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Linking Assessment to Intervention: What Today’s School Psychologist Should Now for Tomorrow’s Practice. Gary L. Cates, Ph.D., NCSP Illinois State University. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Linking Assessment to Intervention: What Today’s
School Psychologist Should Now for Tomorrow’s Practice
Gary L. Cates, Ph.D., NCSP
Illinois State University
School psychologists will survive based on the extent to which we can offer something that general
and special educators and clinical psychologists do not.
A Change in IDEA?
• The IQ-Achievement discrepancy focus– Advantages?– Disadvantages?– Shortcomings?
• The Response to intervention focus– Advantages?– Disadvantages?– Shortcomings?
Future Concerns
• Must have training and knowledge in academic intervention and consultation
• Must provide interventions that are evidenced based
• Must have training in monitoring and evaluating intervention implementation
A Potential Methodology: Brief Experimental Analysis of Academic
Responding
• Quickly alternating between multiple interventions to facilitate intervention selection
• Has been demonstrated to facilitate intervention selection for Mathematics and Reading fairly well
Current Experimental Analysis of Reading Intervention Methods
• Focuses on reading Rate as primary decision rule
• Treatment Selection Validity has not been validated over time
• Function of reading is to comprehend text
• Treatment Selection Validity has not been assessed with regard to comprehension
Purposes of Study 1
• Replicate earlier studies related to Experimental Analysis of Reading Interventions
• Extend earlier research by investigating comprehension
• Extend earlier research by expanding the number of treatment decision rules
General Information
• 6 2nd grade students referred for slow reading rate problems (<110wrcpm)
• All receiving Title I services
• 2 males (1 Hispanic; 1 Caucasian)
• 4 females (1 Hispanic; 1 Caucasian)
• None had been retained nor were receiving special education services
General Procedures - Student
• Students instructed to read a grade level passage
• Students were instructed to read and answer 10 comprehension questions at the end of the passage (5 inferential, 5 factual)
• 1 daily trial of each IV for 5 consecutive days. IV administration randomized daily.
Reading Fluency Interventions
• Contingent Reinforcement (CR)
• Repeated Readings (RR)
• Listening Passage Preview (LPP)
• LPP/CR
• RR/CR
• RR/LPP
General Procedures - Experimenter
• Recorded reading rate for first minute of reading
• Scored number of comprehension questions answered correctly
• Errors: Substitutions, omissions, & pauses >3 sec resulted in the word being supplied
• Insertions were ignored
Intervention SelectionDecision Rules – Reading Rate
• Must have the most points above school district criterion
* 110 WRCPM
• Must have the highest mean level
• Must have steepest trend (based on VI)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
SESSIONS
WO
RD
S R
EA
D C
OR
RE
CT
LY
PE
R M
INU
TE
LPP/CR
LPPCR
RR
RR/CR
RR/LPP
KATHY
BL
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
SESSIONS
WO
RD
S R
EA
D C
OR
RE
CT
LY
PE
R M
INU
TE
LPP
CR
RR
BL
RR/LPP
LPP/CR
RR/CR
KARLA
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
SESSIONS
WO
RD
S R
EA
D C
OR
RE
CT
LY
PE
R M
INU
TE
RR/LPP
CR/LPP
LPP
RR
RR/CR
CR
BL
MARK
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
SESSIONS
WO
RD
S R
EA
D C
OR
RE
CT
LY
PE
R M
INU
TE
(W
RC
PM
)
BL
CR
LPP
RR/LPP
CR/RR CR/LPPRR
Renee
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
SESSIONS
WO
RD
S R
EA
D C
OR
RE
CT
LY
PE
R M
INU
TE
RR/CR
RR/LPP
RR
LPP
CR
CR/LPP
STEVE
BL
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
SESSIONS
WO
RD
S R
EA
D C
OR
RE
CT
LY
PE
R M
INU
TE
LPP
RR/LPP
RR
BL
CR RR/CR
LPP/CR
ADENA
Intervention Decision Rule for Comprehension
• Largest mean comprehension level across all 5 trials of a given condition.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Kathy Karla Mark Renee Steve Adena
PARTICIPANT
ME
AN
PE
RC
EN
T C
OM
PR
EH
EN
SIO
N
Baseline
RR
LPP
CR
RR/CR
CR/LPP
RR/LPP
Table 1 Summary of the interventions that resulted in the greatest performance as a function of words read correctly per minute (WRCM) and mean percent comprehension levels (MPCL) for all participants
WRCM MPCLKathy CR** RRKarla RR/LPP RR/LPPMark LPP/CR LPP or LPP/CRRenee RR/LPP RRSteve RR/CR* LPP or CR
Adena LPP* LPP
CR = Contingent Reinforcement, RR = Repeated Reading, LPP = Listening Passage Preview* Did not meet target criterion** Multiple interventions met target criterion
Conclusions
• Different interventions for different students
• Comprehension and Reading rate matched up for three of the 6 students
• Brief Experimental Analysis needs more research over time
• Brief Experimental Analysis needs more research with regard to comprehension
How is this Relevant to a Response to Intervention Model of Service
Delivery?
