebaorcvladsSoris,rocaerTdrouladxdebamaTimaCvenebliszrdaankleba;magaliTad,kaloriebismiRebadawonismomateba.

uaryofiTikorelacia–iseTimimarTebaorcvladsSoris,rocaerTicvladismaRalimaCvenebeliukavSirdebameorisdabalmaCvenebels.magaliTad,adamianissimaRledamanZilimisTavsadaWersSoris.

eqsperimenti –kvlevisiseTimeTodi,romlisfargleb-SicSesaZlebeliacvladebiskontroli,manipulirebadaSedegebisaRnusxva.monawileebi/cdispirebi–Sesaswavliadamianebiancxovelebi.

SemTxveviToba–is,rasacaraqvsgansazRvrulimodelidaaremorCilebaraimewess.

statistikurad mniS-vnelovani–is,racararisSemTxveviTi.

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caa:Tumaswavlebeliimmoswavleebisignorirebasaxdens,romlebicnebarTvisgareSedgebianskamidandaaqebsimmoswavleebs,romlebicgulmodgined muSaoben merxTan (mizezi), gaatareben Tu ara moswav-leebimetdrossakuTarmerxebTanmuSaobaSi(Sedegi)?

umetesSemTxvevaSi,aRweriTidaeqsperimentulikvlevaerTdrou-lad xorcieldeba. zemoxsenebuli ogdenis, brofis da everstonis(1977)mierwarmoebuli`Taking Turn~(rigisdakaveba)kvlevaamiskargimagaliTia.imisaTvis,rommkvlevrebsgaecaTpasuxikiTxvaze`TurakavSiria dawyebiT klasSi moswavleTa sakiTxvad SerCevasa da kiTx-vaSimaTmiRwevebsSoris~,mkvlevrebiramdenimeklasSiakvirdebodnenmoswavleebsadamaswavleblebs,SemdegkiSeajereswarmatebebi,rom-lebsacmoswavleebmamiaRwieskiTxvaSi.maTaRmoaCines,rommoswavle-TagarkveuliwesrigiTgamoZaxebakorelaciaSiiyo,kiTxvaSimaRaliqulebis dagrovebasTan. iseTi martivi korelaciis SemTxvevaSi, ro-goricesaa,mkvlevrebiveriqnebiandarwmunebulebi,romstrategiamganapirobaefeqti.kvlevismeorenawilSiogdenmadamismakolegebmamaswavleblebssTxoves,moswavleebiTanamimdevruladgamoeZaxebinaT.Semdeg maT am klasis miRwevebi im klasebis miRwevebs Seadares, sa-dac gamoZaxebis sxva strategiebs iyenebdnen. kvelvis meore nawilieqsperimentuliswavlebaiyo,kerZodki–saveleeqsperimenti(field experiment),vinaidanisnamdvilsaklasooTaxSiCatardadaaralabo-ratoriaSi.

erTi subieqtis eqsperimentuli Seswavla. erTi subieqtis eqsperimen-tuli SeswavlismizaniaTerapiis,swavlebismeTodisansxvaCarevisefeqtis gansazRvra. erT-erTi farTod gavrcelebul midgomas war-moadgenssabazisoperiodisganmavlobaSidakvirveba (A) damere,qce-visSefaseba;Careva (B) daSedegisaRniSvna;SemdegCarevisSewyvetadasabazisopirobebSidabruneba (A);dabolos,xelaxlaCareva (ABAB).kvlevisamformaseqsperimentiewodeba.magaliTisTvis,maswavlebel-ma,SesaZloa,aRricxoserTisabazisokvirisganmavlobaSiismoswav-leebi, romlebic merxebidan daukiTxavad dgebian (AA), Semdeg moax-dinos aseTi moswavleebis ignorireba, magram imavdroulad daiwyosmerxebTanmsxdomimoswavleebisqebadaCaweros,erTikvirismanZil-zeramdenimoswavledatovebsTavismerxs (B). Semdeg,maswavlebelidaubrundebasabazisopirobebs (A)daCawersSedegebs.amisSemdegisxelaxlamimarTavsSeqeba-ignorirebisstrategias (B) (Landrum & Kauff-man, 2006). wlebiswinganxorcieldazemoaRniSnuliCarevistestireba,Seqeba-ignorirebisstrategiamgviCvenaefeqtianoba,vinaidangaizardaimmoswavleTaraodenoba,romlebicmerxTandidxansisxdnen(Madsen, Becker, Thomas, Koser, & Plager, 1968).

