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Initial Environmental Examination
Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project November 2017
NEP: Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project
Prepared by Office of District Level Project Implementation Unit (Solukhumbu)- Central Level Project Implementation Unit – Ministry of Federals Affairs and Local Development for the Asian Development Bank.
This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.
Environmental Assessment Document
The views expressed herein are those of the consultant and do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s members, Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.
Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)
Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project November 2017
NEP: Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project Loan: 3260 Project Number: 49215-001
Prepared by the Government of Nepal for the Asian Development Bank (ADB).
This Report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.
Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)
of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road
Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu
Submitted to Government of Nepal
National Reconstruction Authority Singhadurbar, Kathmandu
Submitted through Government of Nepal
Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project
Central Level Project Implementation Unit, Lalitpur
Submitted by District Level Project Implementation Unit, Solukhumbu
November, 2017
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page i
Nepali Executive Summary (sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z1)
k[i7e"ld
@)&@ ;fn a}zfv !@ ut] uPsf] ljWj+;sf/L e"sDk / ;f]xL jif{ a}zfv @( ut] uPsf] d'Vo k/fsDksf sf/0f Ifltu|:t :yfgLo ;+/rgfx?sf] k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0f u/L :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs k'gp{Tyfg ug{ Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] C0f ;xof]udf tyf :jL; ljsf; lgof]usf] k|fljlws ;xof]udf k|efljt !@ lhNnfdf e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf nfu' ul/Psf] 5 . o; cfof]hgfsf] dfWodåf/f Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+sn] dxTjk"0f{ ;8s ;+hfnsf] k'glg{df{0f ug{, xhf/f}+ afnaflnsfnfO{ k'gM ljBfno k'¥ofpg, k|efljt ;d'bfonfO{ cTofjZos ;sf/L ;]jf pknAw u/fpg g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{5 . o; cfof]hgfn] e"sDk tyf klx/f]åf/f Ifltu|:t sl/a !#% ls=ld= /0fg}lts ;8s tyf $%) ls=ld= u|fld0f ;8ssf] k'glg{df{0f ug]{5 . o; cfof]hgfsf] sfo{sf/L lgsfo /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0f /x]sf] 5 / u|fld0f ;8ssf] xsdf o; cfof]hgfsf] sfo{Gjog lgsfosf] ?kdf e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf–lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO{ /x]sf] 5 .
ufdf{–g]n]–af]un ;8ssf] -@@=))& ls=dL=_ k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0f pkcfof]hgf klg e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf cGtu{ts} Pp6f pkcfof]hgf xf] . k|:tfljt ;8s :t/f]GgtLsf] qmddf kg{;Sg] ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds jftfj/0fLo Pj+ ;fdflhs k|efjnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf] nflu lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO ;f]n'v'Da'n] of] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f (IEE) k|ltj]bg tof/ u/]sf] xf] .
k|:tfljt ufdf{—g]n]—af]un ;8s k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0f pk–cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogn] @)&@ ;fn a}zfv !@ ut] uPsf] ljWj+;sf/L e"sDk / ;f]xL jif{ a}zfv @( ut] uPsf] d'Vo k/fsDksf sf/0f pNn]Vo ?kdf Ifltu|:t o; ;8snfO{ k'gM ;+rfngdf NofO{ of] ;8s /x]sf] ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf] ;f]n'b'ws'08 gu/kflnsf j8f g+ & -tTsflng b'ws'08 gu/kflnsf j8f g+ &, * / (_ / b'wsf}lZfsf ufpkflnsf !, ^, & / * -tTsflng g]n], d'SnL / b]p;f uf=lj=;_ sf hf]/ a'¢, ufdf{, tf]lhË g]n], af]un h:tf d'Vo jl:tx? nufot o;sf k'a{ tkm{sf cGo jl:tx?nfO{ ;d]t lhNnf ;b/d'sfd ;Nn]/L tyf b]zsf cGo If]q;+u ;8s ;+hfn dfkm{t hf]8\g]5 .
k|:tfjs
e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf (EEAP) cGtu{t ufdf{–g]n]–af]un ;8s -@@=))& ls=dL=_ k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0f pkcfof]hgfsf] lhNnf:t/Lo sfo{sf/L lgsfo Pj+ k|f/lDes jftfj/0f kl/If0fsf] nflu k|:tfjssf] ?kdf lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO, ;f]n'v'Da' /x]sf] 5 .
k|:tfjssf] k'/f 7]ufgf
e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf—lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO, ;f]n'v'Da' ;Nn]/L, ;f]n'v'Da' ;Dks{ kmf]g M )#* — %@))@! O{d]n [email protected]
1 This is Executive Summary of the IEE report in Nepali language and an English version is given in page vi.
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page ii
k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0fsf] cf}lrTo tyf p2]Zo
e'sDkaf6 k|efljt ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df0f{ ;DaGwL] P]g, @)&@, e'sDkaf6 k|efljt ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df0f ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)&@ tyf e"sDk k|efljt ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df{0fsf] nflu jftfj/0fLo k|efj d'Nof+sg ;DaGwL +sfo{ljlw, bf];|f] ;+;f]wg @)&$ -cg';'rL !_ Pj+ Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] ;'/If0f gLlt syg -;]kmuf8{ kf]nL;L :6]6d]G6_ @))( cg';f/ jftfj/0fLo k|efjsf] Jojxf/Ls tyf 7fFp laif]z Go"lgs/0f tyf nfea[[¢Lsf pkfox? ;'emfj ug{ k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f cWoog sfo{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .
k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg cWoogsf] d'Vo p2]Zo pkcfof]hgf If]qsf] ef}lts, h}ljs, ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf ;f+:s[lts jftfj/0fdf kg]{ k|efjx? kQf nufpg'sf ;fy} jftfj/0fdf kg]{ gsf/fTds k|efjsf] Go"lgs/0fsf pkfox? / ;sf/fTds k|efj a9fpg] pkfox? af/] ;'emfj lbg' / jftfj/0fLo Aoa:yfkg of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog u/fpg' /x]sf] 5 .
k|:tfjsf] ljj/0f tyf cWoog ljlw
k|:tfljt pkcfof]hgf ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf] ;f]n'b'ws'08 gu/kflnsf j8f g+ & -tTsflng b'ws'08 gu/kflnsf j8f g+ &, * / (_ sf] hf]/ a'¢ (CH 0+000) af6 k|j]z ub{5 / b'wsf}lzsf ufpFkflnsf j8f g+ & -tTsflng b]p;f uf=lj=; ^_ sf] af]un (CH 22+007) eGg] 7fFpdf cGTo x'g]5 . of] ;8snfO{ lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO{n] k'glg{ld{0fsf] k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . o; ;8snfO{ k|yd :t/sf] lhNnf ;8ssf] dfkb08df u|fe]n / sf]an :t/df k'glg{df{0f tyf k'g{:yfkgf ul/g] 5 . @@=))& ls=ld nDafO{ / gfnL / ;f]Nh/ ;lxt o;sf] s'n rf}8fO{ ^=@% ld= x'g]5 . o; pkcfof]hgfsf] s'n nfut g]=?= #(^,#^(,$)^=)& / OlGhlgol/ª nfut g]=?=#%),(*(,*((=&& /x]sf] 5 .
of] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f k|ltj]bg g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfg"gL cfj:ostf k'/f ug{ cfjZos ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx?sf] k"j{ cWoog / k'glg{df0f k|lws/0fsf] sfo{sf/L clws[tåf/f @)&$.)#.@% ut] :jLs[t sfo{;'rLsf] clwgdf /lx tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . @)&$ ;fn >fj0f !! b]vL !& ut] ;Dd ul/Psf] :ynut e|d0f tyf ;j]{If0fjf6 lnOPsf tYofÍ, ;fdflhs tyf k|fljlws 6f]nLaf6 pknAw tYofÍx?sf] s]nfP/ k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L lgisif{ tyf ;'emfjx? lbOPsf 5g\ .
pkcfof]hgfsf] ljBdfg jftfj/0fLo cj:yf
k|:tfljt ;8s @,)#$ ld b]lv @,#*@ ld sf] ef}uf]lns prfO{sf] ;dlztf]i0f xfjfkfgL kfOG5 -8f]a|]d]h !(&^_ . lhNnf kfZj{ lrqdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ o; If]qsf] tfkqmd udL{df @# l8=;]=;Dd k'Ug] / lxpFbdf )=& l8=;]= ;Dd emg]{ u/]sf] 5 / oxFf jflif{s ;/b/ !,&!% ld=ld= jiff{ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . of] If]qdf d'Vo ?kdf lkmnfO6, SjfhfO{6 kfOG5 eg] sf]n'leon / l/;'l8on k|sf/sf] df6f] kfOG5 . leQ] vf]nf o; k|eflat If]qsf] d'Vo vf]nf xf] .
of] pkcfof]hgf v]taf/L, cfjf; If]q, jg tyf v'Nnf If]qaf6 k|j]z ub{5 h;dWo] !#±))) b]lv !$±$$), !$±$$) b]lv !*±)%) tyf @)±^)) b]lv @)±&)) ;Dd qmdzM >L 3'Dg]kfgL, d'Sn] d}bn tyf sf]/bfk ;fd'bflos jg ck|ToIf c;/ x'g] If]qdf /x]sf 5g\ . o; ;8sdf vf]6] ;Nnf, uf]a|] ;Nnf, plQ;, s6';, nfs'/L, a};, c+u]/L, cflb /x]sf 5g\ . of] ;8ssf] al9 efudf gLlh ag If]q kg]{ xF'bf jGohGt'x?sf] vf; af;:yfg kfO{Pg .
k|:tfljt ;8s ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf] ;f]n'b'ws'08 gu/kflnsf j8f g+ & sf] hf]/ a'¢, af6 ;'? x'G5 . o; ;8s cGtu{t tf]lhË, g]n], af]un h:tf k|d'Vf jl:tx? kb{5g\ . k|efljt If]qdf #@$ 3/w'/Ldf (*( k'?if
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page iii
/ ($! dlxnf u/L hDdf !(#) hg;+Vofsf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 . o; If]qdf If]qL hftLsf dflg;sf] afx'Notf /x]sf] 5 eg] cGo k|d'v hfltdf tfdfª, /fO{, z]kf{ cflb /x]sf 5g\ . cfof]hgf If]qsf] ;fIf/tf b/ &^=*( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . cfof]hgf If]qsf w]/}h;f] AolQmx? s[lif k]zfdf ;+nUg 5g\ eg] cGo d'Vo k]zfdf ;fgf Aofkf/, Hofnf dhb'/L / j}b]lzs /f]huf/ dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ . k|Tos a:tLdf Pp6f :jf:Yo rf}sLaf6 :jf:Yo ;]jf k'¥ofpb} cfPsf] 5 eg] af]undf eg] s'g}klg :jf:Yo ;+:yf /x]sf] kfO{Pg . vfg]kfgLsf] nflu $@=@* k|ltzt 3/w'/Ln] kfOkåf/f ljtl/t kfgLsf] k|of]u ub{5g\ . k|efljt If]qsf ;a} 3/w'/Ldf dfq ljB't ;]jf k'u]sf] 5 . oxFfsf] k|d'v :yfgLo ahf/ g]n] xf] eg] glhs ahf/ If]q eg] ;Nn]/L /x]sf] 5 .
jftfj/0fLo k|efjx?
;sf/fTds k|efjx?
pkcfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf qmddf tTsfn b]lvPsf ;sf/fTds k|efjx?df o;n] !)!,#$) JoQmLlbg a/fj/sf] c:yfoL /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ ;[hgf ug]{ 5 . o;}u/L cfof]hgf ;~rfng kl5 x'g] ;sf/fTds k|efjx?df ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf] ;f]n'b'ws'08 gu/kflnsf j8f g+ &, -tTsflng b'ws'08 ufpFkflnsf j8f g+ &, * / (_ / b'wsf}lZfsf ufpFkflnsf & -tTsflng b]p;f uf=lj=; ^_ sf hf]/ a'¢, ufdf{, g]n], af]un h:tf d'Vo jl:tx? nufot o;sf k'a{ tkm{sf hgtfnfO{ jif{e/L oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf tyf kx'Fr, :yfgLo s[lif pkhdf cfwfl/t s[lif pBf]usf] k|j4{g tyf cfly{s ljsf; /x]sf 5g\ . ;+rfngdf cfPkl5 o; pkcfof]hgfn] k|efljt If]qsf hgtfx?nfO{ ;fdflhs ;]jf h:t}M :jf:Yo, lzIff, ahf/ tyf cGo ;'lawfdf ;xh / b|"t kxF'r k|bfg ug{]5 . o; ;8ssf] k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0f kl5 o; If]qdf b}lgs pkEff]Uo a:t'x?, vfB tyf cGo a:t'x?sf] cfk'lt{ ;xh x'g]5 eg] o; If]qsf] s[lif pkh ljif]z ul/ l;dL, cfn' cflbn] klg ;xh ahf/ k|fKt ug]{5 h;n] ubf{ hLjg:t/ a[l4 x'g]5 / e"sDk k|efljt hgtfsnfO{ ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s k'g:yf{kgfdf d2t k'Ug]5 .
gsf/fTds k|efjx?
pkcfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf qmddf jftfj/0fsf] ;fdflhs cjojdf b]lvg;Sg] k|d'v gsf/fTds k|efjx?df pknAw ;]jf ;'ljwfdf bjfj, :yfgLo / cfuGt's sfdbf/x? lar åGb l;h{gf, k]zfut :jf:Yo tyf ;'/Iffdf k|efj, cflb d'Vo ;/f]sf/sf /x]sf 5g . xfn ;8s lj:tf/ tyf gfln lgdf{0f ubf{ rflxg] hDdf ^=@% ld hUuf vf]lnO ;s]sf] ca:yfdf 5 . h;dWo] lghL hUufdf %=!*$ x]=, ;fd'bflos agsf] #=@@ x]=, gLlh ag If]qsf] #=& x]=, cfjflb If]qsf] !=)& x]=, ;/sf/L hldg )=$% x]= tyf vf]nf vf]NrLsf] )=@@ x]= hldg k/]sf] 5 . cfof]hgfn] lnO{ ;8s rf}8f ul/;s]sf]n] yk c;/ gkg]{ b]lvG5 t/ af6f] la:tf/df df @ j6f lghL ;+/rgfdf / Ps j6f wfdL{s ;+/rgfdf -dfg]_ eg] Iflt k'Ug] b]lvG5 . cGo c;/x?df sfo{ / Hofnf ljt/0fdf n}+lus lje]b, hf]lvdk"0f{ sfo{df gfjfnsfx?sf] k|of]u, c:j:y cfjf;sf sf/0f km}lng] /f]u, zf/Ll/s ;Dks{sf sf/0f ;g]{ of}g /f]u tyf cGo ;?jf /f]ux? x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5g\ . ;fy} cfof]hgf ;+rfng kZrft pknAw ;'ljwfsf sf/0f ;8s lsgf/df cJojl:yt j;f]jf; a9\g uO{ ;8s If]q cltqmd0f x'g] ;Defjgf klg /xG5 .
;8s lgdf{0f k|s[ofdf k|of]u x'g] pks/0f, ;jf/L;fwg Pj+ /;folgs tTjx?sf] sf/0f Wjlg, xfjf / kfgL k|b'lift x'g ;S5 . kmf]xf]/sf] plrt Joj:yfkg gePdf hn tyf hldgsf] k|b'if0fn] cGo gsf/fTds k|efj lgDTofpg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . lgdf{0f ;fdlu|x?sf] ;d'lrt e08f/0f tyf ;+rfng gubf{ r'xfj6sf sf/0f hn tyf df6f] k|b'lift x'g;Sb5 . h}ljs jftfj/0fdf kg]{ k|efjsf] ;Gbe{df rf]/Llzsf/Lsf sf/0f jGohGt'df kg]{ k|efjnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ dfGg ;lsG5 . lgdf{0fsf nflu ;8ssf] b'j} tkm{ s'g}klg jg:kltx? x6fpg' kg]{
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page iv
b]lvb}g . To;}n] o;sf] k|efa guGo b]lvG5, t/ af6f] lgdf{0fsf] r/0fdf pko'St k|lalw gckgfO{ u/]df e'Ifo eO ag:kltsf] If]lt x'g] b]lvG5 .
;sf/fTds k|efj a9fpg] pkfo
lgdf{0f Aoj;foL / sfdbf/sf nflu ljleGg jftfj/0fLo tyf hgr]tgf d"ns tflndx? -cfocfh{g, OlGhlgol/u+ ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f tyf h}ljs k|ljlwsf sfd ;DaGwL_ lbO{g] 5g\ . ;8s lgdf{0fsf s|ddf sDtLdf @)% dlxnf ;xeflutf u/fpg k|f]T;fxg ul/G5 .
gsf/fTds k|efj Go"lgs/0fsf pkfox?
cfof]hgfsf] gsf/fTds c;/x? Go"lgs/0f ug{sf nflu ljleGg Jojxfl/s tyf ldtJooL pkfox? ;'emfj ul/Psf] 5 . cfof]hgfsf k|:tfjsn] cfof]hgf lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfngsf] cjlwdf o:tf pkfox? cjnDag ug]{ 5g\ . cfof]hgf lgdf{0f cjlwsf] qmddf k|:tfjsn] lgdf{0f Joj;foL dfkm{t Go'gLs/0fsf pkfox? nfu" ug]{]5 . cjnDag ul/g] s]xL k|d'v pkfox? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ .
cled'lvs/0f tyf Ifdtf ljsf; tflnd dfkm{t dlxnf tyf ljkGg au{sf] ;;lQms/0f ul/g]5 .
lghL ;+/rgf nufotsf lghL ;DklQsf] clwu|x0f ubf{ Ifltk'lt{ lbOg]5 .
;f:s[lts w/f]x/ -dfg]_ sf] xsdf ;se/ To;sf] ;+/If0f jf Iflt k'u]df k'glgdf{0f kZrft k'g:yf{kgf ul/g]5 .
k]zfut :jf:Yo / ;'/Iffsf] ;/f]sf/sf nflu cfjZos tof/L ul/g] 5 . sfdbf/x?nfO{ x]Nd]6, kGhf, a'6, ;'/IffTds k]6L, r:df, df:s cflb k|bfg ul/g] 5 . lgdf{0f / e08f/0f:yndf cgflws[t k|j]z / ultljlw /f]Sg vt/fsf ;+s]tx?, 5]saf/ Pj+ kfn]sf] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .
SofDk tyf lgdf{0f If]qdf c:yfO{ rkL{sf] Joj:yf kfgLsf] ;|f]tsf] Aoa:yf ul/g] 5 .
pTvgg\af6 lg:s]sf] df6f]nfO{ lgwf{l/t :yfgdf 6f] jfn, l/6]lgË jfn, j[Iff/f]k0f / cfjZostf cg';f/ gfnLx? lgdf{0f u/L ;xL tl/sfn] Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 .
ljBdfg / ;Defljt klx/f]nfO{ pko'Qm h}ljs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L lgoGq0f tyf /f]syfd ul/g]5 .
cfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf] qmddf lg:sg] 3/]n' tyf lgdf{0fhGo kmf]xf]/d}nfnfO{ gbLIf]q af6 k/ pko'Qm :yfgdf / efF8f]df ;+sng ul/g] 5 / ltgsf] k|sf/ cg'?k Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 .
lgdf{0f ultljlwdf k|of]u x'g] t]n tyf cGo /;folgs kbfy{x?nfO{ pko'Qm :yfgdf Wofgk'j{s e08f/0f tyf pkof]u ul/g] 5 .
jGohGt'sf] rf]/Ll;sf/L lgoGq0f tyf ltgsf] ;+/If0f ;DaGwL ;r]tgf hufpg] ;Gb]z af]s]sf] xf]l8{Ë af]8{x? /flvg]5 .
;fj{hlgs k/fdz{ tyf ;"rgf ;fj{hlgs ug]{
k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f ug]{ qmddf k|:tfljt ;8s glhssf j:tLx?df ufpmF:t/Lo k|ltlgwL tyf cGo :yfgLo AolStx?;Fu k|:tfjLt pkcfof]hgfaf6 kg{ hfg] ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds c;/ jf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg ;fj{hlgs 5nkmn u/LPsf] lyof] . To;}ul/ d:of}bf k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg tof/L u/L ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?sf] /fo ;'´fa ;+sngsf] nfuL & lbg] ;fj{hlgs ;'rgf @)&$÷)%÷!) ut]sf] /fhwfgL, g]kfnL /fli6«o b}lgsdf k|sflzt ul/of] .
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page v
o;}sf] cfwf/df g]kfnL sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z, ;sf/fTds k|efj a9fpg] pkfox? tyf gs/fTds k|efj Go'gLs/0f pkfox? / jftfj/0fLo Aoa:yfkg of]hgf ;dfj]z u/L agfOPsf] d:of}bf k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg ;lxt /fo ;'´fjsf] nfuL ;fj{hlgs e]nfsf] cfof]hgf ldlt @)&$.)%.!% df ul/of] .
u'gf;f] lgbfg ;+oGq
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IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page vi
Executive Summary
Background
In order to accelerate economic and social recovery of the communities through
rehabilitation and reconstruction of local infrastructures damaged due to devastating
earthquake of 25 April 2015 and the major aftershock of 12 May 2015, Earthquake
Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) has been implemented under loan assistance of
Asian Development Bank (ADB) and technical support of Swiss Agency for Development
and Cooperation (SDC) in 12 affected district. Through this project, the ADB will support the
Government of Nepal (GoN) in its efforts to put thousands of children back into schools,
return vital government services to desperate communities, and create jobs and income for
families by repairing critical road networks. The project will also repair and improve about
135 km of strategic roads and about 450 km of rural roads damaged by the earthquake and
landslides. The National Reconstruction Authority (NRA) is the executing government
agency. Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) - District Level Project
Implementation Unit (DLPIU) is the implementing agency.
Garma-Nele-Bogal road rehabilitation and reconstruction sub-project is one of the sub-
pojects under EEAP with the length 22.007 km. This IEE report has been prepared by
DLPIU Solukhumbu to address the likely environmental and social impact, both beneficial
and adverse, due to the proposed upgrading of the road.
The proposed rehabilitation and reconstruction of Garma-Nele-Bogal road will make the
existing infrastructure devastated by devastating earthquake of 25 April 2015 and the major
aftershock of 12 May 2015 fully operative and reinstate the road access to ward 7 of
Solududhkunda Municipality (then Dudhkunda Municipality 7, 8 & 9) and ward 1, 6, 7 & 8 of
Dudhkaushika Rural Municipality (then Nele, Mukli & Deusa VDCs) following major
settlements such as Jor Buddha, Garma, Tojing, Nele, Bogal thereof as well as the rural
eastern part of Solukhumbu District to the district headquarter Salleri and other parts of the
country.
The Proponent
The District Level Project Implementation Unit (DLPIU), Solukhumbu is the executing agency
at the district level under Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) and the
proponent of the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study for the rehabilitation and
reconstruction of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road (22.007 km) in Solukhumbu District.
Full Address of the Proponent
Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project - District Level Project Implementation Unit,
Solukhumbu
Salleri, Solukhumbu
Telephone No. : 038-520021
Email: [email protected]
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page vii
Rationale and Objectives of the IEE study
Preparation of IEE report for district road is mandatory according to Act Relating to
Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structure 2015, Rule Relating to Reconstruction
of the Earthquake Affected Structure 2016, Working Procedure Related with Environmental
Impact Assessment for Rehabilitation of Earthquake Affected Structures, second
Amendment 2017 (Schedule 1) and safeguard policy statement,2009 of ADB suggest the
appropriate practical & site specific mitigation and enhancement measures to address the
environmental impact of the proposal.
The main objective of the IEE study is to identify the impacts of physical, biological, socio-
economic and cultural environment of the sub-project area and recommend practical and
site specific environmental mitigation and enhancement measures, prepare and implement
environmental management plan for the sub-project.
Project Description and Study Methodology
The proposed sub-project starts from Jor Buddha (Ch 0+000) of Solududhkunda Municipality
ward 7 (then Dudhkunda Municipality ward 7, 8 & 9) and ends at Bogal (Ch 22+007) of
Dudhkaushika Rural Municipality ward 7 (then Deusa VDC-6) of Solukhumbu District. DLPIU
Solukhumbu has proposed to reconstruct the road under EEAP. It will be rehabilitated and
reconstructed into a District Road Core Network (DRCN) standard road with gravel and
cobble pavement. The road will have 22.007 km length with 6.25 meter formation width
including shoulder and drainage. The estimated total project cost is NRs. 396,369,406.07
and the engineering cost is NRs. 350,989,899.77.
This IEE report has been prepared to fulfill the statutory requirement of GoN and following
the ToR approved on 2017-07-09 by the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of National
Reconstruction Authority (NRA). The findings and conclusions of the initial environmental
examination report are based on the analysis of the information collected from the field from
25/07/2017 to 01/08/2017 A.D (2074/4/11 B.S to 2074/4/17 B.S) by undertaking a walk-
through environmental survey along the proposed route and secondary information
supplemented by the social and technical teams working on the resettlement survey and
detail survey.
Existing Environmental Condition
The elevation of proposed road varies from 2,034 m to 2,382 m from mean sea level. So, it
lies in temperate climatic zone (Dobremez, 1976) and the average maximum and minimum
temperature is 23°C and minimum of 0.7°C respectively. The average annual rainfall in the
district is 1,715 mm. The dominant rock types present in the sub-project area include Phyllite
and Quartzite and the common soil types include colluvial and residual soils. Bhitte Khola is
the major stream of the project area.
The sub-project segment lies among cultivation area, settlement, and forest patches. There
are three CF namely Ghumne Pani, Mukle Maidal & Kordap CFUG in between the chainage
(13+000 to 14+440, 14+440 to 18+050 & 20+600 to 20+700) respectively which lie in the
indirect impact area. The major plant species found along the proposed road alignment are
Pinus roxburghii (Khote Sallo), Pinus wallichiana (Gobre Sallo), Alnus nepalensis (Uttis),
Castanopsis sp. (Katus), Fraxinus floribunda (Lakuri), Salix babylonica (Bais), Lyonia
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page viii
ovalifolia (Angeri) etc. The forests located along the road alignment are mostly private forest
and area is not a significant habitat for wildlife.
The proposed sub-project started from Jor Buddha of Solududhkunda Municipality, ward 7.
The major settlements along the alignment are Tojing, Nele, and Bogal. Around 1930
persons with 989 male and 941 female live in 324 households in the ZoI of the sub-project.
The population of the project area is dominated by Chhetri; other main castes include
Tamang, Rai and Sherpa etc. Total literacy of the project area is 76.89%. People of the
project area are involved in agriculture as their main occupation. Among the other main
occupations, small businesses, wage labour and aboard jobs are important. Besides Bogal
health care service is being delivered by a health posts in each settlement. Almost 42.28%
of the households use piped water for drinking. Almost all of the households in the project
area have been supplied with electricity. Nele is the local market center and the major
nearest market is in Salleri.
Environmental Impacts
Beneficial Impacts
The immediate beneficial impact from the project during construction phase is generation of
temporary employment opportunity of 101,340 person days. The major beneficial impacts
after operation of project includes year round transportation facility and accessibility to the
people of Solududhkunda Municipality, ward 7 (then Dudhkunda Municipality ward 7, 8 & 9)
and Dudhkaushika Rural Municipality-7 (then Deusa VDC-6) and rural eastern part of
Solukhumbu District that promotion of agro-enterprises based on local agricultural products
and economic development. Once in operation the road will offer easy, comfortable and
quick access to people of the area to social service facilities like health, education, market
and other facilities. After rehabilitation and reconstruction of the road, the supply of daily
consumables, food and others will be easy and provide market to local agricultural products,
especially beans and potato which will improve the living standard of and help the
earthquake affected people in social and economic recovery.
Adverse Impacts
Among the adverse impact on the social domain of the environment, pressure on existing
service facilities, possible conflict and clash between local and outside workers, occupational
health and safety are of chief concern. The 6.25 m formation width of the road had been
already cleared. Changes of land use due to the construction of road had mainly conversion
of 5.184 ha of agricultural land, 3.22 ha of community forest area, 3.7 ha of private forest
area, 1.07 ha of settlement area, 0.45 ha of governmental land and 0.22 ha of river/ stream
area. Only two private structures and one religious site (Mane) will be affected. Other
impacts are gender discrimination in task and diseases due to unhygienic living condition,
communicable diseases and STDs, etc. During operation phase, ribbon settlement along the
project alignment could develop haphazardly and encroachment might occur along road
alignment.
Operation of construction equipment and vehicles and use of chemical substances during
construction activities may produce noise, water and air pollution. Improper management of
waste may cause water and soil pollution leading to other deleterious consequences.
Improper storage and handling of construction materials and equipments may cause water
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page ix
and soil pollution through leakage and seepage. Regarding the impact on biological
environment, impact of hunting and poaching on wild animal is considered important. The
6.25 m track of the road is already clear so, site clearance withtree cutting for construction
works is not necessary along the road but if appropriate engineering design will not be
applied during the construction of the road there is possibility of loss of vegetation due to
landslide along the road.
Benefit Augmentation Measures
Life skill training such as income generation activities, construction of soft engineering
structures and bioengineering works for workers will be conducted to improve their
livelihood. Awareness raising for environmental awareness will be conducted. More
emphasis will be given to women workers as at least 20% workers should be women.
Adverse Impact Mitigation Measures
A number of practical and cost effective mitigation measures have been suggested to
prevent, correct and compensate the adverse effects of the project implementation. The
project proponent is bound to implement these measures during the construction and
operation of the project. For construction phase, the proponent will implement the mitigation
measures through contractor. Some of the major measures to be adopted are as follows:
Women and disadvantaged people will be empowered through awareness and capacity
development training.
Private properties including private structures and private property will be acquired after
compensation.
Religious site (Mane) will be reconstructed or rehabilitated in proper site after
consultation with religious group.
To address the issue of occupational health and safety, proper safety arrangements will
be made. Safety equipment such as helmets, boots, gloves, safety belts, safety glasses
and masks will be provided to the workers working in the construction sites. Warning
signs, posts, barriers and guard-rail will be installed to restrict access of unauthorized
persons to storage areas.
Arrangements of temporary latrines will be made for workers in proper site.
Spoil generated from earthwork will be disposed in designated location and managed
properly with toe wall and retaining wall, vegetation cover and necessary drainage
structures.
Existing and possible landslides will be controlled or prevented by appropriate bio-
engineering technique.
All the camp wastes and construction wastes will be placed in the designated waste
collection pits away from the water path.
Oils and other chemicals used in construction activities will be handled carefully and
stored in fallow land away from the river beds by using impervious layers.
Hoarding boards carrying messages to aware people on control of hunting and poaching
of wildlife and their conservation will be placed.
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page x
Public Consultation and Information Disclosure
Public consultation was done with the local people living near the proposed road, members
of local organizations and local leaders during the preparation of draft IEE report in order to
aware them of incoming road rehabilitation and reconstruction sub-project and to identify the
possible beneficial and adverse impacts due to this sub-project. After prepararation of the
draft IEE report, 7 days public notice was published in 2073/05/10 B.S (2017/08/26 A.D) on
Rajdhani, a national Nepali daily newspaper seeking written opinions from concerned
stakeholders.
Draft IEE report along with executive summary, identified impacts, recommended benefit
augmentation and mitigation measures and EMP was prepared in for public disclosure for
comments and suggestion on the 2017/08/31.
Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM)
The IEE report has specified four (4) levels of Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRMs) to
receive and facilitate resolution of affected people’s concerns and grievances regarding project’s environmental and social performances and impacts in a timely and satisfactory
manner.
Environmental Management Plan
Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been proposed with present report including
issues identified, possible effects and impacts, measures for their mitigation, monitoring
methods and schedule in Chapter 10. In addition, agencies responsible for executing
environmental mitigation measures and monitoring have been identified in the EMP.
Different monitoring indicators on the physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural
environment have also been identified. The NRA with district bodies will monitor during
reconstruction and operation phase. The total cost allocated for environment management of
the sub-project is NRs. 950,000.00 of which NRs 250,000.00 has been allocated for the
environmental monitoring.
Conclusion
Most of the identified and perceived impacts of the project are of low significance compared
to the project of this scale. With the set of mitigation measures, most of the adverse impacts
can be minimized and/or compensated and limited to locality and construction period. Once
the measures outlined in the EMP are implemented, there is no risk for residual impacts that
may affect the physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural environment of the project
area. Hence, it is suitable to implement the project addressing the impacts through the
mitigation and enhancement measures suggested by this IEE, considering the nature of the
project, its location, and people’s positive perceptions and identified environmental impacts.
This IEE study is considered sufficient for this project.
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page xi
Table of Contents
1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Background ................................................................................................................ 1
1.2. Proponent ................................................................................................................... 2
1.3. Consultant .................................................................................................................. 2
1.4. Objectives of ToR ....................................................................................................... 3
1.5. Objectives of IEE Study .............................................................................................. 3
1.6. Rationale for Conducting IEE ..................................................................................... 3
2. Detail on Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Work .......................................................... 5
2.1. Location and Access .................................................................................................. 5
2.2. Salient Feature ........................................................................................................... 8
2.3. Components and Activities of the Sub-project .......................................................... 10
2.3.1 Construction Approach .................................................................................. 10
2.3.2 Construction Materials Required .................................................................... 10
2.4. Implementation Schedule ......................................................................................... 11
2.5. Human Resource ..................................................................................................... 11
2.6. Land Requirement .................................................................................................... 11
2.7. Cost .......................................................................................................................... 12
3. Methodology ................................................................................................................ 13
3.1. Desk Study and Literature Review ............................................................................ 13
3.2. Impact Area Delineation ........................................................................................... 14
3.3. Field Investigation .................................................................................................... 14
3.4. Interaction and Public Consultation .......................................................................... 16
3.5. Database Preparation, Interpretation, Identification, Prediction and Evaluation of
Impact ............................................................................................................................. 17
3.6. Study Team .............................................................................................................. 18
3.7. Information Disclosure .............................................................................................. 19
4. Description of the Existing Environment ....................................................................... 20
4.1. Physical Environment ............................................................................................... 20
4.1.1 Topography and Geomorphology................................................................... 20
4.1.2 Land Use Pattern ........................................................................................... 22
4.1.3 Climate and Hydrology ................................................................................... 23
4.1.4 Landslide and Erosion Prone Area ................................................................. 23
4.1.5 Air, Noise and Water Quality .......................................................................... 24
4.2. Biological Environment ............................................................................................. 24
4.2.1 Vegetation Type based on Species in IIA ....................................................... 24
4.2.2 Forest type on legal category in IIA ................................................................ 26
4.2.3 Wildlife ........................................................................................................... 27
4.2.4 Birds .............................................................................................................. 27
4.2.5 Reptile ........................................................................................................... 28
4.2.6 Fish ................................................................................................................ 28
4.2.7 Protected Fauna in the IIA ............................................................................. 28
4.3. Socio-economic and Cultural Environment ............................................................... 28
4.3.1 District Context .............................................................................................. 29
4.3.2 Indirect Impact Area ....................................................................................... 36
4.3.3 Direct Impact Area ......................................................................................... 39
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page xii
4.3.4 Core Sub-project Area ................................................................................... 49
4.3.5 Sub-project Affected Families ........................................................................ 62
5. Impacts of Reconstruction Plan Implementation on Environment ................................. 64
5.1. Beneficial Impacts .................................................................................................... 64
5.1.1 Construction Phase........................................................................................ 64
5.1.2 Operation Phase ............................................................................................ 65
5.2. Adverse Impacts ....................................................................................................... 66
5.2.1 Construction Phase........................................................................................ 66
5.2.2 Operation Phase ............................................................................................ 70
5.3. Climate Change Impacts .......................................................................................... 72
6. Analysis of Alternatives ................................................................................................ 73
6.1. No Action Alternative ................................................................................................ 73
6.2. Project Alternatives .................................................................................................. 73
6.3. Alternative Alignment ................................................................................................ 73
6.4. Alternative Design and Construction Approach ......................................................... 73
6.5. Alternative Schedule and Process ............................................................................ 73
6.6. Alternative Resources .............................................................................................. 74
6.7. No Forest Alternative ................................................................................................ 74
7. Benefit Impact Augmentation, Mitigation and Minimization Measures .......................... 75
7.1. Mitigation Measures during Pre-construction Phase ................................................. 75
7.2. Detailed Survey and Design ..................................................................................... 75
7.3. Beneficial Impacts and Benefit Augmentation Measures .......................................... 75
7.3.1 Construction Phase........................................................................................ 75
7.3.2 Operation Phase ............................................................................................ 76
7.4. Adverse Impacts and Mitigation Measures ............................................................... 76
7.4.1 Construction Phase........................................................................................ 76
7.4.2 Operation Phase ............................................................................................ 80
7.5. Climate Change Impacts .......................................................................................... 82
8. Legal Framework and Regulatory Requirements for the Sub-project ........................... 83
9. Environmental Management Plan ................................................................................ 89
9.1. Institutions and Their Roles ...................................................................................... 89
9.2. Implementation of Benefit Augmentation and Mitigation Measures ........................... 91
9.3. Mitigation Cost for Executing the Environmental Management Plan ....................... 103
9.3.1 Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Activities ...................................... 103
9.3.2 Major Costs for Environmental Safeguard Measures ................................... 104
9.4. Matters to be Monitored while Implementing the Proposal ...................................... 105
9.4.1 Baseline Monitoring ..................................................................................... 105
9.4.2 Compliance Monitoring ................................................................................ 105
9.4.3 Impact Monitoring ........................................................................................ 105
9.5. Monitoring Parameters ........................................................................................... 106
9.5.1 Pre-Construction Phase ............................................................................... 106
9.5.2 Construction Phase...................................................................................... 106
9.5.3 Operation Phase .......................................................................................... 107
9.6. Monitoring Indicators .............................................................................................. 107
9.7. Grievance Redress Mechanism .............................................................................. 115
10. Conclusion and Recommendation ............................................................................. 118
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page xiii
List of Tables
Table 1: Salient Feature of the Proposed Road..................................................................... 8
Table 2: Possible Quarry Sites ........................................................................................... 10
Table 3: Sub-project Implementation Schedule ................................................................... 11
Table 4: Land Use along the Road ...................................................................................... 11
Table 5: Impact Area Delineation ........................................................................................ 14
Table 6: Impact Evaluation Matrix ....................................................................................... 18
Table 7: Lithostratigraphy of the Lesser and Higher Himalaya ............................................ 20
Table 8: Geology and Soil Type along the Road Alignment ............................................... 22
Table 9: Land Use along the Road Alignment .................................................................... 22
Table 10: Landslide Detail along the Road Section ............................................................. 24
Table 11: Vegetation Type base on Species Composition in IIA of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road
........................................................................................................................................... 25
Table 12 : Forest along Road .............................................................................................. 26
Table 13: Private Forest along Road ................................................................................... 27
Table 14: Protected Fauna .................................................................................................. 28
Table 15: Demographic Characteristic in Solukhumbu District ............................................ 29
Table 16: Religion in Solukhumbu District ........................................................................... 30
Table 17: Caste and Ethnicity in the Solukhumbu District ................................................... 30
Table 18: Languages Spoken in Solukhumbu District ......................................................... 31
Table 19: Educational Status inSolukhumbu District ........................................................... 32
Table 20: Status of Drinking Water in Solukhumbu District ................................................. 32
Table 21: Status of Toilet Facilities in Solukhumbu District ................................................. 32
Table 22: Types of Toilets in Solukhumbu District ............................................................... 33
Table 23: Status of Energy used for Cooking in Solukhumbu District .................................. 33
Table 24: Ownership of House in Solukhumbu District ........................................................ 34
Table 25: Type of Foundation of House in Solukhumbu District .......................................... 34
Table 26: Type of Outer Wall of House in Solukhumbu District ........................................... 34
Table 27: Type of Roof of House in Solukhumbu District .................................................... 35
Table 28: Status of Households regarding Facilities to Accessories in Solukhumbu ........... 35
Table 29: Various Facilities Possessed by Households in Solukhumbu District................... 35
Table 30: Demographic Feature in Sub-project Affected Municipality/Rural Municipality ..... 36
Table 31: Caste and Ethnicity inSub-project Affected Municipality/Rural Municipality ......... 37
Table 32: Literacy Status in Sub-project Affected Municipality/Rural Municipality ................ 37
Table 33: Absentee Population and Household in the sub-project affected municipality/Rural
Municipality ......................................................................................................................... 38
Table 34: Demographic Characteristics in Sub-project Affected Wards ............................... 39
Table 35: Population by Different Age Group in Sub-project Affected Wards ...................... 40
Table 36: Major Ethnic Groups in Sub-project Affected Wards ............................................ 41
Table 37: Drinking Water Usage in Sub-project Affected Wards ......................................... 42
Table 38: Sanitation Status in Sub-project Affected Wards ................................................. 42
Table 39: Fuel Source for Cooking in Sub-project Affected Wards ...................................... 43
Table 40: Energy Source for Lighting in Sub-project Affected Wards .................................. 43
Table 41: Literacy Status in Sub-project Affected Wards ..................................................... 44
Table 42: House Ownership in Sub-project Affected Wards ................................................ 45
Table 43: Outer Wall Structure in Sub-project Affected Wards ............................................ 45
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page xiv
Table 44: Type of Foundation in Sub-project Affected Wards .............................................. 46
Table 45: Type of Roofs in Sub-project Affected Wards ...................................................... 46
Table 46: Access to Facilities/Amenities in Sub-project Affected Wards ............................. 47
Table 47: Types of Facilities in Sub-project Affected Wards ................................................ 47
Table 48: Usage of Available Facilities in Sub-project Affected Wards ............................... 48
Table 49: Cultures of the people in Sub-project Affected Areas .......................................... 49
Table 50: Major Settlement located in the Proposed Highway in Solukhumbu District......... 50
Table 51: Household and Population of PAS(s) in Solukhumbu District .............................. 50
Table 52: Caste and Ethnicity of PAS(s) in Solukhumbu District ......................................... 51
Table 53: Religion Followed in PAS(s) ................................................................................ 52
Table 54: Migration Trend in PAS ....................................................................................... 52
Table 55: Occupation in Sub-project Affected Settlement ................................................... 53
Table 56: Livelihood Status in PAS ..................................................................................... 53
Table 57: Solid Waste Management Techniques ................................................................ 54
Table 58: Available Health Service in PAS in Solukhumbu District ...................................... 55
Table 59: Major Disease in PAS ......................................................................................... 55
Table 60: Educational Status in PAS ................................................................................... 56
Table 61: Availability and Access to Educational Institutions in PAS(s) ............................... 56
Table 62: Status of Drinking Water in PAS .......................................................................... 57
Table 63: Status of Energy Used for Cooking in PAS .......................................................... 57
Table 64: Status of Energy Used for Lighting in PAS .......................................................... 57
Table 65: Status of Sanitation Condition in PAS .................................................................. 58
Table 66: Status of Telecommunication Facility in PAS ....................................................... 58
Table 67: Status of Refreshment and Shops Facility in PAS ............................................... 59
Table 68: Land Price in PAS ............................................................................................... 59
Table 69: Major Financial Institutions in PAs ....................................................................... 60
Table 70: Land ownership pattern ....................................................................................... 60
Table 71: Major crop of PAS(s) ........................................................................................... 61
Table 72: Livestock Rearing Practices in PAS(s) ................................................................ 61
Table 73: Potential Economic Activities by Road Upgrading ............................................... 61
Table 74: Historical, Cultural, Archaeological, Religious and Tourism Sites ........................ 62
Table 75: Social Centers ..................................................................................................... 62
Table 76: Summary of Affected Households by the Sub-sub-project ................................... 63
Table 77: Detail of Janajati Households .............................................................................. 63
Table 78: Potential Beneficial Impacts of the Sub-project .................................................... 65
Table 79: Review of Relevant Acts, Rules, Regulations and Guidelines ............................. 83
Table 80: Institutions and Their Roles ................................................................................. 89
Table 81: Likely Beneficial Impacts and Enhancement Measures ....................................... 92
Table 82 : Likely Adverse Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures ............................... 94
Table 83: Environemntal Monitoring Cost .......................................................................... 104
Table 84: Estimate for Environmental Enhancement and Mitigation Measures ................. 104
Table 85: Monitoring Indicators Selected for this IEE ........................................................ 107
Table 86: Compliance Monitoring for Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Sub-project ...................... 109
Table 87: Impact/Effect Monitoring of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Sub-project ..................... 112
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page xv
List of Figures
Figure 1: Overall Location in GIS Map .................................................................................. 6
Figure 2: Ecological Map of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road ........................................................... 7
Figure 3: Geological Map of the Project Area ..................................................................... 21
Figure 4: Population in Solukhumbu District by Different Age Group ................................... 29
Figure 5: Literacy Status in Solukhumbu District ................................................................. 31
Figure 6: Status of Energy used for Lighting in Solukhumbu District ................................... 33
Figure 7: Major Languages of Project Affected Wards ........................................................ 41
Figure 8: Educational Attainment Level in Project Affected Wards ...................................... 44
Figure 9: Environmental Management Organisation Structure ............................................ 91
Figure 10: Flow Diagram for Grievance Redress Mechanism ............................................ 116
Appendixes
Appendix I: Approved ToR for IEE Study .......................................................................... 121
Appendix II: Climate Change Checklist ............................................................................. 136
Appendix III: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist ...................................... 137
Appendix IV: Checklist for Settlement Level Information of Affected Area ........................ 140
Appendix V: Project Cost .................................................................................................. 145
Appendix VI: Public Notice ................................................................................................ 154
Appendix VII: Deed of Inquiry ............................................................................................ 156
Appendix VIII: Recommendation Letter ............................................................................ 163
Appendix IX: Consultation and IEE Disclosure .................................................................. 164
Appendix X: Market Survey for Prices of Commodities and Other Goods ......................... 173
Appendix XI: Vegetation Detail .......................................................................................... 179
Appendix XIII: List of Person Consulted ............................................................................ 211
Appendix XIIII: Detail Information of Affected structure ..................................................... 212
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page xvi
ABBREVIATIONS
ADB: Asian Development Bank
AP: Affected Person
CBO: Community Based Organization
CDC: Compensation Determination Committee
CF: Community Forest
CFUG: Community Forest Users Group
Ch: Chainage
CISC: Central Implementation Support Consultants
CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
Flora
CLPIU Central Level Project Implementation Unit
DFO: District Forest Office/Officer
DIA Direct Impact Area
DISC: District Implementation Support Consultants
DLPIU: District Level Project Implementation Unit
DTMP: District Transport Master Plan
DoLIDAR: Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Roads
DRCN: District Road Core Network
DRILP-AF Decentralize Rural Infrastructue Livlihood Project-Additional Financing
EA Executing Agency
EARF Environmental Assessment Review Framework
EEAP Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project
EIA: Environmental Impact Assessment
EMP: Environmental Management Plan
EMS: Environmental Management Section
FGD: Focus Group Discussion
GESI: Gender Equality and Social Inclusion
GoN: Government of Nepal
GRC Grievance Redress Committee
Ha: Hectare
Hh: Household
IIA Indirect Impact Area
IEE: Initial Environmental Examination
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
Km: Kilometer
LAC Local Area Committee
LC Least Concern
LEP: Labour based, environment friendly and participatory
LR/NT Lower Risk/Near Threatened
MoFALD: Ministry of Federal Affairs & Local Development
NCB National Competitive Bidding
NF: National Forest
NRA National Reconstruction Authority
NGO: Non-Governmental Organization
NRs: Nepali Rupees
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page xvii
NTFPs: Non Timber Forest Products
PAS(s): Project Affected Settlements
PF: Private Forest
RM Rural Municipality
RoW Right of Way
RP: Resettlement Plan
SDC: Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation
SSO: Social Safeguard Officer
ToR: Terms of Reference
VDC: Village Development Committee
ZoI: Zone of Influence
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 1
1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1. Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) is a project being implemented
with the loan financing of ADB, technical assistance from Swiss Agency for Development
and Cooperation (SDC) and counterpart funding from the Government of Nepal (GoN). It
aimed at accelerating economic and social recovery of the communities through
rehabilitation and reconstruction of local infrastructures damaged due to devastating
earthquake of 25 April 2015 and the major aftershock of 12 May 2015. The project will
support the Government of Nepal (GoN) in its efforts to put thousands of children back into
schools, return vital government services to desperate communities, and create jobs and
income for families by repairing critical road networks. The Project covers 12 affected
districts in eastern, middle and western development region of Nepal namely: Kathmandu,
Bhaktapur, Lalitpur, Kavrepalanchowk, Ramechhap, Okhaldhunga, Sindhuli, Solukhumbu,
Ramechhap, Gorkha, Lamjung and Chitwan. The project will repair, retrofit or rebuild at least
700 schools and 300 district-level government buildings damaged by the earthquake to
disaster-resilient standards. The project will also repair and improve about 135 km of
strategic roads and about 450 km of rural roads damaged by the earthquake and landslides.
