Successionecologicalsuccessionchangeincompositionofspeciesovertimespeciesdiversityandtotalbiomassincreasesassuccessionprogresses

primarysuccessionplantsandanimalsgraduallyinvadearegionwhereTHEREWASNOSOILINITIALLY

colonizationofanewlyformedvolcanicisland(risingafteravolcanoeruption) successiononsanddunes

secondarysuccessionexistingcommunityclearedbydisturbancethatleftthesoilintact

fire,flood,insectdevastations,overgrazing,clearcutting,abandonedlotsandconstructionsites

Vocabulary keystonespecieshaveimportantecologicalnichesandotherspeciesdependonthem

alot disturbancestorm,fire,flood,drought,etc.whichchangescommunityandresources pioneerspeciestypicallyrselectedspecies(gooddispersalcapabilities,fastgrowing,

tolerateharsherconditionssuchasintensesunlightoraridclimates),nitrogenfixingbacteria(fornutrientdeficientsoils)

Kselectedspeciesgraduallyreplacerselectedspecies,perennialgrasses,herbs,shrubs,trees,slowsdownrateofsuccessionbecausetheylivelonger

population biome ecosystem abioticfactors&bioticfactors climaxcommunityfinalstageofsuccessionwherespeciescompositionremains

relativelystableuntiladisaster ecologicalnicheplaceorfunctionoforganisminitsecosystemcanrangefromwhere

itlivestohowithelps/harmstheenvironment

NutritionVocabulary

bileemulsifiesfats esophagustubeconnectingmouthtostomach pepsinenzymebreakingdownproteins

operatesatlowpH largeintestinesiteofwaterreclamation

removeswaterandanyremainingabsorbablenutrientsfromthefoodbeforesendingtheindigestiblemattertotherectum

stomachwhereproteindigestionstarts rectumstoresfeces liverproducesbile mouthwheremechanicalandchemical

digestionbeginssalivaryglandsdeliversalivatodochemicaldigestion(throughamylase)here

smallintestinewheremostdigestionandnutrientabsorptionhappens

villiincreasessurfaceareaofsmallintestinesmallfibroushairs

amylasesalivarygland,breaksdownstarch

Biomolecules

1. Carbohydrates monosaccharidesinglesugarmoleculesuchasfructoseorglucose

disaccharidetwosugarmoleculesjoinedbyglycosidiclinkage,awatermoleculeislostthroughadehydrationreaction(thereverse,whereonemoleculeissplittoformtwomoleculesbytheadditionofwaterishydrolysis)

polysaccharideaseriesofconnectedmonosaccharides(apolymer),forexample:starch(energystorage),glycogen(energystorage),cellulose(structural),andchitin(structuralinexoskeletons

2. Lipidshighlysolubleinnonpolarsubstances

triglyceridesfatsandoilsconsistofthreefattyacidsattachedtoaglycerolmoleculeeithersaturatedfattyacids(packedtightlyandhavehighermeltingtemperaturesandsolidatroomtemperature,fats)orunsaturatedfattyacids

phospholipidshasonefattyacidchainreplacedbyaphosphategrouptailsarenonpolarandhydrophobic,headsarepolarandhydrophilicmakeupmembranes

steroidsbackboneoffourlinkedcarbonringscholesterol,testosterone,estrogen

3. Proteins types:structuralkeratin,collagen,silkinspiderwebsstoragetransport

defensiveantibodiesenzymes polymersofaminoacidsbondedbypeptidebondstoformachaincalleda

polypeptide structure:primary(aminoacids),secondary(3D,alphahelixorbetapleated

sheets),tertiary(globularproteinformedwithhydrogenbonds,ionicbonds,disulfidebonds,etc.)

4. NucleicAcids

CellParts&Function

eukaryotesorganismswithDNAincellsinformsofchromosomeswithinanucleus Ex:animals,plants,algae,fungi(euknowtheyreafunguy)

prokaryotessinglecelledorganismnodistinctnucleuswithmembraneorspecializedorganelles

Ex:bacteria,cyanobacteria

Vocabulary(harderorganelles) mitochondriaconvertsenergytousable

formsiteofcellularrespiration EndoplasmicReticulum(ER)transports

secretoryproteinshasfoldedsacsandinterconnectedchannels

smoothmakeshormonesandlipids roughproteinsynthesis

GolgiApparatusmodifyandfurthertransportproteins

lysosomescontainhydrolyticenzymesgetridofcellularwaste

centriolesinvolvedinspindlefiberdevelopmentincells

flagellatailusedtomovearound(someanimalshave)

Genetics

mitosisasexualreproductionwithsomatic(body)cells,2daughtercellsproduced,

identicaltoparent

Knowthephases:Interphase,Prophase,Metaphase,Anaphase,Telophase,Cytokinesis

meiosissexualreproduction formedfromspermandegg

(gametes) daughtercelliscombinationof

DNAfrombothparents,uniquefromoneanother

Steps:ProphaseI,MetaphaseI,AnaphaseI,TelophaseI,ProphaseII,MetaphaseII,AnaphaseII,TelophaseII

DNA

DNA:doublehelix,twostrandsofnucleotidesjoinedbymiddleHbonds fourbases:Adenine,Thymine,Guanine,andCytosine ApairswithT,GpairswithC doublestranded

DNAreplication doublehelixunwinds eachstrandusedastemplateforcomplementarystrand(hasOkazaki

fragments,usesDNApolymerase,etc.) RNA

singlestranded,RibonucleicAcid(riboseinsteadofdeoxyribose) fourbases:Adenine,Uracil,Guanine,Cytosine

threetypes rRNA:formsribosomes tRNA:transportsaminoacids

fromcytoplasmtoribosome mRNAcarriesinformationfor

proteinstructure

Proteinsynthesis transcription:copiesinformationfrom

DNAtomRNA mRNAtransportedthenfrom

DNAtoaribosome translation:informationtranslatedfrom

languageofnucleotidestolanguageofaminoacids

Photosynthesis&Respiration

respiration occursinmitochondriaofplantsandanimals

photosynthesis

lightreactions

CalvinCycle:

cellularrespiration