garden city movement.docx

8/11/2019 garden city movement.docx

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University of Sulaymaniyah

College of engineering

Architecture department

2012 - 2013

Garden city movement

And

neighbourhood unit

Prepared by: checked by:

Ismail omer Shazad Jamal

2012-2013


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What is garden city ?

The garden city movement is a method ofurban planning that was

initiated in 1898 by SirEbenezer Howard in theUnited Kingdom.

Garden cities were intended to be planned, self-contained

communities surrounded by "greenbelts" (parks), containing

proportionate areas of residences, industry and agriculture.

Inspired by theUtopian novelLooking Backward,Howard published

his book To-morrow: a Peaceful Path to Real Reform in 1898 (which

was reissued in 1902 asGarden Cities of To-morrow). His idealised

garden city would house

32,000 people on a site of

6,000 acres (2,400 ha),

planned on

aconcentric pattern with

open spaces, public parks

and six radialboulevards,

120 ft (37 m) wide,

extending from the centre.

The garden city would be

self-sufficient and when it

reached full population,

Ebenezer Howard's 3 magnets diagram which addressed the question

'Where will the people go?', the choices being 'Town', 'Country' or 'Town-Country
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Howardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenbelthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looking_Backwardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Cities_of_To-morrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulevardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulevardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Cities_of_To-morrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looking_Backwardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenbelthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Howardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planning


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'another garden city would be developed nearby. Howard envisaged

a cluster of several garden cities assatellites of a central city of

50,000 people, linked by road and rail.

Ebenezer Howardd' metho

in 1899. Two gardenGarden City AssociationHoward organised the

Letchworth Gardencities were built using Howard's ideas:.England,Hertfordshire,both inWelwyn Garden CityandCity

Howard's successor as chairman of the Garden City Association

,who extended the movement to regionalrederic OsbornSir Fwas

planning

morrow: a peaceful-ToHowards

sold enoughpath to real reform

copies to result in a second-Garden Cities of Toedition,

morrow. This success provided

him the support necessary to

chance to bring hispursue the

vision into reality. Howard believed

that all people agreed the

overcrowding and deterioration ofcities was one of the troubling

issues of their time. He quotes a

number of respected thinkers and

their disdain of cities. Howards

n city concept combined thegarde

town and country in order to

anworking classprovide the.alternative to working on farms or crowded, unhealthy cities
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_townhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Howardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_and_Country_Planning_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letchworth_Garden_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertfordshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertfordshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welwyn_Garden_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welwyn_Garden_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letchworth_Garden_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Osbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Osbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Osbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Osbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welwyn_Garden_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertfordshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letchworth_Garden_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letchworth_Garden_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_and_Country_Planning_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Howardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Howardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_town


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The concept of garden cities

The concept of garden cities is to produce relatively economically

independent cities with short commute times and the preservation

of the countryside. Garden suburbs arguably do the opposite.

Garden suburbs are built on the outskirts of large cities with no

sections of industry. They are therefore dependent on reliable

transport allowing workers to commute into the city.

Garden suburbs were not part of Howard's plan and were actually a

hindrance to garden city planningthey were in fact almost the

antithesis of Howard's plan, what he tried to prevent.

Smaller developments were also inspired by the garden city

philosophy and were modified to allow for residential "garden

suburbs" without the commercial and industrial components of the

garden city. They were built on the outskirts of cities, in rural

settings


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American architectWalter Burley Griffin was a proponent of the

movement and after arrival inAustralia to design the national capital

Canberra, produced a number of Garden Suburb estates, mostnotably at Eaglemont with the Glenard and Mount Eagle Estates and

the Ranelagh and Milleara Estates in Victoria. One unique example

of a garden suburb is theHumberstone Garden Suburb in the United

Kingdom by the Humberstone Anchor Tenants' Association

inLeicestershire and it is the only garden suburb ever to be built by

the members of a workers' co-operative; it remains intact to the

present
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Burley_Griffinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humberstone_Garden_Suburbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humberstone_Garden_Suburbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Burley_Griffin


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neighbourhood unit

neighbourhood unit, crystallised from theThe concept of theprevailing social and intellectual attitudes of the early 1900s

planning model for,is an early diagrammaticClarence Perryby

residential development in metropolitan areas

It was designed by Perry to act as a framework for urban planners

contained and desirable-attempting to design functional, self

Itcities.neighbourhoods in the early 20th century in industrialising

continues to be utilised (albeit in progressive and adapted ways,

), as a means of ordering and organising newNew Urbanismsee

isfies contemporaryresidential communities in a way which sat

"social, administrative and service requirements for satisfactory

urban existence

Principles

The neighbourhood unit was

conceived of as a

comprehensive physical

planning tool, to be utilised for

contained-designing self

neighbourhoodsresidential

which promoted a community

centric lifestyle, away from the

"noise of the trains, and out of

sight of the smoke and ugliness

of industrial plants" emblematic

of an industrialising New York

City in the early 1900s

s neighbourhood unitA diagram of Clarence Perry'

, illustrating the spatiality of the core principles of the concept
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Perryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Perryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Urbanismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Urbanismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Urbanismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Perry


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The core principles of Perry's Neighbourhood Unit were

organised around several physical design ideals :

"Centre the schoolin the neighbourhood so that a child's walk to

school was only about one-quarter of a mile and no more than one

half mile and could be achieved without crossing a major arterial

street. Size the neighbourhood to sufficiently support a school,

between 5,000 to 9,000 residents, approximately 160 acres at a

density of ten units per acre. Implement a wider use of the school

facilities for neighbourhood meetings and activities, constructing a

large play area around the building for use by the entire community.

Place arterial streets along the perimeterso that they define

and distinguish the "place" of the neighborhood and by design

eliminate unwanted through-traffic from the neighborhood. In this

way, major arterials define the neighborhood, rather than divide it

through its heart.

Design internal streetsusing a hierarchy that easily distinguishes

local streets from arterial streets, using curvilinear street design for

both safety and aesthetic purposes. Streets, by design, would

discourage unwanted through traffic and enhance the safety of

pedestrians.

Restrict local shopping areas to the perimeter or perhaps to

the main entrance of the neighborhood, thus excluding nonlocal


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traffic destined for these commercial uses that might intrude on the

neighborhood.

Dedicate at least 10 percent of the neighborhood land area to

parks and open space, creating places for play and community

interaction"

The neighbourhood unit was embraced for its community idealism,

and many of the public sectors in those countries which were

exposed to the theorem have since adopted its purpose; of

protecting and promoting the public health and of considering the

safety and welfare of citizens . Furthermore, private developers and

investors continue to construct and fund planned communities

based upon many of the concepts tenets, due to consumer demand

for the idealistic community intimacy associated with living

withheteronormativehomo reciprocans of similarsocioeconomic

status.[4]

These attractive qualities of the concept of the

neighbourhood unit are referred to by Allaire, "as reflecting a

nostalgia for rural living"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteronormativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_reciprocanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socioeconomic_statushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socioeconomic_statushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbourhood_unit#cite_note-Allaire-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbourhood_unit#cite_note-Allaire-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbourhood_unit#cite_note-Allaire-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbourhood_unit#cite_note-Allaire-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socioeconomic_statushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socioeconomic_statushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_reciprocanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteronormative


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References

en.wikipedia.org

www.library.cornell.edu

www.ideals.illinois.edu
http://www.library.cornell.edu/http://www.library.cornell.edu/

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garden city movement.docx