The road will be rebuilt with improved road safety features and will be designed to withstand
future disasters and the impact of climate change.
2. The proposed road alignment is 22.007 km which starts at Jor Buddha of
Solududhkunda Municipality-7 and ends at Bogal of Dudhkaushika Rural Municipality-7 of
Solukhumbu District. Then District Development Committee (DDC) of Solukhumbu has
opened the track of 3-4 m for initial 5 km (upto Najin). Decentralized Rural Infrastructure and
Livlihood Project (DRILP) had prepared Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Garma-
Nele-Budhidanda road subproject and was approved by the Ministry of Federal Affairs &
Local Development (MoFALD) on 11 Kartik 2067 B.S (28 October 2010 A.D). DRILP
constructed and rehabilitated initial 9.60 km (from Jor Buddha to Nele) in 2011 A.D. Later,
12.83 km of road was constructed from Nele to Bogal in 2012 A.D by Decentralized Rural
Infrastructure and Livlihood Project-Additional Financing (DRILP-AF). DRILP and DRILP-AF
project had opened good weather earthen track from Jor Buddha of Garma to Bogal. This
road has not been damaged by earthquake. However, it connects the major settlements
along the road alignment like Jor Buddha, Garma, Tojing, Jogara, Nele Bazaar and Bogal,
which are affected by earthquake, to Salleri and other part of country through Sagarmatha
Highway.
3. Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of this road will provide easy access to the South
part of Solukhumbu District to the district headquarter and other parts of the country.
Transportation of goods and services from the market centers to the rural areas and vice-
versa has been difficult, insufficient and costly due to poor geometry, standards and earthen
nature of the road. Further, the enhanced road network will provide access to the rural
people of these areas to the basic service facilities like health, education and daily economic
activities hence improving their living standard. More importantly, improved road condition
will accelerate the transport of construction material of major settlements along the road.
Hence, there is an urgent need of rehabilitating and upgrading this road to speed up
reconstruction activites of earthquake affected settlement and it has also attracted DTMP
priority No-11DR002.
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 2
4. The sub-project affected wards 7, 8 & 9 of Dudhkunda Municipality (then Garma
VDC) is now restructured as wards no 7 of Solududhkunda Municipality and affected VDCs
i.e. Nele, Mukli and Deusa is now restructured as ward 1, 6, 7 & 8 of Dudhkaushika Rural
Municipality respectively.
1.2. Proponent
5. The proposed Garma-Nele-Bogal Road sub-project is for the rehabilitation and
reconstruction in Solukhumbu District. The District Level Project Implementation Unit
(DLPIU) of Solukhumbu District, being responsible for the district roads is the proponent for
conducting Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) for proposed road under ADB/SDC and
GON funded Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP). The National
Reconstruction Authority (NRA) is the concerned authority for the approval of the IEE study
report.
6. Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) under the Ministry of Federal
Affairs and Local Development (MoFALD) is the implementing agency for the district roads
sub-component. EEAP has established Central Level Project Implementation Unit (CLPIU),
headed by Project director in center and District Level Project Implementation Unit (DLPIU)
headed by project manager at district level. DLPIU is supported by District Implementation
Support Consultant (DISC) at district level, Central Implementation Support Consultant
(CISC) and CLPIU at central level.
Address of the Proponent
Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project - District Level Project Implementation Unit,
Solukhumbu
Salleri, Solukhumbu
Telephone No. : 520021
Email: [email protected]
1.3. Consultant
7. Af-Iteco Ltd., Switzerland acting as Central Implementation Support Consultant of
EEAP has awarded consultancy services to the Joint Venture of Silt Consultant/ TSE/ ECN/
EC in association with GeoCom International for the consulting service to prepare Detailed
Project Report (DPR) including IEE Report of the above mentioned road sub-project on
behalf of the proponent adhering with all the prevalent policies, acts, rules and guidelines.
Address of the Consultant
Central Implementation Support Consultant (CISC)
Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP)
Ekantakuna, Lalitpur
P.O. Box 113, Kathmandu
Telephone No: 977-1-5543142/43
Fax No: 977-1-5543144
E-mail: [email protected] website: www.drilpnepal.org
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 3
8. Address of Consultant preparing IEE report is listed below.
SILT consultants (P.P Ltd.
P.O. Box 2724, Kathmandu
Telephone No: 977-1-4473573
E-mail: [email protected]
1.4. Objectives of ToR
9. The main objective of the TOR was to guide the preparation of the comprehensive
and coherent Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study report as per clause 2 of
schedule 1 pertaining to section 3 of Working Procedure Related with Environmental Impact
Assessment for Rehabilitation of Earthquake Affected Structures (second amendment,
2017). The specific objectives of the study were to:
Identify the data requirement of IEE study and general methods.
Identify major impacts that may arise as a result of proposed road sub-project on
biological, physical, socio-economic and cultural environment of the sub-project area,
Identify relevant legal documents that need to be reviewed during the IEE study and
subsequent sub-project implementation.
Provide an outline on structure of IEE study report
1.5. Objectives of IEE Study
10. The main objective of the IEE study is to identify the environmental impact due to
implementation of the sub-project in the area and to suggest a sustainable way out, help
decision makers to balance development and protection of human wellbeing and the
environment. The specific objectives of the study are to:
Provide information on the general environmental setting of the sub-project area as
baseline data
Identify, predict and evaluate the major impacts that may arise as a result of proposed
works on biological, physical, socio-economic and cultural environment of the sub-project
area
Recommend practical and site specific environmental mitigation and enhancement
measures
Prepare and recommend environmental management and monitoring plan for the sub-
project
Carry out alternative analysis of the sub-project to minimize environmental impacts
Carry out consultative meetings with local people, affected parties and concerned
stakeholders and provide them opportunities to raise their concerns and suggestions
Inform decision makers and interested parties about the environmental implication of the
sub-project
1.6. Rationale for Conducting IEE
11. An IEE of the upgrading road is necessary in order to assess the environmental
consequences of the road reconstruction and rehabilitation activities and suggest
appropriate, practical and site specific mitigation and enhancement measures. This is District
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 4
Road Core Network (DRCN)2 according to Nepal Rural Road Standard (2055) 1st Revision,
September 2012 of the Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural
Roads. Preparation of IEE report for district road is mandatory according to Act Relating to
Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structure 2015, Rule Relating to Reconstruction
of the Earthquake Affected Structure 2016, Working Procedure Related with Environmental
Impact Assessment for Rehabilitation of Earthquake Affected Structures, second
Amendment 2017 (Schedule 1) and safeguard policy statement,2009 of ADB suggest the
appropriate practical & site specific mitigation and enhancement measures to address the
environmental impact of the proposal.
2 A Road within the district joining a VDC headquarter (HQ or a growth centre to the district HQ directly or via other VDC(s), a
neighboring district HQ or the strategic road network is called “district road core network”. Other roads which are not included in this network are village road.
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 5
2. Detail on Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Work
2.1. Location and Access
12. The sub-project is located in Southern side of Solukhumbu district, Solududhkunda
Municipality and Dudhkaushika Rural Municipality (then Nele VDC, Mukli VDC and Deusa
VDC) of Solukhumbu District. The proposed road alignment starts at Jor Buddha which is
connected to Sagarmatha Highway (Solududhkunda Municipality-7) and ends at Bogal,
Dudhkaushika Rural Municipality-7 (then Deusa VDC – 6) of Solukhumbu District. The major
settlements along the road alignment are Jor Buddha, Nemar, Garma, Tojing, Najing,
Jogara, Tumse, Nele Bazaar, Kattike, Jhareni and Bogal.
13. The road is accessible through Okhaldhunga-Faplo road, near Salleri. The land use
of the sub-project area is mainly covered by cultivated land, forest and built-up area. The
elevation of proposed road varies from 2,034 m to 2,382 m from mean sea level. The sub-
project area is located in temperate climatic zone. The road does not pass through any
protected areas, historically and archaeologically sensitive areas. This road has been
proposed for upgrading. The road passes through forests, cultivated land, barren land and
settlement area are crossing streams (khola/kholsi) at some location.Length of this road is
22.007 km and formation width is 6.25 m. Total sub-project cost of the road is estimated
NRs. 396,369,406.07 and the total civil work cost is NRs. 350,989,899.77 as shown in
Appendix V. The location of road is given in Figure 1 and 2.
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 6
Figure 1: Overall Location in GIS Map
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 7
Figure 2: Alignment Map of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 8
2.2. Salient Feature
14. The salient features of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road, including the features described in
the preceding sections are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1: Salient Feature of the Proposed Road
Parameter Descriptions
Name of the sub-project Garma-Nele-Bogal road rehabilitation and reconstruction sub-
project
Start point Jor Buddha, Solududhkunda Municipality -7 (then Dudhkunda
Municipality 7, 8 and 9) Solukhumbu District
27° 27' 31'' N and 86° 42' 20E
End point Bogal, Dudhkaushika Rural Municipality-7(then Deusa VDC-6),
Solukhumbu District
27° 28' 25'' N and 86° 34' 15E
Sub-project starting date December, 2016
Project ending date December, 2018
Geographical features
Terrain Hilly
Alignment Rolling and Hilly
Altitude 2,034 m to 2,382m
Altitude at starting point 2,034m
Altitude at ending point 2,382m
Climate Temperate
Geological Feature Basically characterized by Phyllite and Quartzite and the
common soil types include colluvial and residual soils
Classification of road District Road Core Network (DRCN)
Length of road 22.007 km
Existing road Earthen
Proposed pavement Gravel, Cobble Standard
Construction period Three Years
Minimum radius in
horizontal curve
10 m
Minimum grade 0.5%
Maximum grade 12%
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 9
Parameter Descriptions
District Transport
Management Plan
(DTMP) code
11DR002
Name of settlements Jor Buddha, Nemar, Garma, Tojing, Najing, Jogara, Tumse,
Nele Bazaar, Kattike, Jhareni and Bogal
No. of households 324
Municiplity/ Rural
Municipality (then VDCs)
along the road
Solududhkunda Municipality & Dudhkaushika Rural
Municipality (then Nele VDC, Mukli VDC and Deusa VDC) of
Solukhumbu District
Cross-section
Right of way 10 m on either side from centerline of the road
Formation width 6.25 m
Carriage way 3.75 m
Retaining structures
Stone Masonry wall 12,849.60 m3
Gabion retaining and
breast wall
15,008.22 m3
Bioengineering works
(NRs.)
6,204,309.55
Earthwork
Cutting 175,640.73 m3
Filling 16,707.65 m3
Total civil cost (NRs.) 350,989,899.77
Cost per Kilometer of
construction work (NRs.)
13,703,077.30
Mitigation cost (NRs.) 700,000.00
Monitoring cost (NRs.) 250,000.00
RP cost (NRs) 44,229,506.3
GESI plan cost (NRs.) 200,000.00
Total EMP cost (NRs.) 950,000.00
Total Sub-project cost
(NRs.)
396,369,406.07
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 10
Parameter Descriptions
Employment generation (Total person days)
Skilled 23,393
Unskilled 77,947
2.3. Components and Activities of the Sub-project
15. Total length of the road is 22.007 km with 6.25 m formation width. Sub-project
components are: construction of structures like toe wall, retaining wall, breast wall as well as
earthwork like site clearance. The road surface will be upgraded to gravel and cobble
surface. Bioengineering, spoil disposal management, compensatory plantation are the
activities during the construction of this road sub-project.
2.3.1 Construction Approach
16. Implementation of road sub-project works shall be carried out by the contractor,
selected through NCB with following features:
Use of heavy machinery for construction.
Balancing cut and fill and reuse of excavated materials as construction materials, and
thus not generating excess spoils as far as possible.
Use of bio-engineering techniques with integrated use of vegetation, simple civil
engineering structures and proper water management systems for slope protection.
2.3.2 Construction Materials Required
17. Construction material investigation was carried out around vicinity of the sub-project
sites along the road alignment. The investigation focused on locating prospective borrows
areas of non-cohesive materials (colluvial and residual deposits). The prospective borrow
sites were identified as sources of coarse aggregates. The construction material survey was
carried out for the following purposes:
Identification of location, estimation of quantity of sand and other possible construction
material in and around the construction site.
Site identification and determination of relevant materials available along river beds that
can be used as concrete aggregates.
18. Based on the construction material survey, different quarry sites are observed along
the road alignment as well as at river bank, possible quarry sites are shown below in Table
2.
Table 2: Possible Quarry Sites
Chainage Materials Location (Place, ward, municipality)
4+800, 7+300 Sand, gravel,cobble Solududhkunda, 7
18+840 Stone. Dudhkaushika 7, Bogal
Source: Garma-Nele-Bogal road rehabilitation and reconstruction sub-project, DPR (2016)
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 11
2.4. Implementation Schedule
19. Following Table 3 shows the proposed implementation schedule for the sub-project.
Table 3: Sub-project Implementation Schedule
S.N Activities 2016 2017 2018
I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV
1 Detailed survey, design and estimate
2 Preparation of resettlement plan
2.1 Life skill and income generation training
3 Environmental Assessment and
Implementation
3.1 ToR preparation and approval from NRA
3.2 Field study
3.3 Draft IEE preparation and notice publication
3.3 IEE report finalztion and approval from ADB
and NRA
3.4 Implementation of EMP
3.5 Environmental monitoring
4 Work implementation
4.1 Civil construction work by contractor
Note:
I - January, February, March
II - April, May, June
III - July, August, September
IV - October, November, December
2.5. Human Resource
20. The sub-project requires both skilled and unskilled human resource. Total 23,393
person days skilled and 77,947 person days unskilled human resource are required to carry
out civil work activities. There will be involvement of around 200 person per day during peak
working time.
2.6. Land Requirement
21. Following Table 4 shows the proposed implementation schedule for the sub-project.
Table 4: Land Use along the Road
S.N. Land Use Area
ha %
1 Cultivated Land 5.184 37.45
2 Forest (Community) 3.22 23.25
3 Forest (Private) 3.7 26.78
4 Government Land 0.45 3.22
5 Built-up Area 1.07 7.72
6 River/Stream 0.22 1.58
Total 13.844 100
Source: GIS Map prepared for the road Alignment Field Survey; 2017
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2.7. Cost
22. Length of this road is 22.007 km and formation width is 6.25 m. Total sub-project cost
of the road is estimated to be NRs. 396,369,406.07 and the total civil work cost is NRs.
350,989,899.77 as shown in Appendix V. This road links and provides accessibility to
people of affected settlements of Solukhumbu with district headquarters. In addition people
of nearby Rural Municipality and Municipality will be benefitted.
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 13
3. Methodology
23. ToR was approved on 2074/3/25 B.S (09/07/2017 A.D) by Chief Executive Officer
(CEO) of National Reconstruction Authority (NRA) which is given in Appendix I as per Act
Relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structure 2015, rule relating to
reconstruction of the earthquake affected structure 2016, Working Procedure Related with
Environmental Impact Assessment for Rehabilitation of Earthquake Affected Structures
(second amendment, 2017). Total road length in ToR was 22.007 and IEE report has been
prepared for the length of 22.007 km. Climate change checklist as given in Appendix II and
Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist as given in Appendix III and
environmental checklist of affected settlement area (Appendix IV) were also considered
during IEE report preparation. Necessary information was collected through literature review
and field study to accommodate all issues as included in the approved ToR to analyze
environmental impacts on physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural issues.
24. The IEE approach, methodology and procedure were followed according to the
provisions of the Act Relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structure 2015,
rule relating to reconstruction of the earthquake affected structure 2016, Working Procedure
Related with Environmental Impact Assessment for Rehabilitation of Earthquake Affected
Structures (second amendment, 2017). It followed methodology suggested in the approved
ToR for IEE Study (review of literature, sample survey/inspections/observations making
simple measurements, discussion with communities and other stakeholders, and IEE team
judgment).
25. Based on the analysis of information the impacts have been identified, mitigation
measures prepared and monitoring plan has been developed.
3.1. Desk Study and Literature Review
26. Available primary and secondary literature in the form of reports and maps;
topographic maps, land use maps, land capability maps, land system maps, aerial
photographs, cadastral survey maps etc. were collected and reviewed from different sources
by the proponent. Moreover, the geographical boundary or the Zone of Influence (ZoI) of the
sub-project area was delineated on the topographical map. Further, specific checklist and
questionnaire related to the sub-project were prepared. However, the focus of the literature
survey was concentrated on proposal specific issues and related baseline environments.
27. The following steps were followed during the desk review:
Collection and review of secondary information from various sources
Preparation of sub-project specific checklist
Collection and Review of Secondary Information from Various Sources:
28. Secondary information was collected through published and official reports and
interpretation of maps and photographs. The sources of information were Populationn and
Housing Census-CBS 2011, District Technical Office (DTO), District Coordination Committee
(DCC), District Forest Office (DFO), other line agencies, related NGOs and other sub-project
offices in the district. Similarly published and unpublished reports pertaining to environmental
standards, Acts, Regulations etc. were also collected and reviewed.
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Preparation of sub-project Specific checklist:
29. A checklist was prepared to collect physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural
environment related information in the field. This check list was based on APPROACH
manual produced by DoLIDAR. Similarly, household listing survey report was used for the
listing of agricultural land, forest, trees, houses and other affected properties prepared during
resettlement survey.
3.2. Impact Area Delineation
30. The sub-project will have direct impact on Solududhkunda Municipality-7 and
Dudhkaushika Rural Municipality (RM) ward 1, 6, 7 & 8 (then Nele VDC, Mukli VDC and
Deusa VDC) of Solukhumbu District) and indirect impact on Solududhkunda Municipality and
Dudhkaushika RM of Solukhumbu District. Area within 20 m (10 m on either side of
centerline as Right of Way (RoW)) is considered as Direct Impact Area (DIA) and area
beyond the DIA but within 100 m on either side of centerline of road is considered as Indirect
Impact Area (IIA) for physical and biological environment. However, administrative boundry
is considered for impact area delination of socio-economic and cultural environment. Project
affected wards of Solududhkunda Municipality and Dudhkaushika RM are considered as DIA
and Solududhkunda Municipality and Dudhkaushika RM are considered as IIA. Since DIA
considered for socio-economic and cultural environment is huge area covering the sub-
project affected ward (then VDC itself, irrespective of physical distance measurement),
consideration of 100 m distance on eitherside from centerline as IIA for physical and
biological environment is within affected ward. Detail on delineation of impact area is given
in Table 5.
Table 5: Impact Area Delineation
Category Description
Direct
Impact
Area
Construction areas which include road alignment & RoW along with sub-project
facilities such as construction camp, quarry site, spoil disposal sites, material storage
etc.
(Considering administrative boundary: Solududhkunda Municipality-7 and
Dudhkaushika Rural Municipality ward 1, 6, 7 & 8)
Indirect
Impact
Area
Immediate areas of construction with moderate and low impacts. Such area covers
area beyond the DIA and within 100 meters each side from the centerline of road
(Considering administrative boundary: Solududhkunda Municipality and Dudhkaushika
Rural Municipality)
3.3. Field Investigation
31. Field survey comprised of walkthrough survey, consultation with community, site
inspection and observation. Data collection was done from 25/07/2017 to 01/08/2017 A.D
(2074/4/11 B.S to 2074/4/17 B.S) with the help of the staff of DISC (District Team Leader,
Sub-Engineer, Social Safeguard Officer, Assistant Sub-Engineer) and field assistant.The
following tools were used for the collection of primary data:
Consultation meeting and Focus group discussion (FGD) - To conduct consultation with
the local communities at different settlements, 3 consultation meeting and one FGD was
organized with local people to collect the opinion and suggestion and feed back towards
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 15
sub-project.
Key informants Survey: It was conducted with knowledgeable persons at different
settlement. It was done to collect biological, socio-economic and cultural environment
related information using a checklist
Walk through Survey: Total enumeration was done for the listing of agricultural land,
forest land, affected trees, houses and other infrastructure affected properties within the
formation width and right of way of the road alignment.
Stripe map - It was used during walkthrough survey to document environmental features
according to the chainage.
Topographical map - It was used to show environmental features on the map during
walkthrough survey.
Photographs - Necessary photographs were taken to show different environmental
features.
Physical Environment
32. Physical environment survey was carried out by delineating the impact area, which
might be affected by the proposal activities during construction and operation of the road
main components and support facilities. Field survey was carried out for the land use,
topography, geomorphology, geology, soil, land stability, drainage characteristics, rainfall,
meteorological conditions, noise level, water quality, air quality etc. Site specific information
on the above sectors was collected by direct observations and consultations with the local
communities for the identification of physically critical areas particularly landslide/erosion
prone areas etc.
Biological Environment
33. The detail vegetation survey was carried out by walkthrough survey throughout the
road alignment. Type of vegetation and forest type (NF, CF, and PF), floristic composition,
ethno-botany (NTFP/MAP) was identified in the impact area based on the species
composition.
34. The protected vegetation (rare, endangered, indigenous etc.) of the IIA as per IUCN
Red Book, CITES Appendices, and GoN list species was enumerated based on consultation
with the local people in the indirect impact areas of the sub-project.
35. Wildlife (Mammals, Birds, Reptiles and herpetofauna) bio-diversity in the indirect
impact areas was studied through consultation with the local communities, FUGs in the field.
The indicator wildlife and threatened or endangered species (as per IUCN Red Book, CITES
Appendices, and GoN list) in the area was identified through consultation ans review of
different secondary sources.
Socio-Economic and Cultural Environment
36. Information on general socio-economic conditions of the people of the sub-project
affected wards of Municipality/Rural Municipality was collected through group discussions
and informal public consultation at the ward level by the use of key informant interview
(Appendix XII), consultation meeting, focused group discussions-Appendix IX(A). The
information was collected through pre-designed checklists, which include key socio-
economic characteristics of the people of all class, caste and economic categories. The
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 16
information include demographic features of the settlement, migration pattern, employment,
landholding size, agricultural production, food sufficiency, other productive resources,
livestock raising, access to different social infrastructures such as drinking water, education,
health-posts, general health, hygiene and sanitation condition etc.
37. Inventory of loss was done by keeping record of affected land, structure through
direct observation within COI. A census of socio-economic and loss assessment survey of
sub-project affected household was carried out to document complete socio-economic and
loss assessment. Socio-economic and loss assessment survey was carried for 113, out of
320 HH (207 were absentee households).
38. Information on social infrastructures such as schools, health posts, drinking water
etc. was collected from the ward offices of Municipality, consultation with village elites and
through focus group discussions at ward levels to assess the current situation of these
facilities and the general sanitation status of the sub-project area. Information was also
collected on the conditions of these facilities, their adequacy and beneficiary population.
39. All sites of religious, cultural and historical importance on the direct sub-project
affected area were visited and observed in the area. The social, cultural and religious values
and significance of these sites was noted through consultation with the communities.
Possibilities of protecting, conserving or relocating such sites were also examined thoroughly
in consultation with local people, priests and village elite.
40. The socio-economic, cultural and religious information was cross checked and
analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2010.
3.4. Interaction and Public Consultation
41. During the IEE report preparation, consultant team as well as district sub-project
team met, discussed and interacted with concerned staff of the Government of Nepal,
Municipality, RM in the district head quarter and teachers, community based organization
member and knowledgeable key persons of surrounding areas within the Zone of Influence
(ZoI) (please refer Appendix XII). In order to ensure public involvement, the following
procedures were followed during IEE report preparation.
Publication of notice and draft IEE disclosure
42. According to Working Procedure Related with Environmental Impact Assessment for
Rehabilitation of Earthquake Affected Structures, 2016, 7 days public notice was published
in 2074/05/10 B.S (26/08/2017 A.D), Rajdhani, a national level daily newspaper (Appendix
VII) seeking written opinion from concerned RM, DFO, Municipality, schools, health posts
and related local organizations; immediately after approval of ToR. A copy of the public
notice was also affixed in the above mentioned organizations and a deed of enquiry
(muchulka) was collected (see Appendix VII for deed of inquiry). Recommendation letter
from municipality and rural municipality was also collected (please see Appendix VIII).
43. The IEE team carried out interactions with local communities and related
stakeholders during the field survey to collect public concerns and suggestions on
2074/04/19 BS (2017/08/03 AD) to 2074/04/20 BS (2017/08/04) in ward number 7 of Solu
Dudhkunda Municipality and ward number 1 and 7 of Dudhkaushika Rural municipality.
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Moreover, focus group discussions were conducted to collect and solicit information
regarding the biological, physical, socio-economic and cultural aspects of Garma-Nele-Bogal
Road sub-project. Meeting minutes are presented in Appendix IXa and a summary of
meeting minutes with local people is given in Appendix IXd.
44. Similarly, draft IEE was discosed to local people and concerned stakeholder on
2074/05/15 B.S (2017/08/31 A.D) at Red Cross Building, Tumsedanda. The role of public
consultation and participation was to ensure the quality, comprehensiveness, effectiveness
of IEE as well as to ensure that the public views are adequately taken into consideration in
order to ease the decision making process. The issues, queries, concerns raied during the
Public meeting are listed below and also refer Appendix IXb and IXc.
3.5. Database Preparation, Interpretation, Identification, Prediction and
Evaluation of Impact
Data Analysis and Interpretation
45. The required data for the study was collected through primary and secondary source
as mentioned above and database was prepared. The collected data was analyzed
qualitatively and quantitatively to establish existing baseline information on physical,
biological, socio-economic and cultural environment. Data and information from the
questionnaires/checklists were entered on processing data entry layout. Data analysis and
interpretation of physical, biological and socio-economic and cultural environments were
carried out by the respective domain specialists. Then interpretation was made based on the
results obtained. In brief these are presented here under.
Physical Environment
46. The collected existing baseline condition information and data on such as topography
(i.e. elevation, aspect, and slope), geology and soil type were analyzed. Similarly, qualitative
data on air, water and noise pollution status were analyzed. For instances, measure
discontinuities data were used for slope stability assessment. The output of analyzed
information and data were interpreted in logical, sequential and consistent order.
Biological Environment
47. The biological environmental information (e.g. tree and wildlife species, and bird
species) collected from primary and secondary sources were tabulated. Forest type with
management ownership was mentioned. Then the recorded species were compared and
verified to the list prepared by IUCN Red Data Book, CITES and List of Endangered, Rare
and Threatened Plant and Wildlife Species published by GoN.
Socio-economic and Cultural Environment
48. The collected socio-economic data were entered in MS Excel 2010 and processed as
required. Similarly, qualitative data related to socio-economic and cultural environment was
analyzed to create the existing baseline. Suggestions made by the local people and
stakeholders’ during public consultation, and public disclosure of draft IEE suggestion were considered for benefit augmentation measures and mitigation measures for adverse impacts
are proposed.
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Impact Identification, Prediction and Evaluation Method
Impact Identification
49. Based on field visit observation and consultation meeting with local, issues that may
trigger due to sub-project intervention were identified and prioritized. From the exercise both
types of beneficial and adverse impacts were identified for IEE study. The impacts were
categorized as per environmental domain (i.e. physical, biological, and socio-economic and
cultural environments). Likewise; an impact that may trigger under different phases of sub-
project implementation (i.e. construction and operation) was also taken into account for the
assessment.
Impact Prediction
50. Extrapolative (i.e. predictions on the basis of past and present data, and trend
analysis), and experts` experience and judgment (applying past experience and knowledge
of the experts) methods were applied for impact prediction on the basis of identified impacts.
Impact Assessment/Evaluation
51. The assessment of environmental impacts was derived exclusively from the baseline
environmental conditions of the affected environment with the sub-project activities in
relation to spatial and temporal aspects in terms of magnitude, extent and duration of
impacts. The impacts have been predicted in terms of their magnitude (minor, moderate and
high), extent (site specific, local and regional) and duration (short, medium and long term).
Evaluation of the level of significance of impacts was made based on prevailing legislative
setup, numerical values with scoring (National EIA Guideline, 1993), consultation with
stakeholders, expert’s past experience and other criteria. The numerical scale is presented
in Table 6.
Table 6: Impact Evaluation Matrix
Magnitude Extend Duration
High (H) 60 Regional (R) 60 Long term(LT) 20
Medium (M) 20 Local (L) 20 Medium Term (MT) 10
Low (L) 10 Site Specific (SS) 10 Short Term (ST) 5
3.6. Study Team
52. Field survey comprised of walkthrough survey, consultation with community, site
inspection and observation. Data collection was done from 25/07/2017 to 04/08/2017 A.D
(2074/4/11 B.S to 2074/4/20 B.S) by the IEE study team. The study team members are listed
below:
Team Member:
Mr. Abhishek B.C- Team Leader/Environmental Expert/Social Expert
Mr. Kumar Prasad Aryal- Environmental Specialist /Forester
Mr. Phurba Sherpa- Ecologist
Mr. Subash Acharya- Geologist
Mr. Sashwot Sharma- Environmental Engineer
Mr. Suraj Nepal- Civil Engineer
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3.7. Information Disclosure
53. A draft IEE report along with the executive summary, identified impacts,
recommended mitigation measures and the EMP in Nepali language has been prepared and
distributed to the stakeholders and the concerned Municipality/RM for public disclosure. The
draft IEE report was also be kept in DLPIU, Solukhumbu for public disclosure. Information
was also disseminated through person to person contacts, interviews and group discussions.
The approved IEE report will be accessible to interested parties and the general public
through the information centre of DLPIU, Solukhumbu and websites of EEAP-CLPIU, NRA,
CISC, MoPE and ADB.
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4. Description of the Existing Environment
54. The baseline information on the existing physical, biological as well as socio-
economic and cultural environment of the proposed sub-project are described as follows:
4.1. Physical Environment
55. The section describes the physical condition of the area that comes under the ZoI of
the road section along its entire length and surrounding area.
4.1.1 Topography and Geomorphology
4.1.1.1 Geology and Soil type
56. Limited earlier geological works has been carried out in this area. Schelling and Arita
(1991) put the rocks of the study area under Okhaldhunga window of the Lesser Himalaya.
Geological map prepared by the Department of Mines and Geology (Shrestha S. S 1984)
divided rocks into Seti Formation (Phyllite and Qaurtzite) and Ulleri Formation (Augen
Gneiss and Schist). They have traced a local thrust between Seti Formation and Augen
Gneiss. The detail on geology of the sub-project area is shown in Figure 3 below.
57. The sub project area lies in the Lesser Himalayan unit. The main lithological units of
the Lesser Himalayan succession in the Sub-project area are: Unit of Phyllite with few bands
of Quartzite; thin discontinuous unit of white Quartzite and Augen Gneiss.
58. The elevation of proposed road varies from 2,034m to 2,382m from mean sea level.
The sub-project area is located in temperate climatic zone. The proposed sub-project site
falls under High mountain physiographic region of Nepal (Topographic Survey Branch,
Department of Survey, HMG, Nepal, 1983). The dominant rock types present in the sub-sub-
project area include Phyllite and Quartzite and the common soil types include colluvial and
residual soils. Bhitte Khola is the major stream of the sub-project area.
59. The road alignment belongs to the rocks of the Higher Himalaya. The Higher
Himalayan rocks are composed of thick bedded gneiss, schist and migmatite also. The age
of the rocks are considered as pre-cambrian. The road alignment passes through the rocks
of the Formation I and Formation II of the Higher Himalaya. Gneiss and schist are well
exposed along the road alignment. Table 7 shows the Lithostratigraphy of the lesser and
Higher Himalaya.
Table 7: Lithostratigraphy of the Lesser and Higher Himalaya
Zone Formation Rock types Zone
Tibetan-
Tethys
Himalaya
Higher
Himalaya
Tibetan-Tethys Himalaya
Formation III Augen gneiss Higher Himalaya
Formation II Banded
gneiss/schist/marble
Formation I Gneiss/schist
Source: Garma-Nele-Bogal road rehabilitation and reconstruction sub-project, DPR (2016)
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60. Formation I is the lowest formation of the Higher Himalaya and consists of gneisses
and schists of pelitic to arenaceous composition. The thickness is reaching up to 5,000 m.
The presence of augen gneisses and intercalations of quartzite characterize the upper part
of the formation (Le Fort, 1975).
61. Formation II often begins with a coarse quartzite bed several tens of meters thick. It
is mainly composed of pyroxene gneisses and marbles. The total thickness is 1,700 m. This
formation is also composed of the banded gneisses.
62. Formation III is represented by augen gneisses with total thickness about 3,000 m
thick. This formation gradually passes upward to the limestone of the Tibetan-Tethys
Himalaya.
Figure 3: Geological Map of the Project Area
63. The Main Central Thrust is the main geological structure of the area and traverses
within the road alignment. The MCT separates the Lesser Himalayan rocks -low-grade to
sedimentary rocks (eg: phyllite, quartzite, slate) and Higher Himalayan rocks -high-grade
metamorphic rocks, (eg: gneiss, migmatite, schist). The road alignment has crossed the
MCT zone near Bhitte Khola. Before Bhitte Khola bedrocks of quartzite and phyllite were
observed. After Bhitte Khola towards north gneiss and schist were observed. Nearby this
point East-West oriented regional thrust exists.
64. Mainly three types of soil are found along the road alignment between Garma-Nele-
Bogal Road i.e., colluviums, residual soil and very few alluvium where the road is near to
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river bed. Among these, colluviums and residual are dominant along the road alignment.
Thickness of soils on the bedrocks ranges from 1 to 6 m. Colluvial deposits along the road
alignment covers more than 20%. Most of the alignment passes through the river valley area
with steep topography. In general, the type of soil found in the sub-project area is presented
in Table 8.
Table 8: Geology and Soil Type along the Road Alignment
Chainage Geology Soil Type
0+000-1+600 Schist / Gneiss Colluvial / residual soil
1+600-1+800 Schist Rock
1+800-3+000 Gneiss Colluvial and residual soil
3+000-3+600 Gneiss Colluvial deposits
3+600-4+000 Gneiss Colluvial and residual soil
4+000-4+600 Gneiss Rocks with colluvial deposits
4+600-6+800 Gneiss Colluvial and alluvial soil
6+800-7+600 Gneiss Rocky and colluvial deposits
7+600-10+500 Gneiss Colluvial, residual and alluvial soil
10+500-10+700 Gneiss Colluvial deposits
10+700-13+200 Gneiss Colluvial, alluvial and residual soil deposits
13+200-17+600 Gneiss Rocks
17+600-21+400 Gneiss Colluvial deposits with residual soil also
Source: Garma-Nele-Bogal road rehabilitation and reconstruction sub-project, DPR (2016)
4.1.2 Land Use Pattern
65. The sub-project road traverses from Jor Buddha to Bogal through the settlement
area, forest, barren land, cultivated land etc. The detail of land use pattern is listed in Table
9 below.
Table 9: Land Use along the Road Alignment
Chainage Description
0+000-1+600 Dry cultivated land
1+600-3+000 Dry cultivated land
3+000-3+600 Bushes to barren
3+600-4+000 Dry cultivated land
4+000-4+600 Forest
4+600-6+800 Dry cultivated land
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Chainage Description
6+800-7+600 Forest with barren land
7+600-10+500 Cultivated land with settlement
10+500-10+700 Barren
10+700-13+200 Cultivated land and settlement
13+200-17+600 Forest and barren land
17+600-21+400 Cultivated land
Source: Garma-Nele-Bogal road rehabilitation and reconstruction sub-project, DPR (2016)
4.1.3 Climate and Hydrology
66. Climate is dominated by topographical variations. The sub-project has temperate
climatic condition with average maximum temperature of 23°C and average minimum of
0.7°C. As per the records of the climatological station at Chialsa (Index No. 1220) in the
Solukhumbu District, the mean daily temperature in the area varies from 0.7C in the month
of January to 16.3C in the month of July, the extreme minimum and maximum reaches to -
9.8C and 23C respectively. The average relative humidity varies from 44% to 98%. This
may not be truly representative of the sub-project area because of the location and elevation
difference.
67. The sub-project area, in fact the entire Solu basin is under the influence of southwest
monsoon. The climate of the basin is also influenced by the physiography of the region. The
difference between the warm humid summer and the cold dry winter becomes more marked
with the change in altitude. The basin rainfall has been estimated at about 1,715 mm per
year.
68. The alignment crosses one major khola (Bhitte khola Ch 8+600) and three medium
types of Khola; Thang river Ch 6+700, Gaude river Ch 11+650, and Harkade river Ch
12+990 requiring bridge and culvert. In addition, there are several streams (including dry
streams/kholsi) at different chainages along the proposed road such as Ghatte Khola Ch
2+000, Bajavali Khola Ch 2+800, Kharere Khola Ch 4+600, Chardhara Khola Ch 4+700,
Thang Khola Ch 6+700, Gande Khola Ch 11+650, Kattike Khola Ch 12+770, Harkette Khola
Ch 12+800, Rai Khola Ch 12+980, Litpane Khola Ch 13+250 etc. Causeways have been
recommended for these major streams. No wetlands are found within the vicinity of the road.
4.1.4 Landslide and Erosion Prone Area
69. Though most of the road passes through hill area, there are significant problems of
active landslides. However, loose deposit failure, cutting by kholsi (stream) and erosion
prone areas are seen. Along the road alignment where the loose soil exposed and prone
area of the groundwater, it is suggested to manage the drainage surface water and apply the
bioengineering works. The detail on landslide along the road alignment is given in Table 10
below.