mikrogenetikuri kvleva.mikrogenetikurikvlevismizania, cvlilebi-sas,rodesaccvalebadobasaqvsadgili,kognituriprocesebisinten-siurad Seswavla. magaliTisTvis, mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT gaaanalizon,TurogorswavlobenbavSvebiramdenimekvirismanZilzeorniSnari-cxvebismimatebisTviskonkretulstrategiebs. mikrogenetikurkvle-vassamiZiriTadimaxasiaTebeliaqvs:(a)mkvlevrebiakvirdebiancvli-lebismTelperiods–cvlilebisdawyebidan,misiSedarebiTstabilurmdgomareobaSi gadasvlamde; (b) ZiriTadad, dakvirveba xorcieldebavideoCanawerebiT,gasaubrebebisdaSesaswavlisubieqtebismiergam-oyenebulizustisityvebisCaweriT;(g)yovelqcevas„mikroskopuli“

daukavSireT codnas da ganavrceTqvemoTmotanilikvlevaaRweriTia (P) Tueqsperimen-tuli(E)?1. mkvlevrebmamaRalimiR-

wevebismqoneklasebismaswavleblebzemoaxdinesdakvirvebaimisaTvis,romganesazRvraTTuraaqvTsaerToammaswavleblebs.

2. maswavleblebmaimpulsuribavSvebiTdakompleqte-bulisamijgufisbavSvebssxvadasxvasaxistreningiCautares.mizanikiimtreningisgansazRvraiyo,romelicyvelazeefeqti-anadmoaxdendaimpulsuro-bisSemcirebas.

3. mkvlevrebmagogonebisdabiWebisjgufs IQ testebiCautares,raTaganesaz-RvraTarsebobsTuarakavSirisqessadaverbalurunarsSoris.

4. maswavleblebmamaTematikisormsgavsjgufSiswav-lebissxvadasxvameTodigamoiyenesimisaTvis,rommkvlevrebsdaedginaTmaTematikistestebSiumaR-lesiqulebisdagrovebisT-visTuromelimeTodiiyogamarTlebuli.

pasuxebi: 1. D 2. E 3. D 4. E

mikrogenetikuri kvleva –kogniturprocesebSimimdi-narecvlilebebzedetaluridakvirvebadaanalizi.procesigrZeldebaramdenimedRisanramdenimekvirisganmavlobaSi.

erTi subieqtis eqsperi-mentuli Seswavla –erTpirovnebasTandakavSirebulisistematurieqsperimentebidakvlevebi.

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sizustiTakvirdebian,anuswavlobenyovelmomentsanTiToeulmcd-elobas.aRniSnulismizaniacvlilebaTaZireulimeqanizmebisgansaz-Rvra(axsna)–magaliTisTvis,rasaxiscodnaangamocdilebaganapi-robebscvlilebas(Siegler & Crowley, 1991).aseTisaxiskvlevaZviriadamoiTxovsdiddros,Sedegadki,xSirSemTxvevaSi,erTianramdenimebavSvisSeswavlaxerxdeba.

drois faqtoris roli kvlevaSi. kvlevisTvisgamosadegia kidever-TiTavisebureba, romelicdrosefuZneba. bevriram, risi SeswavlacfsiqologebssurT,magaliTadkognituriganviTareba,ramdenimeTvisan wlebis Semdeg xdeba. saukeTesoa, rodesacmkvlevrebi Sesaswavlisubieqtebis ganviTarebis kvlevas wlebis ganmavlobaSi ewevian dak-virvebismeSveobiTmaSin, rodesaccvlilebaxdeba. aseTdakvirvebaslongitudurikvlevaewodeba.dakvirvebisaseTisaxeobasasargebloa,magrammoiTxovsdiddros, ZviradRirebulia, da zogSemTxvevaSi ararispraqtikuli– wlebismanZilzeSesaswavlsubieqtzedakvirveba,SesaZloa, SeuZlebeliiyos. SedegadkvlevaTaumetesobakros-seqci-uria, racsxvadasxva asakis bavSvebis jgufebis kvlevas gulisxmobs.magaliTisaTvis,imisaTvisrommkvlevrebmaSeiswavlon,Turogoricv-leba3-dan16wlamdebavSvebiskoncefcia`cxovrebasTan~dakavSirebiT,ufromartiviasxvadasxvaasakisbavSvebTangasaubreba,vidreis,romerTsadaimavebavSvebsakvirdebodnen14wlismanZilze.