• Demonstrates empirical evidence for intervention implementation
• Does not simply rely on “trying something” approach.
• Emphasizes the importance of intervention specificity by person and by variable (i.e., problem area).
What about other reading Behaviors?
• One method for increasing reading fluency might be to decrease the rate of reading errors
• Substitutions, Omissions, Insertions, and Pauses
• Is intervention specificity important here?
Purpose of Study 2
• Investigate utility of BEA with error correction procedures
• Determine if treatment conditions affect intra-individual student reading behavior consistently
• Determine if treatment conditions affect inter-student reading behavior consistently
General Information
• 3 3rd grade students referred for high level of “reading error problems”
• 1 male (Caucasian)
• 2 females (1 African American; 1 Caucasian)
• None had been retained nor were receiving special education services
General Procedures - Student
• Students instructed to read a grade level passage
• 1 daily trial of each IV for 5 days. IV administration randomized daily.
Error Correction Interventions
• Word Supply
• Word Drill
• Sentence Repeat
General Procedures - Experimenter
• Recorded reading rate for entire passage
• Implemented Error correction procedures
• Noted Errors on an examiner probe
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
W S S R W D W S S R W D W S S R W D W S S R W D
P e r c e n t o f E r r o r s - S u b s t it u t io n P e r c e n t o f E r r o r s - P a u s e s P e r c e n t o f E r r o r s - In s e r t io n s P e r c e n t o f E r r o r s -O m m is io n s
L y d i a
0
5
1 0
1 5
2 0
2 5
3 0
3 5
4 0
4 5
5 0
W S S R W D W S S R W D W S S R W D W S S R W D
P e r c e n t o f E r r o r s S u b s t it u t io n s P e r c e n t o f E r r o r s - P a u s e s P e r c e n t o f E r r o r s - In s e r t io n s P e r c e n t o f E r r o r s -O m m is s io n s
Per
cen
t o
f E
rro
rs
J i m m y
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
W S S R W D W S S R W D W S S R W D W S S R W D
P e r c e n t o f E r r o r s S u b s t it u t io n s P e r c e n t o f E r r o r s - P a u s e s P e r c e n t o f E r r o r s - In s e r t io n s P e r c e n t o f E r r o r s -O m m is s io n s
E r i n
Conclusions:
.1. Extension: Investigated error correction procedures (consequence procedure)2. Extension: Investigated error types and
error rate in addition to reading rate3. Effects of intervention on error rates did not affect each student in the same manner.4. Effects of intervention on reading rates did not affect each student in the same manner.5. Within each participant, an error type by treatments interaction existed.
How is this relevant to a Response to Intervention Model of Service
Delivery?• We may need to rethink about error
correction procedures as potential interventions.
• BEA is a tool that needs to be fully investigated with regard to it’s utility.
• We need to consider assessing the carry over effects of interventions to other related reading behaviors.
Predictions for the Future?
• A Response to Intervention Model Focus is on the Horizon.
• We need school psychologists trained in single case research design, useful academic assessment, academic intervention, consultation
• We need to advance existing intervention evaluation procedures and develop new
• We need to better understand current interventions and develop new
School psychologists will survive based on the extent to which we can offer something that general
and special educators and clinical psychologists do not.