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Table 10: Landslide Detail along the Road Section
S.N Chainage Length
(M)
Height
(M)
Municipality/Rural Municipality, Settlement
1 1+300 3 10 Solududhkunda Municipality, ward-7,Jorbauddha
2 1+800 30 10 Solududhkunda Municipality, ward-7,Jorbauddha
3 2+000 10 7 Solududhkunda Municipality, ward-7,Jorbauddha
4 3+000 50 12 Solududhkunda Municipality, ward-7,Tozing
5 3+950 22 20 Solududhkunda Municipality, ward-7,Tozing
6 4+300 10 18 Solududhkunda Municipality, ward-7,Tozing
7 4+500 20 40 Solududhkunda Municipality, ward-7,Tozing
8 6+600 10 15 Solududhkunda Municipality, ward-7,Tozing
9 9+100 17 15 Dudhkaushika Rural Municipality, ward-1,Najing
10 10+500 100 12 Dudhkaushika Rural Municipality, ward-1,Najing
11 11+600 50 10 Dudhkaushika Rural Municipality, ward-1,Nele
12 19+450 70 15 Dudhkaushika Rural Municipality, ward-7 & 8,Bogal
Source: Garma-Nele-Bogal road rehabilitation and reconstruction sub-project, DPR (2016)
4.1.5 Air, Noise and Water Quality
4.1.5.1 Ambient Air Quality
70. This road alignment passed through less traffic influence area; therefore air quality
observed is normal.
4.1.5.2 Noise
71. The proposed area does not have any sources of noise nuisance.
4.1.5.3 Water Quality
72. Water quality in the proposed road section is observed to be good since it is used for
drinking purpose and there is no biotic interference. There is no defecation problem
observed near and around the drinking water sources. However, during the monsoon
season the quality of water may be polluted due to the accumulation of silt.
4.2. Biological Environment
73. There is no sensitive area such as wildlife sanctuary, national parks, buffer zone etc.
in the sub-project area vicinity Thus, the proposed sub-project site is not located in any
conservation areas or ecologically significant site of aesthetic value.
4.2.1 Vegetation Type based on Species in IIA
74. The elevation of proposed road varies from 2,034 m to 2,382 m from mean sea level.
So, it lies in temperate climatic zone (Dobremez, 1976). Major forest types found in the sub-
project area is temperate forest dominated by Pine and Castanopsis forest. The major plant
species found along the proposed road alignment are Pinus roxburghii (Khote Sallo), Pinus
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wallichiana (Gobre Sallo), Alnus nepalensis (Uttis), Castanopsis sp. (Katus), Fraxinus
floribunda (Lakuri), Rhododendron sp.(Lali Guras), Salix babylonica (Bais), Lyonia ovalifolia
(Angeri), Ficus nemoralis (Dudhilo), Quercus lanata (Banjh), Myrica esculenta (Kafal) etc.
Similarly Berberis aristata (Chutro), Swertia chirayita (Chirieto), Paris polyphylla (Satuwa),
Rubia majith (Majitho) etc. are NTFP reported in the forests along road.
75. The Formation width of the road which is needed for upgrade is already cleared.
Hence species of trees is not neccessary to cut down during reconstruction phase of the
sub-project. But if effective engineering measure is not applied during the construction phase
there is the chance of loss of the vegetation due to land slide during the construction phase.
76. The Vegetation type base on species composition in IIA of proposed road alignment
is listed in Table 11 below.
Table 11: Vegetation Type base on Species Composition in IIA of Garma-Nele-Bogal
Road
SN. Local Name Scientific Name
1 Angeri Lyonia ovalifolia
2 Aru Prunus persica
3 Arubokhada Pyrus domestica
4 Arupati Prunus nepalensis
5 Bais Salix babylonica
6 Bais Salix babylonica
7 Banjh Quercus lanata
8 Banpila Sapium Baccatum
9 Bhalayo Rhus succedanea
10 Bomboo Dendrocalamus strictus
11 Chilaune Schima wallichii
12 Dhupi Juniperus indica
13 Dudhilo Ficus nemoralis
14 Gobre Sallo Pinus wallichiana
15 Gogane Saurauia napaulensis
16 Guras Rhododendron barbatum
17 Jhigane Eurya cerasifolia
18 Kaphal Myrica esculenta
19 Katus Castanopsis sp.
20 Khote Sallo Pinus roxburghii
21 Lakuri Fraxinus floribunda
22 Maina kaath Tetrameles nudiflora
23 Mayal Pyrus pashia
24 Naspati Pyrus communis
25 Nigalo Arundinaria intermedia
26 Nimaro Ficus roxburghii
27 Okhar Juglans regia
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SN. Local Name Scientific Name
28 Patale Salla Pinus patula
29 Seti kath Myrsine capitellata
30 Siltimur Litsea citrate
31 Uttis Alnus nepalensis
Source: Field Survey; August, 2017
4.2.2 Forest type on legal category in IIA
77. Government managed forest is not found in this road section. Only community forest
and private forest are recorded along the road alignment. The road along the Indirect Impact
Area (IIA) passes through three community forest (CF) namely Ghumne Pani Community
Forest, Mukle Maidal Community Forest, and Kordap Community Forest. The detail is given
in Table 12 and Appendix XI.
78. Ghumne Pani Community Forest: Ghumne Pani Community Forest has been handed
over to community forest user group (CFUG) in 2056 B.S. The total area covered by this
forest is 127 ha and number of forest users is 456 households that belong to Rai, Gurung,
Tamang, Sherpa, Chhetri, Bhujel, Magar, and Limbu. All the users of this community forest
belong to Dudhkaushika Rural Municipality ward 6 (former Mukli VDC ward 8). There are
altogether 13 members in executive committee including women and Dalit (4 women and 2
Dalit).
79. Mukle Maidal Community Forest: Mukle Maidal Community Forest is managed by
community forest user group (CFUG) since 2049 B.S. The total area covered by this forest is
190 ha and numbers of forest users are 250 households that belong to Gurung, Tamang,
Kafle, Chhetri, Darji, Bhujel, Bisho Karma and Jogi. All the users of this community forest
belong to Dudhkaushika Rural Municipality ward 6 (former Mukli VDC ward 2, 5 & 7). There
are altogether 13 members in executive committee including women and Dalit (3 women and
1 Dalit).
80. Kordap Community Forest: Kordap Community Forest is managed by community
forest user group (CFUG) since 2049 B.S. The total area covered by this forest is 93 ha and
numbers of forest users are 230 households that belong to Gurung, Rai, Tamang, Chhetri,
Bisho Karma, etc. All the users of this community forest belong to Dudhkaushika Rural
Municipality ward 7 (former Deusha VDC ward 6). There are altogether 13 members in
executive committee including women and Dalit (3 women and 2 Dalit).
Table 12 : Forest along Road
Name of
Forest
Chainage Length
(m)
Total
Area
(ha)
Main Species
From To
Ghumne
Pani CF
13+000 14+440 1440 0.90 Salla (Pinus Sp.), Katus (Castanopsis
sp.),Patale Salla (Pinus patula), Banjh
(Quercus lanata), Guras (Rododendron
barbatum)
Mukle 14+440 18+050 3610 2.26 Patale Salla (Pinus patula), Angeri (Lyonia
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Name of
Forest
Chainage Length
(m)
Total
Area
(ha)
Main Species
From To
Maidal
CF
ovalifolia), Bhalayo (Rhus succedanea),
Guras (Rododendron barbatum), Salla
(Pinus Sp.)
Kordap
CF
20+600 20+700 100 0.06 Salla (Pinus Sp.), Patale Salla (Pinus
patula), Dhupi (Juniperus indica)
Total 5150 3.22
Source: Field survey, 2017
81. Similarly private forest has been found along the road alignment in IIA, which is
provided in Table 13.
Table 13: Private Forest along Road
Location Chainage Length
(m)
Main Species
From To
Solududhk
unda-7
0+770
4+250
4+600
8+400
2+400
4+500
4+700
8+600
2180 Salla (Pinus Sp.), Katus (Castanopsis sp.), Guras
(Rododendron barbatum), Angeri (Lyonia ovalifolia),
Bhalayo (Rhus succedanea), Dhupi (Juniperus indica),
Naspati (Pyrus communis), Mayel (Pyrus pashia),
Paiyu, Uttis (Alnus nepalensis), Dudilo (Ficus
nemoralis) Dudhkaus
hika-7
18+050 20+600 2550
Total 4730
Source: Field survey, 2017
4.2.3 Wildlife
82. The forests located along the road alignment are mostly private forest and area is not
a significant habitat for wildlife (mammals, birds and reptiles). However, some wild animals
are occasionally observed nearby the forests traversed by road alignment
Mammal 83. The main wildlife species reported in sub-project area are panthera pardus (Chituwa)
Muntiacus mulatta (Ratuwa Mriga), Canis aureus (Syal), Naemorhedus goral (Ghoral),
Hystrix indica (Dumsi), Ursus arctos (Bhalu), Macaca mulatta (Rato Badar), Felis cabus
(Ban Biralo), Martes flavigula (Malsapro), Herpestes auropunctatus (Nyauri Musa), Ratufa
bicolar (Lokharke), Naemorhedus sumatraensis (Thar) etc
4.2.4 Birds
84. The bird reported in the sub-project area are Lophura leucomelanos (Kalij), Gallus
gallus (Luiche), Streptopelia sp. (Dhukur), Eudynamys scolopacea (Koili), Psittacula sp.
(Suga), Psilopogon virens (Nyauli), Centropus sinensis (Kokale), Turdoides nipalensis
(Bhyakur), Tersiphone paradise (Lampuchhre), Corvus splendens (Kaag), Milvus migrans
(Chil), Alectoris chukar ( Chyakhura), Passer domesticus (Sparrow) etc.
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4.2.5 Reptile
85. The reptiles reported in the sub-project area are Ophiophagus harna (Ghurbe Sarpa),
Lycodon aulicus (Siris Sarpa), Ptyas mucosa (Dhaman), Nerodia sipedon (Pani Sarpa),
Hemidactylus frenatus (Mausuli), Lacertia sp. (Chheparo), Varanus bengalensis (Gohoro),
Bufo bufo (Paha), Rana Tigerina (Bhaggutto) etc.
4.2.6 Fish
86. The fish reported in the streams like Bhitte khola, Thang khola etc. of the sub-project
area are Schizothorax richardsonii (Asala), Tortor hamilton (Katle), Garra annandalei
(Buduna) etc.
4.2.7 Protected Fauna in the IIA
87. The protected fauna found in the forest along road corridor area given in Table 14.
Table 14: Protected Fauna
SN Local Name Scientific Name Remarks
IUCN 2008 CITES Code GoN
1 Monkey Macaca mulatta LC Appendix II3
2 Syal Canis aureus LC Appendix III4
3 Dumsi Hystrix indica LC
4 Chitwa Panthera pardus NT Appendix I5
5 Ghoral Naemorhedus goral NT Appendix I
6 Bhalu Ursus sp. Appendix I
7 Ban biralo Felis cabus Appendix II
8 Malsapro Martes Flavigula LC Appendix III
9 Nyauri Musa Herpestes auropunctatus LC
10 Thar Naemorhedus
sumatraensis
Appendix I
11 Kalij Lophura leucomelanos LC
12 Chil Milvus migrans LC Appendix II
Note: NT= Near Threatened, LC = Least Concern Source: Field survey, 2017
4.3. Socio-economic and Cultural Environment
88. The socioeconomic level of the proposed sub-project is presented at district level,
Municipality/Rural Municipality level and settlement level of the people living close to the
sub-project premises. The socio-economic information at the three levels is envisaged to
give a fair knowledge of the directly impacted people in relation to the district,
Municipality/Rural Municipality.
3Species not yet threatened, but which could become endangered if trade is not controlled
4Species that are protected by individual countries within their borders, and for which co-operation of other convention
signatories is sought. 5 Species threatened with extinction.
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 29
4.3.1 District Context
89. The sub-project road is located in Solukhumbu District such it is termed as Sub-
project Affected District. It is located Province no. 1 of Nepal. The socioeconomic information
of this district is presented in the following sub-sections.
Demographic Information
90. The total population in Solukhumbu District is 105,886 with male population (48.35%)
slightly lower than female population (51.65%) at the ratio of 1.06. The total household of the
district is 23758 with average household size 4.45 (refer Table 15).
Table 15: Demographic Characteristic in Solukhumbu District
S.N Description No. %
1 Total Population 105886
2 Total Male Population (No.) 51200 48.35
3 Total Female Population (No.) 54686 51.65
4 Male Female Ratio 1:1.06
5 Total Nos. of Household 23758
6 Average Household Size 4.45
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
Population by Age Group
91. The age group range between 15-44 years is the dominating number (43.23%)
among the age groups. Younger age group (0-14) year represents 34.67% of the total
population, which shows the distinguished representation of younger age group, indicating
the increasing trend of population. The economic active population i.e. age group (15 to 59)
represents 56.16% of the total population, please refer Figure 4 for detail.
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
Figure 4: Population inSolukhumbu District by Different Age Group
Up to 4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years60 years and
above
Male 4,976 13,507 21,195 6,685 4,837
Female 5,016 13,212 24,580 6,901 4,977
Total 9,992 26,719 45,775 13,586 9,814
-
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
50,000
Po
pu
lati
on
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 30
Religion
92. Hindu (40.21%), Kirat (30.16%) and Buddhism (27.15%) are the major religion
followed by the population in Solukhumbu District; please refer Table 16 for detail.
Table 16: Religion in Solukhumbu District
S.N. Religion Male Female Total
No. % No. % No. %
1 Hindu 20466 19.33 22109 20.88 42575 40.21
2 Buddhism 13852 13.08 14901 14.07 28753 27.15
3 Christianity 1131 1.07 1212 1.14 2343 2.21
4 Islam 9 0.01 4 0.00 13 0.01
5 Kirat 15611 14.74 16329 15.42 31940 30.16
6 Prakriti 30 0.03 35 0.03 65 0.06
7 Other 101 0.10 96 0.09 197 0.19
Total 51200 48.35 54686 51.65 105886 100
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
Caste/Ethnic Composition
93. In Solukhumbu District, Sherpa (16.71%) is the predominant caste among the
population followed by Chhetri (15.06%), Rai (11.11%), Tamang (9.90%), Kulung (8.90),
Brahman-Hill (4.62%), Kami (5.59%), Magar (4.91%), Newar (2.45%) etc., please refer
Table 17 for detail.
Table 17: Caste and Ethnicity in the Solukhumbu District
S.N. Caste/Ethnic Group Male Female Total
No. % No. % No. %
1 Rai 6250 5.9 16021 15.13 22271 21.03
2 Sherpa 8459 7.99 9233 8.72 17692 16.71
3 Chhetri 7675 7.25 8268 7.81 15943 15.06
4 Tamang 5113 4.83 5372 5.07 10485 9.90
5 Kami 2806 2.65 3111 2.94 5917 5.59
6 Magar 2419 2.28 2782 2.63 5201 4.91
7 Brahmin-Hill 2393 2.26 2499 2.36 4892 4.62
8 Nachhiring 1852 1.75 1844 1.74 3696 3.49
9 Newar 1263 1.19 1330 1.26 2593 2.45
10 Gharti/Bhujel 942 0.89 1030 0.97 1972 1.86
11 Damai/Dholi 732 0.69 855 0.81 1587 1.50
12 Gurung 368 0.35 410 0.39 778 0.73
13 Dashnami/Sanyasi 372 0.35 405 0.38 777 0.73
14 Sarki 277 0.26 286 0.27 563 0.53
15 Other 10279 9.71 1240 1.17 11519 10.88
Total 51200 48.35 54686 51.65 105886 100
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 31
Mother Tongue
94. Majority of the population (36.77%) in Solukhumbu District speaks national language
Nepali. Other languages of the district are Sherpa (16.84%), Tamang (9.34%), Kulung
(9.15%), Thulung (8.70%), Magar (1.53%) etc, please refer Table 18 for detail.
Table 18: Languages Spoken in Solukhumbu District
S.N.
Mother
Tongue
Male Female Total
No. % No. % No. %
1 Nepali 18566 17.53 20371 19.24 38937 36.77
2 Rai 16836 15.91 17644 16.66 34480 32.55
3 Sherpa 8512 8.04 9314 8.8 17826 16.84
4 Tamang 4848 4.58 5046 4.77 9894 9.34
5 Magar 819 0.77 802 0.76 1621 1.53
6 Maithali 433 0.41 327 0.31 760 0.72
7 Newari 308 0.29 339 0.32 647 0.61
8 Other 878 0.83 843 0.8 1721 1.63
Total 51200 48.35 54686 51.65 105886 100
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
Literacy
95. Majority of the population (64.22%) can read and write which indicate good literacy in
this district. However, the illiterate population (they can’t read and write) is also notable (32.55%) with female number (41.17%) significantly higher than male number (23.28%),
please refer Figure 5 for detail.
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
Figure 5: Literacy Status in Solukhumbu District
Education Status
96. Among the population attending various level of education, majority (69.29%) have
obtained only basic level of education. The population with secondary education level is
remarkable low with 21.27%. Likewise, the lower number of population (1.37%) has obtained
education of graduate and post graduate levels, please refer Table 19 for detail.
-
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
Can read and
write
Can read only Can't read and
write
Literacy not stated
33,922
1,523
10,762
17
27,662
1,535
20,450
23
61,584
3,058
31,212
40
Male Female Total
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 32
Table 19: Educational Status inSolukhumbu District
S.
N
Description Population that have completed the educational
level of
Male Female Total
No. % No. % No. %
1 Beginner 1188 3.41 1178 4.12 2366 3.72
2 Basic level (Upto 8) 24099 69.03 19917 69.61 44016 69.29
3 Secondary Level (Upto 12) 7509 21.51 6002 20.98 13511 21.27
4 Graduate and above 706 2.02 161 0.56 867 1.37
5 Others 1407 4.03 1356 4.74 2763 4.35
Total 34909 100.00 28614 100.00 63523 100.0
0
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
Drinking Water
97. Majority of households (88.82%) depend on Tap/Piped water for drinking water
supply, followed by Spout Water (5.86%), uncovered Well/Kuwa (2.87%) etc, please refer
Table 20 for detail.
Table 20: Status of Drinking Water in Solukhumbu District
S.N Description No. %
1 Tap/Piped 21102 88.82
2 Spout water 1393 5.86
3 Uncovered well/Kuwa 682 2.87
4 Covered Well/Kuwa 91 0.38
5 River/Stream 415 1.75
6 Other 75 0.32
Total 23758 100
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
Sanitation
98. About 75.20% households have toilets but the remaining 24.59% households don't
have toilet till now. Thus, open defecation can be seen as sanitation issue of the district,
please refer Table 21 for detail.
Table 21: Status of Toilet Facilities in Solukhumbu District
S.N Description No. %
1 With-toilet 17867 75.20
2 Without toilet 5842 24.59
3 Not stated 49 0.21
Total 23758 100
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
99. Among the households having toilet facility, few households (29.68%) have flush
toilet with septic tank and significant nos. of household (70.32%) has ordinary toilet, please
refer Table 22 for detail.
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 33
Table 22: Types of Toilets in Solukhumbu District
S.N Description No. %
1 Flush toilet (Septic Tank) 5303 29.68
2 Ordinary 12564 70.32
Total 17867 100
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
Energy Used for Lighting
100. Electricity is the major source of energy for lighting purpose in Solukhumbu District.
62.79% households are using solar for lighting purpose. The utilization of kerosene by the
households for lighting purpose is 19.81% while only 10.39% household’s use solar energy, refer Figure 6 for detail.
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
Figure 6: Status of Energy used for Lighting in Solukhumbu District
Energy Used for Cooking
101. Majority of households (95.54%) use firewood for cooking by collecting them from
community and other forest. 3.21% using electricity and only 0.38% households are using
LP Gas for cooking purpose, please refer Table 23 for detail.
Table 23: Status of Energy used for Cooking in Solukhumbu District
S.N Description No. %
1 Wood/firewood 22699 95.54
2 LP Gas 91 0.38
3 Bio-gas 13 0.05
4 Kerosene 125 0.53
5 Electricity 762 3.21
6 Cow dung 19 0.08
7 Other 49 0.21
Total 23758 100
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
14,918
4,706
2,469
212 1,453
-
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
Electricity kerosene Solar Bio-gas Other
Ho
use
ho
ld
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 34
House Ownership
102. Majority of households (88.37%) has their own house to live in. Moreover, some
households (9.42%) live in rented house too, please refer Table 24 for detail.
Table 24: Ownership of House in Solukhumbu District
S.N Description No. %
1 Owned 20995 88.37
2 Rented 2238 9.42
3 Institutional 150 0.63
4 Others 375 1.58
Total 23758 100
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
House Type
House with Foundation Type 103. Most of the households comprise foundation of houses constructed with mud bonded
brick/stone (95.47%). Some households (3.48%) comprises of foundation of houses
constructed with wooden pillar. However, the household with their foundation constructed
with RCC with pillar is comparatively low (0.08%), please refer Table 25 for detail.
Table 25: Type of Foundation of House in Solukhumbu District
S.N Description No. %
1 Mud bonded bricks/stone 22681 95.47
2 RCC with pillar 19 0.08
3 Cement bonded bricks/stone 114 0.48
4 Wooden pillar 827 3.48
5 others 51 0.21
6 Not stated 66 0.28
Total 23758 100
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
House with Outer Wall Type
104. In Solukhumbu District, significant households (93.70%) have constructed their outer
wall of Mud bonded bricks/stone. Some households (2.85%) have constructed their outer
wall with wood/planks, please refer Table 26 for detail.
Table 26: Type of Outer Wall of House in Solukhumbu District
S.N Description No. %
1 Mud bonded bricks/stone 22261 93.70
2 Cement bonded bricks/stone 178 0.75
3 Wood/Planks 678 2.85
4 Bamboo 508 2.14
5 Unbaked brick 25 0.10
6 Others 37 0.16
7 Not stated 71 0.30
Total 23758 100
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 35
House with Roof Type
105. Majority of households (36.34%) has constructed their roof of house with
Thatch/Straw followed by Wood/Planks (24.50%) and Galvanized iron (23.85%). Very few
households (0.11%) have RCC roof, please refer Table 27 for detail.
Table 27: Type of Roof of House in Solukhumbu District
S.N Description No. %
1 Galvanized iron 5666 23.85
2 Tile/slate 2674 11.26
3 Thatch/Straw 8633 36.34
4 RCC 28 0.11
5 Wood/Planks 5820 24.50
6 Mud 5 0.02
7 Others 856 3.60
8 Not stated 76 0.32
Total 23758 100
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
Facilities to Accessories
106. Majority of households in this district possess at least one facility (76.62%), please
refer Table 28 for detail.
Table 28: Status of Households regarding Facilities to Accessories in Solukhumbu
S.N Description No. %
1 Without Facility 4776 21.95
2 At least one facility 16671 76.62
3 Not stated 311 1.43
Total 21758 100
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
107. The common facilities possessed by the households consist of Radio (76.64%),
Mobile phone (48.46%), and Television (8.46%), please refer Table 29 for detail.
Table 29: Various Facilities Possessed by Households in Solukhumbu District
Facilities Type No. of HH % of Total HH
Radio 16675 76.64
Television 1841 8.46
Cable Television 1204 5.53
Computer 342 1.57
Internet 165 0.76
Telephone 1242 5.71
Mobile Phone 10545 48.46
Motor 8 0.04
Motorcycle 34 0.16
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 36
Facilities Type No. of HH % of Total HH
Cycle 26 0.12
Other Vehicle 7 0.03
Refrigerator 274 1.26
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
4.3.2 Indirect Impact Area
Household and Population
108. The total population of sub-project affected Municipality/Rural Municipality is 30871
with male population (47.47%) slightly lower than female population (52.53%). The total
household of the district is 6903 with average household size 4.47, please refer Table 30 for
detail.
Table 30: Demographic Feature in Sub-project Affected Municipality/Rural
Municipality
Name of
Municipality /
Rural
Municipality
Merging VDC /
Municipality
HHs
(No.)
Average
HH Size
Population
Male Female Total
(No.) No. % No. %
Solududhkunda
Municipality
Dudhkunda
Municipality
472 4.34 984 48.07 1063 51.93 2047
Taksindu VDC 510 4.27 1065 48.92 1112 51.08 2177
Kerung VDC 873 4.13 1600 44.42 2002 55.58 3602
Gorakhani VDC 328 4.11 643 47.74 704 52.26 1347
Tapting VDC 480 4.22 931 45.95 1095 54.05 2026
Sub-Total (A) 2663 4.21 5223 46.64 5976 53.36 11199
Dudhkaushika
Rural
Municipality
Nele VDC 484 4.54 1054 47.97 1143 52.03 2197
Mukli VDC 535 4.56 1143 46.81 1299 53.19 2442
Deusa VDC 875 4.72 2002 48.47 2128 51.53 4130
Kagel VDC 439 4.67 939 45.76 1113 54.24 2052
Panchan VDC 333 4.53 718 47.61 790 52.39 1508
Jubu VDC 826 4.59 1819 47.98 1972 52.02 3791
Lokhim VDC 748 4.75 1756 49.44 1796 50.56 3552
Sub-Total (B) 4240 4.64 9431 47.94 10241 52.06 19672
Grand Total (A+B) 6903 4.47 14654 47.47 16217 52.53 30871
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
Caste/Ethnic Composition
109. In sub-project affected Municipality/Rural Municipality, Rai (23.32%) is the
predominant caste among the population followed by Tamang (17.24%), Chhetri (17.05%),
Sherpa (12.43%), Brahmin-Hill (1.59%), Kami (5.53%), Newar (2.35%) etc, please refer
Table 31 for detail.
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 37
Table 31: Caste and Ethnicity inSub-project Affected Municipality/Rural Municipality
Name of
Municipality /
Rural
Municipality
Merging VDC /
Municipality
Households Population with Caste/Ethnic Group Total
Ch
hetr
i
Bra
hm
in
Kam
i
Rai
New
ar
Sh
erp
a
Tam
an
g
Oth
er
Solududhkunda
Municipality
Dudhkunda
Municipality
464 12 107 13 349 546 184 372 2047
Taksindu VDC 73 26 252 645 0 896 171 114 2177
Kerung VDC 356 14 93 0 179 687 760 1513 3602
Gorakhani VDC 0 0 65 0 11 563 617 91 1347
Tapting VDC 60 0 113 0 51 832 349 621 2026
Sub-Total (A) 953 52 630 658 590 3524 2081 2711 11199
% 8.51 0.46 5.63 5.88 5.27 31.47 18.58 24.21 100.00
Dudhkaushika
Rural
Municipality
Nele 1319 0 142 82 52 52 134 416 2197
Mukli 664 0 165 912 82 0 124 495 2442
Deusa 357 0 353 2712 0 0 512 196 4130
Kagel VDC 1250 74 90 311 0 0 0 327 2052
Panchan VDC 149 311 94 419 0 0 18 517 1508
Jubu VDC 570 55 182 650 0 54 679 1601 3791
Lokhim VDC 0 0 52 1455 0 206 1773 66 3552
Sub-Total (B) 4309 440 1078 6541 134 312 3240 3618 19672
% 21.90 2.24 5.48 33.25 0.68 1.59 16.47 18.39 100.00
Total No. 5262 492 1708 7199 724 3836 5321 6329 30871
% 17.05 1.60 5.53 23.32 2.35 12.43 17.24 20.50 100.00
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
Literacy
110. Majority of the population (63.08%) can read and write which indicate good literacy in
sub-project affected Municipality/Rural Municipality. However, the illiterate population (that
can’t read and write) is also notable (34.01%), please refer Table 32 for detail.
Table 32: Literacy Status in Sub-project Affected Municipality/Rural Municipality
Name of Rural
Municipality /
Municipality
VDC /
Municipality
Population above 5 years Total
Can read
and write
Can read
only
Can't read
and write
Literacy
not stated
Solududhkunda
Municipality
Dudhkunda
Municipality
1132 106 668 0 1906
Taksindu VDC 1213 62 712 3 1990
Kerung VDC 2097 55 1166 2 3320
Gorakhani VDC 837 14 391 0 1242
Tapting VDC 1196 8 634 0 1838
Sub-Total (A) 6475 245 3571 5 10296
% 62.89 2.38 34.68 0.05 100.00
Dudhkaushika
Rural
Nele 1310 57 603 0 1970
Mukli 1504 54 664 1 2223
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 38
Name of Rural
Municipality /
Municipality
VDC /
Municipality
Population above 5 years Total
Can read
and write
Can read
only
Can't read
and write
Literacy
not stated
Municipality Deusa 2332 230 1185 1 3748
Kagel VDC 1295 22 566 0 1883
Panchan VDC 859 58 446 0 1363
Jubu VDC 2042 53 1291 0 3386
Lokhim VDC 1873 91 1212 0 3176
Sub-Total (B) 11215 565 5967 2 17749
% 63.19 3.18 33.62 0.01 100.00
No. 17690 810 9538 7 28045
% 63.08 2.89 34.01 0.02 100.00
Source: Population and Housing Census2011
Absentee Population and Household
111. 9200 population are absentee with more than 2000 households, please refer Table
33 for detail.
Table 33: Absentee Population and Household in the sub-project affected municipality/Rural Municipality
Municipality/Rural
Municipality Merging VDCs
Total
HH
Absent
HH
Absent Population
Total Male Female
Soludhdhkunda
municipality
Salleri 1682 361 486 400 86
Garma 472 88 127 98 29
Tamakhani
Loding 240 91 127 112 15
Beni 395 107 179 122 57
Taksindu VDC 510 106 138 113 25
Kerung VDC 873 187 243 215 28
Gorakhani VDC 328 69 88 77 11
Tapting VDC 480 140 166 143 23
Dudhkoshika
Rural Municipality
Nele VDC 484 65 87 79 8
Mukli VDC 535 157 217 196 21
Deusa VDC 875 212 272 232 40
Kagel VDC 439 57 80 60 11
Panchan VDC 333 78 116 103 13
Jubu VDC 826 201 258 226 32
Lokhim VDC 748 105 138 117 21
Total 9220 2024 2722 2293 420
Source: Population and Housing Census2011
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 39
4.3.3 Direct Impact Area
112. The sub-project road is aligned along ward 7 of Solududhkunda Municipality & ward
1, 6, 7 & 8 of Dudhkaushika Rural Municipality. The socioeconomic information of these
affected wards is presented in the following sub-sections.
Demographic Information
113. The total population of sub-project affected wards is 10816, with the male population
(47.92%) slightly lower than female population (52.08%). The male to female ratio is 1:1.08.
The total households of these five affected wards are 2366 with an average household size
of 4.57, please refer Table 34 for detail.
Table 34: Demographic Characteristics in Sub-project Affected Wards
Wards of Rural
Municipality /
Municipality
Former
VDC/Municipality
No. of
HHs
Average
HHs Size
Population
Male Female Total
No. % No. % No. %
Solududhkunda-7 Dudhkunda
Municipality-7,8 & 9
472 4.34 984 48.07 1063 51.93 2047 100.00
Dudhkaushika-1 Nele VDC 484 4.54 1054 47.97 1143 52.03 2197 100.00
Dudhkaushika-6 Mukli VDC 535 4.56 1143 46.81 1299 53.19 2442 100.00
Dudhkaushika-7 & 8 Deusa VDC 875 4.72 2002 48.47 2128 51.53 4130 100.00
Total 2366 4.57 5183 47.92 5633 52.08 10816 100.00
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
Population by Age Group
114. In sub-project affected wards, the economic active age group (15-59 years)
represents 55.13% of the total population. However, the age group of 15- 44 years (42.15%),
replicates the dominating population of the area. The older age group (above 60 years)
represents only 10.73% of the total population, please refer Table 35 for detail.
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 40
Table 35: Population by Different Age Group in Sub-project Affected Wards
S.N Ward of Municipality / Rural Municipality Former VDC / Municipality Age Group Total
Up to 4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years 60 years and above
1 Solududhkunda-7 Dudhkunda Municipality-7,8 & 9 141 483 959 254 210 2047
2 Dudhkaushika-1 Nele VDC 227 532 937 281 220 2197
3 Dudhkaushika-6 Mukli VDC 219 643 956 327 297 2442
4 Dudhkaushika-7 & 8 Deusa VDC 382 1065 1707 542 434 4130
Total No. 969 2723 4559 1404 1161 10816
% 8.96 25.18 42.15 12.98 10.73 100.00
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 41
Caste and Ethnicity
115. The predominant caste/ethnic groups of the sub-project affected wards are Rai
(34.38%), Chhetri (25.92%), Tamang (10.11%), and Kami (7.09%), followed by Sherpa
(5.53%), Newar (4.47%), and Brahmin (0.11%). The 13.67 % of the population that fall under
―Other‖ comprise of Magar, Gurung, Bhujel, and many other minorities, please refer Table
36 for detail.
Table 36: Major Ethnic Groups in Sub-project Affected Wards
Name of
Municipality / Rural
Municipality
VDC /
Municipality
Households Population with Caste/Ethnic Group Total
Ch
hetr
i
Bra
hm
in
Kam
i
Rai
New
ar
Sh
erp
a
Tam
an
g
Oth
er
Solududhkunda-7 Dudhkunda
Municipality
464 12 107 13 349 546 184 372 2047
Dudhkaushika-1 Nele 1319 0 142 82 52 52 134 416 2197
Dudhkaushika-6 Mukli 664 0 165 912 82 0 124 495 2442
Dudhkaushika-7 & 8 Deusa 357 0 353 2712 0 0 512 196 4130
Total No. 2804 12 767 3719 483 598 954 1479 10816
% 25.92 0.11 7.09 34.38 4.47 5.53 8.82 13.67 100.00
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
Language
116. Nepali and Thulung are the major languages of the sub-project affected wards, the
former being spoken by 48.14% of the total population and the latter by 33.12% of the total
population. Tamang (8.83%) and Sherpa (5.83%) were the other frequently spoken
languages within the area, please refer Figure 7 for detail.
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
Figure 7: Major Languages of Sub-project Affected Wards
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
Solududhkund
a-7
Dudhkaushika
-1
Dudhkaushika
-6
Dudhkaushika
-7 & 8
Total
Other 103 93 143 102 441
Sherpa 576 55 - - 631
Tamang 127 209 114 505 955
Thulung - 79 872 2,631 3,582
Nepali 1,241 1,761 1,313 892 5,207
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 42
Drinking Water
117. Majority of the households (92.27%) within the sub-project affected area utilize tap/
piped water for drinking purposes, with some households relying on spout water (3.63%) for
the same purpose, please refer Table 37 for detail.
Table 37: Drinking Water Usage in Sub-project Affected Wards
Name of Rural
Municipality /
Municipality
VDC /
Municipality
Households Utilizing Drinking Water Sources Total
Tap/
Piped
Spout
Water
Uncovered
well/Kuwa
Covered
well/Kuwa
River/
Stream
Tube
well
Other
Solududhkunda-7 Dudhkunda
Municipality
455 5 4 2 6 0 0 472
Dudhkaushika-1 Nele 415 45 3 3 11 0 7 484
Dudhkaushika-6 Mukli 494 26 0 3 6 0 6 535
Dudhkaushika-7 &
8
Deusa 819 10 8 20 11 0 7 875
Total No. 2183 86 15 28 34 0 20 2366
% 92.27 3.63 0.63 1.18 1.44 0.00 0.85 100
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
Sanitation
118. 81.07% of the total affected households have access to latrines, with 31.87% of
these households having flush toilets and 48.82% having ordinary toilets. 18.93% of the
affected households have no access to toilets, please refer Table 38 for detail.
Table 38: Sanitation Status in Sub-project Affected Wards
S.N Name of Rural
Municipality /
Municipality
VDC /
Municipality
HHs
without
Toilet
HHs with Toilet Total
Flush Ordinary Others Total
1 Solududhkunda-7 Dudhkunda
Municipality
95 206 171 0 377 472
2 Dudhkaushika-1 Nele 36 436 6 6 448 484
3 Dudhkaushika-6 Mukli 152 65 317 1 383 535
4 Dudhkaushika-7 & 8 Deusa 165 47 661 2 710 875
Total No. 448 754 1155 9 1918 2366
% 18.93 31.87 48.82 0.38 81.07 100
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
Energy Used for Cooking
119. 99.32% of the sub-project affected households use firewood as their main fuel source
for cooking, please refer Table 39 for detail.
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 43
Table 39: Fuel Source for Cooking in Sub-project Affected Wards
S.N Name of Rural
Municipality /
Municipality
VDC/
Municipalit
y
Households Utilizing Cooking Fuel Total
Wood/
Firewoo
d
Bio
Gas
LP
Gas
Kerosene Electricity Other
1 Solududhkunda-7 Dudhkunda
Municipality
467 0 0 0 5 0 472
2 Dudhkaushika-1 Nele 477 0 0 1 0 6 484
3 Dudhkaushika-6 Mukli 534 0 0 0 0 1 535
4 Dudhkaushika-7 & 8 Deusa 872 0 0 1 0 2 875
Total No. 2350 0 0 2 5 9 2366
% 99.32 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.21 0.38 100
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
Energy Used for Lighting
120. Of the entire sub-project affected households, 63.27% rely on electrical energy to
fulfil their lighting necessities, while 18.98% use kerosene, 11.50% use solar panels, and
6.25% use other lighting sources, please refer Table 40 for detail.
Table 40: Energy Source for Lighting in Sub-project Affected Wards
Name of Rural
Municipality /
Municipality
VDC /
Municipality
Households Utilizing Lighting Sources Total
Electricity Kerosene Bio gas Solar Other
Solududhkunda-7 Dudhkunda
Municipality
416 53 0 2 1 472
Dudhkaushika-1 Nele 443 34 0 1 6 484
Dudhkaushika-6 Mukli 341 119 0 70 5 535
Dudhkaushika-7 & 8 Deusa 297 243 1 199 135 875
No. 1497 449 1 272 147 2366
% 63.27 18.98 0.04 11.50 6.21 100.00
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
Literacy
121. 63.76% of the affected population has the ability to read and write, while 4.54% have
the ability to only read. On the other hand, 31.68% of the population is illiterate, please refer
Table 41 for detail.
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 44
Table 41: Literacy Status in Sub-project Affected Wards
S.N Name of
Municipality/
Rural Municipality
VDC/
Municipalit
y
Population Above 5 years Total
Can read
and write
Can read
only
can't read
and write
Literacy
not stated
1 Solududhkunda-7 Dudhkunda
Municipality
1132 106 668 0 1906
2 Dudhkaushika-1 Nele 1310 57 603 0 1970
3 Dudhkaushika-6 Mukli 1504 54 664 1 2223
4 Dudhkaushika-7 &
8
Deusa 2332 230 1185 1 3748
Total No. 6278 447 3120 2 9847
% 63.76 4.54 31.68 0.02 100.00
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
Educational Attainment
122. Of the population that is literate, 46.34% have attained primary level education,
22.11% have attained lower secondary level education, 10.74 have attained secondary level
education, and 8.28% are SLC graduates. Only 4.55% of the population have academic
qualifications beyond SLC (Intermediate, Graduate, and Post Graduate), please refer Figure
8 for detail.
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
Figure 8: Educational Attainment Level in Sub-project Affected Wards
-
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
Solududhkunda-7 Dudhkaushika-1 Dudhkaushika-6 Dudhkaushika-7 & 8
Beginner
Primary
Lower
secondary
Secondar
y
SLC
&Eqiv.
Intermedi
ate
&Equiv
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House Ownership
123. Of the sub-project affected households, 90.74% are registered under their respective
ownership while 6.13% are rented households. 3.13% of the households are listed as
institutional and others, please refer Table 42 for detail.
Table 42: House Ownership in Sub-project Affected Wards
S.N
Name of Rural
Municipality /
Municipality
VDC/
Municipality Owned Rented Institutional Others Total
1 Solududhkunda-7 Dudhkunda
Municipality 364 96 11 1 472
2 Dudhkaushika-1 Nele 448 29 2 5 484
3 Dudhkaushika-6 Mukli 484 9 0 42 535
4 Dudhkaushika-7 & 8 Deusa 851 11 1 12 875
Total 2147 145 14 60 2366
% 90.74 6.13 0.59 2.54 100
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
Outer Wall of House
124. Of the total affected households, 96.93% of the houses have mud bonded bricks
and/or stone as their outer walls. Of the remaining households, 1.94% have bamboo walls,
0.55% have wooden plank walls, 0.25% have cement bonded bricks and/or stone, and
0.04% of houses have unbaked bricks for their outer walls, please refer Table 43 for detail.
Table 43: Outer Wall Structure in Sub-project Affected Wards
S.N
Name of Rural
Municipality /
Municipality
VDC/
Municipality
Mud
bonded
bricks
/stone
Cement
bonded
bricks/
stone
Wood/
Plank Bamboo
Unbaked
brick Others
Not
stated Total
1 Solududhkunda-7 Dudhkunda
Municipality 466 4 2 0 0 0 0 472
2 Dudhkaushika-1 Nele 471 1 6 3 1 1 1 484
3 Dudhkaushika-6 Mukli 517 1 3 11 0 1 2 535
4 Dudhkaushika-7 &
8 Deusa 839 0 2 32 0 0 2 875
Total 2293 6 13 46 1 2 5 2366
% 96.93 0.25 0.55 1.94 0.04 0.08 0.21 100
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 46
Foundation of House
125. 97.42% of the affected households have a mud bonded brick/stone foundation, while
1.78% of those households have wooden foundations, please refer Table 44 for detail.
Table 44: Type of Foundation in Sub-project Affected Wards
Name of
Municipality/Rural
Municipality
VDC/
Municipality
Mud
bonded
bricks/
stone
Cement
bonded
bricks/
stone
RCC with
pillar
Wooden
pillar Others
Not
stated Total
Solududhkunda-7 Dudhkunda
Municipality 467 0 5 0 0 0 472
Dudhkaushika-1 Nele 474 0 0 9 0 1 484
Dudhkaushika-6 Mukli 517 1 1 10 4 2 535
Dudhkaushika-7 & 8 Deusa 847 0 0 23 3 2 875
Total 2305 1 6 42 7 5 2366
% 97.42 0.04 0.25 1.78 0.30 0.21 100
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
Roof of House
126. 50.85% of the sub-project affected households have thatched roofs, 34.45% have
galvanized iron roofs, 10.14% have tiled roofs, and 3.97% have wooden roofs, please refer
Table 45 for detail.
Table 45: Type of Roofs in Sub-project Affected Wards
S.N
Nam
e o
f
Mu
nic
ipality
/ R
ura
l
Mu
nic
ipality
VD
C/
Mu
nic
ipality
Th
atc
h /
str
aw
Galv
an
ized
iro
n
Tile / s
late
RC
C
Wo
od
/
pla
nks
Mu
d
Oth
ers
No
t sta
ted
To
tal
1 Solududhkunda-7 Dudhkunda
Municipality
39 339 32 0 60 0 2 0 472
2 Dudhkaushika-1 Nele 194 252 2 0 33 0 1 2 484
3 Dudhkaushika-6 Mukli 370 89 72 0 0 0 2 2 535
4 Dudhkaushika-7 & 8 Deusa 600 135 134 0 1 0 3 2 875
Total 1203 815 240 0 94 0 8 6 2366
% 50.85 34.45 10.14 0 3.97 0.00 0.34 0.25 100
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
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Facilities
127. Of the sub-project affected households, 77.26% have access to at least one facility,
whereas 21.51% of the households do not have access to any form of amenities, please
refer Table 46 for detail.