maswavleblebi rogorc mkvlevrebi. kvleva swavlebis gasaumjobese-bladSeiZlebagamoviyenoTerTklasSianerTskolaSi.msgavsisaxisdakvirvebas,Carevas,monacemTaSegrovebasdaanalizs,romelsacdidikvleviTiproeqtebimoicavs,SeuZlia,mimarTosyovelmaklasmaimisT-vis,romupasuxoskiTxvas:`rasaxismeTodiuwyobsxelsdaganapi-robebsCemsklasSimarTlwerissaukeTesoSedegebs?~`radroshqondakenionsakademiurdavalebebzekoncentrirebasTandakavSirebulise-riozulisirTuleebi?~`ganapirobebsTuarasamecnierojgufebisT-vis gankuTvnili amocanebi gogonebisa da biWebis ufro samarTlianmonawileobas?~aseTisaxiskvlevasaqtivobis kvlevaewodeba.konkre-tulproblemazeaqcentirebiTdasafuZvlianidakvirvebiTmaswavleb-lebsSeuZliaTmiiRonrogorcmaTpedagogiurmeTodTan,isesakuTarmoswavleebTandakavSirebulimniSvnelovaniinformacia.

ras gulisxmobs mecnierebaze dafuZnebuli kvleva?2002wlidanaraerTidiskusiagaimarTaTemaze„kvlevisroliga-

naTlebaSi“.2002wels„arcerTibavSviuyuradRebod“(NCLB)miRebulimoTxovnismixedviT,saganmanaTlebloprogramebidapraqtikuliganx-orcieleba, romelicfederaluriTanxebiTfinansdeba, undaSeesab-amebodes „mecnierebaze dafuZnebulkvlevas“. kanonmdeblebs sjero-daT,rommecnierebazedafuZnebulikvleva(samecnierokvleva)iZlevasandodadasabuTebulcodnas,vinaidankvlevazusti,sistematuridaobieqturia. sinamdvileSitermini “mecnierebaze dafuZnebulkvleva~kanonSi 110 jer gvxvdeba. NCLB „mecnierebaze dafuZnebul kvlevas~gansazRvravsSemdegnairad:

saimedo dadasabuTebuli monacemebis Sesagroveblad sistematu-radiyenebsdakvirvebasdaeqsperiments.

monacemTaanalizisTvisiyenebszustdamarTebulproce-durebs.

daukavSireT kvlevas da ganavrceT pedagogiurifsiqologiis2000wliszafxulisgamocema,35(3)mieZRvna`saskolore-formadakvlevapedagogiurfsiqologiaSi~.aRniSnuligamocemamoicavsiseTstatiebsrogoricaamecnierebisdamaTematikisswavleba,maswavlebelTamomzadebadaprofesiuliganviTareba(zrda).

aqtivobis kvleva–siste-

maturidakvirvebaanmeTodTa

Semowmeba,rasacmimarTaven

maswavleblebidaskolebi

swavla/swavlebisprocesis

gasaumjobeseblad.

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SefasebasaZlevseqsperimentulianTiTqmiseqsperimentulpro-eqtebs,upiratesobaeniWebamonawileebispirobebTanSemTxveviTganawilebas.

eqsperimentul swavlebas ganmartaven ise, rom sxva mkvlevrebshqondeTSesaZlebloba,moaxdinonkvleviskopirebaansistematu-radaagonkvlevamisSedegebze.

Jurnaliandamoukidebelieqspertebizustad,obieqturaddamec-nieruladmimoixilavenyovelives.

samecniero kvlevis es daxasiaTeba ukeT Seesabameba zemoaRniS-nuleqsperimentulmidgomas,vidresxvameTodebi,rogoricaaeTno-grafiulikvlevaankonkretuliSemTxvevebisSeswavla.radganNCLBmixedviT,skolebivaldebuliarian,rommaTiprogramebiefuZnebodessamecnierokvlevas,isiniganuwyvetladkamaTobenaseTikvlevismniS-vnelobaze.Semdeggverdze,rubrikaSi,motaniliaeqsperimentismxar-dasaWeriargumentidakontrargumenti.

Teoriebi swavlebisTvisganaTlebisfsiqologiisZiriTadimizaniaswavlebisadaswavlis

gageba;kvlevakiZiriTadisaSualebaa.ammiznismiRwevaxangrZlividaneliprocesia.sulramdenimemniSvnelovanikvlevisSedegadSeiZlebapasuxigaeceserTan yvelakiTxvas. adamianiZalzerTuliarsebaa.xolo yoveli kvleva pedagogiur fsiqologiaSi ikvlevs situaciisSezRudulaspeqtebs – SesaZloa ramdenime cvlads erTdrouladanerTi an ori klasis cxovrebas. Tu garkveul sferoSi saWiro kvl-evaTaraodenobadasruldadaSedegebiidenturia,CvenprincipamdemivdivarT. es gulisxmobs oran metfaqtorsSoris arsebulurT-ierTkavSirs,rogoricarismagaliTad,kavSirikonkretulsaswavlostrategiasadamoswavleebismiRwevebsSoris.