Table 46: Access to Facilities/Amenities in Sub-project Affected Wards
S.N Name of Rural
Municipality /
Municipality
VDC/Municipality Without
Facility
At least one
facility
Not
stated
Total
1 Solududhkunda-7 Dudhkunda Municipality 37 435 0 472
2 Dudhkaushika-1 Nele 51 406 27 484
3 Dudhkaushika-6 Mukli 158 377 0 535
4 Dudhkaushika-7 & 8 Deusa 263 610 2 875
Total 509 1828 29 2366
% 21.51 77.26 1.23 100.00
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
Types of Facilities
128. Among the households with at least one facility, 69.95% have access to radio and
50.63% have access to mobile phones. Only 6.72% of the households have access to
television, and only 1.90% have access to landline phones, refer Table 47 and 48.
Table 47: Types of Facilities in Sub-project Affected Wards
S.N
Nam
e o
f M
un
icip
ality
/ R
ura
l M
un
icip
ality
VD
C/M
un
icp
ality
Wit
ho
ut
An
y F
ac
ilit
y
At
least
on
e f
acilit
y Household facility
To
tal
Rad
io
Tele
vis
ion
Cab
le T
ele
vis
ion
Co
mp
ute
r
Inte
rnet
Tele
ph
on
e
Mo
bile p
ho
ne
Mo
tor
Mo
torc
yc
le
Cycle
Oth
er
Veh
icle
Refr
ige
rato
r
No
t sta
ted
1 Solududhkunda-7 Dudhkunda
Municipality
37 435 416 73 0 5 1 17 335 1 1 0 0 1 0 472
2 Dudhkaushika-1 Nele 51 406 376 53 0 4 1 8 282 0 0 0 0 0 27 484
3 Dudhkaushika-6 Mukli 158 377 329 18 0 3 3 8 241 0 0 0 0 0 0 535
4 Dudhkaushika-7 &
8
Deusa 263 610 534 15 1 2 0 12 340 0 0 0 0 0 2 875
Total 509 1828 1655 159 1 14 5 45 1198 1 1 0 0 1 29 2366
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 48
Table 48: Usage of Available Facilities in Sub-project Affected Wards
S.N. Facilities Type No. of HH % of Total HH
1 Radio 1655 69.95
2 Television 159 6.72
3 Cable Television 1 0.04
4 Computer 14 0.59
5 Internet 5 0.21
6 Telephone 45 1.90
7 Mobile Phone 1198 50.63
8 Motor 1 0.04
9 Motorcycle 1 0.04
10 Cycle 0 0.00
11 Other Vehicles 0 0.00
12 Refrigerator 1 0.04
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
Cultural Information
129. Majority of the people (Chhetri, Brahmin, Newar and Kami which is 51.26%) in the
sub-project area follow Hindu culture and thus celebrate Dashain and Tihar as their major
festival. While there is a significant Buddhist population (Tamang and Sherpa) as well that
celebrates Losar as their major festival.A major portion of the population is Rai communities
that follows Kirat culture and celebrate festivals such as Udhauli and Ubhauli. While few of
the population also flow Christmas as they follow Christian religion, please refer Table 49 for
detail.
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 49
Table 49: Cultures of the people in Sub-project Affected Areas
Name of Municipality / Rural
Municipality
Solududhkund
a-7
Dudhkaushika
-1
Dudhkaushika
-6
Dudhkaushika
-7 & 8
Total Major cultures
VDC / Municipality Dudhkunda
Municipality
Nele Mukli Deusa No. %
Households
Population
with
Caste/Ethnic
Group
Chhetri+ Kami+
Newar+
Brahmin+ Other 1304 1929 1406 906 5545 51.26
Dashain, Tihar,
Janai Purnima,
Rai 13 82 912 2712 3719 34.38 Udhauli, Ubhauli,
Christmas
Sherpa+Tamang 730 186 124 512 1552 14.35 Losar, Dashain,
Tihar, Buddha
purnima
Total 2047 2197 2442 4130 10816 100
Source: Field Survey, 2017
Market Survey
130. Market Survey was conducted in major settlements of the proposed road alignment. The price list of commodity and other goods were
recorded during the survey. The detail of market survey is presented in Appendix X.
4.3.4 Core Sub-project Area
131. Sub-project affected settlements (PAS) are mostly rural, non-uniform and dispersed. Most of the section of road alignment completely
lack settlements. The major settlements located along the road alignment of Solukhumbu District are presented in the Table 50 below:
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 50
Table 50: Major Settlement located in the Proposed Highway in Solukhumbu District
S.N Name of Settlement District Name of Rural Municipality/ Municipality
and Ward Number
1 Tojing Solukhumbu Solududhkunda-7
2 Nojing Solukhumbu Solududhkunda-7
3 Nele Solukhumbu Dudhkaushika-1
4 Bogal Solukhumbu Dudhkaushika-7
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Demographic Information
132. The total households and population of PAS(s) in Solukhumbu District is 324 and
1830 respectively. The representations of male and female population are 54.04% male and
45.96% female. The average household size of PAS(s) is 5.37, please refer Table 51 for
detail.
Table 51: Household and Population of PAS(s) in Solukhumbu District
S.N Name of Settlement Households
Population
HH Size Male Female Total
No. % No. % No. %
1 Tojing 26 65 50.00 65 50.00 130 100.00 5.00
2 Nojing 100 202 44.89 248 55.11 450 100.00 4.50
3 Nele 72 182 52.00 168 48.00 350 100.00 4.86
4 Bogal 126 540 60.00 360 40.00 900 100.00 7.14
Total 324 989 54.04 841 45.96 1830 100.00
Average Household Size 5.37
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
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Caste/Ethnicity
133. In PAS(s) of Solukhumbu District, the major ethnic/caste groups are Chhetri (33.64%), Tamang (26.23%) and Rai (11.73%), please
refer Table 52 for detail.
Table 52: Caste and Ethnicity of PAS(s) in Solukhumbu District
S.N Name of Settlement Caste
Chhetri Sherpa Kami Magar Bhujel Tamang Newar Rai Damai Gurung Yadav Total
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
1 Tojing 6 23.08 11 42.31 0 0.00 3 11.54 6 23.08 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 26 100
2 Nojing 58 58.00 15 15.00 2 2.00 0 0.00 9 9.00 0 0.00 16 16.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 100 100
3 Nele 25 34.72 6 8.33 2 2.78 8 11.11 0 0.00 5 6.94 1 1.39 18 25.00 2 2.78 4 5.56 1 1.39 72 100
4 Bogal 20 15.87 0 0.00 5 3.97 0 0.00 0 0.00 80 63.49 0 0.00 20 15.87 1 0.79 0 0.00 0 0.00 126 100
Total 109 33.64 32 9.88 9. 2.78 11 3.40 15 4.63 85 26.23 17 5.25 38 11.73 3 0.93 4 1.23 1 0.31 324 100
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
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Religion
134. Majority of households of PAS(s) follow Hinduism (75.00%). Moreover, the
households following Buddhism religion is also significant (25.00%), please refer Table 53
for detail.
Table 53: Religion Followed in PAS(s)
S.N Name of
Settlement
Religion By Household (Nos.)
Hindu Buddhism Total
1 Tojing 15 11 26
2 Nojing 85 15 100
3 Nele 57 15 72
4 Bogal 86 40 126
Total (No.) 243 81 324
Total (%) 75 25 100
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Migration
135. Majority of households (59.26) of PAS(s) are living since generation, 21.30%
households are living from last 20-30 years and 10.80% of households were living from last
20 years. However, 8.64% households have temporarily out-migrated from village in past
few years, please refer Table 54 for detail.
Table 54: Migration Trend in PAS
S.N Name of Settlement
Household (No.)
Living
from
generation
Living
from 20-30
years
Living from
last 20
Years
Temporarily
out-migrated in
past few years
Total
1 Tojing 14 11 1 0 26
2 Nojing 99 1 0 0 100
3 Nele 22 36 11 3 72
4 Bogal 57 21 23 25 126
Total 192 69 35 28 324
Total (%) 59.26 21.30 10.80 8.64 100.00
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Occupation
136. The major occupation of PAS(s) is agriculture (28.03%). The other occupations are
student (24.32%), wage labor (22.62%), business (11.09%), foreign employment (10.55%)
and service (3.39%), please refer Table 55 for detail.
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Table 55: Occupation in Sub-project Affected Settlement
S.N Name of Settlement Occupation of Population (%)
Ag
ric
ult
ure
Bu
sin
es
s
Se
rvic
e
Wa
ge L
ab
or
Stu
de
nt
Fo
reig
n
Em
plo
ym
en
t
To
tal
1 Tojing 57.69 10.00 3.08 15.38 11.54 2.31 100.00
2 Nojing 17.78 4.44 8.89 26.67 31.11 11.11 100.00
3 Nele 25.14 40.00 2.29 12.57 14.29 5.71 100.00
4 Bogal 30.00 3.33 1.11 25.56 26.67 13.33 100.00
Total 28.03 11.09 3.39 22.62 24.32 10.55 100.0
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Note: Infant (Age 0 to 5 years) are not considered for occupation
Livelihood
137. Majority of households (76.23%) in PAS(s) have sufficient earning without surplus to
fulfill their livelihood. While few households (9.26%) have sufficient earning with surplus.
However, 14.51% have not sufficient earning to fulfill their livelihood, please refer Table 56
for detail.
Table 56: Livelihood Status in PAS
S.
N
Name of
Settlement
Earning of household
Sufficient with
surplus
Sufficient
without surplus
Inadequate to
meet livelihood
Total
Nos. % Nos. % Nos. % Nos. %
1 Tojing 18 69.23 8 30.77 0 0.00 26 100.00
2 Nojing 5 5.00 95 95.00 0 0.00 100 100.00
3 Nele 7 9.72 58 80.56 7 9.72 72 100.00
4 Bogal 0 0.00 86 68.25 40 31.75 126 100.00
Total 30 9.26 247 76.23 47 14.51 324 100.00
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Solid Waste Management Techniques
138. All the households in the PAS(s) practice composting to the organic waste generated
from their day to day activities. Majority of (69.14%) the inorganic wastes are burned and few
(30.86%) are dumped in open. No municipal collection has been done yet, please refer
Table 57 for detail.
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Table 57: Solid Waste Management Techniques
S.N Settlement Name Solid Waste Management Techniques
Organic Waste Total Inorganic Waste Total
Co
mp
osti
ng
Oth
er
Incin
era
tio
n
Op
en
du
mp
ing
Mu
nic
ipal
co
llecti
on
HH No. % HH No. % HH No. % HH No. % HH No. % HH No. % HH No. %
1 Tojing 26 100 0 0.00 26 100 26 100.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 26 100.00
2 Najing 100 100 0 0.00 100 100 0 0.00 100 100.00 0 0.00 100 100.00
3 Nele 72 100 0 0.00 72 100 72 100.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 72 100.00
4 Bogal 126 100 0 0.00 126 100 126 100.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 126 100.00
Total 324 100 0 0.00 324 100 100 69.14 100 30.86 0 0.00 324 100.00
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Health
139. In Solukhumbu District, people of PAS(s) visit health post located in Municipality and Rural Municipality for general health treatment.
However, in major health treatment, they visit the district hospital as well as clinic of Solukhumbu District. Majority of them walk for 5 to 20
minutes to reach the health institutions. Most of the clinics and health posts have average of 10-15 patient visits every day. Primary level of
treatment is conducted in all of the available health institution, please refer Table 58 for detail.
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 55
Table 58: Available Health Service in PAS in Solukhumbu District S
.N
Nam
e o
f
sett
lem
en
t
Nam
e o
f
neare
st
healt
h
insti
tuti
on
Lo
cati
on
Dis
tan
ce
or
du
rati
on
No
. o
f sta
ff
mem
bers
A
vail
ab
le
serv
ice
s
Inco
min
g
pati
en
ts p
er
day
M
ajo
r
dis
eas
es/
Illn
ess
es
1 Tojing Tojing Health Post Lower
Garma
5 km 5 Primary
Level
Treatment
15-20 Asthma, cough,
typhoid, sugar
related, pressure
fluctuations
2 Nojing GaunGhar Clinic Najing 20 minutes 2 Primary
Level
Treatment
5-10 Seasonal Illnesses
and minor injuries
3 Nele Nele Health Post Nele 5 minutes 3 Primary
Level
Treatment
20 Dysentery, jaundice
Dudhkunda Polyclinic Nele 5 minutes 3 Primary
Level
Treatment
10-15 Pneumonia, cough,
cold, measles
Ayurvedic Centre Nele 10 minutes 5 Primary
Level
Treatment
15 Jaundice, cough,
cold, diarrhea
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
140. The major diseases reported are fever, common cold & cough, asthma, skin disease,
blood pressure, etc., please refer Table 59 for detail.
Table 59: Major Disease in PAS
S.N Name of Settlement Major Disease
1 Tojing Asthma, cough, typhoid, sugar related, pressure fluctuations
2 Nojing Seasonal Illnesses and minor injuries
3 Nele Dysentery, jaundice
Pneumonia, cough, cold, measles
4 Bogal Asthma, cough, typhoid, sugar related, pressure fluctuations
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Education
141. The educational standing in PAS(s) comprises of illiterate (22.62%), Basic (56.86%),
Secondary (16.08%) and graduate and above (4.44%), please refer Table 60 for detail.
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 56
Table 60: Educational Status in PAS S
.N
Nam
e o
f S
ett
lem
en
t Education Status
Illiterate Basic
(Up to class 8)
Secondary
(Up to 12)
Graduate and
Above
To
tal
Male
Fem
ale
To
tal
Male
Fem
ale
To
tal
Male
Fem
ale
To
tal
Male
Fem
ale
To
tal
1 Tojing 4.62 6.15 5.38 86.15 86.15 86.15 9.23 7.69 8.46 0.00 0.00 0.00 100
2 Nojing 0.00 0.00 0.00 85.15 77.42 81.28 12.87 21.37 17.12 1.98 1.21 1.59 100
3 Nele 3.30 2.98 3.14 51.10 53.57 52.34 29.12 29.17 29.14 16.48 14.29 15.38 100
4 Bogal 80.56 83.33 81.94 9.26 6.11 7.69 8.89 10.28 9.58 1.30 0.28 0.79 100
Total 22.12 23.11 22.62 57.92 55.81 56.86 15.03 17.13 16.08 4.94 3.94 4.44 100
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Note: Infant (Age 0 to 5 years) are not considered for educational status
142. The available educational institutions of PAS(s) are from primary level to higher
secondary level. Majority of educational institutions are of primary level. Students need to
walk from 5 to 45 minutes to reach their school, please refer Table 61 for detail.
Table 61: Availability and Access to Educational Institutions in PAS(s)
S.
N
Name
of
Settlem
ent
Available Educational
Institution
(Private / Government)
Educationa
l Level
Number
of
Students
Average
Distance in
Km or Time
Taken
(Minute)
Location
1 Tojing Siddhartha Primary School Primary 70 1.5 km Garma-7
Tallo Garma Secondary School Secondary 250 2 km Lower
Garma
2 Nojing Shree Sekarsingh Awasiya
School
Primary 101 150 m Dudhkunda-
7
3 Nele Jeevan Jyoti Secondary School Secondary 500 5 minutes Nele
4 Bogal Deurali Adharbhut School Primary 84 60 minutes Bogal-7
Namse Adharbhut School Primary 22 60 minutes Namse-6
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Drinking Water
143. In PAS(s) of Solukhumbu District, Pipe water supply (42.28%) is the main source of
drinking water. However, majority of households (37.04) rely on well/spring for the drinking
water purpose. Significant populations (19.14%) also rely on Communal Tap while very
insignificant populations (1.54%) depend on river water, please refer Table 62 for detail.
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 57
Table 62: Status of Drinking Water in PAS
S.N Name of Settlement
Household Benefited Total
Communal Tap River Water Well/Spring Pipeline
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
1 Tojing 26 100.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 26 100.00
2 Nojing 0 0.00 5 5.00 95 95.00 0 0.00 100 100.00
3 Nele 36 50.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 36 50.00 72 100.00
4 Bogal 0 0.00 0 0.00 25 19.84 101 80.16 126 100.00
Total 62 19.14 5 1.54 120 37.04 137 42.28 324 100.00
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Energy Used for Cooking
144. In Solukhumbu District, majority of households of PAS(s) use firewood (79.32%) for
cooking purpose. Households using LPG for cooking purpose is also significant (20.68%),
please refer Table 63 for detail.
Table 63: Status of Energy Used for Cooking in PAS
S.N Name of Settlement Household Utilization
Firewood LPG Total
No. % No. % No. %
1 Tojing 10 38.46 16 61.54 26 100.00
2 Nojing 100 100.00 0 0.00 100 100.00
3 Nele 36 50.00 36 50.00 72 100.00
4 Bogal 111 88.10 15 11.90 126 100.00
Total 257 79.32 67 20.68 324 100.00
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Energy Used for Lighting
145. In Solukhumbu District, all (100%) of households of PAS(s) use Electricity for the
lighting purpose, please refer Table 64 for detail.
Table 64: Status of Energy Used for Lighting in PAS
S.N Name of Settlement Energy for light
Kerosene Electricity Solar Total
No. % No. % No. % No. %
1 Tojing 0 0.00 26 100.00 0 0.00 26 100.00
2 Nojing 0 0.00 100 100.00 0 0.00 100 100.00
3 Nele 0 0.00 72 100.00 0 0.00 72 100.00
4 Bogal 0 0.00 126 100.00 0 0.00 126 100.00
Total 0 0.00 324 100.00 0 0.00 324 100.00
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 58
Sanitation
146. In Solukhumbu District, the entire households of PAS(s) possess toilet outside their
houses (95.68%). While few (4.32%) have their toilets built inside their houses, please refer
Table 65 for detail.
Table 65: Status of Sanitation Condition in PAS
S.N Name of Settlement Household
without Toilet
Household with Toilet Type
In-house Toilet Out-House Pit Latrine Total
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
1 Tojing 0 0.00 2 7.69 24 92.31 0 0.00 26 100.00
2 Nojing 0 0.00 0 0.00 100 100.00 0 0.00 100 100.00
3 Nele 0 0.00 12 16.67 60 83.33 0 0.00 72 100.00
4 Bogal 0 0.00 0 0.00 126 100.00 0 0.00 126 100.00
Total 0 0.00 14 4.32 310 95.68 0 0.00 324 100.00
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Telecommunication
147. In PAS(s) of Solukhumbu District, there are no landline telecommunication facilities in
PAS of Solukhumbu District. NTC is the major telecom facility (63.27%) along with Ncell
(36.73%), please refer Table 66 for detail.
Table 66: Status of Telecommunication Facility in PAS
S.N Name of Settlement Telecommunications
NTC N-Cell Total
No. % No. % No. %
1 Tojing 15 57.69 11 42.31 26 100.00
2 Nojing 50 50.00 50 50.00 100 100.00
3 Nele 40 55.56 32 44.44 72 100.00
4 Bogal 100 79.37 26 20.63 126 100.00
Total 205 63.27 119 36.73 324 100.00
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Refreshment and shops
148. There are 13 hotel and lodges, 1 restaurant, 53 teashops and 31 ration stores in
PAS(s) of Solukhumbu District. Other shops include 2 stationery, 1 cosmetics shop, 1
pharmacy, 2 hardware shops, 3 meat-shops and 1 tailor, please refer Table 67 for detail.
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 59
Table 67: Status of Refreshment and Shops Facility in PAS S
.N
Na
me
of
Se
ttle
me
nt
Amenities Type (Nos.)
Ho
tels
an
d
Lo
dg
es
Re
sta
ura
nts
Tea
Sh
op
s
Ra
tio
n S
tore
Sta
tio
nery
Co
sm
eti
cs
Ph
arm
acy
Clo
thin
g
Sto
re
Ha
rdw
are
Me
at
Sh
op
s
Tail
or
Total
1 Tojing 3 1 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 10
2 Nojing 2 0 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
3 Nele 8 0 30 20 2 1 1 0 2 2 1 67
4 Bogal 0 0 15 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
Total 13 1 53 31 2 1 1 0 2 3 1 108
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Land Value
149. The land price of various PAS(s) varies in PAS(s) of Solukhumbu District. The land
price is high nearby district capital 'Salleri'. The detail of land price of PAS(s) is presented in
Table 68.
Table 68: Land Price in PAS
S.N
Name of
settlement
Land Price (Rs.)
Irrigated
land (khet)
in ropani
Non-Irrigated
Land in ropani
Ghaderi
(residential
plot)
Khar bari
in ropani
Pakha/
bari in
ropani
1 Tojing - 100,000 60000 (per m2) - 20,000
2 Nojing - - - - -
3 Nele - 750,000 15500 (per m2) 4,500 11,000
4 Bogal 300,000 67,000 10,00,000 (Per
ghaderi)
- 67,000
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Financial Institutions
150. Majority of the financial institutions in the PAS(s) are Laghubitta (66.67%) and 4 in
number. While Shahakari and Banks are equal in number i.e. one each which is 16.67%,
please refer Table 69 for detail.
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Table 69: Major Financial Institutions in PAs
S.N. Settlement name Financial institutions
Banks Laghubitta Sahakari Total
No. % No. % No. % No. %
1 Tojing 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 -
2 Najing 0 0.00 3 100.00 0 0.00 3 100.00
3 Nele 1 33.33 1 33.33 1 33.33 3 100.00
4 Bogal 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 -
Total 1 16.67 4 66.67 1 16.67 6 100.00
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Land Ownership
151. Majority of the households (37.35) in PAS(s) owe more than 20 ropani of land.
19.14% HH have 10-20 ropani of land, 13.27% have 5-10 ropanis while 27.28% have less
than 5 ropanis of land. 2.47% however are landless, please refer Table 70 for detail.
Table 70: Land ownership pattern
S.N Settle
ment
name
Land ownership Total
> 20
ropani
10-20
ropani
5-10 ropani Upto 5 ropani No Land
(Sukumbasi)
HH
No.
% HH
No.
% HH
No.
% HH
No.
% HH
No.
% HH
No.
%
1 Tojing 7 26.92 2 7.69 5 19.23 12 46.15 0 0.00 26 100.00
2 Najing 35 35.00 40 40.00 15 15.00 10 10.00 0 0.00 100 100.00
3 Nele 15 20.83 0 0.00 0 0.00 56 77.78 1 1.39 72 100.00
4 Bogal 64 50.79 20 15.87 23 18.25 12 9.52 7 5.56 126 100.00
Total 121 37.35 62 19.14 43 13.27 90 27.78 8 2.47 324 100.00
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Irrigation
152. None of the agriculture areas of PAS(s) has been linked to the irrigation systems.
Crops
153. Major Crop species in the PAS(s) are maize, potato, bean(simi) and wheat. Millet is
cultivated in Bogal village only, please refer Table 71 for detail.
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 61
Table 71: Major crop of PAS(s)
S.N. Settlement Name Major Crops
1 Tojing Maize, Potato, Wheat, Simi
2 Najing Maize, Potato, Wheat, Simi
3 Nele Maize, Potato, Wheat, Simi
4 Bogal Maize, Potato, Wheat, Millet
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Livestock
154. Major livestock in the PAS(s) are cow, goat and buffalo. Pig and Chicken are also
some of the minor livestock of the PAS(s), please refer Table 72 for detail.
Table 72: Livestock Rearing Practices in PAS(s)
S.N. Settlement Name Major Livestock
1 Tojing Cow, Goat, Buffalo
2 Najing Cow, Goat, Buffalo
3 Nele Cow, Goat, Buffalo, Pig
4 Bogal Cow, Goat, Buffalo, Ox, Chicken
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Economic Activities
155. Majority of people of PAS(s) believe that the proposed road sub-project will enhance
business and trade in the district through the export of local agricultural production and
increment of business activities. However Livestock rearing and Agriculture are other major
economic activities, please refer Table 73 for detail.
Table 73: Potential Economic Activities by Road Upgrading
S.N Name of Settlement Description
1 Tojing Livestock Rearing
2 Nojing None
3 Nele Business Growth
4 Bogal Agricultural Training
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Sites of Historical, Cultural, Archaeological, Religious and Tourism Importance
156. The various sites of historical, cultural, archaeological, religious and tourism
importance in PAS(s) of Solukhumbu District is presented in Table 74.
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 62
Table 74: Historical, Cultural, Archaeological, Religious and Tourism Sites
S.
N
Name of
Settlement
Description
1 Tojing Mane, Buddhist Stupa
2 Nojing Kalika Mandir, Ganesh Mandir, Jaleshwor Mandir, Kamalkodhi
Mandir, Gumba
3 Nele Shiva Mandir
4 Bogal Gumba, Kuti
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Social Centers
157. The various social centers in the PAS(s) were recorded and listed in Table 75 below.
Table 75: Social Centers
S.N Settlement
name
No. of
social
centres
Name of social centre Physica
l status
Affected due to
road rehabilitation
(Y/N)
1 Tojing 0 - - -
2
Najing
2
Community Centre Good Y
Community Centre Good N
3
Nele
4
Ayurvedic Centre Good N
Police Station Good N
Forest Office Fair N
Post Office Fair N
4 Bogal 1 Orgen Chholing Service
Centre
Good N
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
4.3.5 Sub-project Affected Families
158. A detailed socio-economic survey was conducted to investigate affected households
income, food sufficiency, livelihood options, loss of land, structures and other assets. Of the
total 320 affected households, socio-economic survey was carried for 113 (35.1%)
households consisting of 517 populations. The absentee households seem very high but this
is because they are residing out of sub-project site during census. Most of the families are
residing in the capital city, Kathmandu and foreign countries like UK and USA. The Table 76
provides summary of the affected households.
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 63
Table 76: Summary of Affected Households by the Sub-sub-project
SN Variable Count
1 Total Affected HHs 320
2 Interviewed HHs 113
3 Interviewed Population 517
3.1 Male 243
3.2 Female 274
3.3 Average HHs Size 4.6
3.4 Dalit HHs 4
3.5 Janjati HHs 46
3.6 Brahmin/Chhetri HHs 63
3.7 Women HHs 30
Source: Household Survey, 2016
159. The sub-project affects HHs of indigenous people mostly Janajati households are
found in resettlement survey. Out of 46 Janajati households Tamang are of highest
proportion (43.48) followed by Sherpa (23.91), Rai (8.70) and Shrestha (8.70), Lama (4.35),
Magar (4.35) and Singh (4.35) and Gurung (2.17). Table 77 shows the details of the Janajati
households residing along the road alignment.
Table 77: Detail of Janajati Households
S. N. Description No. of HHs Percentage
1 Tamang 20 43.48
2 Sherpa 11 23.91
3 Rai 4 8.70
4 Shrestha 4 8.70
5 Lama 2 4.35
6 Magar 2 4.35
7 Singh 2 4.35
8 Gurung 1 2.17
Total 46 100.00
Source: Household Survey, 2016
160. Agriculture is the main occupation of the population residing along the road alignment
but it does not contribute much to their total income and food sufficiency. People in the area
grow mostly potato, millet, barley, wheat and buckwheat. Paddy production is not
appropriate because of topographical setting of the sub-project site. The average
agricultural income of the 320 affected families is NRs 30,752.21 annually. Similarly, the
average food sufficiency of the Aps from their agricultural production is 6.10 months.
However, the APs major income source is the non-agricultural sector which remains
unaffected by the sub-sub-project. The APs are involved in small business activities like tea
shop, restaurants etc. The other non-agricultural incomes of the interviewed HHs are foreign
jobs, non-agricultural labor etc. The APs will be incorporated in Income Restoration and
Rehabilitation Training program under RP.
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 64
5. Impacts of Reconstruction Plan Implementation on
Environment
161. The identification and assessment of impacts has been carried out considering the
proposed proposal activities which were examined in terms of the construction and operation
stage. Several such impacts have been identified based on site observation, field survey,
information obtained from the stakeholders, and few on value judgment. The impact of the
activities will be on physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural resources within the ZoI.
Impacts from the proposed road sub sub-project can be both beneficial as well as adverse.
Most of the identified impacts have been quantified as far as possible. The impacts have
been predicted in terms of their magnitude (minor, moderate and high), extent (site specific,
local and regional) and duration (short, medium and long term) and appropriate benefit
enhancement and mitigation measures are given in Chapter 7:
5.1. Beneficial Impacts
5.1.1 Construction Phase
Employment Generation to Local People
162. The construction works offers a wide range of works for unskilled, skilled and semi-
skilled labors. One of the major direct beneficial impacts of the road during the construction
stage is the creation of employment opportunities for the local community. The road
construction will create of 77,947 unskilled and 23,393 skilled person day’s work. Employment generation for the local people will minimize seasonal migration to other parts
of the country, as well as to foreign countries. There will be positive impacts in other
economic activities in a chained manner creating other income generating activities. This is
one of the direct, high short-term and local in nature.
Economic Increment of Local People
163. The amount of money that is injected in the rural economy in the form of wage
earnings and various commercial & economic activities will directly enhance the economic
increment in the sub-project area. The local people of the sub-project area will have
opportunity to sell their agro products (such as milk, eggs, meat, vegetables, fruits, etc) on
better price to the contractors, construction workforce as well as the personnel of sub-project
office. Besides to meet the daily demands of the contractors and construction workforce,
there are possibilities of opening of new tea stalls, restaurants, and consumer good shops.
The local community can get maximum benefits of these new commercial and economic
activities. This impact is direct, low, local and short-term in nature
Skill Enhancement
164. The construction of road is likely to enhance their skills in construction, and large
number of people will get practical hands on training. Furthermore, the sub-project will also
organize training on road construction and maintenance that will enhance the technical skills
of local people. The skill and knowledge acquired from the sub-project during construction
will enhance employment opportunities. Such trained manpower can earn livelihoods from
similar sub-project in future. This impact is indirect, moderate, local and long-term in nature.
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 65
5.1.2 Operation Phase
165. The rehabilitation and reconstruction of Road will offer easy, comfortable and quick
access to the people of the sub-project areas to markets and social services. Travelling time
will be reduced and the cost of transportation will be cheaper than present. This is the direct,
high, regional impacts and will have long-term benefits.
Improve Access
166. Reconstruction of road will enhance the access of people to social services, and
quick transportation of goods. Travelling time will be reduced by three times and the cost of
transportation will be cheaper by around three times. This is the direct, high, regional
impacts and will have long-term impact.Majority of people of PAS(s) consider that the
proposed sub-project will enhance the transport facility of the district, please refer Table 78
for detail.
Table 78: Potential Beneficial Impacts of the Sub-project
S.N Name of Settlement Description
1 Tojing Ease in Commuting, Health and educational services will
prosper, Transportation facilities will help decrease the
prices of commodities,
2 Nojing Transportation services will foster, Commodities will
become cheaper, Business growth, Health and
educational services will prosper
3 Nele Ease in transportation and commute
4 Bogal Access to transportation services
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Possible Market Development and Business Promotion
167. New market areas and settlements will develop resulting urbanization and
industrialization of the sub-project area, which will lead to the regional development of the
area. There are extensive economic opportunities and significant chances of growth and
extension of the minor local markets and promotion of small businessalong the road. This
will provide non-farm employment opportunities to the growing rural population. These non-
farm employment opportunities will benefit especially occupational caste groups due to
extension of market centre and development of small towns. The sub-project will have
indirect, long term, local and high benefits.
Increase in Land Value
168. Upgrading of the road leads to appreciation of land values, particularly near the
market and settlement areas. People from the different village will migrate near the road
because of facilities and commercial purpose which increase the demand of plot land near
the road alignment. Increase in the demand will increase the land value. The impact is
indirect, high, local and long term in nature.
Development of Cottage Industries
169. Majority of the people depend upon agriculture and horticulture. During the time of
the field visit it is observed that there is the practice of cultivating Kibi & apple. But because
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 66
of the lack of the market they have not got sufficient benefit from their product. After
completion of upgrading, their economic standard will also grow due to increase in the
commercial farming of these two products because of enhanced transportation and market
facilities. Similarly, there are also chances to develop forest based small and cottage
industries such as saw mill, Veneers production industries with facilities of transportation.
The sub-project will have indirect, long term, local and high benefits.
Increase in Crop Productivity
170. Once the road is in operation, people should have cheaper and improved access to
many inputs such as seeds, chemical fertilizer and technology, leading to increased
agricultural production and diversification. The farmers will be more interested to increase
agricultural production due to market accessibility. Similarly, there will be diversification in
occupational pattern of local people, who are till now mainly dependent on subsistence
farming. The transportation cost is expected to come down heavily for many of the inputs
that are used by farmers in farm and other goods. This is the direct, moderate, regional and
will have long term benefits.
Increase in Sale of Local Products
171. The local product like vegetable, fruits, cash crops, fruits and livestock products will
be increased almost all the settlement along the road corridor. Due to market accessibility
the local product like simi and potato also take place in local market in reasonable price
which preserve time and money is the motivational factor to the local people. The increase in
the product increases in the sale. This is the direct, moderate, local and will have long term
benefits.
Tourism Development
172. There are several trails that connect the tourists from Solukhumbu district with other
neighbouring districts such as Khotang and Sankhuwasabha. The trail will ease the
transportation of tourism related materials for both camping and tea house tourism. In
addition the road construction will ease the development of improved tourism related
infrastructures such as bridges, hotels, lodges, museum, etc. This is the direct, moderate,
local and will have long term benefits.
5.2. Adverse Impacts
5.2.1 Construction Phase
Physical Aspects
Change in Land Use
173. The land acquired for the implementation of the sub-project can undergo a long-term
permanent change in the land use. Changes of land use due to the construction of road are
mainly conversion of 5.184 ha of agricultural land, 3.22 ha of community forest area, 3.7 ha
of private forest area, 1.07 ha of settlement area, 0.45 ha of governmental land and 0.22 ha
of river/ stream area which already exist. Similarly, there will be some change in land use
due to expansion of roadside settlements. The impact from changes in land use will be high,
direct, local and long term in nature.
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Hazards due to Spoil Disposal
174. There is the possibility of landslides and erosion from cutting the road section during
the upgrading process, particularly during monsoon. The total amount of spoil generation will
be 158,933.08m3. The common likely problems from inappropriate disposal of spoils are:
gullying and erosion of spoil tips especially when combined with unmanaged surface water
runoff, damage to farm lands, and destruction of vegetation, crops and property at downhill.
The impact from spoil disposal will be direct, moderate, site specific and long term in nature.
Slope Instability
175. The construction of road on hill slope and terraces will open the new surface may
create land instability and increase the soil erosion. Similarly, the road cut through the
unstable area may lead to the landslide. The baseline study under this study has identified
the problematic areas from the geological point (Refer Table 10). The stability of slopes
along the road corridor depends upon slope angle, the material constituting the slope, rock
discontinuities and hydrological conditions. The likely impact of slope instability and soil
erosion is indirect, moderate, site specific and long term in nature.
Disruption of Natural Water Flow due to Drainage and Cross Drainage Works
176. Roads usually generate large volumes of concentrated surface runoff. The
concentrated water from the road outlet causes erosion and landslide eventually affecting
the stability of the road. Also, this leads to the cultivated land being damaged, as well as
putting a settlement named Barane under severe risk of inundation. The impact will be
direct, moderate, site specific and medium term.
Air and Dust Pollution
177. Although the air quality of the sub-project area is not measured, the air does not
appear to be polluted. However, during construction of road, there is a strong possibility of
dust pollution. The dust emission is likely to be intense along the construction site. This may
affect the local people and workers. Dust may create nuisance to markets, schools and
health posts. Impact on air quality will be direct, low, local and short term in nature.
Noise Pollution
178. The sub-project area at present does not experience high level of noise. However,
use of rock breaker, excavator and rollers may cause air dust and noise pollution to the
workers and people living in nearby areas. During the construction phase the existing water
source (Kuwa) at the chainage 10+050 might be affected. The impact of noise will be direct,
low, local and short term in nature.
Water Pollution
179. The water quality within the sub-project area is not tested. Nevertheless, quality of
water in the water bodies within the sub-project area appears to be fairly good as they are
widely used by households for drinking purpose. The haphazard disposal of various types of
waste generated from construction activities might degrade the water sources. If the proper
sanitary condition is not maintained in the labour camps and work camps, water may be
contaminated resulting in the occurrence of water borne diseases may increase. The impact
will be direct, low, local, short term in nature.
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Impact due to Quarrying
180. Construction of the road requires boulders and other types of construction materials.
Potential quarry sites are at Ch 4+800, 7+300, 9+600 (Dudhkaushika-1),18+220
(Dudhkaushika-7) and 18+840. The extraction of materials from inappropriate places or in
excessive amounts can damage the local environment. The potential adverse impacts of
quarrying are accelerated erosion, landslides, disturbance in natural drainage patterns,
water logging and water pollution. The likely impact from the operation of quarry sites will be
direct, low in magnitude, local nature and short term duration.
Impact due to Camp Sites
181. Domestic wastes (both solid and liquid) will be generated from the construction
camps. The haphazard disposal of such domestic waste in the open land will contaminate
the land, generate foul smell and reduce aesthetic attractiveness of the locality. Moreover,
such haphazard disposal of waste can contaminate water sources. Siting of camp may
cause encroachment of forest, agriculture land, and alteration of drainage and waste water
problems. Appropriate camp sites have been identified at Ch 4+720 (Solududhkunda-7), Ch
10+250 (Dudhkaushika RM-7). Impact will be direct, moderate significance, site specific and
for short-term.
Construction Equipment Vehicles
182. The contractor based construction will use heavy machineries. The related negative
impacts are increase in air pollution due to emission of smoke and dust, and increase in
vibration due to vehicular movement. The likely impact from the operation of vehicle and
equipment will be direct, high in magnitude, local nature and short term duration.
Biological Aspects
Pressure in Community and Private Forest in IIA
183. Local people and labors and/or their dependents in the forest area (Ghumne Pani
CF, Mukle Maidal CF, Kordap CF and private forest) of IIA may be involved in collecting,
using and selling the forest products particularly the timber and firewood to meet the cooking
demand of construction camp. As the economic activities increases, the number of tea stall,
restaurants, and lodges will also increase to provide the services to the construction workers
and sub-project staffs. These may require additional quantity of fuel wood and timber.
Moreover, large and small sized timber may be needed for establishment of temporary huts
such that the construction workers might utilize the forest nearby the construction site for
such purpose resulting in the loss of natural forest and vegetation resources. The impact will
be indirect, low, local and short term in nature.
Impact on Wildlife/Bird Habitat due to Loss or Degradation of Habitat, Increased
Hunting and Other Form of Human Pressure in Community and Private Forest of IIA
184. The forest resources of IIA have already been in a degraded and disturbed condition
due to track way opening, settlement development/expansion and human intervention.
Majority of forest areas of the road section is private forest and community forest (Ghumne
Pani CF, Mukle Maidal CF, Kordap CF) comprising less floral species of the biodiversity
significance. However, the construction of the road may disturb wildlife and bird species
present along the road corridor. Increased hunting activities due to the movement of labor,
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use of construction equipments, and noise during construction may affect the home range of
the fauna. The impact will be indirect, low, local and short term in nature.
Impacts on Endangered, Threatened and Protected Species of Fauna (as listed in
CITES and IUCN Red Data Book and Protected by GoN) in IIA
185. The proposed area is not significant habitat for wildlife and bird species. However,
the construction of road may disturb wildlife and bird species present in Ghumne Pani CF,
Mukle Maidal CF, Kordap CF and private forest of IIA due to increased noise level. Some
protected wild fauna such as Syal (Canis aureus), Badar (Macaca mulatta), Kalij (Lophura
leucomelanos), and Dumsi (Hystrixindica) are in IUCN list. The impact will be indirect, low,
local and short term in nature.
Socio-economic Aspects
Loss or Degradation of Farm Land and Productivity
186. In total 5.184 ha of agricultural land is the existing land acquired for the sub-sub-
project. Moreover, spoil on farm land will also affect the production of agricultural crops. It is
clear that the loss of crops from the land acquired by the sub-project will have adverse
impact on the financial stability of the affected households who are dependent on the
agricultural productivity of their land. Total 752 plots are found to be affected by road,
average land loss is going to be decreased by 0.78 ha and food sufficiency will decrease to
6.04 to 6.6 months. Agricultural production of annual 20.791158 MT maize, 1.263 MT of
millet, 2.079 MT of wheat and 6.420 MT of potato will decrease due to conversion of 5.184
ha of agriculture land into road. The impact is expected to be direct, high in magnitude, local
in extent and of long term in duration.
Impact on Private Properties
187. Two private residences at Ch (4+000 & 4+200) along the road corridor will be
affected as given in Appendix XIIa. The impact will be direct, low, site specific and long term
in nature.
Impact on Community Infrastructure
188. There is no any Community Infrastructure that will be affected due to this sub-project
along the road alignment.
Impacts on Cultural, Religious and Archeological Sites
189. One religious sites (Mane) belongs to Buddhist at Ch 4+210 along the road will be
affected as given in Appendix XIIb. The impact will be direct, low, site specific and long term
in nature.
Impacts on Occupational Health and Safety
190. During construction phase, the work personnel will be exposed to various health risks
and hazards. The hazards will be notable due to injuries to workers while working in the Sub-
project without adequate safety measures and equipment. Typical health hazards can be
encountered during rock cutting, slope cutting, equipment handling, side casting, slope
stabilization etc. Other potential impacts to health are respiratory disease and eye disease
due to exposure to dust. Unsafe water sources and unhygienic conditions (lack of latrines
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and washing facilities) bear the risk of additional and often endemic diseases, such as
dysentery, diarrhea and cholera. The impacts are direct, low, short term and local.
Impact on Public Health and Safety
191. For the sub-project construction works, people from various parts of the sub-project
affected Municipalities/Rural Municipalities as well as country will temporarily migrate in the
sub-project area. Moreover, other people looking for business opportunity will also migrate in
sub-project area in various settlements of the road. Both work force and migrating people
might be suffering from several communicable diseases such that their disease could be
transmitted to local people arising threat to community health.
192. The sanitation condition of sub-project area is good with entire households of sub-
project affected settlements possess toilets. However, the environmental degradation in and
around the sub-project site can occur due to poor sanitation practice of construction camp.
The impacts are direct, low, short term and local.
5.2.2 Operation Phase
Physical Aspects
Road Slope Stability and Management
193. The road follows hilly terrain such that the road construction is executed by making
the cut slopes on hillside. The hill slope along the Road alignment and nearby areas may be
destabilized due to inadequate road cutting, inadequate drainage works, and faulty
construction, re-vegetation of the area and monsoon effect. The destabilization of slope may
also be expedited due to human activities in the road neighborhood such as quarrying
stones or soil, animal grazing and irrigated cultivation. The impact will be direct, moderate,
local and long term in nature.
Impact due to Air, Noise and Water Pollution
194. During operation period, a number of vehicles will carry out along the road and will
produce air pollutants. This will increase the pollution level of ambient air along the road
corridor. Washing of vehicles in natural streams may cause contamination in drinking water
sources. The vehicular movement is not expected to be very high, the overall impact will be
direct, low, local and long term.
Biological Aspects
Pressure in Private and Community Forest Resource in IIA
195. Due to easy access, forest areas (Ghumne Pani CF, Mukle Maidal CF, Kordap CF
and private forest) on the roadside may suffer from human interference such as trampling;
grazing of domestic animals and collection of NTFPs may hinder natural regeneration and
growth of plants. Moreover, there is a possibility of smuggling of forest products due to easy
access and easy transportation facilities. The impact will be indirect, moderate, local and
long term in nature.
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Forest Fire in Community and Private Forest of IIA
196. With increase human influence in forest area of Ghumne Pani CF, Mukle Maidal CF,
Kordap CF as well as private forest, there is the chances of increase forest fire intentionally
and unknowingly. The impact will be indirect, low, local and long term in nature.
Disturbance to Wildlife and Illegal Hunting in IIA
197. Although the wildlife population is reported low, they may be disturbed due to the
frequent movement of the vehicles. Vehicular flow, horn blowing in the community as well as
private forest area will have impact on the wildlife and bird species. There may occur illegal
hunting during operation period by the people from market areas due to easy accessibility.
The impact will be indirect, low, local and long term in nature.
Impact on Protected Species in IIA
198. Protected plants are not reported in this area. But some protected fauna is reported,
detail as in Table 13. There will be possibilities of impact on these species due to increase
in human influence. The impact will be indirect, low, local and long term in nature.
Socio-economic Aspects
Public/Forest Land Encroachment and Ribbon Settlement Development along the
Road Alignment
199. Along the most of the existing road alignments of Nepal, ribbon settlement growth is
quite common. Encroachment of the RoW (Right of Way) of public land, Ghumne Pani CF,
Mukle Maidal CF, Kordap CF as well as private forest is a common phenomenon during the
ribbon settlement development. There is thus, high possibility of ribbon settlement
development along the RoW on this road sub-project as well.
200. If so, this will not only limit the possibility for future road expansion but also will
increase possibilities of road accident. In addition, the settlement growth along the roadside
is likely to increase the volume of household wastes as well as generation of waste-water.
The continued waste-water generation could block the drain constructed for surface water
runoff which in long run could damage/degrade the condition of road. This will result in high
cost for maintainence and repair. The impact will be direct, moderate, local and medium term
in nature.
Increased Traffic Congestion
201. After the upgrading of road to all weather gravel standard road, there will be increase
in vehicular movements. The local community will lose their working concentration and can
get disturbed by the high vehicular transportation and traffic jam. Moreover, the community
will get disturbed by the air pollution through vehicular emission as well as by noise pollution
due to vehicular movement and blowing of pressure horns.The impact will be direct,
moderate, local and long term in nature.
Road Safety
202. Inadequate provisions of road safety measures like road signals, lack of
enforcement of traffic rules, houses built adjoining road within the RoW etc. may invite road
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accident, particularly involving children. The impact will be direct, moderate, local and long
term in nature.
5.3. Climate Change Impacts
203. Climate change is an inevitable fact which needs to be considered for future
planning, construction and maintenance of roads located in hilly and mountainous areas.
The need to limit deterioration effects from adverse weather conditions (e.g. prolonged
precipitation, heat stress, freeze-thaw cycle) and damages consequences in case of extreme
events (e.g. embankment failure) is a key factor influencing construction designs Weather
contribution to the ordinary wear & tear of infrastructure and weather disaster risks are
indeed intrinsic parameters for transport system design. Transport conditions are also highly
affected by extreme weather events such as winter storms, ice, and heavy rainfalls.
204. In general, transport can be vulnerable to many different types of weather conditions,
of which, some of them could be exacerbated with climate change. Many of them relate to
extreme weather conditions (e.g. storms, extreme precipitations, and extreme temperatures)
which on their turn may result in severe consequences for the physical environment (e.g.
Floods, landslides, soil erosion) and represent risks for transport infrastructures and
operations.
205. Based on field survey, the study started with an exhaustive list of potential future
impacts for transport (infrastructures/activities), linked to key weather stressors. All modes
and components of the transport system (infrastructures, transport fleet, transportation
operation and transport users) will, to a certain degree, be affected by extreme weather
events. Some of such extreme weather conditions could be exacerbated under future
climate change, thus increasing risks for transport and negatively affecting transport
performance (safety, reliability, cost efficiency). Only few of the potential consequences
could reveal positive (e.g. higher winter temperatures) for more detail refer Appendix II.
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6. Analysis of Alternatives
206. Alternative analysis has been considered as an integral part of IEE study, which
involves an examination of alternative ways of achieving objectives of the proposed sub-sub-
project. The aim of alternative analysis is to reach at a development option, which maximizes
the benefits while minimizing the adverse impacts. The various alternatives to achieve the
sub-project objectives with minimum environmental degradation are discussed in following
sub-sections:
6.1. No Action Alternative
207. This alternative does not allow for the implementation of the Proposal. This
alternative has both beneficial and adverse impacts on the environment. If the proposal is
not implemented, the transportation time and cost for the local people to the district
headquarter and markets and vice versa will continue to remain at present rate and hardship
of people will continue. The no action option will conserve some of the environmental
adverse impacts at the cost of poverty and in accessibility of the people.
6.2. Project Alternatives
208. DLPIU has selected Garma-Nele-Bogal Road sub-project as it provides access to
southern part of district. It will be upgrade road constructed by EEAP and through this road it
will be connected eastern part of Solukhumbu to district headquarter and national highway.
Other means of transport like constructing a rope way is not feasible in the sub-project area.
There is an airport in Nele but it is not in operating right now.
6.3. Alternative Alignment
209. The existing road alignment was finalized and road was opened from a long time with
vehicular operation. Various factors related to geology, hydrology, topography and other
socioeconomic conditions were considered while selecting the existing route in the past.
Thus, considering environmental impact, survey, design and construction cost, serviceability,
etc, the analysis of alternative route only for upgrading purposes is not relevant at the
current context.
6.4. Alternative Design and Construction Approach
210. The road sub-project is proposed for construction through NBC approach by high use
of excavator, rock breaker, compacter, roller and truck for road construction. Simple dry
stone walls, gabion walls and stone causeways are used to the maximum extent possible.
6.5. Alternative Schedule and Process
211. The schedule for construction works will be arranged such that the rainy season as
well as agricultural seasons will be avoided. Working during the agricultural off-season would
be most appropriate, as the local people be involved as construction workers. The
construction schedule could also be sensitive to the period of utilization of natural drainages
and waterways during irrigation period.
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6.6. Alternative Resources
212. The construction materials to be used for the sub-project are boulder for gabion & dry
walls, coarse aggregates/gravel/cobble of different sizes and fine aggregates for sub-base,
base course and concreting. These materials will be sourced from nearby streams and local
hill slopes. In addition, the reinforcement bars and cement will be used. There are no cost
effective alternatives for the above materials in road construction work. The pavement
construction is intended to be carried out by conventional method, whereas earthwork,
construction of simple structure such as drains, gabion walls etc will be carried out manually.
6.7. No Forest Alternative
213. This is an existing road and proposed for rehabilitation and reconstruction. The 6.25
m formation width of the road is already clear so that no further vegetation is needed to
clear. Therefore, no forest alternative has been considered for this road sub-project.
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7. Benefit Impact Augmentation, Mitigation and Minimization
Measures
214. Mitigation refers to the measures that are designed to cope with adverse
consequences and to enhance the positive impacts on the environment as a result of the
sub-project implementation. An effective implementation of benefit maximization measures
and adverse impacts mitigation measures would optimize the benefits expected from the
sub-project and avoid/minimize the adverse impact. The impacts that have been identified,
predicted and evaluated in Chapter 5 have following benefit enhancement and mitigation
measures.
7.1. Mitigation Measures during Pre-construction Phase
215. The mitigation measures adopted during design or pre-construction phases are
preventive in nature and have two basic objectives.
Avoiding costly mitigation measures, and
Increasing awareness amongst the stakeholders for environmental management of road
construction and operation.
7.2. Detailed Survey and Design
216. The road design has followed the rural road standards developed by DoLIDAR. The
works will be executed through National Competitive Bidding (NCB) package by the
contractors. Bio-engineering techniques will be applied for stabilization of slopes, which is
sustainable, environmental friendly and can be done by using local resources and
manpower. To improve the transport services for the people living along the road and link
local areas with the main market, acquisition of land would be required.
7.3. Beneficial Impacts and Benefit Augmentation Measures
7.3.1 Construction Phase
Employment Generation to local People
217. Following benefit augmentation measures will be implemented.
Uplifting the socioeconomic condition of the affected people through the life skill training
Awareness programme for the locals.
Local people will get direct monetary benefit during the road rehabilitation and
reconstruction.
Economic Increment of local People
218. Following benefit augmentation measures will be implemented.
Awareness raising**6 to local entrepreneurs for promoting linkage with cooperatives and
other financial institutions, NRs. 250,000.00 has been allocated.
Increase in market demand and opportunity
Awareness raising** refers one or two awareness program with budget of 250,000.00 in total and will cover all the topic proposed of awareness as mentioned in mitigation or augmentation activities.
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Skill Enhancement
219. Following benefit augmentation measures will be implemented:
Providing skill training in construction techniques, small engineering structures (masonry
wall construction, netting wires and construction of gabion wall, slope cutting etc.) and
bio-engineering works.
7.3.2 Operation Phase
Improve Access
220. No benefit augmentation measures are planned for this.
Possible Market Development and Business Promotion
221. No benefit augmentation measures are planned for this.
Increase in Land Value
222. No benefit augmentation measures are planned for this.
Development of Cottage Industries
223. No benefit augmentation measures are planned for this.
Increase in Crop Productivity
224. No benefit augmentation measures are planned for this.
Increase in Sale of Local Products
225. No benefit augmentation measures are planned for this.
Tourism Development
226. No benefit augmentation measures are planned for this.
7.4. Adverse Impacts and Mitigation Measures
7.4.1 Construction Phase
Physical Aspects
Change in Land Use
227. Following mitigation measures will be adopted to compensate the land use change.
Applying additional protective measures (like bio-engineering, toe-wall) that the
remaining land will not be lost due to erosion.
During re-vegetation, local species identified during the survey will be used.
Roadside plantation along the COI to reduce encroachment.
Hazards due to Spoil Disposal
228. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.
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Adopting cut and fill balance.
Wherever possible, surplus spoil will be used to fill eroded gullies, quarries and
depressed areas etc.
Top soil will be stored and utilized in farm land
Remaining excess spoils will be disposed in specified tipping sites in a controlled manner
and the tipping sites will be covered by vegetation through bio-engineering techniques
after surplus material is tipped.
Spoils will not be disposed on fragile slopes, farmland, marshy land, forest areas, natural
drainage path, canals and other infrastructures.
After the disposal, the site will be provided with proper drainage, vegetation and
adequate protection against erosion.
Necessary toe walls and retaining walls will be provided to protect the disposal of soil.
Preparation spoils disposal management plan and its implementation.
229. Retaining walls are structures designed to restrain soil to unnatural slopes. They are
used to bound soils between two different elevations often in areas of terrain possessing
undesirable slopes or in areas where the landscape needs to be shaped severely and
engineered for more specific purposes like hillside farming or roadway overpasses (adopted
guidelines for retaining structures are as per DOR). In this sub-project, the types of retaining
structures are gabion retaining wall, stone masonry retaining wall, stone masonry Breast
Wall and Stone Masonry Revetment Wall.
230. Spoil disposal sites are proposed at the chainage 2+960, 4+540 and 8+360. Suitable
materials obtained from excavation will be used for embankment filling, and backfilling of
structures. Despite this, the surplus excavated materials obtained will be disposed at
construction site as required. Wherever possible, the surplus spoil will be used to fill eroded
gullies, quarries and depressed areas. Dry stone toe walls are required in some locations for
disposal of spoils.
Slope Instability
231. Retaining wall will be built to protect slopes from landslide and bioengineering will be
adopted for stabilizing them. Following mitigation measures will be adopted during the
construction of the proposed road and the cost has been included in the sub-project cost.
Ensuring minimum cut slope.
Selecting cut and fill slope at the correct angle, depending upon the soil type.
Re-vegetation of cut and fill slope or exposed areas as soon as possible, by using native
plant species.
Adoption of bio-engineering techniques.
Ensuring minimum damage of vegetation during construction.
No construction work during rainy season.
Mass balancing in cut and fill volume.
Use of check dams and toe walls before disposing spoils on hill slopes.
Disruption of Natural Water Flow due to Drainage and Cross Drainage Work
232. In order to address this, following mitigation measures will be under taken.
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Provide adequate and appropriate numbers of drainage structures in order to have
minimum interference with and impact on natural drainage pattern of the area,
Avoid surface water discharge into farmland, settlement area or risky locations,
Avoid blockage or diversion of natural channels due to construction of road and disposal
of spoils.
Adopt outward road slope as per green road standard to minimize water accumulation
The sub-project should construct a 200 m drain that reaches up to a kholsi to avoid any
adverse circumstances in Barane Settlement
233. Stone Masonry causeways will be constructed at following chainage required to
mitigate the water induced adverse impacts; Ch 3+450, 7+295, 8+100, 8+330, 8+500,
9+765, 12+305, 13+240, 13+470, 13+550, 17+330 and 19+670 and slab culvert at ch 3+070
and 12+835. 70 pipe culverts of diameters 900 mm (15 in nos.), 600 mm (50 in nos.) and
300 mm (5 in nos.) were proposed.
Air Pollution
234. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.
Use of face masks by workers to minimize impact from dust generation, covering of dust
source.
Plantation of tree along the roadside to act as dust barrier
Noise Pollution
Use of ear muffles to lessen noise pollution during rock breaking
Restrict horn near school, Hospital and settlement
Water Pollution
Avoiding the disposal of excavated materials in or near water bodies
Rehabilitation of Kuwa, (if required) as suggested in public consultation and disclosure
Construction of toilets in camp sites..
Quarry Operation
235. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.
Quarry sites should be legally recognized by the government
Quarry operation plan will be prepared.
After the extraction is completed, the quarry site will be rehabilitated to suit the local
landscape, plantation will be done and drainage will be provided.
Camp Sites Management
236. The mitigation measures will be use of local labors; rent local house instead of camp
to keep labors; sitting camp away from productive lands and forest areas at ch 4+720 and
10+250; pay compensation for using private farm. Toilet, water and other basic facilities will
be provided to workers. Waste water and solid waste will be properly managed.
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Construction Equipment Vehicles
237. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.
All equipment/vehicles deployed for construction activities shall be regularly maintained.
All the vehicles deployed for material movement shall be spill proof to the extent
possible.
In any case all material movement routes shall be inspected daily twice to clear off any
accidental spills.
Materials under transportation shall be covered.
Biological Aspects
Pressure in Community and Private Forest Product in IIA
238. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.
Encouragement to use LPG as fuel in camp and collection of firewood from dead and
dying trees from Ghumne Pani CF, Mukle Maidal CF, Kordap CF and private forest
Restricting workers to collect and sell forest products
Awareness programme allocates NRs. 250,000.00 for the construction workers before
the implementation of sub-project.
Impact on Wildlife/Bird Habitat due to Loss or Degradation of Habitat, Increased
Hunting and Other Form of Human Pressure in Community and Private Forest of IIA
239. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.
Reconstruction activities near the forest areas will be done only in day time.
Prohibit to wildlife harassment and poaching by the workers
Coordination with DFO to control activities like poaching of wild lives by enforcing acts
and regulations strictly.
Errecting signboard to increase awareness
Conducting awareness programme allocates for the construction workers before the
implementation of sub-project (NRs. 250,000.00)
Impacts on Endangered, Threatened and Protected Species of Fauna (as listed in
CITES and IUCN Red Data Book and Protected by GoN) in IIA
240. Following mitigation measures will be adopted.
Workers will be actively prohibited from hunting of birds or animals.
Coordination with DFO to control the activities like illegal hunting and poaching by
enforcing acts and regulations strictly.
Socio-economic Aspects
Loss or Degradation of Farm Land and Productivity
241. Mitigation measures will be as follows.
Compensation for loss of land equivalent to NRs. 12,472,588.8 will be provided to AP
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Impact on Private Properties
242. Compensation equivalent to NRs. 2,356,877.5 will be provided as per the
resettlement plan to the affected person for the displacement of houses,
Impact on Community Infrastructure
243. No mitigation measures are required as there is no impact.
Impact on Cultural, Religious and Archeological Sites
244. Compensation equivalent to NRs. 100,000.00 will be provided as per the
resettlement.
Occupational Health, Safety and Sanitation
245. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.
The workers will be provided with helmets, vest, masks, muffles and boots depending on
the nature of the construction work.
First aid box will be kept at work sites.
Group accidental insurance will be done for the workers.
First aid training will be provided to field staff.
Labor camp will have room with proper ventilation and natural light, safe drinkable water,
mosquito net, sanitary facility, temporary pit latrine and solid waste management.
Kerosene or gas stoves will be supplied to labor camps and use of firewood will be
strictly prohibited.
Impact on Public Health and Safety
246. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.
First aid facility will be provided.
NRs. 250,000.00 is allocated for awareness raising** training on Public health and
safety.
Provision of informative signboards, cautionary ribbons and barricades aroung the
construction site
7.4.2 Operation Phase
Physical Aspects
Road Slope Stability and Management
247. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.
Rill and gully formations will be regularly monitored and immediately fixed at critical
areas.
Repair and maintenance of the slope protection measures and drainage works.
Minor landslide and mass wasting will be immediately cleared and slope restored with
appropriate technology (bioengineering).
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Impact due to Air, Noise and Water Pollution
248. Following mitigation measures will be adopted.
Community and road user awareness programmes will be organized
Signboards restricting the use of horns will be erected near health posts, schools and
settlements.
Plantation will be done near the settlement around school and health post to act as dust
and noise barrier.
Vehicle washing in natural streams will be discouraged.
Biological Aspects
Pressure in Private and Community Forest Resource in IIA
249. Following mitigation measures will be adopted.
Maintenance workers will be restricted to collect and sell forest products from Ghumne
Pani CF, Mukle Maidal CF, Kordap CF and private forest
Awareness raising** programmes to educate local people and providing support to locals
for the conservation of forests, NRs. 250,000.00 has been allocated.
Forest Fire in Community and Private Forest of IIA
NRs. 250,000.00 allocated for awareness raising** programmes for local people and
members of Ghumne Pani CF, Mukle Maidal CF, Kordap CF and owner of private forest
Disturbance to Wildlife and Illegal Hunting
250. Following mitigation measures will be adopted to minimize the above-mentioned
impacts.
Appropriate sign boards will be erected in section of Ghumne Pani CF, Mukle Maidal CF,
Kordap CF and private forest along the road, informing drivers.
Prohibition of blowing horns in the dense forest areas along the road
Potential areas for wildlife crossing
Maintenance workers will be briefed regularly about the importance of rules and
regulation of DFO in order to make them comply with.
Awareness raising** programmes about importance of biodiversity to the local people,
students, and vehicle operators will be conducted to limit the speed and horn, NRs.
250,000.00 has been allocated. Awareness programmes for conservation of forest
resources, enforcement of law along with community participation also will be conducted.
Impact on Protected Species
251. Following mitigation measures will be adopted to minimize the above-mentioned
impacts.
awareness raising** programmes about importance of biodiversity and protected
species to the local people, students and vehicle operators will be conducted., NRs.
250,000.00 has been allocated.
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Socio-economic Aspects
Public/Forest Land Encroachment and Ribbon Settlement Development
252. The mitigation measures to be adopted include.
Awareness raising** programs to regulate settlements along the road, awareness
against the encroachment of Ghumne Pani CF, Mukle Maidal CF, Kordap CF and public
land along the road; NRs. 250,000.00 has been allocated.
Signboards will be erected notifying about legal prosecution for encroachment within
RoW.
NRs. 350,000.00 is allocated for plantations of trees will be done in the RoW so that it is
not encroached
Increased Traffic Congestion
253. The mitigation measures adopted will be as following.
Required traffic signs will be used along the road.
Applying appropriate traffic rules.
Road Safety Measures
254. The mitigation measures adopted will be as following.
Applying appropriate road safety measures with the help of 3-Es i.e. Engineering,
Enforcement and Education.
Required safety signs will be used along the road such as schools, wildlife crossing area.
Awareness program on road safety will be organized with the budget of NRs. 250,000.00
for school student
7.5. Climate Change Impacts
255. Following climate change adaptation measures will be considered during the
construction and operation of the road.
Likely local effects of climate change will be assessed through observation and
regular monitoring of drainage system, erosion etc.
Adequate and timely maintenance and early warning system will be done.
Awareness raising** activities will be conducted about climate change issues and
adaptation and mitigation measures
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8. Legal Framework and Regulatory Requirements for the Sub-
project
256. GoN has adopted various policies, acts, rules, regulations and guidelines to ensure
the integration of the development and conservation of environment. The policies and
legislative provisions of Nepal that have a direct relevance to proposed sub-project are given
in Table 79. These laws and policies provisions have been duly followed in the IEE process
and proposed mitigation measures.
Table 79: Review of Relevant Acts, Rules, Regulations and Guidelines
A Constitution
The Constitution of Nepal: It has guaranteed every person the right to live in a clean
environment as a fundamental right. As per the constitution, it is also a matter of State
policy to adopt appropriate measures to abolish or mitigate existing or possible adverse
environmental impacts on the nature, environment or biological diversity.
B Plans and Policies
National Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Policy, 2072 B.S (2016 A.D): It has
identified restoration and improvement of access to service and improve environmental
resilience as one of its strategic recovery objectives.
Forest Policy, 2071 B.S (2015 A.D): Plantation is mandatory for environmental friendly
physical infrastructure development along settlement area, road and irrigation canal.
Land Acquisition, Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy, 2071 B.S (2014 A.D):
This policy has been formulated to strengthen socioeconomic condition of project
affected families with the provision of necessary land acquisition, justifiable
compensation, appropriate resettlement and rehabilitation for the public welfare and
implementation of infrastructure development projects.
Fourteenth Plan, 2073/74-2075/76 B.S.: Aimed for economic growth through
infrastructure development, commercialization of agriculture and social development.
Regarding the road transportation, it has aimed to rehabilitate and reconstruct the road
damaged by earthquake. The concept of greenery on either side of road has been
introduced and environmental consideration during construction and maintenance of
road is pointed.
ADB Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009 A.D: ADB’s Safeguard Policy Framework consists of three operational policies on the Environment, Indigenous people and
Involuntary resettlement. It requires that (i) impacts are identified and assessed early in
the project cycle, (ii) plans to avoid, minimize, mitigate or compensate for the potential
adverse impacts are developed and implemented and (iii) affected people are informed
and consulted during project preparation and implementation.
20 Year Road Plan, 2059 –2079 B.S (2002-2022 A.D): With main objectives of
development of Strategic Road Networks (SRN), the implementation strategies include
all weather road connection to the District Headquarters (DHQ) and provision of road
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 84
linkages from the DHQ to the adjacent road network of the neighboring districts and
countries
Policy Document, Environmental Assessment in the Road Sector of Nepal, 2056
B.S (2000 A.D): It proposes to adopt measures to improve the way of life of the affected
people and safeguard natural surroundings. In case damage is inevitable environmental
assessment should find ways of reducing or compensating for such damage. It
suggested five types of environmental assessment activities like Screening, IEE, EIA
and Monitoring.
National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, 2014-2020 FY: It is prepared to
provide guiding framework for the management of Nepal’s biodiversity. It has focused on national needs of biodiversity management and conservation, fulfillment of the
international obligations, sustainable use of its components and equitable sharing of
benefits accrued from conservation and utilization of genetic resources. It has a long
term (i.e. 35 years) vision, and includes specific short term (up to 2020) strategies and
priorities for action.
C Acts
Act Relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2072 B.S
(2015 A.D): This act provides for the creation of the NRA for a period of five years
(which may be extended) and defines its functions, duties and powers. It has mandated
NRA for leading and managing the earthquake recovery and reconstruction in Nepal. It
has delegated the NRA the authority to frame rules (Section 30), may make and enforce
necessary guidelines or procedures in order to conduct its business (Section 31).
Solid Waste Management Act, 2068 B.S (2011 A.D): It outlines the duties of local
government to take action to control haphazard waste generation, disposal or collection
and has provisions for various punitive measures against those engaged in activities
detrimental to the intentions of the Act.
Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 2057 B.S (2000 A.D): Engaging
children including those who has not attained the age of 14 in risky activities against
his/her will by any means is prohibited. In case any enterprise has to engage a child in
works, an approval has to be obtained from concerned body.
Local Self Governance Act 2055 B.S (1999 A.D): Empowers the local bodies for the
conservation of soil, forest and other natural resources and implements environmental
conservation activities
Forest Act, 2049 B.S (1993 A.D): Requires decision makers to take account of all forest
values, including environmental services and biodiversity, not just the production of
timber and other commodities.
Water Resources Act, 2049 B.S (1992 A.D): It has legal arrangements for determining
beneficial uses of water resources, preventing environment and other hazardous effects
thereof and also keeping water resources free from pollution. It has clearly mentioned
that no one shall pollute water resource by way of using or putting any litter, industrial
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 85
wastes, poison, chemical or toxicant to the effect that the pollution tolerance limit of the
water resource as prescribed.
The Labor Act, 2048 B.S (1992 A.D): Regulates the working environment, deals with
occupational health and safety.
Soil and Watershed Conservation Act (SWCA), 2039 B.S (1982 A.D); It empowers
GoN to declare any area of Nepal as a conserved watershed area, specifying the
borders thereof. The Watershed Conservation Officer (WCO) has the authority to
implement protective infrastructure, vegetation program and regulate agricultural
practices pertinent to soil and watershed conservation. It empowers WCO to prohibit the
commission of any acts that may cause soil-erosion or soil cutting in a land where any of
the acts has been done
Public Roads Act, 2031 B.S (1974 A.D): Act mandates requirement of permission from
the DoR to carry out activities within the limits of the road boundaries and also provision
of notifying the DoR by local governmental offices prior to the start of activities in the
limits of the public roads.
National Park and Wildlife Conservation Act, 2029 B.S (1972 A.D): This act provides
protection to 27 species of mammals, 9 species of birds and three species of reptiles.
Road Board Act, 2058 B.S: It is expedient to make necessary provisions on having the
roads repaired and maintained, making cost effective the expenditures to be incurred in
repairing and maintaining the roads and making transparent and effective the repairing
and maintenance works of the roads.
D Rules and Regulations
Rule Relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2072 B.S
(2016 A.D): It provides the basis for prioritization of reconstruction. More importantly, it
defines functions, duties and rights of the Chief Executive Officer and Secretary of NRA
and District Coordination Committee.
Local Self Governance Rules 2056 B.S (2000 A.D): It provides procedural guidelines
for implementation of the Local Self Governance Act.
Forest Rules, 2051 B.S (1995 A.D): It elaborates legal measures for the conservation
of forests and wildlife and provides procedural guidelines for implementation of the
Forest Act. It stipulates that in case the execution of any project having national priority
in any forest area causes any loss or harm to any local individual or community, the
proponent of the project itself shall bear the amount of compensation to be paid.
Road Board Rule, 2060 B.S: Maintenance of road from routine to emergency, DCC is
responsible for district road. DCC will prepare annual road maintenance plan and
forward it to road board through DoLIDAR and board will prepare annual plan.
Solid Waste Management Act, 2070 B.S: It outlines that every waste generator shall
segregate waste and store separately and hand over to Municipal workers or authorized
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 86
waste pickers.
E Work Procedures, Guidelines, Standards and others
Local Body Restructuring Notice, MoFALD, GON, 2017 A.D: Declaration of the
name, number, boundary, ward’s boundary of 744 Rural Municipality and Municipality
with 481 rural municipalities, 246 municipalities, 13 sub-metropolitan cities, 4
metropolitan cities and dissolve of VDC/DDC.
Working Procedure Related with Environmental Impact Assessment for
Rehabilitation of Earthquake Affected Structures 2072 B.S (2016 A.D) and Second
Amendment, 2074 B.S (2017 A.D): These provide procedural guidelines for
undertaking reconstruction and rehabilitation projects. These include a comprehensive
suite of procedures for different activities like environmental impact assessment, land
acquisition, and public procurement for reconstruction projects (2072 B.S) and grievance
management (2073 B.S). It determines the format of IEE and EIA.
The first amendment has revised the threshold for projects to undergo IEE or EIA. It
prescribes (under Clause 2 of Schedule 1) that upgrading, rehabilitation and
reconstruction and new construction of district, urban and rural road should follow IEE
study and approval.
The second amendment has also revised the threshold for projects to undergo IEE or EIA. It
prescribes (under Clause 1 of Schedule 1) 7.5 ha as threshold for screening the project. Project
requiring vegetation clearance for more than 7.5 ha will need to carry EIA and equal to or less
than 7.5 ha need IEE study.
Working Procedure to Use National Forest area for National Priority Projects, 2074
B.S (2017 A.D): Following are the main features:
• EMP/IEE/EIA study is mandatory for obtaining forestry clearance.
• Alternative analysis has to be done during feasibility study for avoiding forest area or if not having minimal loss of vegetation.
• Concerned Ministry has to obtain concurrence from Ministry of Forest and Soil
Conservation before approving IEE/EIA
• Provision of compensatory plantation (with protection for five years) at the ratio of 1:25 plants by the project or provide plantation and protection cost to concerned DFO.
Community forest development program guideline (third revision 2071 B.S):
Sustainable and scientific management of forest by the local users including
environment services and facilities for the mitigation of natural calamities, wildlife's and
forest fire
ADB Environmental Assessment and Review Framework (EARF), 2015 A.D for
EEAP: It elaborates environmental legal requirements and procedures according to the
Government of Nepal and Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009 of ADB and guides the
preparation of environmental assessments and environmental management plans.
ADB Resettlement Framework (RF), 2015 A.D for EEAP: It guides the preparation of
resettlement plans by elaborating legal and procedural guidelines according to GoN and
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ADP SPS.
Batabaran Parichhyan - Resource Booklet - 2070 B.S (2013): It provides guidance for
local body to prepare environmental assessment reports of different projects;
construction materials extraction and local roads, on their own.
Environment Friendly Local Governance Framework (EFLG) 2070 B.S (2013 A.D):
This framework is prepared to promote environmental conservation through local
institutions to materialize environment friendly local development concept. There are
different level of environment friendly indicators like basic, advanced and special
indicators at household, tole/settlement, ward, VDC, Municipality and District level. Main
objectives of this framework are as follows:
Mainstreaming the environment, climate change, disaster management issues in
local development planning process.
Making environment friendly local governance mechanism.
Strengthening basic level to make environment friendly sustainable development.
Promoting coordination and cooperation within environment and development.
Strengthening local organization to enhance local ownership for the sustainable
development of environment.
Nepal Rural Road Standard, 2012 A.D: Sets the classification and geometric design
standards for the Local Road Network to be followed by all those involved in the
development of the network, including Users, User Committees, VDCs, DDCs, DTOs,
DoLIDAR and its development partners.
National Adaptation Program of Action, 2068 B.S (2010 A.D): The NAPA has been
instrumental in mainstreaming climate change in development planning. The NAPA has
developed a framework for adaptation programme, and has identified key adaptation
needs, existing adaptation practices and options for developed projects including
infrastructure.
Reference Manual for Environmental and Social Aspects of Integrated Road
Development, 2060 B.S (2003 A.D): Suggests stepwise process of addressing
environmental and social issues alongside the technical, financial and other issues.
Batabaraniya Nirdesika (Nepali), 2057 B.S (2000 A.D): Focuses in the practical
implementation of small rural infrastructures through the minimization of environmental
impacts and outlines simple methods of environmental management in the different
phases of the project cycle. More emphasis is given to prevention rather than cure.
APPROACH for the Development of Agricultural and Rural Roads, 2055 B.S (1999
A.D): Emphasizes labor based technology and environmental friendly, local resource
oriented construction methods to be incorporated actively in rural infrastructure process.
Green Roads in Nepal, Best Practices Report – An Innovative Approach for Rural
Infrastructure Development in the Himalayas and Other Mountainous Regions.
GIZ, 1999 A.D: It focuses on participatory, labor based and environment friendly
technology with proper alignment selection, mass balancing, proper water management,
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bioengineering and phased construction.
Environmental Management Guidelines, Geo Environmental and Social Unit, DoR,
2054 B.S (1997 A.D): It consists of environmental mitigation measures to be
incorporated into DoR projects, procedures for public participation, and socio-economic
consideration. The Environmental Mitigation Measures are broken down into 12
categories or activities and a method for implementation is given for each mitigation
measures including implementation strategies. These environmental mitigation
measures should be used in conjunction with good engineering design, construction and
operation practices. It also suggests considering the various socio-economic issues like
land acquisition and compensation, economic impacts and cultural heritage.
Community forest development program guideline (third revision 2071 B.S):
Sustainable and scientific management of forest by the local users including
environment services and facilities for the mitigation of natural calamities, wildlifes and
forest fire
National Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines, 2050 B.S (1993 A.D):
Provides guidance to project proponent on integrating environmental mitigation
measures, particularly on the management of quarries, borrow pits and stockpiling of
materials, operation of the work camps, earthworks and slope stabilization, location of
stone crushing plants etc.
F International Conventions
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
(CITES), 2053 B.S, amended, 2059 B.S (1973 A.D, amended 1979 A.D): It regulates
international trade in endangered wild flora and fauna with the aim of reducing or
eliminating trade in species whose numbers or conditions suggest that further removal
from their natural habitat would lead to their extinction. It urges parties not to allow trade
in specimen of species included in the CITES Appendices I, II and III with some
exception. As the area holds some CITES listed species, this convention is attracted in
case of their trade.
Convention on Biological Diversity, 2049 B.S (1992): It focuses on the conservation
of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable
sharing of the benefits. It urges parties to introduce appropriate procedures requiring EIA
of the proposed projects that are likely to have significant adverse effects on biological
diversity.
Convention (No. 169) Concerning Indigenous and Tribal People in Independent
Countries, 2046 B.S (1989A.D): The convention provides right to the indigenous and
tribal people to decide their own priorities for the process of development. It mandates
participation in formulations of the plan and programs, decision making regarding
national development. It safeguards rights of the indigenous people in territories
traditionally occupied by them.
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 89
9. Environmental Management Plan
257. The environmental management plan (EMP) is prepared to guide the implementation
of mitigation measures and monitoring requirements. It includes institutions and their roles,
environmental management activities, environmental management organizational structure
and budget for mitigation measures.
9.1. Institutions and Their Roles
258. Different institutions involved in the IEEs and EMP implementation and roles of these
institutions are given in Table 80. The environmental management organizational structure
is given in Figure 9.
Table 80: Institutions and Their Roles
Institution Role Responsibility in the Sub-project
National
Reconstruction
Authority
Executive agency and
concerned IEE approval
authority as per Act Relating to
Reconstruction of the
Earthquake Affected Structure
2015, rule relating to
reconstruction of earthquake
affected structure.
To review and approve IEE Report
Conduct environmental monitoring
from central level.
MoFALD Co-ordination of project
activities with EEAP Representation in IEE review team
constituted by NRA
Conduct environmental monitoring
from district level.
CLPIU - EEAP Co-ordinationof sub-project
activities from center Technical Unit to support and
coordinate all activities for
implementation of EEAP.
Review, comment and forward ToR
for IEE and IEE report to ADB for
concurrence and to NRA for
approval.
CISC Support consultant at Central
Level. Technical and management support
to CLPIU-EEAP
Supervises and monitors sub-
project consultants and contractors.
Implements and monitor
resettlement plans and
IEEs for the relevant sub-project s
and prepares consolidated reports
on these.
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Institution Role Responsibility in the Sub-project
Ensures timely and effective
implementation of the
activities set out in the Gender
Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI)
Action Plan.
Prepares progress reports, as
outlined in PAM
District Level
Project
Implementation
Unit
DLPIU is project implementing
agency in district
Prepare ToR for IEE and submit for
approval to NRA through CLPIU
Conduct IEE study, public
consultation and prepare draft IEE
and public disclosure and then
submit for concurrence from ADB
and approval from NRA through
CLPIU
Implement IEE and EMP of sub-
projects and conduct environmental
monitoring and reporting.
District
Implementation
Support
Consultant
Supporting consultants at
district level Technical and management support
to DLPIU for the implementation of
sub-project activities in the districts.
Responsible for supervision and
monitoring at field level.
Grievance
Redress
Committee
Support in addressing
grievances caused due to road
construction related to
environment.
Responsible for addressing
grievances due to road construction
which affects their livelihood.
Project
Steering
Committee
Provides overarching guidance
and policy level support to the
sub-project.
Monitors and reviews sub-project
performance at an
inter-ministerial level and addresses
key policy
related issues.
Ensures collaboration and
cooperation among
central level agencies.
259. To support for smooth implementation of the sub-project, there are various district
level committees and groups including DLPIU, DISC to support the sub-project.
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 91
Figure 9: Environmental Management Organisation Structure
9.2. Implementation of Benefit Augmentation and Mitigation Measures
260. The DLPIU will be responsible for the implementation of benefit augmentation and
mitigation measures proposed in Chapter 7. Various agencies including DPO, DISC, local
bodies and concerned governmental line agencies will support DLPIU for the implementation
of mitigation measures. The detail action plan for activities to be carried out to augment
beneficial impacts and reduce/mitigate adverse impact produced from the implementation of
the proposal, and the responsible implementing and supporting agencies are provided in
environmental management plan is presented in Table 81and 82.
CLPIU-EEAP Environment safeguard focal person
CISC Environment Safeguard Unit
(Environment Specialist)
DLPIU CDE Engineers Accountant
(Environmental Safeguard Focal Person)
DISC
Contractor
Government of Nepal
National Reconstruction Authority (NRA)
Ministry of Federal Affairs & Local/ PCC
ADB, SDC
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 92
Table 81: Likely Beneficial Impacts and Enhancement Measures
Activity Effect Related
Beneficial
Impacts
Type of Impact Sig Benefit Augmentation
Measures
Responsible Agencies
Nat Mag Ext Dur Executing
Agency
Supporting
Agency
Construction Phase
Construction
of road
Employment
Generation
(23,393 skilled
and 77,947
unskilled person
days) and
increase in
income level
Increase in
income level
D H
(60)
LC
(20)
ST
(5)
VS
(85)
Life skill training for income
generation activities to
improve the livelihood of
the affected peoples.
NRs. 90,429,200.00 will be
injected as local economy
during the road
construction.
DLPIU CL-PIU/
DISC/CISC
Construction
work
Economic
Increment
Increase in
income level
D L
(10)
LC
(20)
ST
(5)
INS
(35)
awareness raising** to
local entrepreneurs for
promoting linkage with
cooperatives and other
financial institutions (NRS.
250,00.00)
Increase in market demand
and opportunity
DLPIU CL-PIU/
DISC/CISC
Construction
of road
Skill
Enhancement
Increase in
income
generating
activities,
employment
opportunities
IN M
(20)
LC
(20)
LT
(20)
S
(60)
Providing skill training in
construction techniques,
small engineering
structures (masonry wall
construction, netting wires
and construction of gabion
wall, slope cutting etc.) and
bio-engineering works.
DLPIU DISC
Operation Phase
Operation of Improve Access Saving in travel D H R LT VS No benefit augmentation Municipality/RM Municipality/RM
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 93
Activity Effect Related
Beneficial
Impacts
Type of Impact Sig Benefit Augmentation
Measures
Responsible Agencies
Nat Mag Ext Dur Executing
Agency
Supporting
Agency
Road time and travel
cost
(60) (60) (20) (140) measures are planned
Operation of
Road
Possible Market
Development and
Business
Promotion
Extension of
local market,
non-agricultural
employment
opportunity.
IN H
(60)
LC
(20)
LT
(20)
VS
(100)
No benefit augmentation
measures are planned
Municipality/RM Municipality/RM
Operation of
Road
Increase in Land
Value
Improvement in
local economic
condition
IN H
(60)
LC
(20)
LT
(20)
VS
(100)
No benefit augmentation
measures are planned
Municipality/RM Municipality/RM
Operation of
Road
Development of
Cottage
Industries
Employment
opportunities
and self-
employee
IN H
(60)
LC
(20)
LT
(20)
VS
(100)
No benefit augmentation
measures are planned
Municipality/RM Municipality/RM
Operation of
Road
Increase in Crop
Productivity
Enhancement
in local
economy
D M
(20)
R
(20)
LT
(20)
S
(60)
No benefit augmentation
measures are planned
Municipality/RM DADO
Operation of
Road
Increase in Sale
of Local Products
Shifts towards
improved
agriculture
farming and
local goods
production
D M
(20)
LC
(20)
LT
(20)
S
(60)
No benefit augmentation
measures are planned
Municipality/RM DADO
Operation of
Road
Tourism
Development
Development of
improved
tourism
D M
(20)
LC
(20)
LT
(20)
S
(60)
No benefit augmentation
measures are planned
Municipality/RM Municipality/RM
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Table 82 : Likely Adverse Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures
Activity Potential
Negative Effects
Related
Adverse
Impacts
Type of Impact Sig Mitigation Measures Responsibility for Mitigation Measure
Nat Mag Ext Dur Executing Agency Supporting Agency
Construction Stage
Physical Environment
Earth
Excavation
5.184 ha existing
agrculture land
will be
permanently
converted into
road
Loss of
agricultural
land
production,
loss of property
D H
(60)
LC
(20)
LT
(20)
VS
(100)
Applying additional
protective measures
(bio-engineering and
toe-wall) that the
remaining land will not
be lost due to erosion.
Contractor/DLPIU DISC/CLPIU/CISC
Hazard due
to Spoil
Disposal
Spoil disposal
and imposed
weight of spoil on
fragile slopes
Gully erosion,
landslide,
disruption of
road, damage
to farmland,
water pollution
etc.
D M
(20)
SS
(10)
LT
(20)
S
(50)
Separation and
utilization of top soil and
proper management of
spoils and waste,
provision of proper
drainages, toe walls.
The Spoil will be
disposed in proper
location (Ch 2+960,
4+540 and 8+360)
Contractor/DLPIU DISC/CLPIU/CISC
Site
clearance,
earth
excavation
Slope Instability
at GPS chainages
1+300, 1+800,
2+000, 3+000,
3+950, 4+300,
4+500, 6+600,
Erosion,
landslide, loss
of property
IN M
(20)
SS
(10)
LT
(20)
S
(50)
Bio-engineering
application will be used
to stabilize the slopes.
Necessary slope
stabilization structures
DLPIU/Contactor DISC/CLPIU/CISC
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Activity Potential
Negative Effects
Related
Adverse
Impacts
Type of Impact Sig Mitigation Measures Responsibility for Mitigation Measure
Nat Mag Ext Dur Executing Agency Supporting Agency
9+100, 10+500,
11+600, 19+450.
will be constructed
Construction
of Road
Disruption of
natural water flow
due to drainage
and cross
drainage works
Erosion,
landslide due
to increase in
surface runoff
IN M
(20)
SS
(10)
MT
(10)
S
(50)
Proper drainage
structures (causeways
and drain) will be
constructed.