swavlebisdaswavlisprocesisukeTgagebiskideverTsaSualebaswarmoadgens Teoria. Teoriaze Cveulebrivi warmodgenaa (magaliTad`kargiTra,esxommxolodTeoriaiyo~)`varaudianeWvi~.magramTe-oriismecnieruliganmartebasavsebiTgansxvavebulia.Teoria,mecni-eruliTvalsazrisiT,niSnavsurTierTdakavSirebulcnebaTasistemas,romelicgamoiyenebamonacemTaganmartebisTvisdamomavalieqsperi-mentebisSedegebiswinaswarivaraudisTvis(Stanovich, 1992, p.21). dadge-nili principebis safuZvelze ganaTlebis fsiqologebma CamoayalibesmravalcvladsSorisurTierTkavSirisganmartebadazogSemTxvevaSi,mTelsistemebsSorisurTierTmimarTeba.arsebobsTeoriebi,romle-bicganmartaven,TurogorviTardebaena,raganapirobebsgansxvavebasganaTlebaSi,darogorcukveaRvniSneT,Turogorswavlobsadamiani.

sulramdenimeTeoriaaxerxebssrulyofilganmartebasdawinaswargansazRvras.winamdebarewignSi,TqvenSexvdebiTganaTlebisfsiqolog-Ta magaliTebs, romlebic sxvadasxva Teoriulmidgomas iyeneben dasruliadareTanxmebianSeswavlisadamotivaciissaerToganmartebas.radganararsebobsTeoria,romelicyvelakiTxvasupasuxebdes,esgva-ZlevsSesaZleblobas,gaviTvaliswinoT,TurasgvTavazobsTiToeulimaTgani.

albaT, ikiTxavT, ra saWiroa mivmarToT Teoriebs? ratom araasakmarisi mxolod principebi? pasuxi ki martivia – orive saWiroa.magaliTisTvis, klasismarTvisprincipebidagexmarebaTkonkretuliproblemebisgadaWraSi.meoremxriv,klasismarTviskargiTeoriasa-

principi–faqtorebsSoris

dadgenilimimarTeba.

Teoria–principTaintegri-

rebulisistema,romeliccdi-

lobsamaTuimfenomenisaxsnas

daprognozisgakeTebas.

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SualebasmogcemTaxleburaTmiudgeTdisciplinasTandakavSirebulproblemebs. is mravali sxvadasxva problemis mogvarebis kogniturSesaZleblobasSegiqmniTdadagexmarebaT,gaTvaloTaxalsituaciaSi,ra saSualebisgamoyeneba iqneba ufroefeqtiani. winamdebarewignisZiriTadimizania,TqveniswavlebauzrunvelyossaukeTesodayvelazegamosadegiTeoriiT,romlismiRmaczustidautyuariinformaciaa.SesaZloa,upiratesobazogierTTeoriasmianiWoT,magramyvelamaT-ganisgaTvaliswinebadagexmarebaTimproblemaTagagebaSi,romelTawinaSecmaswavleblebidganan.

rogor gaxdeT kargi damwyebi maswavlebeliSeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT warmoidgineT, rom pirvelad Sea-bijeTsaklasooTaxSi.CamoTvaleTTqvenisazrunavi,SiSidanervi-ulobadadadebiTmuxtsSeitanTTqvenssamuSaoSi?

argumenti / kontrargumenti

argumenti kvleva mecnieruli unda iyos; saganmanaTleblo reformebi unda efuZnebodes sa imedo dasabuTebul wyaros.

robert stavinis mixedviT, „ganaTleba mec-nierulirevoluciiszRvarzea,romelsacaqvsimis potenciali, rom fundamenturad gar-daqmnas politika, praqtika da kvleva“ (Slavin, 2002, p. 15).isaRwersfederalurimTavrobismiergatarebul ramdenime saganmanaTleblo re-formas, romelic finansurad uzrunvelyofsmxolod im programebs, romlebic mecnierulkvlevazeiqnebadafuZnebuli.agreTve,masmag-aliTadmohyavs2002wliskanonmdeblobaNCLB _ `arc erTi bavSvi uyuradRebod~. aseTi kvle-vis saukeTeso magaliTi SeerTebuli StatebissaganmanaTleblo kvlevisa da gaumjobesebisdepartamentis direqtoris, grover uaithar-s