No blockage or
diversion of natural
channels due to
construction of road and
spoil disposal.
DLPIU/Contactor DISC/CLPIU/CISC
Construction
works, spoil
and waste
disposal
Air pollution due
to dust from
exposed surface,
from construction
equipment
Effect on local
people and
workers health
D L
(10)
LC
(20)
ST
(5)
INS
(35)
Use of face mask while
working on dust prone
areas, covering of dust
sources.
DLPIU/Contactor/
RM/Municipality
DISC/CLPIU/CISC
Noise pollution Disturbance
and annoyance
around school,
health posts
and people
living in nearby
areas.
D L
(10)
LC
(20)
ST
(5)
INS
(35)
Restrict horn near
school, health posts and
settlement area etc.
DLPIU/Contactor
RM/Municipality
DISC/CLPIU/CISC
Water pollution
due to sediment
level
Risk of water
borne diseases
Risk of water
pollution in
D L
(10)
LC
(20)
ST
(5)
INS
(35)
Proper spoil
management and
restriction in urination
and defecation in open
DLPIU/Contactor
RM/Municipality
DISC/CLPIU/CISC
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Activity Potential
Negative Effects
Related
Adverse
Impacts
Type of Impact Sig Mitigation Measures Responsibility for Mitigation Measure
Nat Mag Ext Dur Executing Agency Supporting Agency
existing Kuwa
near the
chainage
10+050.
areas and water bodies.
Quarrying Quarry operation
at ch 4+800,
7+300, 9+600 &
18+220 and
18+840 and its
potential effect on
instability,
landslide
Water pollution,
damage to
farmland,
disturbance in
natural
drainage
D L
(10)
LC
(20)
ST
(5)
INS
(35)
Quarry operation plant.
Rehabilitation of quarry
sites after completion of
work.
DLPIU/Contactor DISC/CLPIU/CISC
Establish
labor camp
and storage
deposit
Pollution and
impact due to
location of camp
sites at the
chainage 4+720
and 10+250 and
storage deposit
Encroachment
of forest,
agriculture
land, solid
waste, and
waste water
may cause
pollution
D M
(20)
SS
(10)
ST
(5)
INS
(35)
Camp site will be
located away from
productive land and
forest area.
Local houses will be
used as labour camp
rent/compensation will
be paid to land owner of
camping area.
DLPIU/Contactor DISC/CLPIU/CISC
Operation of
construction
equipment
Construction
machineries and
tools (Rollers,
tippers, spreader,
water tanker etc.)
Air pollution
due to
emission of
smoke,
increase in
vibration and
D H
(60)
LS
(20)
ST
(5)
VS
(75)
Equipment/ vehicles
deployed for
construction activities
shall be regularly
maintained.
All the vehicles
DLPIU/Contactor DISC/CLPIU/CISC
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 97
Activity Potential
Negative Effects
Related
Adverse
Impacts
Type of Impact Sig Mitigation Measures Responsibility for Mitigation Measure
Nat Mag Ext Dur Executing Agency Supporting Agency
noise pollution deployed for material
movement shall be spill
proof to the extent
possible.
Biological Environment
Firewood Impact on
Community and
Private Forest
within IIA and
pressure in forest
product
Loss of
vegetation,
IN L
(10)
LC
(20)
ST
(5)
S
(40)
Use kerosene for
heating, fuel wood is
prohibited.
NRs. 250,000.00 for
awareness programme
to the workers.
Contractor/ DLPIU DFO//DISC/CLPIU/CISC
Construction
activity
Impact on
wildlife/birds
habitat in IIA due
to loss or
degradation of
habitat, increased
hunting and other
form of human
pressure
Disturbance to
wildlife
including birds
IN L
(10)
LC
(20)
ST
(5)
INS
(35)
Work only in day time;
no disturbance to
wildlife
NRs. 250,000.00 for
awareness programme
to the workers.
Contractor/DLPIU DFO/CFUGs/ DISC/
CISC
Construction
activity
Impact on Fauna
as listed in
CITES, IUCN and
GoN in IIA
Loss of
biodiversity
IN L
(10)
LC
(20)
ST
(5)
INS
(35)
Prohibiting workers for
hunting/harassing
wildlife
DLPIU/Contractor DFO/ DLPIU
/CFUGs/DISC
Socio-economic Environment
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 98
Activity Potential
Negative Effects
Related
Adverse
Impacts
Type of Impact Sig Mitigation Measures Responsibility for Mitigation Measure
Nat Mag Ext Dur Executing Agency Supporting Agency
Acquisition of
land for
maintaining
road width
Loss or
Degradation of
5.184 ha Land
and Productivity
Reduced
production,
loss of income
D H
(60)
LC
(20)
LT
(20)
VS
(100)
Minimize productive
land acquisition through
selection, compensation
of NRs. 12,472,588.80
will be provided to
affected people
DLPIU CDC7/DISC
CLPIU
Demolition of
structures
along road
Two Private
residence at the
chainage 4+000
and 4+200 along
the road corridor
will be affected.
Loss of
services
provided by
these
structures
D L
(10)
SS
(10)
LT
(20)
INS
(40)
Compensation of NRs.
1,924,000 is allocated
for affected private
structures and
Rehabilitation of public
infrastructure will be
done according to the
Resettlement Plan.
DLPIU DISC / CLPIU/
Municipality/RM
Demolition of
structures
along road
Impact on
Cultural, religious
site: one religious
sites (mane) at
chainage 4+210
belongs to
Buddhist will be
affected
D L
(10)
SS
(10)
LT
(20)
INS
(40)
Compensation of NRs.
100,000.00 is allocated
as per Resettlement
Plan.
DLPIU/RM/
Municipality
DISC / CLPIU/
Municipality/ RM/DLPIU
7The Land Acquisition Guidelines, 1991 specify the establishment of an Acquisition and Construction Committee (also known as Compensation Determination
Committee, “CDC”) for fixing the rate of compensation of private properties to be acquired, consisting of the concerned Chief District Officer (Chair), Land Revenue Officer, representative of the DCC and the Project Manager and others as deemed necessary.
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 99
Activity Potential
Negative Effects
Related
Adverse
Impacts
Type of Impact Sig Mitigation Measures Responsibility for Mitigation Measure
Nat Mag Ext Dur Executing Agency Supporting Agency
Construction
activity
Impact on
Occupational
health and safety
Injury, fatal
accidents,
outbreak of
epidemics and
diseases,
decline in
capacity to
work
D L
(10)
LC
(20)
ST
(5)
INS
(35)
First aid facility at sites
with health treatment
arrangements, proper
drinking water and toilet
facility for construction
workers, safety gears
(helmet, face masks,
goggles, gloves, boots)
and accidental
insurance of workers
DLPIU/Contractor DLPIU/DISC
Construction
activity
Impact on Public
health and safety
Work force and
migrating
people might
be suffering
from several
communicable
diseases such
that their
disease could
be transmitted
to local people
arising threat to
community
health
D L
(10)
LC
(20)
ST
(5)
INS
(35)
First aid facility at sites
with health treatment
arrangements.
NRs. 250,000.00 is
allocated for awareness
raising** training on
public health and safety
Provision of information
of signboards,
cautionary ribbons and
barricades
DLPIU/Contractor DLPIU/DISC
Operation Stage
Physical Environment
Operation of Road Slope Slides and D M LC LT S Regular maintenance of RM/Municipality Rural/Municipality
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 100
Activity Potential
Negative Effects
Related
Adverse
Impacts
Type of Impact Sig Mitigation Measures Responsibility for Mitigation Measure
Nat Mag Ext Dur Executing Agency Supporting Agency
road Stability and
Management
slope failure,
Disturbance to
traffic flow,
pollution of
water bodies,
impacts on
agriculture
land, loss of
vegetation.
(20) (20) (20) (60) slope protection
structures and
bioengineering
techniques on slopes.
Operation of
vehicles
Air, Noise and
Water Pollution
Disturbance to
students,
patients, local
people effect to
nearby
agriculture land
and crops
D L
(10)
LC
(20)
LT
(20)
S
(50)
Community awareness,
no horn signs near
schools, health posts.
Restriction on washing
of vehicles in local
streams.
RM/Municipality Rural/Municipality
Biological Environment
Road
operation
Depletion of
Forest Resources
Loss of timber,
forest
resources and
benefits
IN M
(20)
LC
(20)
LT
(20)
S
(60)
awareness raising**
programmes for
conservation of forest
resources, enforcement
of law along with
community participation
(NRS. 250,00.00)
RM/Municipality/
CFUGs
DFO/CFUGs
Road
operation
Forest Fire Loss of forest IN L
(10)
LC
(20)
LT
(20)
S
(50)
NRs. 250.000.00 is
allocated for awareness
RM/Municipality/
CFUGs
DFO/CFUGs
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 101
Activity Potential
Negative Effects
Related
Adverse
Impacts
Type of Impact Sig Mitigation Measures Responsibility for Mitigation Measure
Nat Mag Ext Dur Executing Agency Supporting Agency
raising** programmes
Road
operation
Disturbance to
the Wildlife and
Illegal Hunting
Collision of
wildlife with
vehicles,
disturbance in
their normal
activities
IN L
(10)
LC
(20)
LT
(20)
S
(50)
Warning traffic signal,
awareness raising**
(NRS. 250,00.00)
training to drivers to limit
speed and horn use
RM/Municipality/
CFUGs
DFO/CFUGs
Road
operation
Impact on
protected species
Possibilities to
impact in
protected fauna
due to increase
in human
influence
IN L
(10)
LC
(20)
LT
(20)
S
(50)
Conduct awareness
raising** programmes
(NRS. 250,00.00)
Strictl prohibition to
enter the forest area,
enforcement of law
RM/Municipality/
CFUGs
DFO/CFUGs
Socio-economic Environment
Road
operation
Public/Forest
Land
Encroachment
and Ribbon
Settlement
Development
along the road
alignment
Encroachment
of RoW,
increased
accidents,
depletion of
local
resources,
water pollution
D M
(20)
LC
(20)
MT
(10)
S
(50)
awareness raising**
programmes (NRS.
250,00.00)
Enforcement of law,
planning of land
development, plantation
of trees in RoW
Rm/Municipality DFO/CFUG
Operation of
Road
Increase Traffic
Congestion
delay in traffic
movement,
D M
(20)
LC
(20)
LT
(20)
S
(60)
Manage traffic
congestion by applying
RM/Municipality RM/Municipality
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 102
Activity Potential
Negative Effects
Related
Adverse
Impacts
Type of Impact Sig Mitigation Measures Responsibility for Mitigation Measure
Nat Mag Ext Dur Executing Agency Supporting Agency
noise pollution appropriate traffic rule
Operation of
Road
Road Safety Increase in
accidents
D M
(20)
LC
(20)
LT
(20)
S
(60)
Appropriate road safety
measures, safety sign
boards along the road.
NRs. 250,000.00 for
awareness raising**
program for students
RM/Municipality RM/Municipality
Note:
Magnitude H= High M= Moderate L= Low (depending on the scale or severity of change.)
Extent R= Regional LC= Local SS= Site specific
Duration LT= Long term (more than 20 years) MT= Medium term (3-20 years) ST= Short term (less than 3 years)
Nature D= Direct; IN= Indirect
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 103
9.3. Mitigation Cost for Executing the Environmental Management Plan
261. The estimated cost for beneficial augmentation measures like awareness raising
program, skill training, promotion of small scale industries, and income generation activities
will be covered by the improved community development and rural livelihood restoration
component of the Sub-project. Costs for income generation and awareness programme
activities for Affected Persons (APs) are included in Resettlement Plan. The design and cost
estimate for most of the suggested mitigation measures such as slope stabilization, spoil
disposal,
9.3.1 Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Activities
262. The CLPIU, with the DLPIU will monitor and measure the progress of EMP
implementation. The monitoring activities will be corresponding with the project’s risks and impacts and will be identified in the IEE. In addition to recording information of the work,
deviation of work components from original scope, the CLPIU with the DLPIU will undertake
site inspections and document review to verify compliance with the EMP and progress
toward the final outcome.
263. DISC will submit monthly monitoring and implementation reports to the CISC and
CISC will submit to CLPIU, who will take follow-up actions, if necessary. CLPIU will submit
the quarterly monitoring and implementation report as well as semi-annual monitoring
reports to the ADB/NRA. Monitoring reports will be posted in a location accessible to the
public.
264. The CLPIU will document monitoring results, identify the necessary corrective
actions, and reflect them in a corrective action plan. The CLPIU in each quarter will study the
compliance with the action plan developed in the previous quarter. Compliance with loan
covenants will be screened by the executing agency.
265. ADB will review project performance against the executing agency’s commitments as
agreed in the legal documents. The extent of ADB's monitoring and supervision activities will
be commensurate with the Project’s risks and impacts. Monitoring and supervising of
environmental safeguards will be integrated into the project performance management
system. ADB will monitor projects on an ongoing basis until a project completion report is
issued. ADB will carry out the following monitoring actions to supervise project
implementation:
266. Conduct periodic site visits for projects with adverse environmental impacts;
Review the periodic monitoring reports submitted by the executing agency to
ensure that adverse impacts and risks are mitigated as planned and as agreed
with ADB.
267. Work with executing agency to rectify to the extent possible any failures to comply
with their safeguard commitments, as covenanted in the legal agreements, and
exercise remedies to re-establish compliance as appropriate; and
268. Prepare a project completion report that assesses whether the objective and
desired outcomes of the safeguard plans have been achieved, taking into
account the baseline conditions and the results of monitoring.
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 104
269. Total cost of environmental monitoring (field visits, observation, review of reports and
report preparation) is estimated NRs. 250,000 as given in Table 83.
Table 83: Environemntal Monitoring Cost
Manpower requirement Duration
(days)
Rate (NRs) Amount
(NRs)
Team Leader/Environmental Specialist 6 7,000 42,000
Engineer 4 5,000 20,000
Forestry expert 4 5,000 20,000
Socio-economist 4 5,000 20,000
Support staff 4 1500 6,000
Transportation cost LS 30,000
Report preparation LS 27,000
Central level monitoring LS 85,000
Total 250,000
9.3.2 Major Costs for Environmental Safeguard Measures
270. The environmental management cost of this project is NRs. 950,000.00 and is
summarized in Table 84. In addition to this cost, different environmental mitigation and
management activities like bio-engineering, insurance of workers etc. are covered by civil
work cost.
Table 84: Estimate for Environmental Enhancement and Mitigation Measures
SN Particulars Amount (NRs.) Remarks
1.1 Environmental management cost
1.1.1 Environmental awareness raising** training 250,000.00
1.1.3 Road side plantation 350,000.00
1.1.4 Road safety and informative signboard 100,000.00
1.1.5 Environmental monitoring cost 250,000.00
Sub-total (i) 950,000.00
1.2 Other environmental cost (included in civil works cost also)
1.2.1 Toe wall for spoil management 1,500,000.00
1.2.2 Occupational health and safety (GPA
insurance)
1,000,000.00
1.2.3 Bioengineering works 6,204,309.55
Sub-total (ii) 8,704,309.55
Total (i+ii) 9,654,309.55
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 105
9.4. Matters to be Monitored while Implementing the Proposal
271. Monitoring of the implementation of environmental protection measures provides a
basis for logical comparison for the predicted and actual impacts of a proposal.
Environmental monitoring will involve the systematic collection of data to determine the
actual environmental impacts of the sub-project, compliance of the sub-project with
regulatory standards, and the degree of implementation and effectiveness of the
environmental protection. Monitoring will be an integral part of the implementation of the
mitigation measures during project construction, and will generate important information. It
will improve the quality of sub-project implementation.
272. The Working Procedure Related with Environmental Impact Assessment for
Rehabilitation of Earthquake Affected Structures, (second ammendment, 2074 B.S) requires
a monitoring plan and indicators, schedules and responsibility to be identified in the IEE
report. The National EIA Guidelines, 1993 has suggested three stages of the monitoring i.e.
baseline monitoring, compliance monitoring and impact monitoring.
9.4.1 Baseline Monitoring
273. Baseline monitoring helps to update the baseline information collected during
IEE/EIA study when there is a significant time gap between IEE/EIA approval and proposal
implementation. In general, it is carried out if there is a significant time lapse between the
preparation of the IEE report and the construction stage or a change in environmental quality
is noticeable. This sub-project will proceed for construction immediately after the approval of
this IEE report and hence, baseline monitoring is not required for this sub-project.
9.4.2 Compliance Monitoring
274. Compliance monitoring is essential in order to ensure that environmental protection
measures recommended by this study and other requirements set forth during the approval
of the sub-project are complied with. This monitoring is not concerned with determining the
actual effect of the sub-project activities on the environment.
275. The proponent will ensure compliance of activities such as; inclusion of mitigation
measures in the design and tender documents, budget allocation for mitigation measures
and monitoring, compensation arrangements and other compliances spoil disposal, storage
sites, arrangement of construction activities etc.
9.4.3 Impact Monitoring
276. Impact monitoring is generally carried out to assess the effectiveness of the
environmental mitigation measures and provides actual levels of impacts in the field. Hence
an impact monitoring evaluation study is proposed by the end of the sub-project construction
phase or within two years of sub-project implementation. Impact monitoring will focus on
each predicted impact and effectiveness of environmental protection measures. This will
also focus on the stability of slopes; spoil disposal sites, work camps and labour camps,
wastes on the local environment. The utilization of cash compensation to the extent possible,
condition of the forest in the vicinity of the sub-project area, water management, damage to
human facilities, incremental change in production of high value commodities, increase in
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 106
other sources of income, employment generation, road side plantation, social status,
impediment to wildlife movement, etc.
9.5. Monitoring Parameters
277. These would be based on the level of site-specific information or existing data series
and impacts prediction. Efforts will be made to make the indicators measurable and
diagnostic with low natural variability and broad applicability. In this context, the following
physical, biological and social indicators will be monitored during the construction and
operational stages of the sub-project.
9.5.1 Pre-Construction Phase
278. During this phase the Consultant (DISC) bear the main responsibility in ensuring that
the environmental and social safeguard considerations are adequately incorporated in the
Project design and that the respective clauses to address the identified impacts are
sufficiently included in the specifications and work contracts.
9.5.2 Construction Phase
279. In this phase the monitoring focuses on impacts on the environmental and social
setting caused by the ongoing sub-project. This monitoring checks compliance with the
practices, norms, standards and technical solutions prescribed in the design and in the EMP.
The specific monitoring tasks will include
Verify and quantify the ongoing slope protection measures, and propose rectifying
measures as needed;
Verify and quantify the ongoing activities in propose rectifying measures as needed;
Verify and quantify the course of any environmental degradation caused, their likely
consequences, and propose corrective measures, including the identification of
responsibilities and costs;
Verify and quantify the effects of disposal of spoil and construction wastes and their
consequences;
Verify and quantify the effects of disruption of natural water courses, drainage work, and
their consequences;
Monitor by utilizing structured checklists and questionnaires, the contractor’s full compliance with the occupational health and safety regulations for the work staff;
Verify and make scheduled proposals for improving the contractor’s and DISC’s efforts in awareness training both for the work forces and the public general in the affected
communities;
Verify and quantify the effects of losses in wildlife, degradation of forests, illegal
extraction of forest products, hunting, wildlife trade and disturbance to wildlife;
Identify and assess the environmental implications on the people’s status of knowledge and awareness in relation to ongoing education campaigns;
Verify and quantify losses/damage to private property and community facilities;
Verify and quantify losses/damage to cultural properties;
Explore mechanisms to stipulate strict application of the EMP and identify consequences
to be borne by the contractors/BGs in case of non-compliance.
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 107
9.5.3 Operation Phase
280. The specific monitoring tasks in this phase will include:
Assess changes in land-use patterns, development of cottage industries, services and
demographic composition that may be caused by the road development;
Verify and quantify the occurrence of ribbon development, resulting in encroachment and
hindrance of traffic on the road;
Verify all activities for decommissioning work sites and construction to their former
functional stage, as applicable. This refers also propose rectifying measures as needed.
Verify and quantify the adequacy of the executed bio-engineering works for slope
protection and erosion control;
Verify and quantify the adequacy of the drainage structures, functionality of these
structures, shortcomings in maintenance, and possible effects on private and communal
lands, as well as on aquatic resources;
Verify and quantify the course of any environmental degradation caused by Project
activities, their likely consequences, and propose corrective measures, including the
identification of responsibilities and costs;
Verify and quantify the effects of disruption of natural water courses, drainage work, and
their consequences;
Verify the success/failure of skill development and job opportunities’ training carried out ; Verify and quantify the effects of losses in wildlife, degradation of forests, illegal
extraction of forest products, hunting, wildlife trade and disturbance to wildlife.
9.6. Monitoring Indicators
281. The monitoring will include specific cause-effect analyses for the impacts observed.
Following Table 85 specifies the set of verifiable indicators that will be used for monitoring.
Table 85: Monitoring Indicators Selected for this IEE
Monitored sector Parameters selected for monitoring
Soils, landslides, erosion, waste
management sites
Number, location and extent of slope failures
Cause analysis for slope failure natural/man-made
Area (ha.) of land, forest and properties affected
Number and extent of gully erosions and pavement
failures
Suitability of corrective/bio-engineering measures
Sites and suitability for safe disposal of wastes and
garbage
Bio-engineering Number and plant species selected for bio-
engineering, disaggregated by protective function
Water pollution, water resources
and their uses
Blockage of waterways - extent and secondary
impacts
Water pollution incidents due to unsafe disposal of
waste and spoil
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 108
Monitored sector Parameters selected for monitoring
Damage to farm lands
Air and noise level in relation to
traffic volume Assessment of noise level in site by direct observation
and interview with stakeholders
Visual assessment of dust development at selected
sites/sensitive spots and interview with local
stakeholders
Traffic volume measurements
Road safety Number and type of road accidents recorded in the
Traffic Police and in local health service centers
Suitability of local road signs
Wildlife/ habitat disturbance
Impacts on forest resources Nos and extent of road accidents inflicting wildlife
DFO records of illegal timber extraction and wildlife
trade
Observations and handling of invasive species.
Socio-economic development
near Road
Number and extent of new settlements /types and
ethnic groups
Number and extent of new businesses
Number and extent of new services and utilities
Resettled households and
livelihood restoration Number of HHs resettled
Income situation and opportunities for the resettlers
Verification of compensation and assistance to
resettlers
Community awareness
programmes relating to
environment protection and
avoidance of social conflicts
Number /schedule of campaigns and number of
beneficiaries
Revision of training agenda & information material
Number of beneficiaries having received awareness
training
282. The following Table 86 identifies the specific compliance monitoring activities.
Phase-wise/chronological details are provided for the methods, schedules, responsible
implementing agency and the responsible monitoring agency. The compliance monitoring
refers primarily to the pre-construction and construction stage of the project. Table 87 details
the impact and effect monitoring activities envisaged for this sub-project.
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 109
Table 86: Compliance Monitoring for Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Sub-project
Parameters/
Indicator
Responsible
Implementing
Agency
Verifiable
Indicators
Verification
Methods
Schedule Responsible
Monitoring Agency
Final alignment
selection
DLPIU Incorporation of
walkover
recommendations into
alignment selection
process and design
document
Walkthrough along
final road
alignment, verifying
sensitive areas
Initial stage of
preconstruction
phase
CLPIU
Land and property
acquisition and
compensation
DLPIU and CDC
with assistance of
DLPIU/DISC
Cadastral records, land
and properties
acquisition procedures;
verification report
Public consultation,
photos; geo-
referencing
Initial stage pre-
construction phase
NRA
Site selection and
preparation of
construction logistics
DLPIU/Contractor Project’s arrangement for materials storage, and
construction activities
Site observation,
geo-referencing
and photographic
documentation
Beginning of
construction period
CLPIU/MoFALD
Use of local labour,
particularly vulnerable
groups and women
DLPIU/Contractor Local labour, especially
vulnerable groups and
women, use of child
labour
Site observation,
interviews
During the entire
period where labour
work is contracted
CLPIU
Awareness and
orientation training on
road construction to
technicians, and
locally employed
laborers
DLPIU/DISC Training programmes for
skill development,
occupational safety and
environmental protection
associated with road
construction works
Specifications;
training records,
check training
programme
reports, assess
feedback from
Beginning of
construction and
during construction
CLPIU / NRA / RM /
Municipality
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 110
Parameters/
Indicator
Responsible
Implementing
Agency
Verifiable
Indicators
Verification
Methods
Schedule Responsible
Monitoring Agency
participants
Compliance to
occupational health
and safety matters
DISC/Contractor/
DLPIU
Health and safety
regulations, first aid and
medical arrangements,
number and type of
safety equipments such
as mask, helmet, glove,
safety belt, accidental
insurance
Spot checks at
work sites, photos,
accident records,
interviews
Throughout
construction
activities
MoFALD/NRA/CLPIU
/CISC
Grievance Redress
Mechanism
Contractor/DISC/D
LPIU/CLPIU/CISC
Project arrangements for
the affected people's
concerns and grievances
about the project's
environmental and social
performance
No of complaints
and grievances
record
During construction NRA
Measures to avoid
pressure on forest
and wildlife
DISC/DLPIU Use of firewood or fossil
fuel by construction
crew, events of hunting
and poaching of wildlife
Inspection,
interview with local
people
Once a month
during construction
DFO/CFUGs
Measures to protect
environment from air
& noise pollution
Contractor/
DLPIU/DISC
Dust level and noise
level at work sites, major
settlements and sensitive
spots like health centers
and schools
Visual observation
and discussion with
residents and
workers
Once in a month
during construction
RM/Municipality/NRA
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 111
Parameters/
Indicator
Responsible
Implementing
Agency
Verifiable
Indicators
Verification
Methods
Schedule Responsible
Monitoring Agency
Measures to protect
water bodies from
pollution
Contractor/
DLPIU/DISC
Visual observation,
observation of open
defecation and waste
disposal around water
sources near
construction sites
Site inspection,
interview with local
people
Once in a month
during construction;
upon demand for
testing with field kit
RM/Municipality/
DLPIU
Adequate technical
and environmental
supervision
DLPIU Adequate number of
technicians regularly at
site with ability to
implement labour based
road construction
concept
Check number and
type of technicians
available at site,
skill of work carried
out, discussion
Twice a month
during construction
CLPIU/CISC/NRA
Clean up and
reinstatement of the
construction sites
(camps, quarries)
Contractor/DISC/
DLPIU
Decommissioned sites
indicate no
adverse/residual
environmental impacts,
and are rehabilitated to
the satisfaction of the
supervisor and land
owners
Site observation;
comparing photos;
consultation with
land owners and
community based
organizations
At the end of
construction period
CLPIU/CISC/NRA
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 112
Table 87: Impact/Effect Monitoring of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Sub-project
Parameters
/Indicator Verifiable Indicators
Verification
Methods Location Schedule
Responsible
Implementation and
Monitoring Agency
Slope stability
and
erosion
Inclination, slope failures, causes;
drainage facilities such as catch
drain, side drains and functionality
of cross drainage structures; fresh
gullies and erosion; success/failure
of bio-engineering solutions
Site observation, photos
discussion with people
and technicians
Near steep slopes
and at landslide
areas and sites
Continuously
during
construction and
operation
DLPIU during
construction;
District Soil
Conservation Office
during operation
Bio-engineering
of disturbed
slopes
Re-vegetation through bio-
engineering application on disturbed
slope; establishment of nursery
Site observation;
inspection of nursery and
its production rate,
photos, measurements
Cut slope area,
where vegetation is
cleared;
nursery sites
During and at the
end of sub-project
construction
DLPIU/NRA/CLPIU
Disposal of spoils
and construction
wastes
Affected aesthetic value, affected
forest and agriculture land, initiated
land erosion by local blocked
drainage, hazard to downhill slope
residents and agricultural lands
Site observation and
interviews, photos, geo-
referencing sites
At specific locations
where such sites
occur
During
construction
DLPIU/CLPIU/NRA
Loss or
degradation of
farmland, houses
and properties
Status of road side land;
production/yield;
status of road side houses; status of
standing crop along alignment
Observation, data
collection and analysis
and interview with
stakeholders
Road side land and
houses
During
construction
DLPIU/NRA
Water quality Observation of open defecation and
waste disposal around water
sources near construction sites
Visual observation Local streams During
construction;
upon demand for
DLPIU/CLPIU
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 113
Parameters
/Indicator Verifiable Indicators
Verification
Methods Location Schedule
Responsible
Implementation and
Monitoring Agency
testing with field
kit
Air quality Dust level in ambient air Visual inspection At construction sites
and at sensitive
spots
During
construction
DLPIU/CLPIU
Wildlife Wildlife hunting and poaching by
work force, trade of wildlife, road
accidents inflicting wildlife
Interview with local
people/CFUGs/DFO and
observations
Forest areas at
roadside
Twice a year
during
construction and
routine during
operation
DLPIU/DFO/CFUGs
during construction;
DFO/CFUGs/ during
operation
Change in
economy
Numbers of people employed by the
project during construction,
numbers of women in work forces
Records kept by the
project management,
discussion with
stakeholders
Sub-project area Trimester during
construction
phase
DLPIU/MoFALD/
CLPIU
Trade and
commerce
Numbers of shops increased or
decreased, rental of houses and
land spaces
Records, interviews,
observations, photos
Throughout sub-
project area
Once in a year DLPIU/Municipality/
RM
Occupational
safety and
hazard
Type and number of accident
occurred during construction;
adequacy of occupational safety
measured provided; compensation
provided in case of fatal accidents
Observations, photos,
spot checks,
contractors/BGs and
health centre records
interview with workers
Throughout sub-
project area
During
construction
DLPIU/CLPIU/NRA
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Parameters
/Indicator Verifiable Indicators
Verification
Methods Location Schedule
Responsible
Implementation and
Monitoring Agency
Change in socio-
economic
structure
Number and extent of new
settlements/types and ethnic
groups; nos. and extent of new
businesses; nos and extent of new
services and utilities, social conflicts
Observations, interview
with local people,
Municipality/Rural
Municipality record
Throughout sub
project area
During operation DLPIU/Municipality/
RM/CLPIU
Ribbon
settlement
Congestions to road users and nos.
of accidents, RoW encroachment
Records, observations Throughout sub
project area
During operation DLPIU/Municipality/
RM
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 115
9.7. Grievance Redress Mechanism
283. The objective the grievance redress mechanism (GRM) is to resolve complaints as
quickly as possible and at the local level through a process of conciliation; and, if that is not
possible, to provide clear and transparent procedures for appeal. A well-defined grievance
redress and resolution mechanism will be established to resolve grievances and complaints
in a timely and satisfactory manner. All affected persons will be made fully aware of their
rights, and the detailed grievance redress procedures will be publicized through an effective
public information campaign. The grievance redress process includes four levels:
284. First level of GRM: The first level and most accessible and immediate contact for
the fastest resolve of grievances are the contractors, and design and supervision consultants
on site. Prior to construction of any works, the CLPIU and DLPIU will ensure local
community meetings are held to notify local residents and businesses of any temporary
disturbances, and to inform them of the Project. If a local area committee (LAC) exists in the
area, they should also be informed. If any complaints arise, the contractors, consultants, and
DLPIU can immediately resolve the complaint on site. The CLPIU can also be involved in
grievance redress at this stage. The CLPIU and DLPIU office phone number will be posted
in public areas within the sub-project areas and construction sites. Any person with a
grievance related to the project works can contact the project to file a complaint. The DLPIU
offices will have a safeguards focal person to field and resolve complaints. The safeguards
(environment and resettlement) focal person will document the complaint, and immediately
address and resolve the issue with the contractor within 1-2 days, if the complaint remains
unresolved at the field level. The DLPIU may seek the assistance of the consultant
safeguards specialists (the environmental specialist or social safeguards specialist) to
resolve the issue. The DLPIU safeguards focal person will notify the CLPIU safeguards focal
person that a complaint was received, and whether it was resolved. The DLPIU safeguards
focal person will fully document the following information: (i) name of the person; (ii) date
complaint was received; (iii) nature of complaint; (iv) location, and (v) how the complaint was
resolved.
285. Second level of GRM: if the grievance remains unresolved; the DLPIU will forward
the complaint to the CLPIU safeguards focal person. The person filing the grievance will be
notified by DLPIU safeguards focal person that the grievance was forwarded to the CLPIU
safeguards focal person. The CLPIU will address the grievance. Grievances will be resolved
through continuous interactions with affected persons, and the CLPIU will answer queries
and resolve grievances regarding various issues including environmental or social impacts.
Corrective measures will be under taken at the field level by the CLPIU safeguards focal
person within 7 days. He/she will fully document the following information: (i) name of the
person; (ii) date complaint was received; (iii) nature of complaint; (iv) location and (v) how
the complaint was resolved.
286. Third level of GRM: if the grievance remain unresolved, the PIU’s project director will activate the third level of the GRM by referring the issue (with written documentation) to
a Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) constituted by the EA, which will, based on review
of the grievances, address them in consultation with the NRA, CLPIU, DLPIU, and affected
persons. The GRC will consist of NRA leadership, affected persons, and local area
committee, among others—determined to provide impartial, balanced views on any issues.
The GRC should consist of at least five persons. A hearing will be called with the GRC, if
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 116
necessary, where the affected person can present his/her concern and issues. The process
will promote conflict resolution through mediation. The GRC will meet as necessary when
there are grievances to be addressed. The GRC will suggest corrective measures at the field
level and assign clear responsibilities for implementing its decision within 15 days. The
functions of the GRC are as follows: (i) to provide support to affected persons on problems
arising from environmental or social disruption, asset acquisition (where required), and
eligibility for entitlements compensation, and assistance; (ii) to record grievances of affected
persons, categorize and prioritize them, and provide solutions within 15 days; and (iii) to
report to the aggrieved parties developments regarding their grievances and decisions of the
GRC.
287. Fourth level of GRM: In the event that a grievance is not addressed by the
contractor, DISC, CLPIU, DLPIU or GRC, the affected person can seek legal redress of the
grievance in the appropriate courts, the fourth level of the GRM, which is the formal legal
court system. The GRM however does not prevent affected persons from seeking legal
redress at any time. The grievance redress mechanism and procedure is depicted in Figure
10 below.
Note: CLPIU- Central Level Project Implementation unit, DLPIU- District Level Implementation Unit, DSC- Design
and Supervision Consultant, CISC- Central Implementation Support Consultant, DISC- District Implementation
Support Consultant
Figure 10: Flow Diagram for Grievance Redress Mechanism
288. Safeguard monitoring reports will include the following aspects pertaining to progress
on grievances: (i) number of cases registered with the GRC, level of jurisdiction (first,
second, and third levels), number of hearings held, decisions made, and the status of
Grievance
2ndLevel Grievance
3rdLevel Grievance
1st Level Grievance
First Level: Contractor,
DISC, DLPIU
CLPIU, CISC
4thLevel Grievance
Grievance Redressed Committee
Grievance Redressed
Grievance Redressed
Grievance Redressed
Higher Authority/Court
of Law
1-2 days
Not redressed 7 days
Not redressed
15 days
Not redressed
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 117
pending cases; and (ii) lists of cases in process and already decided upon may be prepared
with details such as affected person, date of notice, date of application, date of hearing,
decisions, remarks, actions taken to resolve issues, and status of grievance (i.e. open,
closed, pending).
289. All costs involved in resolving the complaints (meetings, consultations,
communication and reporting / information dissemination) will be borne by the project.
290. ADB’s accountability mechanism will also be explained to affected households.
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 118
10. Conclusion and Recommendation
291. The IEE study of the proposed Garma-Nele-Bogal Road sub-project does not pass
through any environmentally sensitive areas and has minimal adverse impacts. Most of the
adverse impacts predicted are of low significance and short term, as well as of reversible
nature. The beneficial impacts that come with the facility of access to market centers and the
location of social services will enhance the productivity of the area and improve the quality of
life of the people. In addition, local people will get direct employment as workers, which will
contribute significantly to improving their livelihood. These benefits from the implementation
of the proposed road sub-project are more significant and long term in nature compared to
the adverse impacts, most of which can be mitigated or avoided. Relevant issues raised
during public consultation have also been addressed in the mitigation measures.
292. The project attracts clause 1 and 2 of schedule 1 pertaining to section 3 of Working
Procedure related with Environmental Impact Assessment for Rehabilitation of Earthquake
Affected Structures, 2016 and (Second Amendment 2017). And the IEE has shown that
none of the anticipated environmental impacts of rehabilitating the road are significant
enough to need a detailed follow-up EIA. Therefore, this IEE is sufficient for approval of the
sub-project
293. The road sub-project is recommended for implementation with incorporation of
mitigation measures and the environmental management plan
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 119
References
Asian Development Bank. (2009). Safeguard Policy Statement. Manila: ADB. Department of Road. (2007). Environmental and Social Management Framework, a
guideline to the environmental and social issues associated with new road construction and upgrading. Kathmandu: Ministry of the Physical Planning and Works.
Asian Development Bank. (2015). Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project: Resettlement Framework:. Manila: ADB.
Asian Development Bank. (2015). Environmental Assessment and Review Framework: Earthquake Emergency Assistant Project. Manila: ADB.
Central Bureau of Statistics. (2011). National Population and housing census. Kathmandu: CBS.
Department of Road. (2003). Reference manual for the Environmental and Social aspects of the Integrated Road Development. Kathmandu: Ministry of Physical Planning and Works.
Dhital, MR. (2015). Geology of Nepal Himalaya, Regional Geology Reviews. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
Dobremez, J. (1976). Nepal Ecologie et Biogeography. Paris, France: Editions du Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique.
Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (1992). Water Resources Act. Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board.
Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (1993). Water Resources Regulation. Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board.
Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (1999). Local Self Governance Act. Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board.
Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (2000). Local Self-Governance Regulations. Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board.
Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (2011). Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Act. Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board.
Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (2012). Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Regulation. Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board.
Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (2015). Constitution of Nepal 2072. Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board.
NRA. (2016). Grievance Management Procedure for Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structures. Kathmandu: National Reconstruction Authority.
Upreti, B. K. (2003). Safeguarding the resources Environmental Impact Assessment process and Practice. Kathmandu.
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 120
APPENDICES
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Appendix I: Approved ToR for IEE Study
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Appendix II: Climate Change Checklist
Checklist for Preliminary Climate Risk Screening
Country/Project Title: Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) Sector: Sub-sector: Division/Department:
Screening Questions
Score Remarks 1
Location and Design of project
Is siting and/or routing of the project (or its components) likely to be affected by climate conditions including extreme weather related events such as floods, droughts, storms, landslides?
2
Sub-project area is vulnerable to drought and soil erosion.
Would the project design (e.g. the clearance for bridges) need to consider any hydro-meteorological parameters (e.g., sea-level, peak river flow, reliable water level, peak wind speed etc.)?
0
There is no river (except one stream in 0+400) in the sub-project area.
Materials and
Maintenance
Would weather, current and likely future climate conditions (e.g. prevailing humidity level, temperature contrast between hot summer days and cold winter days, exposure to wind and humidity hydro-meteorological parameters likely affect the selection of project inputs over the life of project outputs (e.g. Construction material)?
0
Would weather, current and likely future climate conditions, and related extreme events likely affect the maintenance (scheduling and cost) of project output(s)?
1
Performance of project outputs
Would weather/climate conditions and related extreme events likely affect the performance (e.g. annual power production) of project output(s) (e.g. hydro-power generation facilities) throughout their design life time?
1
Options for answers and corresponding score are provided below: Response Score Likely Not 0 Likely 1 Very Likely 2 Responses when added that provide a score of 0 will be considered low risk project. If adding all responses will result to a score of 1-4 and that no score of 2 was given to any single response, the project will be assigned a medium risk category. A total score of 5 or more (which include providing score of 1 in all responses) or a 2 in any single response will be categorized as high risk project.
Result of Initial Screening (Low, Medium, High): High Other comments: Sub-project site is vulnerable to extreme weather related events mainly drought and soil erosion. Apart from small stream in chainage 0+400, there is no rivers and stream in and along the road. So, there are no possibilities of flood and landslide. Prepared by: ______________________________________________ 1 If possible, provide details on the sensitivity of project components to climate conditions, such as how climate parameters are considered InDesign standards for infrastructure components, how changes in key climate parameters and sea level might affect the siting/routing of project, the selection of construction material and/or scheduling, performances and/or the maintenance cost/scheduling of project outputs.
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 137
Appendix III: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist
Instructions:
(i) The proponent completes this checklist to support the environmental classification of a project. It is
to be attached to the environmental categorization form and submitted to ADB.
(ii) This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are
adequately considered, refer also to ADB's (a) checklists on involuntary resettlement and Indigenous
Peoples; (b) poverty reduction handbook; (c) staff guide to consultation and participation; and (d)
gender checklists.
(iii) Answer the questions assuming the ―without mitigation‖ case. The purpose is to identify potential impacts. Use the ―remarks‖ section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.
Project Title:
Sub-project:
IA:
SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS
A. Project sitting
Is the project area adjacent to or within any
of the following environmentally sensitive
areas?
Cultural heritage site No cultural heritage sites.
Protected area No protected areas.
Wetland No wetlands.
Mangrove No mangroves.
Estuarine No estuaries.
Buffer zone of protected area Project site does not fall in any buffer
zone.
Special area for protecting biodiversity No special area for biodiversity
protection.
B. Potential environmental impacts
Will the project cause…
Encroachment on historical/cultural
areas; disfiguration of landscape by
road embankments, cuts, fills, and
quarries?
Demolition and relocation of
Scripting Stones (माने) is to be done.
Encroachment on precious ecology
(e.g. sensitive or protected areas)?
No encroachment.
Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP)
Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 138
SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS
Alteration of surface water hydrology of
waterways crossed by roads, resulting
in increased sediment in streams
affected by increased soil erosion at
construction site?
The existing road is muddy
throughout, which poses problems
as heavy rain causes erosion along
the hill slopes, which consequently
increases sediment deposit in the
existing water sources.
Deterioration of surface water quality
due to silt runoff and sanitary wastes
from worker-based camps and
chemicals used in construction?
No haphazard waste dumping from
camping sites.
Increased local air pollution due to rock
crushing, cutting and filling works, and
chemicals from asphalt processing?
Very insignificant level of air
pollution.
Risks and vulnerabilities related to
occupational health and safety due to
physical, chemical, biological, and
radiological hazards during project
construction and operation during
project construction and operation?
No such hazards are present.
Noise and vibration due to blasting and
other civil works?
Minor vibrations only on the road
during excavator usage; insignificant
effect on surrounding households.
Dislocation or involuntary resettlement
of people?
1 owner has another house built;
another owner's live majority of their
time spent in the capital city.
Dislocation and compulsory
resettlement of people living in right-of-
way?
No mandatory resettlement.
Disproportionate impacts on the poor,
women and children, Indigenous
Peoples or other vulnerable groups?
No such discrimination.
Other social concerns relating to
inconveniences in living conditions in
the project areas that may trigger cases
of upper respiratory problems and
stress?
Absence of such conditions.
Hazardous driving conditions where
construction interferes with pre-existing
roads?
Road clearing has created a very
muddy landscape along certain
sections of the road, especially
during monsoon. Also, there are
landslide prone areas in certain parts
long the road that might prove
hazardous for commuters.
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 139
SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS
Poor sanitation and solid waste
disposal in construction camps and
work sites, and possible transmission
of communicable diseases (such as
STI's and HIV/AIDS) from workers to
local populations?
No such conditions are present.
Creation of temporary breeding
habitats for diseases such as those
transmitted by mosquitoes and
rodents?
Mosquitoes were seldom found as
the location is at a higher altitude
and the weather conditions are
generally cold.
Accident risks associated with
increased vehicular traffic, leading to
accidental spills of toxic materials?
Very less vehicle numbers, which do
not pose any problems with traffic
congestion.
Increased noise and air pollution
resulting from traffic volume?
No such conditions.
Increased risk of water pollution from
oil, grease and fuel spills, and other
materials from vehicles using the road?
No such problems.
Social conflicts if workers from other
regions or countries are hired?
Unlikely, as all workers are hired
locally.
Large population influx during project
construction and operation that causes
increased burden on social
infrastructure and services (such as
water supply and sanitation systems)?
Very unlikely for the creation of such
circumstances.
Risks to community health and safety
due to the transport, storage, and use
and/or disposal of materials such as
explosives, fuel and other chemicals
during construction and operation?
No risks to community health as no
harmful and/or hazardous chemicals
will be used.
Community safety risks due to both
accidental and natural causes,
especially where the structural
elements or components of the project
are accessible to members of the
affected community or where their
failure could result in injury to the
community throughout project
construction, operation and
decommissioning.
No such safety risks as all existing
structures are well designed and
there are engineering measures in
place (gabion wall, breast wall) in
case of natural calamities such as
landslides.
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 140
Appendix IV: Checklist for Settlement Level Information of Affected
Area
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IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 144
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IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 145
Appendix V: Project Cost
a. Total Civil Cost
Item
No.
Description of Item Unit Quantity Rate (NRs) Amount (NRs)
PART 01: GENERAL
1.01 Establish, maintain and operate
laboratory at the site with
equipments furnishing required
for testing specified quality of the
materials as per DoR-SSRBW,
Section-511
LS 1 200,000.00 200,000.00
1.02 Carry out maintenance of the
existing road to keep the road
serviceable throughout the
contract period. Also provide
and maintain traffic safety,
control measures and temporary
diversions during construction
including water spraying thrice a
week to avoid dust pollution as
per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for
LBCWARR Clause No. G-12.
month 18 38,000.00 684,000.00
1.03 Provide and installation of
project information board of size
1.80 mx1.2 m along with iron
posts including excavation,
concreting, backfilling etc all
complete as per DoR Standard
Specification for Road and
Bridge Works (SSRBW) July
2001,Section-108
no 2 11,500.00 23,000.00
1.04 Insurance of works, plants,
materials, loss and damage to
equipments, Contractor's
workmen and employees and
third party insurance against
damage to other persons and
property as per GCC clause 13.
LS 1 1,209,491.62 1,209,491.62
1.05 Providing site office with
accommodation at appropriate
location acceptable to the
project manager of the Client
month 18 42,969.75 773,455.50
1.06 Supplying and providing rental
four wheel drive double cab
pick-up vehicle with full option
including fuel, driver's wages,
maintenances etc for the
month 18 149,500.00 2,691,000.00
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 146
Item
No.
Description of Item Unit Quantity Rate (NRs) Amount (NRs)
Engineer / Consultant
1.07 Provision and maintenance of
labour camps payable monthly
in equal instalments as per DoR
Standard Specification for Road
and Bridge Works (SSRBW)
July 2001,Section-109 (3)
month 18 23,000.00 414,000.00
1.08 Environmental mitigation
measures (dust and noise
mitigation measures, personal
protective equipment, first aid
facility etc)
PS 1 400,000.00 400,000.00
1.09 Relocation of the utilities (water
supply, telephone, etc,) and
services as instructed by the
Engineer as per DoLIDAR-
Technical Specifications for
Labour Based Construction
Work of Agricultural & Rural
Roads (Tech. Spec. for
LBCWARR Clause No. G-10.
PS 1 300,000.00 300,000.00
1.10 Social compliance and safe
guards as instructed by the
Engineer
PS 1 200,000.00 200,000.00
1.11 Carry out additional tests for
material and works as required
and instructed by the
Engineer.(GCC Clause No.
33.1)
PS 1 200,000.00 200,000.00
Total Part 01 7,094,947.12
PART 02: SITE CLEARANCE
2.01 Clearing and grubbing including
the cutting of trees (only if
necessary) having girth of less
than 30 cm when measured at
1m above the ground.
m2 88,028.00 17.26 1,519,363.28
2.02 Cutting of trees having girth of
above 30 cm when measured at
1m above the ground including
the removal of trunk, branches
and stumps up to a lead of 100
m along the lead route for trees
of size:
2.02 a) Above 30 cm to 60 cm girth no 195.44 0.00
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 147
Item
No.
Description of Item Unit Quantity Rate (NRs) Amount (NRs)
2.02 b) Above 90 cm to 180 cm girth no 977.21 0.00
2.03 Dismantling of culverts, bridges,
pavements and other structures.
The operations covered are
dismantling, excavating,
backfilling, stacking, disposing,
handling and haulage up to a
lead of 100 m along the lead
route. The activity includes
safety precautions and
incidentals.
2.03 a) Stone masonry m3 20.00 1,302.95 26,059.00
2.03 b) Concrete (Plain and Reinforced)
Masonry
m3 5.00 1,954.43 9,772.15
2.03 c) Gabion work m3 582.50 729.65 425,021.12
2.03 d) Cobble stones m3 15.00 119.87 1,798.05
2.04 Clearing landslides, debris from
causeways, culverts and side
drains including haulage and
disposal.
m3 2,060.00 116.25 239,475.00
Total Part 02 2,221,488.60
PART 03: EARTHWORK
3.01 Excavation of soil and hard rock
in roadway and drain including
removal and satisfactory
disposal of all materials up to a
lead of 50 m along the lead
route. This includes handling
and stacking or hauling (to sites
of embankment construction) of
suitable cut materials as
required and also the disposal of
unsuitable cut materials in
specified manner. This further
covers trimming and finishing of
the road way.
m3 158,967.73 74.67 11,870,120.39
3.02 Excavation for structures
including cutting of slopes,
shoring, shuttering, planking,
ordinary sealing and disposal of
materials up to a lead of 50 m
along the lead route
m3 16,673.00 77.22 1,287,489.06
3.03 Formation of embankment with
excavated soil including
m3 14,003.66 361.35 5,060,222.54
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 148
Item
No.
Description of Item Unit Quantity Rate (NRs) Amount (NRs)
haulage, compaction in layers
not exceeding 150 mm and
watering.
3.04 Backfilling in layers in foundation
pits, trenches, structures etc
including compaction and
watering
m3 2,703.99 373.20 1,009,129.06
3.05 Transporting of surplus material
beyond initial lead within 1 km
distance with safe disposal sites
m3 86,468.37 119.77 10,355,157.94
Total Part 03 29,582,118.99
PART 04: STRUCTURES
(STABILITY, CROSS
DRAINAGE AND SIDE
DRAINAGE)
4.01 Providing and placing machine
made gabion and mattresses of
hexagonal mesh size 100 mm x
120 mm with mesh wire 3 mm,
selvedge wire 3.9 mm and lacing
wire 2.4 mm including stone
placing.
4.02 a) Using new stones m3 13,306.66 3,992.66 53,128,969.11
4.02 b) Using stones from dismantling
item
m3 271.56 2,165.57 588,082.18
4.02 Stone masonry work (un-
coursed rubble masonry in
MM5) including full
compensation for all labour,
material and other incidentals
required to complete the work as
per the specification and
drawings. It includes full
compensation for using specially
dressed stones of the face of
walls with batter and makes
provision for weep holes as
necessary.
m3 12,777.10 7,588.65 96,960,939.91
4.03 Providing and placing cement
concrete M10/40 for foundation
and footing etc including
compaction and curing.
m3 399.23 10,206.87 4,074,888.71
4.04 Providing and placing cement
concrete M15/40 for foundation
and footing etc including
m3 85.28 10,967.50 935,308.40
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 149
Item
No.
Description of Item Unit Quantity Rate (NRs) Amount (NRs)
compaction and curing.
4.05 Providing and placing cement
concrete M20/20 for foundation
and footing etc including
compaction and curing.
m3 294.65 12,584.65 3,708,067.12
4.06 Providing and placing cement
concrete M25/20 for foundation
and footing etc including
compaction and curing.
m3 233.62 13,594.22 3,175,881.67
4.07 Providing and placing cement
concrete M20/20 for precast slab
and other element including
compaction, curing and testing
m3 38.00 16,445.45 624,927.10
4.08 Reinforcement for RCC work. It
includes procuring steel, it's
bending, placing, binding and
fixing in position as shown on
the drawings and as directed by
the Engineer. It also includes all
devices for keeping
reinforcement in approved
position and jointing as per
approved method with due
allowance for wastage, overlaps,
spacer bars and annealed steel
wire for binding.
mt 22.42 86,280.87 1,934,417.10
4.09 Formwork where it is provided
as separate item with timber as
material. It includes all labour,
materials and other incidentals
required for the construction and
removal of forms as described in
the specification. It further
covers the framing work that is
required for properly supporting
the members until the concrete
is sufficiently cured, set and
hardened.
m2 2,801.85 553.17 1,549,899.36
4.10 Laying, fitting and fixing of hume
pipe. It includes all operations
required to complete the works
up to a trench depth of 2.2 m
below the ground level and the
jointing of pipes with 1:2 cement
sand mortar.
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 150
Item
No.
Description of Item Unit Quantity Rate (NRs) Amount (NRs)
4.10 a) 900 mm dia (internal) m 112.50 17,119.10 1,925,898.75
4.10 b) 600 mm dia (internal) m 375.00 9,028.05 3,385,518.75
4.10 c) 300 mm dia (internal) m 37.50 4,354.10 163,278.75
4.11 Providing, laying and fixing geo-
textile (filter fabric)
m2 11,545.16 164.10 1,894,560.75
4.12 Providing and laying granular
bedding material including
compaction and watering
m3 2,390.80 1,597.26 3,818,729.20
4.13 Providing and laying PVC pipe
of 100 mm dia (pressure
4kg/cm2) for weep holes as
instructed by the Engineer
m 364.80 497.07 181,331.13
4.14 Providing and fixing in position
50 mm dia GI pipe railing.
m 64.00 1,018.24 65,167.36
4.15 Providing and laying filter
material adjacent to abutement
and other structures including all
other operations required to
complete the works as per the
specification
m3 828.81 1,654.80 1,371,514.78
4.16 Providing, jointing and laying
HDP pipes with complete fittings
as per drawing and specification
4.16 a) 200 mm dia (4kg/cm2) m 112.50 1,731.52 194,796.00
4.16 b) 160 mm dia (4 kg/cm2) m 150.00 1,065.39 159,808.50
Total Part 04 179,841,984.63
PART 05: PAVEMENT WORKS
5.01 Preparation of subgrade in all
types of materials including
compaction and watering
m2 122,861.63 16.52 2,029,674.12
5.02 Providing, laying, spreading,
watering, levelling and
compaction of natural gravel
subbase
m3 17,725.95 1,522.43 26,986,518.05
5.03 5 cm thick granular material
bedding above sub base and
below cobble stone pavement
m2 48,864.17 101.93 4,980,724.84
5.04 Laying cobble stones above the
granular material bedding
m3 3,909.13 7,181.87 28,074,863.47
5.05 20 cm thick stone pitching (edge
stone / kerb stone) on prepared
m3 364.28 7,344.74 2,675,541.88
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 151
Item
No.
Description of Item Unit Quantity Rate (NRs) Amount (NRs)
bedding
Total Part 05 64,747,322.36
PART 06: ROAD FURNITURE
AND TRAFFIC SAFETY
MEASURES
6.01 Supplying and erecting traffic
sign in place including steel
tubes, steel plates, cement
concrete, painting, writing and
supporting steel angle, nut and
bolt etc as per the drawing.
6.01 a) Single post no 362.00 2,323.22 841,005.64
6.01 b) Double or more posts no 40.00 6,311.69 252,467.60
6.02 Supplying and placing RCC
kilometer post including
excavation, backfilling, painting
and writing etc as per the
drawing.
6.02 a) Standard kilometer post (placed
at each km)
no 18.00 2,550.89 45,916.02
6.02 b) 5th kilometer post( placed at 5
km)
no 4.00 6,012.84 24,051.36
6.03 Supplying and fixing in place
RCC delineator post with
reflective element including
excavation, backfilling, painting
and erection etc as per the
drawing.
no 2,978.00 1,085.94 3,233,929.32
6.04 Providing and placing gabion
safety barriers / parapet wall
m3 1,430.00 3,992.66 5,709,503.80
6.05 Providing and placing stone
masonry safety barriers /
parapet wall
m3 72.50 7,588.65 550,177.12
Total Part 06 10,657,050.86
PART 07: BIO-ENGINEERING
WORKS
7.01 Stripping of top soil for a
minimum depth of 150 mm
including storing or reapplication
within a lead up to 100 m along
the lead route.
m3 6,810.00 521.18 3,549,235.80
7.02 Stone pitching work on the m3 65.60 2,911.76 191,011.45
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 152
Item
No.
Description of Item Unit Quantity Rate (NRs) Amount (NRs)
prepared granular bedding
7.03 Planting grass cutting on site
(planting rooted grass slip)
m2 6,810.00 316.65 2,156,386.50
7.04 Planting shrub and tree
seedlings and cutting on site
(planting containerised tree and
shrub seedlings including pitting,
transplanting, composting and
mulching on slopes)
no 3,405.00 52.53 178,864.65
7.05 Planting shrub and tree
seedlings and cutting on site
(planting rooted tree stump
cutting and bare root seedlings
including pitting, transplanting,
composting and mulching on
slopes)
no 3,405.00 37.83 128,811.15
Total Part 07 6,204,309.55
Part 08: DAY WORKS
8.01 Manpower
8.01 a) Unskilled labour pd 300.00 632.50 189,750.00
8.01 b) Skilled labour pd 100.00 759.00 75,900.00
8.02 Equipment
8.02 a) Excavator hr 500.00 1,380.00 690,000.00
8.02 b) Tipper hr 500.00 517.50 258,750.00
Total Part 08 1,214,400.00
Total (Part 01 to Part 08) 301,563,622.11
Base Cost (Part 01 to 08) 301,563,622.11 100.00
Work Charge Staff and Small Miscellaneous Expenses
(3% of A)
9,046,908.66
Total Cost including Work Charge Staff and Small
Miscellaneous Expences (A+B)
310,610,530.77
VAT (13% of C) 40,379,369.00
Total Cost including Work Charge Staff, Small
Miscellaneous Expences and VAT (C+D)
350,989,899.77
Cost per KM as per Base Cost (A) 13,703,077.30
Provision of Physical Contingency (10% of A) 30,156,362.21
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 153
b. Total Project Cost
SN Particulars Amount (NRs.)
1.1 Environmental Management Cost
1.1.1 Environmental awareness raising** training 250,000.00
1.1.3 Road side plantation 350,000.00
1.1.4 Road safety and informative signboard 100,000.00
1.1.5 Environmental monitoring cost 250,000.00
Sub-total (i) 950,000.00
1.2 Other environmental cost( included in civil works cost also)
1.2.1 Toe wall for spoil management 1,500,000.00
1.2.2 Occupational health and safety (GPA insurance) 1,000,000.00
1.2.3 Bioengineering works 6,204,309.55
Sub-total (ii) 8,704,309.55
Total (i+ii) (A) 9,654,309.55
2 Civil Work Cost
2.1 Total civil work cost 350,989,899.77
2.2 Other environmental cost included in civil work cost (as given in
item 1.2 above) for occupational health & safety, bioengineering
works, toe wall for spoil management
8,704,309.55
2.3 Civil work cost excluding occupational health & safety,
bioengineering and toe wall for spoil management (B)
342,285,590.22
3 Resettlement Plan Cost
3.1 Compensation cost (land, trees, relocation cost for private and
community structures within RoW)
14,974,466.30
3.2 Supporting cost for deed transfer, management cost for
absentee families
579,200.00
3.4 Contingency (20%) 675,840.00
3.5 Income generation and livelihood improvement Program 28,000,000.00
Sub-total (C) 44,229,506.30
4 Gender Equality & Social Inclusion Plan Cost
4.1 Disaster preparedness works session visual/ documentary show
on D & R Management
100,000.00
4.2 Campaign program (Awareness program on CLS IT) 100,000.00
Sub-total (D) 200,000.00
Grand Total Project Cost (A+B+C+D) 396,369,406.07
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 154
Appendix VI: Public Notice
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 155
English Translation of Public Notice
Government of Nepal
Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development
Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP)
District Level Project Implementation Unit
Solukhumbu
Public notice for comments and suggestion on the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)
(Date of First Publication: 2017/08/26)
The Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) is a project being implemented by loan
assistance from Asian Development Bank (ADB) and technical assistance from Swiss Agency for
Development and Cooperation (SDC), counterpart funding from Government of Nepal (GoN) for
reconstruction and rehabilitation of local roads. District Level Project Implementation Unit,
Solukhumbu, being the proponent of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road, has prepared Draft Initial
Environmental Examination (IEE) report and this notice has been published for the implementation of
report as per the provision of the section 12 (2) of the Working Procedure relating to Earthquake
Affected Structure 2016 (Second Amendment 2017).
Proponent: District Level Project Implementation Unit, Solukhumbu
Affected Rural Municipality and Municipality: Solududhkunda Municipality and Dhudhkaushika
Rural Municipality
Proposal Description: The proposed road sub-project starts from Jorbudhha of Solududhkunda
Municipality-7 and ends at Bogal of Dhudhkaushika Rural Municipality-7. The total length of road is
22.007 km and width is 6.25 m with drainage.
Venue for Meeting: Redcross Building, Tumsedanda
Date: 30 August, 2017
As per section 12 (3) of the working procedure, concerned rural municipality, municipality, school,
health post, forest user group, concerned stakeholders, organization and local people are requested
to present at Redcross Building, Tumsedanda on 30 August, 2017 for discussion environment
impacts, information on reconstruction, resettlement and relocation through the implementation of
sub-project. The concerned people or organization can obtain the draft IEE report from District
Coordination Committee, Solukhumbu; District technical Office, Solukhumbu; District Level Project
Implementation Unit, Solukhumbu and Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP)- Central
Level Project Implementation Unit, Lalitpur as per section 12 (5) of the working procedure
It is requested to send the comments and suggestions within 7 days of notice publication at national
daily newspaper. Accordingly, the comments and suggestions can also be sent to National
Reconstruction Authority, Ministry of Federal Affairs & Local Development, Singhadurbar, Kathmandu
Address to send comments and suggestions:
District Technical Office,
Solukhumbu
Telephone no.: 038-
520031
Earthquake Emergency Assistance
Project
District Level project Implementation
Unit, Solukhumbu
Telephone no.: 038-520021
Email: [email protected]
Central project Implementation
Unit, Earthquake Emergency
Assistance Project (EEAP),
Lalitpur
Telephone no.: 01-5260565
Email: [email protected]
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 156
Appendix VII: Deed of Inquiry
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IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 159
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IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 161
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 162
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 163
Appendix VIII: Recommendation Letter
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 164
Appendix IX: Consultation and IEE Disclosure
a. Meeting with Local People
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 165
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IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 168
b. Meeting minutes of IEE Public disclosure:
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 169
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 170
c. Issues Raised during IEE Disclosure
The issues, queries, concerns raied during the Pubmic meeting are listed below:
Effect on residence due to landslide
Retaining structure along the stream
Change in road alignment (down) due to landslide
Land plot missing
Land compensation, quality control, no work during monsoon, working in systematic way,
gabion work near residence
Reconstruction of road as per geological condition
Involvement of land owner during construction
Gender friendly conversation practices
Proper valuation of land and property, implementation of agreement made during
delegation visit
High earthwork back cutting
No construction before compensation determination
Issues with spoil management
Impact on ―kuwa‖ Conservation of temple near Tumsedanda
Provision of training on nursery for ―Ghumne pani CF‖ Constructon of road as per detail design
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 171
D. Summary of Meeting Minutes
Date Place for
Public
Meeting
Participants Issues, Queries, Concerns, Demands
2074/04/19
B.S (2017/08/03
A.D)
Najing,
Solududhkunda
Municipality-7
(then Garma
VDC 4,5)
9 During the construction of drainage system, a
significant amount of water gets logged on the
underside of the road, leading to erosion. This
leads to the cultivated land being damaged, as well
as putting a settlement named Barane under
severe risk of inundation. Therefore, the project
should construct a 200-m drain that reaches up to a
kholsi to avoid any adverse circumstances.
The detail design for the road shows cutting from
one specific side. However, during the construction
phase, cutting was done from sides that were
previously not present in the design. As a result,
the households which were previously to be
demolished are not affected but the ones that
seemed to be unaffected are now under threat of
losing their land and/or house.
The public are in favor of permanent road
rehabilitation.
The owners whose houses as well as land are
affected due to road rehabilitation must be
compensated fully and the payment should be done
in a single transaction.
The project should be implemented with measures
and policies that will cause the least amount of
damage to existing environmental conditions.
2074/04/19
B.S 2017/08/03
A.D
Nele,
Dudhkaushika
Rural
Municipality-1
(then Nele
VDC ward 7)
12 Road rehabilitation is essential as there are no
possible alternatives to improve existing road
conditions. Furthermore, the rehabilitation process
must have proper management and quality control.
Construction of new road should start at one
specific point and progress accordingly. The road
should not be constructed as different sections at
different locations.
Cutting and engineering measures should be
carried out simultaneously.
Currently, roads have been cleared without
implementing any engineering measures such as
gabion wall, breast wall etc. Consequently,
erosions have taken places at multiple points along
the length of the road. This issue needs to be
resolved.
Nele bazar is the central and relatively dense
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 172
Date Place for
Public
Meeting
Participants Issues, Queries, Concerns, Demands
settlement within the entire road section. The road
width along the bazar is much higher than the one
stated in the ToR (6.25m). Therefore, the
rehabilitation should be done for the existing width
so that any possible issues of traffic can be
managed properly.
2074/04/20
B.S 2017/08/04
A.D
Dudhkaushika
Rural
Municipality -7,
(then Deusa
VDC ward 6)
8 Road design is shown to be along one side of the
road. However, cutting has been done along the
opposite side of the road. Hence, proper
management should be done and a public hearing
should be carried out in order to determine the best
course of action.
Deurali Adharbhut School is situated at the end
point of the road section. Road rehabilitation will
likely cause disturbances around the school
premises. So, proper fencing should be done to
avoid any calamitous event.
Road rehabilitation should be done that will cause
the least damage to the existing environment.
2074/04/19
B.S 2017/08/03
A.D
Najing (Women
Group, FGD)
Solududhkunda
Municipality-7
(then Garma
VDC 6)
6 The rehabilitation of the proposed road will enable
the public to commute back and forth from the
district headquarters. Furthermore, it would also
ease transportation of building materials and food
items, which would make lives easier for the public.
Road rehabilitation should be done without inflicting
any damage on the properties of local residents.
If the project would be on schedule, then it would
make it easier for us to transport ailing people to
the district hospitals and give them the necessary
means for their well-being.
We are in favor of this road rehabilitation project.
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 173
Appendix X: Market Survey for Prices of Commodities and Other
Goods
Former VDC: Garma Former Ward No.: 4, 5, and 8 Settlement Name: Tojing, Najing
Municipality: Solududhkunda-7
FOOD CROPS
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. (Locally
Available)
Price in Rs.
(Imported)
Remarks
1 Rice - -
2 Wheat 150 - Per pathi
3 Maize 140 - Per pathi
4 Millet 150 - Per pathi
5 Barley - -
6 Lentils 230 - Per kg (Moong)
210 - Per kg (Maas)
130 - Per kg (Musuro)
CASH CROPS
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. (Locally
Available)
Price in Rs.
(Imported)
Remarks
1 Potato 130 - Per pathi
2 Mustard 300 - Per pathi
3 Allo - -
4 Lokta - -
FRUITS
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. (Locally
Available)
Price in Rs.
(Imported)
Remarks
1 Orange - -
2 Lemon/ Lime - -
3 Apricot 80 - Per kg
4 Plum 30-35 - Per kg
5 Guava - -
6 Apple 140 - Per kg
7 Banana 10 - Per kosa
8 Pear 40 - Per kg
9 Apple (Sukuti) - -
MEAT PRODUCTS
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. (Locally
Available)
Price in Rs. (Broiler/
Hybrid)
Remarks
1 Mutton 600 - Per kg
2 Chicken - 400 Per kg
3 Fish - -
4 Pork 400 - Per kg
5 Buff 400 - Per kg
6 Eggs (Chicken) 30 - Per Egg
7 Yak - -
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 174
DAIRY AND OTHER COMMODITIES
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. (Locally
Available)
Price in Rs.
(Imported)
Remarks
1 Milk 100 - Per liter
2 Yoghurt 100 - Per liter
3 Ghee 1,200 - Per liter
4 Vegetable Oil 150 - Per liter
5 Salt 25 - Per packet (kg)
6 Sugar 95 - Per kg
7 Kerosene - -
8 LPG 1,700 - Per cylinder
9 Cheese - -
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. (Locally
Available)
Price in Rs.
(Imported)
Remarks
1 Cement 1,200 - Per bag (50 kg)
2 Bricks - -
3 Bamboo 75 - Per bamboo
stick
4 Stones/ Aggregates 4,000 - Per m3
5 Iron rods 120 - Per kg
6 Wood 200 - Per ft3
LAND PRICES
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. Remarks
1 Irrigated Land (Khet) -
2 Non-Irrigated Land 100,000 Per ropani
3 Ghaderi (Residential Plot) 60,000 Per m2
4 Khar Bari -
5 Pakha/ Bari 20,000 Per ropani
WAGES FOR DAILY LABOR
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. Remarks
1 Agricultural Laborer (Male) 800 Per day
2 Agricultural Laborer (Female) 500 Per day
3 Carpenter 1,300 Per day
4 Mason 1,200 Per day
LIVESTOCK
S.N. Livestock Price in Rs. (Locally
Available)
Price in Rs.
(Broiler/
Hybrid)
Remarks
1 Cow 20,000-40,000 100,000 Per cow
2 Buffalo 100,000 - Per buffalo
3 Ox 10,000-15,000 - Per ox
4 He-Buffalo 55,000-60,000 - Per buffalo
5 Goat (Castrated) and Goat
(Male)
12,000 - Per goat
6 Chicken 1,400 400 Per kg
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 175
Former VDC: Nele Former Ward No.: 7 Settlement Name: Nele
Municipality: Dudhkaushika-1
FOOD CROPS
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. (Locally
Available)
Price in Rs.
(Imported)
Remarks
1 Rice - -
2 Wheat 120 - Per pathi
3 Maize 120 - Per pathi
4 Millet 120 - Per pathi
5 Barley 160 - Per pathi
6 Lentils 160 - Per kg (Black lentils)
CASH CROPS
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. (Locally
Available)
Price in Rs.
(Imported)
Remarks
1 Potato 100-120 - Per pathi
2 Mustard 300-400 - Per pathi
FRUITS
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. (Locally
Available)
Price in Rs.
(Imported)
Remarks
1 Orange 5 - Per orange
2 Lemon/ Lime 5-20 - Per lemon
3 Guava 5 - Per guava
4 Apple 160 - Per kg
5 Banana 10 - Per kosa
MEAT PRODUCTS
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. (Locally
Available)
Price in Rs. (Broiler/
Hybrid)
Remarks
1 Mutton 500 - Per kg
2 Chicken 1000 500 Per kg
3 Fish - -
4 Pork 500 - Per kg
5 Buff 500 - Per kg
6 Eggs
(Chicken)
25 - Per Egg
DAIRY AND OTHER COMMODITIES
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. (Locally
Available)
Price in Rs.
(Imported)
Remarks
1 Milk 50 - Per mana
2 Yoghurt - -
3 Ghee 700 - Per mana
4 Vegetable Oil 160 - Per liter
5 Salt 15 - Per packet (kg)
6 Sugar 100 - Per kg
7 Kerosene 150 - Per liter
8 LPG 2,200 - Per cylinder
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 176
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. (Locally
Available)
Price in Rs.
(Imported)
Remarks
1 Cement 1,200 - Per bag (50 kg)
2 Bricks 30 - Per brick
3 Bamboo 60 - Per bamboo stick
4 Stones/
Aggregates
6,000 - Per tractor
5 Iron rods 100 - Per kg
6 Wood 80 - Per foot length
LAND PRICES
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. Remarks
1 Irrigated Land (Khet) -
2 Non-Irrigated Land 750,000 Per ropani
3 Ghaderi (Residential Plot) 15,500 Per m2
4 Khar Bari 4,500 Per ropani
5 Pakha/ Bari 11,000 Per ropani
WAGES FOR DAILY LABOR
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. Remarks
1 Agricultural Laborer (Male) 700 Per day
2 Agricultural Laborer (Female) 500 Per day
3 Carpenter 1000 Per day
4 Mason 1,200 Per day
LIVESTOCK
S.N. Livestock Price in Rs.
(Locally
Available)
Price in Rs.
(Broiler/
Hybrid)
Remarks
1 Cow 20,000 -
2 Buffalo 100,000 - Per buffalo
3 Ox 5,000 - Per ox
4 He-Buffalo 25,000-50,000 - Per buffalo
5 Goat (Castrated) and Goat
(Male)
500 - Per kg
6 Chicken 1,000 500 Per kg
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 177
Former VDC: Deusa Former Ward No.: 6 Settlement Name: Bogal
Municipality: Dudhkaushika-7
FOOD CROPS
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. (Locally
Available)
Price in Rs.
(Imported)
Remarks
1 Rice - -
2 Wheat 250 - Per pathi
3 Maize 160 - Per pathi
4 Millet 160 - Per pathi
5 Barley 200 - Per pathi
6 Lentils 50 - Per mana
CASH CROPS
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. (Locally
Available)
Price in Rs.
(Imported)
Remarks
1 Potato 200 - Per pathi
2 Mustard 300 - Per pathi
FRUITS
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. (Locally
Available)
Price in Rs.
(Imported)
Remarks
3 Apricot 5 - Per apricot
4 Plum 30 - Per kg
MEAT PRODUCTS
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. (Locally
Available)
Price in Rs. (Broiler/
Hybrid)
Remarks
1 Mutton 650 - Per kg
2 Chicken 2,000 600 Per kg
3 Pork 700 - Per kg
4 Buff 300 - Per kg
5 Eggs (Chicken) 30 - Per Egg
DAIRY AND OTHER COMMODITIES
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. (Locally
Available)
Price in Rs.
(Imported)
Remarks
1 Milk 40 - Per mana
2 Yoghurt 80 - Per mana
3 Ghee 650 - Per mana
4 Vegetable Oil 180 - Per liter
5 Salt 40 - Per packet (kg)
6 Sugar 50 - Per mana
7 Kerosene 250 - Per liter
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. (Locally
Available)
Price in Rs.
(Imported)
Remarks
1 Cement 1,400 - Per bag (50 kg)
2 Bricks - -
3 Bamboo 100 - Per bamboo stick
4 Stones/ Aggregates 1,300 - Per pil
5 Iron rods - -
6 Wood 100 - Per foot length
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 178
LAND PRICES
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. Remarks
1 Irrigated Land (Khet) 300,000 Per ropani
2 Non-Irrigated Land 67,000 Per ropani
3 Ghaderi (Residential Plot) 10,00,000 Per ghaderi
4 Khar Bari -
5 Pakha/ Bari 67,000 Per ropani
WAGES FOR DAILY LABOR
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. Remarks
1 Agricultural Laborer (Male) 1,000 Per day
2 Agricultural Laborer (Female) 700 Per day
3 Carpenter 1,200 Per day
4 Mason 1,200 Per day
LIVESTOCK
S.N. Livestock Price in Rs. (Locally Available)
Price in Rs. (Broiler/ Hybrid)
Remarks
1 Cow 15,000 - Per cow 2 Buffalo 90,000 - Per buffalo 3 Ox 25,000 - Per ox 4 He-Buffalo 35,000 - Per buffalo 5 Goat (Castrated) and Goat
(Male) 17,000 - Per kg
6 Chicken 2,000 600 Per kg 7 Sheep 15,000 -
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 179
Appendix XI: Vegetation Detail
a. Plant Vegetation along the RoW (beyond the road width)
SN Alignment Chainage Species No. CBH (cm) Height (m) Regeneration/ Shurb Ownership of Land Remarks
Type No.
1 Right 0+000 Arupati 2 32 3 Sapling 4 Cultivated Land
2 Right Arupati 1 35 3 Cultivated Land
3 Left Arupati 1 34 3 Cultivated Land
4 Right Marilo Shrub 1 Cultivated Land
5 Right Salla 1 160 10 Cultivated Land
6 Left Tamtim 2 210 6 Cultivated Land
7 Left Tamtim 1 85 5 Cultivated Land
8 Left Salla 1 35 3 Cultivated Land
9 Left Uttis 3 34 4 Sapling 2 Cultivated Land
10 Left Uttis Seedling 3 Cultivated Land
11 Left Marilo Shrub 1 Cultivated Land
12 Left Nigalo Shrub 1 Cultivated Land
13 Right Siltimmur Sapling 2 Cultivated Land
14 Left Utis Sapling 2 Cultivated Land
15 Right Painyu 2 72 5 Cultivated Land
16 Right Painyu 2 115 8 Cultivated Land
17 Right Ghangaru Shrub 1 Cultivated Land
18 Right Salla 1 140 12 Cultivated Land
19 Right Salla 1 190 14 Cultivated Land
20 Right Painyu 1 95 6 Cultivated Land
21 Right Painyu 1 390 16 Cultivated Land
22 Right Salla 1 190 12 Cultivated Land
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 180
SN Alignment Chainage Species No. CBH (cm) Height (m) Regeneration/ Shurb Ownership of Land Remarks
23 Right Painyu 1 109 7 Cultivated Land
24 Right Seti Kath 1 32 4 Cultivated Land
25 Right Kaphal 1 95 7 Cultivated Land
26 Right Painyu 2 95 4 Cultivated Land
27 Left Dhupi 2 85 5 Cultivated Land
28 Left Dhupi 2 58 6 Cultivated Land
29 Left Utis Seedling 1 Cultivated Land
30 Left Salla 7 95 12 Sapling 7 Cultivated Land
31 Left Salla 3 115 13 Seedling 18 Cultivated Land
32 Left Salla 4 65 9 Cultivated Land
33 Left Salla 6 72 14 Cultivated Land
34 Left Mayal 5 37 2 Cultivated Land
35 Left Painyu 5 58 7 Cultivated Land
36 Left Painyu 3 120 8 Cultivated Land
37 Right Painyu 1 33 4 Cultivated Land
38 Right Dudhilo 1 85 10 Cultivated Land
39 Right Dudhilo 1 42 4 Cultivated Land
40 Right Salla 2 110 8 Cultivated Land
41 Right Salla 5 45 4 Cultivated Land
42 Right Gurans 2 48 4 Cultivated Land
43 Left Salla 4 92 7 Sapling 10 Cultivated Land
44 Left Salla 6 62 5 Cultivated Land
45 Left Salla 5 42 3 Cultivated Land
46 Left Salla 3 37 3 Cultivated Land
47 Right Salla 1 105 11 Cultivated Land
48 Right Salla 2 110 12 Cultivated Land
49 Left Painyu 3 52 4 Cultivated Land
50 Left Painyu 1 72 15 Cultivated Land
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 181
SN Alignment Chainage Species No. CBH (cm) Height (m) Regeneration/ Shurb Ownership of Land Remarks
51 Left Painyu 3 85 7 Cultivated Land
52 Right Salla 3 205 16 Sapling 5 Cultivated Land
53 Right Salla 2 160 15 Seedling 3 Cultivated Land
54 Right Salla 2 65 7 Cultivated Land
55 Right Utis 3 32 3 Cultivated Land
56 Right 0+770 Gurans 2 47 3 Sapling 2 Cultivated Land
57 Left Salla 7 180 15 Private Forest
58 Left Salla 5 105 10 Private Forest
59 Left Salla 6 140 14 Private Forest
60 Left Salla 4 52 5 Private Forest
61 Left Salla 2 35 3 Private Forest
62 Left Utis 5 42 4 Private Forest
63 Left Utis 9 48 6 Private Forest
64 Right Salla 5 42 4 Private Forest
65 Right Salla 10 56 5 Private Forest
66 Right Salla 4 105 10 Private Forest
67 Right Bains 1 78 5.5 Private Forest
68 Right Utis Sapling 5 Private Forest
69 Left Utis Seedling 25 Private Forest
70 Left Salla 6 110 12 Private Forest
71 Right Salla 4 80 10 Private Forest
72 Right Salla 4 60 10 Private Forest
73 Right Utis 12 45 7 Private Forest
74 Right Utis 7 68 10 Private Forest
75 Right Utis 5 35 4 Private Forest
76 Right Salla 15 72 10 Private Forest
77 Right Salla 5 62 9 Private Forest
78 Right Painyu 3 72 5 Private Forest
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 182
SN Alignment Chainage Species No. CBH (cm) Height (m) Regeneration/ Shurb Ownership of Land Remarks
79 Left Salla 5 110 12 Sapling 10 Private Forest
80 Left Salla 15 45 7 Private Forest
81 Left Naspati 2 45 5 Private Forest
82 Right Salla 5 73 10 Private Forest
83 Left Salla 2 95 12 Private Forest
84 Left Salla 5 35 3 Private Forest
85 Left Salla 4 62 7 Private Forest
86 Left Salla 4 78 12 Private Forest
87 Left Gurans 2 65 5 Private Forest
88 Left Utis 2 42 4 Private Forest
89 Right Arubokhada 4 95 7 Private Forest
90 Right Arubokhada 2 65 4 Private Forest
91 Right Bains 2 42 3 Private Forest
92 Right Bains 2 68 5 Private Forest
93 Right Painyu 1 105 6 Private Forest
94 Right Salla 4 62 7 Private Forest
95 Right Salla 2 68 7 Private Forest
96 Right Salla 5 68 5 Private Forest
97 Left Salla 3 105 10 Sapling 15 Private Forest
98 Left Salla 4 82 8 Seedling 5 Private Forest
99 Left Salla 12 60 8 Private Forest
100 Left Salla 8 95 12 Private Forest
101 Left Salla 5 110 12 Private Forest
102 Left Salla 25 45 7 Private Forest
103 Left Salla 50 35 5 Private Forest
104 Left Salla 20 72 10 Private Forest
105 Left Salla Seedling 200 Private Forest
106 Left Salla 15 38 7 Private Forest
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 183
SN Alignment Chainage Species No. CBH (cm) Height (m) Regeneration/ Shurb Ownership of Land Remarks
107 Left Salla 1 105 10 Private Forest
108 Left Utis 9 38 7 Sapling 15 Private Forest
109 Left Utis 3 42 5 Seedling 25 Private Forest
110 Right Utis 3 75 10 Private Forest
111 Right Utis 5 65 7 Private Forest
112 Right Mayal 2 62 6 Private Forest
113 Right Banpipal 2 95 8 Private Forest
114 Right Utis 2 42 7 Private Forest
115 Right Utis 4 78 9 Private Forest
116 Right Salla 2 120 10 Private Forest
117 Left Salla 1 190 16 Private Forest
118 Left Salla 4 65 10 Private Forest
119 Left Salla 2 61 7 Private Forest
120 Left Salla 5 42 5 Private Forest
121 Left Salla 2 52 7 Private Forest
122 Left Salla 4 68 9 Private Forest
123 Left Salla 15 75 10 Sapling 20 Private Forest
124 Left Salla 11 105 10 Seedling 10 Private Forest
125 Left Salla 7 82 11 Private Forest
126 Left Salla 9 35 10 Private Forest
127 Right Salla 5 68 9 Private Forest
128 Right Salla 7 120 15 Private Forest
129 Right Salla 11 75 9 Private Forest
130 Right Salla 6 38 4 Private Forest
131 Right Salla 11 52 9 Private Forest
132 Right Salla 3 140 17 Private Forest
133 Left Utis 6 45 10 Seedling 40 Private Forest
134 Right Salla 1 165 16 Private Forest
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 184
SN Alignment Chainage Species No. CBH (cm) Height (m) Regeneration/ Shurb Ownership of Land Remarks
135 Right Salla 3 160 15 Private Forest
136 Right Salla 4 140 16 Private Forest
137 Right Salla 5 140 9 Private Forest
138 Right Salla 3 110 7 Private Forest
139 Right Salla 2 65 9 Private Forest
140 Right Salla 4 52 4 Private Forest
141 Right Salla 5 38 4 Private Forest
142 Right Salla 4 72 4 Private Forest
143 Right Utis Sapling 10 Private Forest
144 Left Salla 7 75 11 Private Forest
145 Left Salla 3 110 12 Private Forest
146 Left Salla 5 48 7 Private Forest
147 Left Salla 6 42 7 Private Forest
148 Left Salla 3 130 11 Private Forest
149 Left Salla 7 34 5 Private Forest
150 Left Salla 6 41 9 Private Forest
151 Left Salla 5 110 7 Private Forest
152 Left Salla 3 42 4 Private Forest
153 Left Salla 7 95 12 Private Forest
154 Left Utis Seedling 50 Private Forest
155 Left Salla 20 45 5 Sapling 12 Private Forest
156 Left Salla 15 52 7 Seedling 25 Private Forest
157 Left Salla 10 62 7 Private Forest
158 Left Salla 10 38 5 Private Forest
159 Right 2+000 Banpipal 1 140 16 Private Forest Ghatte Khola
160 Right Utis 2 62 7 Private Forest
161 Right Utis 2 52 7 Private Forest
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 185
SN Alignment Chainage Species No. CBH (cm) Height (m) Regeneration/ Shurb Ownership of Land Remarks
162 Right Salla 2 160 14 Private Forest
163 Right Salla 3 65 4 Private Forest
164 Right Salla 5 120 6 Private Forest
165 Right Utis Sapling 200 Private Forest
166 Right Utis Seedling 500 Private Forest
167 Left Salla 1 140 12 Private Forest
168 Left Salla 2 90 10 Private Forest
169 Left Salla 3 65 7 Private Forest
170 Left Salla 3 65 5 Private Forest
171 Left Salla 2 75 12 Private Forest
172 Left Salla 3 90 13 Private Forest
173 Left Utis 15 55 7 Sapling 7 Private Forest
174 Right Salla 3 120 12 Sapling 9 Private Forest
175 Right Salla 5 110 9 Private Forest
176 Right Salla 9 90 7 Private Forest
177 Right Salla 6 85 7 Private Forest
178 Right Salla 9 65 7 Private Forest
179 Right Salla 7 35 4 Private Forest
180 Right Utis Sapling 3 Private Forest
181 Left Utis Sapling 50 Private Forest
182 Left Salla 4 150 15 Private Forest
183 Left Salla 3 72 7 Private Forest
184 Left Utis 2 65 8 Private Forest
185 Left Utis 3 45 4 Private Forest
186 Right Utis 7 35 5 Private Forest
187 Right Utis 3 38 6 Private Forest
188 Right Utis 2 62 9 Private Forest
189 Right Salla 3 75 9 Private Forest
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 186
SN Alignment Chainage Species No. CBH (cm) Height (m) Regeneration/ Shurb Ownership of Land Remarks
190 Right Salla 5 62 10 Private Forest
191 Right Salla 3 115 15 Private Forest
192 Right Salla 4 68 10 Private Forest
193 Right Utis Sapling 10 Private Forest
194 Right Utis Seedling 40 Private Forest
195 Left Utis 3 75 7 Sapling 25 Private Forest
196 Left Utis 7 35 5 Private Forest
197 Left Utis 3 38 5 Private Forest
198 Left Salla 3 115 16 Private Forest
199 Left Salla 2 125 9 Private Forest
200 Left Salla 3 68 9 Private Forest
201 Left Salla 2 170 17 Private Forest
202 Left Salla 3 95 11 Private Forest
203 Left Salla 3 115 7 Private Forest
204 Left Salla 2 85 9 Private Forest
205 Left Salla 2 55 7 Private Forest
206 Left Salla 3 105 11 Cultivated Land
207 Left Painyu Sapling 2 Cultivated Land
208 Left Laligurans 3 68 4 Cultivated Land
209 Left Pipire 2 72 5 Cultivated Land
210 Left Utis 3 45 6 Cultivated Land
211 Left Utis 7 32 4 Cultivated Land
212 Right Utis Sapling 50 Cultivated Land
213 Right Utis 15 35 4 Cultivated Land
214 Right Salla 4 82 9 Cultivated Land
215 Right Salla 3 62 7 Cultivated Land
216 Right Salla 5 104 9 Cultivated Land
217 Right Salla 4 77 9 Cultivated Land
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 187
SN Alignment Chainage Species No. CBH (cm) Height (m) Regeneration/ Shurb Ownership of Land Remarks
218 Right Salla 2 42 6 Cultivated Land
219 Left Salla 6 34 5 Cultivated Land
220 Left Salla 2 48 7 Cultivated Land
221 Left Salla 2 88 10 Cultivated Land
222 Right Aru Sapling 5 Cultivated Land
223 Right Banana Tree 2 Cultivated Land
224 Right Apple 13 40 4 Cultivated Land
225 Right Kimbu 2 38 4 Cultivated Land
226 Left Apple Sapling 7 Cultivated Land
227 Right Arubokhada 5 55 6 Cultivated Land
228 Right Salla 2 110 12 Cultivated Land
229 Right Pipire 3 40 4 Cultivated Land
230 Right Pipire 2 65 6 Cultivated Land
231 Right Painyu 2 85 5 Cultivated Land
232 Right Salla 3 85 10 Cultivated Land
233 Right Salla 5 78 9 Cultivated Land
234 Right Salla 6 63 8 Cultivated Land
235 Left Salla Sapling 12 Cultivated Land
236 Left Salla 3 65 10 Cultivated Land
237 Left Salla 7 88 12 Cultivated Land
238 Left Salla 3 105 14 Cultivated Land
239 Left Salla 2 78 7 Cultivated Land
240 Left Salla 3 72 7 Cultivated Land
241 Left Salla 9 68 7 Cultivated Land
242 Left Salla 6 32 3 Cultivated Land
243 Left Mayal 2 45 4 Cultivated Land
244 Right Painyu Sapling 2 Cultivated Land
245 Right Painyu 3 38 4 Cultivated Land
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 188
SN Alignment Chainage Species No. CBH (cm) Height (m) Regeneration/ Shurb Ownership of Land Remarks
246 Right Salla 1 38 4 Cultivated Land
247 Left Salla 2 110 12 Cultivated Land
248 Right Salla 3 95 10 Cultivated Land
249 Right Salla 2 78 9 Cultivated Land
250 Right Aru 5 38 4 Cultivated Land
251 Right Aru Sapling 5 Cultivated Land
252 Right 2+800 Bains 1 78 5 Cultivated Land Garma Chowk
253 Right Gurans 2 65 6 Cultivated Land
254 Right Salla 2 105 12 Cultivated Land
255 Right Utis 1 180 10 Cultivated Land
256 Right Pipire 2 65 5 Cultivated Land
257 Left Salla 4 72 7 Cultivated Land
258 Left 2+800 Salla 3 68 5 Cultivated Land Baansghari Khola
259 Left Utis 5 56 7 Gov. Land Mountaineering Assn. Land
260 Left Utis 5 68 8 Gov. Land
261 Left Utis 9 45 8 Gov. Land
262 Left Utis 8 34 4 Sapling 12 Gov. Land
263 Left Utis 2 94 10 Gov. Land
264 Left Utis 5 43 6 Gov. Land
265 Left Salla 3 35 5 Sapling 7 Gov. Land
266 Left Salla 3 74 9 Gov. Land
267 Left Angeri Sapling 10 Gov. Land
268 Right Angeri Sapling 10 Cultivated Land
269 Right Salla 5 74 6 Cultivated Land
270 Right Gurans 3 38 4 Cultivated Land
271 Right Gurans 2 49 6 Cultivated Land
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 189
SN Alignment Chainage Species No. CBH (cm) Height (m) Regeneration/ Shurb Ownership of Land Remarks
272 Right Salla 9 42 4 Cultivated Land
273 Right Pipire 6 35 4 Cultivated Land
274 Right Utis 12 68 6 Cultivated Land
275 Right Pipire 7 52 4 Cultivated Land
276 Right Salla 57 9 3 Cultivated Land
277 Right Angeri 3 64 5 Cultivated Land
278 Right Gurans 5 42 4 Cultivated Land
279 Right Utis 2 170 12 Cultivated Land
280 Right Angeri 2 68 3 Cultivated Land
281 Right Angeri 1 60 1.5 Cultivated Land
282 Right Phalat 1 180 10 Cultivated Land
283 Right Phalat 2 90 8 Cultivated Land
284 Right Gurans 10 90 6 Cultivated Land
285 Left Salla 7 35 6 Gov. Land Mountaineering Assn
286 Left Salla 6 38 5 Gov. Land
287 Left Salla 11 68 9 Gov. Land
288 Left Salla 6 42 7 Gov. Land
289 Left Angeri 3 72 6 Sapling 10 Gov. Land
290 Left Gurans 3 65 6 Gov. Land
291 Left Gurans 1 48 2 Gov. Land
292 Left Gurans 6 52 4 Gov. Land
293 Left Pipire 2 38 3 Gov. Land
294 Left Pipire 3 52 4 Gov. Land
295 Left Salla Sapling 25 Gov. Land
296 Left Salla Seedling 30 Cultivated Land
297 Left Utis 2 104 12 Sapling 7 Cultivated Land
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 190
SN Alignment Chainage Species No. CBH (cm) Height (m) Regeneration/ Shurb Ownership of Land Remarks
298 Left Utis 3 72 5 Cultivated Land
299 Left Salla 5 65 6 Cultivated Land
300 Left Salla 2 38 7 Cultivated Land
301 Left Angeri 3 52 5 Sapling 10 Cultivated Land
302 Left Gurans Sapling 9 Cultivated Land
303 Left Utis Sapling 9 Cultivated Land
304 Left Salla 3 72 6 Cultivated Land
305 Right Utis 5 35 4 Cultivated Land
306 Right Utis 6 42 7 Cultivated Land
307 Right Utis 2 98 11 Cultivated Land
308 Right Utis 1 89 7 Cultivated Land
309 Right Utis 3 86 9 Cultivated Land
310 Right Angeri 2 42 3 Cultivated Land
311 Right Gurans 1 52 4 Cultivated Land
312 Right Gurans 3 72 7 Cultivated Land
313 Right Gurans 2 65 7 Cultivated Land
314 Right Salla 2 42 7 Cultivated Land
315 Right Salla 5 38 3 Cultivated Land
316 Right Utis 2 68 7 Cultivated Land
317 Right Utis 5 62 6 Cultivated Land
318 Right Utis 3 58 5 Cultivated Land
319 Left Utis 3 56 7 Seedling 10 Cultivated Land
320 Left Utis Sapling 12 Cultivated Land
321 Left Salla 9 85 11 Cultivated Land
322 Left Salla 7 64 7 Cultivated Land
323 Left Salla 9 68 7 Cultivated Land
324 Left Angeri 5 62 6 Cultivated Land
325 Left Painyu 3 68 4 Cultivated Land
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 191
SN Alignment Chainage Species No. CBH (cm) Height (m) Regeneration/ Shurb Ownership of Land Remarks
326 Left Salla 3 62 5 Cultivated Land
327 Left Salla 3 58 4 Cultivated Land
328 Left Naspati 10 45 4 Sapling 10 Cultivated Land
329 Left Naspati 6 38 4 Cultivated Land
330 Left Aru 2 40 4 Sapling 5 Cultivated Land
331 Left Bains 3 52 4 Cultivated Land
332 Left Painyu 9 65 Cultivated Land
333 Left Painyu 1 35 3 Cultivated Land
334 Left Utis 2 68 6 Cultivated Land
335 Left Angeri 5 42 4 Cultivated Land
336 Left Dhupi 2 38 4 Cultivated Land
337 Left Apple 2 55 4 Cultivated Land
338 Left Apple 2 47 4 Cultivated Land Tojing, Dudhkunda-7
339 Left Apple 3 70 4 Sapling 9 Cultivated Land
340 Left Apple 6 55 4 Cultivated Land
342 Left Apple 6 35 3 Cultivated Land
343 Left Painyu 3 38 4 Cultivated Land
344 Right Utis 6 120 10 Sapling 9 Cultivated Land
345 Right Utis 6 35 4 Cultivated Land
346 Right Naspati 6 38 4 Cultivated Land
347 Right Utis 6 190 10 Sapling 12 Private forest
348 Left Utis 12 120 10 Private forest
349 Left Gurans 9 35 4 Private forest
350 Left Utis 0 Sapling 30 Private forest
351 Right Utis 3 140 10 Private forest
352 Right Gurans 9 95 7 Private forest
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 192
SN Alignment Chainage Species No. CBH (cm) Height (m) Regeneration/ Shurb Ownership of Land Remarks
353 Right Angeri 6 65 5 Private forest
354 Left Salla 3 105 10 Private forest
355 Left Utis 6 65 7 Seedling 30 Private forest
356 Right Angeri 15 55 4 Private forest
357 Right Angeri 9 95 7 Private forest
358 Right Utis 3 42 5 Private forest
359 Right Gurans 6 65 7 Private forest
360 Right Gurans 15 72 9 Private forest
361 Right Gurans 27 68 7 Private forest
362 Right Utis 12 155 10 Private forest
363 Right Sisi 6 42 3 Private forest
364 Right Sisi 6 32 2 Private forest
365 Left Sisi 6 52 4 Private forest
366 Left Angeri 3 52 3 Private forest
367 Left Salla 6 68 10 Private forest
368 Left Utis 3 36 5 Private forest
369 Left Utis 2 43 5 Private forest
370 Left Angeri 3 45 4 Private forest
371 Left Gurans 2 86 6 Private forest
372 Left Gurans 2 64 4 Private forest
373 Left Salla 2 48 7 Private forest
374 Right Utis 2 49 5 Sapling 5 Private forest
375 Right Utis 3 38 5 Private forest
376 Left Bhalayo Sapling 2 Private forest
377 Left Gurans 2 62 5 Sapling 3 Private forest
378 Left Utis 3 64 6 Private forest
379 Left Gurans Sapling 5 Private forest
380 Right 4+500 Utis 2 38 6 Sapling 6 Cultivated Land
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 193
SN Alignment Chainage Species No. CBH (cm) Height (m) Regeneration/ Shurb Ownership of Land Remarks
381 Right Utis 2 62 6 Cultivated Land
382 Right Utis 3 42 5 Cultivated Land
383 Right Utis 2 38 3 Cultivated Land
384 Right Ghurmis 2 35 4 Cultivated Land
385 Left Salla 1 105 10 Cultivated Land
386 Left Angeri Sapling 4 Cultivated Land
387 Left Gurans 2 65 4 Cultivated Land
388 Left Utis Sapling 5 Cultivated Land
389 Right Dhupi 4 60 7 Cultivated Land
390 Right Dhupi 2 55 5 Cultivated Land
391 Right Dudhilo 2 95 7 Cultivated Land
392 Right Dudhilo 3 68 5 Cultivated Land
393 Right Banpipal 2 72 7 Cultivated Land
394 Right Bains 2 65 7 Cultivated Land
395 Left Salla 2 120 10 Cultivated Land
396 Left Salla 3 67 7 Cultivated Land
397 Left Salla 2 72 5 Cultivated Land
398 Right Painyu 1 82 10 Cultivated Land
399 Right Painyu 3 68 7 Cultivated Land
400 Left Angeri 1 40 4 Cultivated Land
401 Left Salla 1 33 4 Cultivated Land
402 Left Painyu 2 41 5 Cultivated Land
403 Left Angeri 2 34 3 Cultivated Land
404 Left Kimbu 1 45 4 Cultivated Land
405 Right Bhalayo 2 36 3 Sapling 2 Cultivated Land
406 Right Painyu 2 34 4 Sapling 2 Cultivated Land
407 Left 4+600 Utis 1 54 7 Private forest
408 Left Utis 1 39 4 Private forest
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 194
SN Alignment Chainage Species No. CBH (cm) Height (m) Regeneration/ Shurb Ownership of Land Remarks
409 Left Bains 3 45 4 Sapling 2 Private forest
410 Right Dudhilo 1 35 6 Private forest
411 Right Utis 3 38 7 Sapling 5 Private forest
412 Right Salla 3 75 10 Private forest
413 Right Ghurmis 2 60 3 Private forest
414 Right Bains 2 70 5 Private forest
415 Right Bains 2 50 4 Private forest
416 Left Bains 2 65 5 Private forest
417 Left 4+700 Utis 2 45 4 Sapling 1 Cultivated Land
418 Left Salla 5 40 6 Cultivated Land
419 Left Salla 5 35 6 Cultivated Land
420 Left Gurans 4 33 3 Sapling 5 Cultivated Land
421 Left Utis Sapling 10 Cultivated Land
422 Left Dudhilo 3 45 7 Cultivated Land
423 Left Dudhilo 2 55 7 Cultivated Land
424 Left Salla 2 95 8 Cultivated Land
425 Left Salla 5 65 6 Cultivated Land
426 Right Dudhilo 5 60 6 Cultivated Land
427 Right Dudhilo 2 45 4 Cultivated Land
428 Right Dudhilo 2 70 7 Cultivated Land
429 Right Painyu 2 49 5 Cultivated Land
430 Right Bhalayo 1 70 4 Cultivated Land
431 Right Dudhilo 3 85 7 Cultivated Land
432 Right Dudhilo 2 90 6 Cultivated Land
433 Right Painyu 1 120 8 Cultivated Land
434 Right Painyu 3 68 5 Cultivated Land
435 Right Dudhilo 3 105 9 Cultivated Land
436 Left Painyu 2 95 6 Sapling 3 Cultivated Land
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 195
SN Alignment Chainage Species No. CBH (cm) Height (m) Regeneration/ Shurb Ownership of Land Remarks
437 Left Dudhilo 3 35 4 Sapling 3 Cultivated Land
438 Left Arubokhada 2 62 5 Cultivated Land
439 Left Arubokhada 2 38 4 Cultivated Land
440 Left Kimbu 2 40 3 Cultivated Land
441 Left Utis 2 85 6 Cultivated Land
442 Left Utis 2 98 9 Cultivated Land
443 Left Gurans Sapling 2 Cultivated Land
444 Left Dudhilo Sapling 2 Cultivated Land
445 Left Gurans 2 45 4 Cultivated Land
446 Left Angeri Sapling 3 Cultivated Land
447 Right Dudhilo 3 92 8 Cultivated Land
448 Right Dudhilo 2 65 4 Cultivated Land
449 Right Okhar 1 60 6 Cultivated Land
450 Right Utis 1 40 6 Sapling 10 Cultivated Land
451 Right Utis 2 35 5 Cultivated Land
452 Right Utis 5 40 7 Sapling 10 Private Forest
453 Right Utis 3 38 4 Private Forest
454 Right Utis 2 130 12 Private Forest
455 Right Utis 3 64 7 Private Forest
456 Right Salla 1 150 18 Private Forest
457 Right Salla 2 120 16 Private Forest
458 Right Salla 2 75 7 Private Forest
459 Right Salla 3 65 6 Private Forest
460 Right Utis 5 40 4 Sapling 20 Private Forest
461 Right Utis 7 35 4 Private Forest
462 Right Gurans 5 68 6 Sapling 10 Private Forest
463 Left Gurans 5 72 4 Private Forest
464 Left Gurans 3 68 6 Private Forest
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 196
SN Alignment Chainage Species No. CBH (cm) Height (m) Regeneration/ Shurb Ownership of Land Remarks
465 Left Salla 2 75 7 Private Forest
466 Left Angeri 2 84 5 Sapling 10 Private Forest
467 Left Okhar 2 48 4 Private Forest
468 Left Utis 3 120 10 Private Forest
469 Left Utis 12 95 10 Private Forest
470 Left Utis 17 68 7 Private Forest
471 Left Salla 5 40 4 Private Forest
472 Left Salla 16 65 10 Private Forest
473 Left Painyu 3 60 5 Sapling 25 Private Forest
474 Left Painyu 2 75 7 Seedling 10 Private Forest
475 Left Utis 27 85 8 Sapling 90 Private Forest
476 Left Utis 75 40 5 Private Forest
477 Left Utis 15 48 6 Private Forest
478 Right Utis 15 90 7 Sapling 75 Private Forest
479 Right 8+600 Utis 45 65 8 Seedling 180 Private Forest Bhitte Khola, Dudhkaushika
- 1
480 Left Utis 4 62 6 Seedling 200 Cultivated Land
481 Left Utis 2 75 7 Cultivated Land
482 Left Utis 5 40 4 Cultivated Land
483 Left Gurans 3 35 2 Cultivated Land
484 Left Salla 2 68 6 Cultivated Land
485 Left Dudhilo 2 67 5 Cultivated Land
486 Left Angeri 5 40 4 Cultivated Land
487 Left Dudhilo 21 90 8 Cultivated Land
488 Left Salla 1 75 8 Cultivated Land
489 Right Utis 2 75 9 Cultivated Land
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 197
SN Alignment Chainage Species No. CBH (cm) Height (m) Regeneration/ Shurb Ownership of Land Remarks
490 Right Salla 4 72 6 Cultivated Land
491 Right Dudhilo 6 45 4 Cultivated Land
492 Right Salla 4 68 6 Cultivated Land
493 Right Utis Sapling 25 Cultivated Land
494 Right Utis Seedling 30 Cultivated Land
495 Left Salla 8 65 7 Sapling 50 Cultivated Land
496 Left Salla 15 35 4 Cultivated Land
497 Left Salla 5 75 8 Sapling 15 Cultivated Land
498 Left Salla 10 35 4 Cultivated Land
499 Left Salla 9 62 5 Cultivated Land
500 Left Salla 12 40 4 Cultivated Land
501 Left Gurans 5 33 3 Sapling 10 Cultivated Land
502 Right Pipire 3 35 4 Cultivated Land
503 Right Pipire 2 42 5 Cultivated Land
504 Right Salla 4 75 10 Cultivated Land
505 Right Salla 12 72 9 Cultivated Land
506 Right Utis 9 38 5 Sapling 10 Cultivated Land
507 Left Bamboo Shrub 2 Cultivated Land
508 Left Nigalo Shrub 1 Cultivated Land
509 Left Salla 3 40 5 Cultivated Land
510 Left Salla 5 45 6 Cultivated Land
511 Left Gurans 5 34 4 Cultivated Land
512 Left Gurans 3 42 4 Cultivated Land
513 Left Dudhilo 3 40 5 Sapling 10 Cultivated Land
514 Left Gurans 3 65 7 Cultivated Land
515 Left Gurans 3 45 4 Cultivated Land
516 Left Painyu 2 38 7 Sapling 5 Cultivated Land
517 Left Bhalayo 2 45 3 Cultivated Land
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 198
SN Alignment Chainage Species No. CBH (cm) Height (m) Regeneration/ Shurb Ownership of Land Remarks
518 Left Salla 4 40 4 Cultivated Land
519 Right Utis 3 40 8 Cultivated Land
520 Right Utis 6 50 5 Cultivated Land
521 Right Utis 3 70 9 Cultivated Land
522 Right Utis 2 95 9 Cultivated Land
523 Right Salla 5 75 9 Cultivated Land
524 Right Salla 2 69 8 Cultivated Land
525 Right Salla 3 58 7 Cultivated Land
526 Right Sisi 2 55 5 Sapling 3 Cultivated Land
527 Right Sisi 7 45 4 Cultivated Land
528 Right Sisi 2 35 4 Cultivated Land
529 Right Gurans 3 40 4 Cultivated Land
530 Left Salla 1 45 5 Cultivated Land
531 Right Bhalayo 5 65 10 Cultivated Land
532 Right Bhalayo 2 120 7 Cultivated Land
533 Right Bhalayo 3 60 4 Cultivated Land
534 Right Painyu 1 80 10 Cultivated Land
535 Right Painyu 3 72 8 Cultivated Land
536 Left Nigalo Shrub 10 Cultivated Land
537 Left Dudhilo 1 50 5 Cultivated Land
538 Left Dudhilo 2 35 4 Cultivated Land
539 Left Salla 1 75 9 Cultivated Land
540 Left Bhalayo 2 60 4 Cultivated Land
541 Left Gurans Sapling 2 Cultivated Land
542 Right Banana Ghari 6 Cultivated Land
543 Right Nigalo Shrub 1 Cultivated Land
544 Right Kimbu Sapling 4 Cultivated Land
545 Right Utis Sapling 4 Cultivated Land
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 199
SN Alignment Chainage Species No. CBH (cm) Height (m) Regeneration/ Shurb Ownership of Land Remarks
546 Right Lakuri Sapling 1 Cultivated Land
547 Right Salla 2 45 7 Cultivated Land
548 Right Utis 2 35 6 Cultivated Land
549 Right Painyu 2 35 4 Cultivated Land
550 Right Dudhilo 3 65 7 Cultivated Land
551 Right Salla 2 68 7 Cultivated Land
552 Left Gurans 2 45 3 Cultivated Land
553 Left Dudhilo 2 55 6 Cultivated Land
554 Left Salla 1 73 8 Cultivated Land
555 Left Angeri Sapling 2 Cultivated Land
556 Left 10+300 Bhalayo Sapling 2 Cultivated Land
557 Right Salla 5 65 6 Sapling 5 Cultivated Land
558 Right Salla 2 70 8 Cultivated Land
559 Right Salla 3 35 4 Cultivated Land
560 Right Salla 10 52 6 Cultivated Land
561 Right Salla 7 115 12 Cultivated Land
562 Right Gurans Sapling 2 Cultivated Land
563 Right Salla 7 75 10 Cultivated Land
564 Right Salla 5 65 7 Cultivated Land
565 Right Salla 3 50 5 Cultivated Land
566 Right Salla 4 95 10 Cultivated Land
567 Right Painyu 2 72 7 Cultivated Land
568 Left Salla 5 120 10 Cultivated Land
569 Left Salla 16 95 15 Cultivated Land
570 Left Salla 11 85 9 Red Cross Land
571 Left Salla 6 35 4 Red Cross Land
572 Left Salla 11 55 9 Cultivated Land
573 Left Salla 10 52 7 Cultivated Land
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 200
SN Alignment Chainage Species No. CBH (cm) Height (m) Regeneration/ Shurb Ownership of Land Remarks
574 Left Angeri 9 40 4 Sapling 10 Cultivated Land
575 Left Gurans 5 36 4 Cultivated Land
576 Left 8+610 Utis 1 98 7 Cultivated Land Dudhkaushika- 1
577 Left Painyu 3 85 10 Cultivated Land
578 Left Painyu 1 98 11 Cultivated Land
579 Left Nimaro 3 40 3 Cultivated Land
580 Right Salla 35 55 10 Sapling 5 Cultivated Land
581 Right Salla 55 62 9 Cultivated Land
582 Right Salla 20 70 9 Cultivated Land
583 Right Salla 25 45 7 Cultivated Land
584 Right Salla 15 40 7 Cultivated Land
585 Left Utis 5 72 7 Cultivated Land
586 Left Painyu 5 45 6 Cultivated Land
587 Left Patle 5 40 6 Cultivated Land
588 Left Gurans 25 38 4 Sapling 50 Cultivated Land
589 Left Gurans 15 48 4 Cultivated Land
590 Left Salla 25 45 6 Cultivated Land
591 Left Salla 50 65 7 Cultivated Land
592 Left Salla 25 72 10 Cultivated Land
593 Right Patle 10 65 8 Cultivated Land
594 Right Patle 15 38 5 Cultivated Land
595 Right Salla 15 75 9 Sapling 50 Cultivated Land
596 Right Salla 25 70 7 Cultivated Land
597 Right Salla 25 45 6 Cultivated Land
598 Right Salla 10 92 11 Cultivated Land
599 Right Utis 25 50 8 Sapling 50 Cultivated Land
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 201
SN Alignment Chainage Species No. CBH (cm) Height (m) Regeneration/ Shurb Ownership of Land Remarks
600 Right Utis 30 68 9 Seedling 75 Cultivated Land
601 Right Utis 15 83 11 Cultivated Land
602 Right Nigalo Shrub 5 Cultivated Land
603 Right Amriso Shrub 5 Cultivated Land
604 Right 11+650 Gurans Sapling 50 Cultivated Land Gaude khola
605 Right Salla 4 60 8 Sapling 5 Cultivated Land
606 Right Salla 3 45 6 Cultivated Land
607 Right 12+770 Salla 3 42 7 Cultivated Land Kattike Khola
608 Right Salla 2 42 8 Cultivated Land
609 Right 12+800 Salla Cultivated Land Mukli starts, Harkate khola
610 Right 12+980 Salla Cultivated Land Rai khola
611 Right Patle 1 35 4 Sapling 5 Community Forest Ghumnepani CF
612 Right Patle 1 45 5 Community Forest
613 Right Patle 3 55 7 Community Forest
614 Left Patle 2 43 7 Sapling 5 Community Forest
615 Left Patle 2 35 5 Community Forest
616 Left Patle 3 45 7 Community Forest
617 Left Salla 3 65 10 Community Forest
618 Left Salla 5 48 7 Community Forest
619 Left Salla 3 63 9 Community Forest
620 Left Salla 5 72 9 Community Forest
621 Left Salla 4 38 6 Community Forest
622 Left Patle 7 45 7 Sapling 10 Community Forest
623 Left Patle 4 52 9 Community Forest
624 Left Patle 5 38 7 Community Forest
625 Right Salla 5 100 17 Community Forest
626 Right Salla 10 48 7 Community Forest
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 202
SN Alignment Chainage Species No. CBH (cm) Height (m) Regeneration/ Shurb Ownership of Land Remarks
627 Right Salla 9 45 8 Community Forest
628 Right Patle 2 65 6 Community Forest
629 Right Patle 5 40 7 Community Forest
630 Right Patle 3 52 7 Community Forest
631 Right Banjh 3 50 4 Community Forest
632 Right Salla 9 120 8 Community Forest
633 Left Patle Sapling 20 Community Forest
634 Left Salla 4 115 9 Community Forest
635 Left Salla 3 87 9 Community Forest
636 Left Salla 5 45 4 Community Forest
637 Right Salla 1 105 12 Community Forest
638 Right Salla 1 85 9 Community Forest
639 Right Salla 2 82 10 Community Forest
640 Right Patle 1 45 4 Community Forest
641 Left Patle Sapling 12 Community Forest
642 Left Patle Seedling 10 Community Forest
643 Left Salla 2 95 10 Community Forest
644 Left Salla 2 90 7 Community Forest
645 Left Patle 3 55 7 Community Forest
646 Left Patle 2 55 4 Sapling 10 Community Forest
647 Left Gurans 4 40 4 Sapling 10 Community Forest
648 Left Kharane Shrub 2 Community Forest
649 Right Patle 10 50 7 Community Forest
650 Right Patle 4 45 6 Community Forest
651 Right Patle 6 40 7 Community Forest
652 Right Patle 10 38 4 Community Forest
653 Right Salla 4 42 10 Community Forest
654 Left Makai kaath 2 55 6 Community Forest
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 203
SN Alignment Chainage Species No. CBH (cm) Height (m) Regeneration/ Shurb Ownership of Land Remarks
655 Left Makai kaath 2 42 7 Community Forest
656 Left Bhalayo 4 35 3 Community Forest
657 Left Salla 4 95 10 Community Forest
658 Left Gurans 6 40 4 Community Forest
659 Left Patle 12 42 5 Community Forest
660 Left Patle 6 47 7 Community Forest
661 Left Bhalayo Sapling 8 Community Forest
662 Right Patle 6 45 7 Community Forest
663 Right Patle 4 55 8 Community Forest
664 Right Salla 2 95 10 Private Forest
665 Right Salla 5 64 7 Private Forest
666 Right Salla 3 45 9 Private Forest
667 Right Salla 4 70 11 Private Forest
668 Left Patle 2 55 3 Cultivated Land
669 Left Patle 2 60 6 Cultivated Land
670 Left Salla 5 55 7 Cultivated Land
671 Left Salla 5 105 10 Cultivated Land
672 Left Patle 35 45 9 Sapling 45 Community Forest
673 Left Patle 15 64 8 Community Forest
674 Left Gurans 45 42 4 Sapling 50 Community Forest
675 Right Patle 16 72 9 Community Forest
676 Right Patle 16 63 7 Community Forest
677 Right Patle 28 78 9 Community Forest
678 Right Kharane 8 40 3 Community Forest
679 Right Patle 40 65 4 Community Forest
680 Right Patle 40 42 7 Community Forest
681 Right Patle 48 45 6 Community Forest
682 Right Utis 20 40 7 Community Forest
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 204
SN Alignment Chainage Species No. CBH (cm) Height (m) Regeneration/ Shurb Ownership of Land Remarks
683 Right Utis 16 48 7 Community Forest
684 Left Patle 20 68 7 Community Forest
685 Left Patle 15 74 8 Community Forest
686 Left Kharane 35 47 4 Community Forest
687 Left Kharane 25 34 4 Community Forest
688 Left Gurans 35 42 4 Community Forest
689 Left Gurans 15 57 5 Community Forest
690 Left Bhalayo 10 42 4 Sapling 20 Community Forest
691 Left Bhalayo 10 38 3 Community Forest
692 Left Patle Sapling 35 Community Forest
693 Left Utis 20 48 7 Community Forest
694 Left Patle 6 78 7 Community Forest
695 Left Kharane 6 50 5 Community Forest
696 Left Patle 9 42 4 Community Forest
697 Right Patle 6 56 7 Community Forest
698 Right Patle 9 73 8 Community Forest
699 Right Patle 6 110 8 Community Forest
700 Left Patle 25 34 4 Sapling 50 Community Forest
701 Left Patle 20 48 7 Seedling 25 Community Forest
702 Left Angeri 15 38 4 Community Forest
703 Left Angeri 10 42 4 Community Forest
704 Left Bhalayo 10 48 4 Community Forest
705 Left Phalat 15 46 5 Community Forest
706 Left Salla 20 105 10 Community Forest
707 Left Salla 20 95 9 Community Forest
708 Left Salla 25 78 7 Community Forest
709 Left Salla 45 42 6 Community Forest
710 Left Patle 25 45 7 Sapling 60 Community Forest
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 205
SN Alignment Chainage Species No. CBH (cm) Height (m) Regeneration/ Shurb Ownership of Land Remarks
711 Left Patle 15 50 7 Community Forest
712 Left Patle 30 62 7 Community Forest
713 Right Patle 25 38 4 Community Forest
714 Right Patle 15 56 5 Community Forest
715 Right Patle 15 42 6 Community Forest
716 Right Patle 10 78 9 Community Forest
717 Right Patle 25 62 7 Community Forest
718 Right Gurans 10 38 3 Community Forest
719 Right Bhalayo 10 40 4 Sapling 15 Community Forest
720 Right Kharane 15 45 2 Community Forest
721 Right Salla 20 40 8 Community Forest
722 Right Salla 5 105 6 Community Forest
723 Right Salla 20 85 10 Community Forest
724 Right Salla 25 68 7 Community Forest
725 Right Rodingo 1 75 6 Community Forest
726 Right Rodingo 2 65 6 Community Forest
727 Left Patle 3 70 7 Sapling 10 Community Forest
728 Left Patle 5 65 6 Community Forest
729 Left Patle 9 62 4 Community Forest
730 Left Bhalayo 2 45 4 Sapling 3 Community Forest
731 Right Patle 2 65 6 Community Forest
732 Right Patle 3 45 4 Community Forest
733 Right Patle 9 55 6 Community Forest
734 Right Bhalayo 3 48 7 Community Forest
755 Left Patle 6 45 5 Sapling 20 Community Forest
756 Left Angeri Sapling 3 Community Forest
757 Left Angeri Seedling 2 Community Forest
758 Left Patle 4 65 6 Community Forest
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 206
SN Alignment Chainage Species No. CBH (cm) Height (m) Regeneration/ Shurb Ownership of Land Remarks
759 Right Patle 3 70 4 Sapling 10 Community Forest
760 Right Patle 2 60 5 Community Forest
761 Right Patle 6 40 4 Community Forest
762 Right Angeri 2 50 4 Sapling 5 Community Forest
763 Right Bhalayo Sapling 2 Community Forest
764 Left Patle 3 62 6 Sapling 5 Community Forest
765 Left Patle 3 38 4 Community Forest
766 Left Patle 5 60 4 Community Forest
767 Left Ghangaru Shrub 2 Community Forest
768 Left Kharane 2 40 3 Sapling 4 Community Forest
769 Right Patle 25 60 6 Sapling 50 Community Forest
770 Right Patle 35 58 6 Community Forest
771 Right Patle 15 42 5 Community Forest
772 Right Patle 10 35 6 Community Forest
773 Right Patle 15 58 7 Community Forest
774 Right Patle 10 38 6 Community Forest
775 Right Patle 15 45 6 Community Forest
776 Left Patle 10 59 5 Sapling 50 Community Forest
777 Left Patle 10 43 7 Seedling 25 Community Forest
778 Left Patle 10 45 7 Community Forest
779 Left Patle 25 65 6 Community Forest
780 Right Bhalayo 10 45 7 Sapling 10 Community Forest
781 Right Kharane 10 36 5 Sapling 15 Community Forest
782 Left Patle 15 60 6 Community Forest
783 Left Patle 15 54 6 Community Forest
784 Left Patle 9 37 5 Community Forest
785 Left Chutro Shrub 6 Community Forest
786 Right Gurans 6 60 5 Community Forest
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 207
SN Alignment Chainage Species No. CBH (cm) Height (m) Regeneration/ Shurb Ownership of Land Remarks
787 Right Patle 24 60 7 Community Forest
788 Right Patle 15 45 6 Community Forest
789 Right Patle 30 50 6 Community Forest
790 Right Patle 3 70 7 Community Forest
791 Right Kharane 2 50 3 Community Forest
792 Right Kharane 2 40 3 Community Forest
793 Right Bhalayo 2 45 5 Community Forest
794 Right Angeri 2 40 4 Community Forest
795 Right Gurans 2 60 5 Community Forest
796 Right Gurans 3 40 4 Community Forest
797 Left Salla 2 35 5 Community Forest
798 Left Salla 3 46 7 Community Forest
799 Left Salla 4 54 6 Community Forest
800 Left Salla 5 68 8 Community Forest
801 Left Patle 15 42 6 Community Forest
802 Left Patle 10 53 7 Community Forest
803 Left Patle 15 61 8 Community Forest
804 Left Patle 10 72 9 Community Forest
805 Left Patle 15 34 5 Community Forest
806 Left Patle 10 75 9 Community Forest
807 Left Gurans 10 62 7 Community Forest
808 Left Gurans 15 38 5 Community Forest
809 Right Bhalayo 15 38 4 Community Forest
810 Right Bhalayo 10 81 6 Community Forest
811 Right Patle 15 84 9 Community Forest
812 Right Patle 20 42 6 Community Forest
813 Right Patle 10 53 7 Community Forest
814 Right Angeri 10 64 7 Sapling 25 Community Forest
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 208
SN Alignment Chainage Species No. CBH (cm) Height (m) Regeneration/ Shurb Ownership of Land Remarks
815 Right Kharane 10 58 7 Community Forest
816 Right Kharane 15 65 7 Community Forest
817 Right Kharane 10 35 4 Community Forest
942 Left Patle Sapling 10 Private Forest
943 Left Salla 2 65 5 Sapling 1 Private Forest
944 Left Salla 2 55 6 Private Forest
945 Left Gurans 1 35 3 Private Forest
946 Left Dhupi 2 45 4 Private Forest
947 Left Salla 1 45 4 Private Forest
948 Left Angeri 5 40 2 Private Forest
949 Right Thotne Shrub 1 Private Forest
950 Left 20+600 Salla 5 68 9 Community Forest
951 Left Salla 5 75 9 Community Forest
952 Left Salla 2 82 9 Community Forest
953 Left Salla 2 40 7 Community Forest
954 Right Salla 2 45 10 Community Forest
955 Right Salla 5 78 16 Community Forest
956 Right Salla 2 65 10 Community Forest
957 Right Salla 3 72 9 Community Forest
958 Right Dhupi Sapling 2 Community Forest
959 Left Dhupi 1 40 5 Sapling 1 Community Forest
960 Left Salla 1 120 12 Sapling 2 Community Forest
961 Left Patle Sapling 1 Community Forest
962 Left Salla Sapling 42 Cultivated Land
963 Left Salla Seedling 40 Cultivated Land
964 Right Patle Sapling 20 Cultivated Land
965 Right Angeri Sapling 5 Cultivated Land
966 Left Gurans Sapling 5 Cultivated Land
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 209
SN Alignment Chainage Species No. CBH (cm) Height (m) Regeneration/ Shurb Ownership of Land Remarks
967 Left Angeri Sapling 5 Cultivated Land
968 Left Patle Sapling 7 Cultivated Land
969 Left Chutro Shrub 2 Cultivated Land
970 Left Salla 1 60 6 Cultivated Land
971 Left Salla 3 45 6 Sapling 40 Cultivated Land
972 Left Dhupi Sapling 1 Cultivated Land
973 Right Patle Sapling 15 Cultivated Land
974 Right Angeri Sapling 15 Cultivated Land
975 Left Nigalo Shrub 2 Cultivated Land
976 Left Angeri Sapling 5 Cultivated Land
977 Left Jhigane Sapling 10 Cultivated Land
978 Left Chilaune 1 60 6 Sapling 2 Cultivated Land
979 Left Machhina Shrub 1 Cultivated Land
980 Left Gurans Sapling 5 Cultivated Land
981 Left Mauwa Sapling 2 Cultivated Land
982 Left Angeri 2 60 4 Cultivated Land
983 Left Gurans 2 60 6 Cultivated Land
984 Right Nimaro Sapling 1 Cultivated Land
985 Right Salla 2 48 5 Cultivated Land
986 Right Salla 2 60 5 Cultivated Land
987 Right Salla 2 45 5 Cultivated Land
988 Right Patle Sapling 2 Cultivated Land
989 Right Utis Sapling 2 Cultivated Land
990 Right Dhupi 2 50 5 Cultivated Land
991 Right Dhupi 2 45 4 Cultivated Land
992 Right Nigalo Shrub 2 Cultivated Land
993 Left Salla 6 45 8 Cultivated Land
994 Left Salla 2 75 10 Cultivated Land
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 210
SN Alignment Chainage Species No. CBH (cm) Height (m) Regeneration/ Shurb Ownership of Land Remarks
995 Left Salla 2 90 10 Cultivated Land
996 Right 22+140 Gogane 3 60 4 Cultivated Land End point, Dudhkaushika-7
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 211
Appendix XIII: List of Person Consulted
SN Name Designation Address
1. Buddhi Narayan Shrestha Acting Project Manager DTO, Solukhumbu
2. Narendra Kumar Rai Sub-Engineer DISC
3. Him Kumari Gurung Social Mobilizer DISC
4. Sarala Adhikari Social Mobilizer DISC
5. Man Bahadur Shrestha Ward representative Solududhkunda-7
6. BalaKagi Karki Political leader Solududhkunda-7
7. Niduram Khadka Secretary Ghumne Pani CF
8. Purna Bahadur Tamang Former President Kordap CF
9. Indra kumar Shrestha President (Sarokar Samiti) Solududhkunda-7
10. Phurtiman Tamang President Mukle Maidal CF
11. Hom Bahadur Karki School Teacher Dudhkaushika -1
12 Dhana Devi Magar School Teacher Dudhkaushika -1
13. Chandra Bahadur Karki School Teacher Solududhkunda-7
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 212
Appendix XIIII: Detail Information of Affected structure
a. Private structure
SN Picture Detail
1
Chainage 4+200
Name of Owner Karma Lama
Address Solududhkunda-7, Tojing
Structure Type Shop + Hotel
Built Year 2065
Present Status on use
Family Member (no.) 4
Food Sufficiency (Month)
12
Total Agricultural Income (NRs.)
40,000.00
Total Non-agricultural Income (NRs.)
200,000.00
Total Affected Area (sqm)
78
Total cost (NRs.) 1150000
2
Chainage 4+000
Name of Owner Khil Bahadur Magar
Address Solududhkunda-7, Tojing
Structure Type House
Built Year 1990
Present Status Old And Deteriorated
Family Member (no.) 7
Food Sufficiency (Month)
3
Total Agricultural Income (NRs.)
35,000.00
Total Non-agricultural Income (NRs.)
110000
Total Affected Area (sqm)
7
Total cost (NRs.) 774000
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 213
b. Religious Site
S.N Picture Detail
1
Chainage 4+210
Structure Type Mane(Type Of gumba)
Address Solududhkunda-7, Tozing
Built Year 2000
Present Status On use
Total cost (NRs.) 100,000
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 214
Appendix XIV: Photographs
Photograph 1: Consultation meeting at Tojing Photograph 2: Consultation meeting at Bogal
Photograph 3: Consultation meeting with women group Photograph 4: Consultation meeting at Nele
Photograph 5: Consultation meeting with Kordap CFUGs Photograph 6: Consultation meeting with Ghumnepani CFUGs
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 215
Photograph 7: Road alignment at Jor Buddha (Ch 0+000)
Photograph 8: Road alignment at Bogal (Ch 22+001)
Photograph 9: Road alignment passing through cultivated land
Photograph 10: Vehicle movement along the Road alignment
Photograph 11: Road alignment at Nele Bazaar Photograph 12: Existing road conditions
IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 216
Photograph 13: Measuring circumference at breast height at RoW of road
Photograph 14: GPS point entry at a nearby waterfall
Photograph 15: Road alignment at Maidal CF Photograph 16: Road alignment at Ghumnepanil CF
Photograph 17: Measuring the Formation width of the road
Photograph 18: Community forest in the RoW of road