GB- PIrpasha Ujede

8/2/2019 GB- PIrpasha Ujede

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In Pursuit of Global Competitiveness

GREEN BUILDING

For the degree of

Bachelor of Engineering

in

Civil Engineering

By

Mr. UJEDE PIRPASHA SATTAR

Under the Guidance of

Prof. M.B. Verma

Department of Applied Mechanics

Government College of Engineering, Aurangabad

Maharashtra State, India

(2011-2012)


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Index1.1List of Figures.11.2Introduction.21.3Typical Features of Green Buildings..21.4Green Building Principles..2

2. Eco-Friendly Building Materials.33. Green Power .....................................................................................................93.1 Solar & Wind Energies..93.2Building Integrated PV...94. Lighting..104.1Solar Home Light System 105. Water Use Efficiency.....115.1 Rain Water Harvesting.115.2Drip Irrigation...116. Energy Efficient & Eco-Friendly Equipment....126.1Zero CFC base Refrigerant in Refrigeration & AC .127. Pollutants Related to Building Materials and Furnishings ...128. Benefits of Green Buildings..129. Conclusion.1310. References...1410. Acknowledgement...14


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List of Figures

Name of Figures: Page No.1. Fig 2.1 Carpet..82. Fig 2.2 Elevator Panels...83. Fig 2.3 Exterior Siding....94. Fig2.4 Glass Tie...95. Fig2.5Restroom Partitions...106. FIG2.6 STAIRCASE...107. Windmill .....118. Solar panels .....119. Solar Pave Module installation....11


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GREEN BUILDINGSFOR QUALITY LIVING

1.1Introduction

Green building is an approach to construction that can be applied to public andcommercial buildings as well as the houses we live in. It guides every step ofdesign and construction, from choosing a building site to installing a heatingsystem. Green building is alternately described as sustainable building, and

ultimately this may be a more accurate way of looking at it.Buildings are part of basic needs. It is for protecting us from Nature's

extremes: cold, heat, wind and rain. But these structures affect and shape ourenvironment too. Constructing and operating buildings requires enormous amountsof energy, water, and materials and creates large amounts of waste. Where andhow they are built affects the ecosystems around us in countless ways. And thebuildings themselves create new indoor environments that present new

environmental problems and challenges. As the environmental impact of buildingsbecomes more apparent, a new field called green building is arising to reduce thatimpact at the source. Green or sustainable building is the practice of creatinghealthier and more resource-efficient models of construction, renovation,operation, maintenance, and demolitionBuildings and homes (or the built environment) affects natural environment.

Buildings, where people spend 90% of their time, adversely impact human health.Buildings also account for 40% of energy and 16% of the water used annuallyworldwide. Air quality inside buildings is 2 to 5 times worse than outside

There are many factors to consider while studying the impacts of buildingsLand use and ecosystems where buildings are built

Materials and practices used to construct buildingsMaterial, chemical, energy and water resources used to maintain and operatebuildingsDemolition and waste of a building at the end of its life

Green Building involves minimizing these negative environmental andhuman health impacts and enhancing positive results throughout the buildings

entire life cycle. In addition to environmental benefits, through integrated design,they can be constructed at the same or lower cost than conventional buildings.If we cannot care our environment resources which are so vital for the wellbeing ofhuman being, they also have the potential of causing irresistible damage to greatestassets; viz., forests, water, air and land. The threat to the human race due to

environmental degradation is as one form Nuclear Holocausts.But development cannot be stepped. So we have to follow a middle path

i.e. sustainable development and the trust should be on the growth of GreenTechnology that incorporates treatment of air, emissions of solid waste, wastewater reduction , waste or emission management, measures differences betweenGreen roofs and black roof , measures how quickly surfaces heat up , reduce airpollution , reduce storm water. Buildings as the form of shelter have remained asone of the basic requirements for human beings. Green roofs help mitigate theimpact of high-density commercial and residential development by restoringdisplaced vegetation The primary goal during green roof establishment is toachieve 100% plant survival and 100% roof coverage, measures differencesbetween Green roofs and black roof , measures how quickly surfaces heat up in


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India. To reduce air pollution, to reduce storm water, this may involveenvironmental friendly planning, designing, and construction strategies

1.2Typical Features of Green Buildings: Minimizes use of toxic and hazardous substances in design,

construction, and use of building premises. Controls air, water andsound pollution through efficient technology

Takes recourse to recycling of waste including wastewater, wastepaper, biodegradable and non- biodegradable waste and electronicwaste Green architecture implies waste minimization designs andwaste recycling solutions within the building

Uses non-renewable energy sources like solar energy to preserve theenvironment and ensure energy savings.

Adopts Rainwater harvesting structures to recharge ground waterduring monsoon and its efficient use.

Eco-friendly Building Materials Green Power Water use Efficiency Energy efficient and Eco-friendly equipment Indoor Air quality

1.3Green Building Principles

1.3.1Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Resources:Commercially available, cost-effective energy technologies could reduce overallenergy consumption in the United States by as much as one-third--worth some$343 billion. This link provides information on strategies such as proper siting and

airtight construction, as well as installing energy-efficient equipment andappliances and renewable energy systems. Such technologies can reduce theamount of energy your building needs to operate and to keep its occupantscomfortable.

1.3.2 Environmental Impact:The built environment has had a tremendous impact on the environment. However,your building can interact more positively with the environment if you pay specialattention to preserving the sites integrity and natural characteristics, landscaping

appropriately, and selecting materials that have lower embodied energy and thosethat are produced locally.

1.3.3Resource ConservationConserving resources is a cornerstone of green building techniques. There aremany ways to conserve resources during the building process. For example,selecting materials that have at least some recycled content can conserve naturalresources and virgin materials. Minimizing construction waste can ease the impacton landfills and resources. Installing water- and energy-efficient products canconserve resources while reducing operating costs. Choosing a green (plant-covered) roof can reduce energy use, cool urban heat islands, and prevent stormwater runoff, as well as contributing to wildlife habitat and air quality.


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1.3.4Indoor Air Quality :Energy-efficient buildings are more airtight and therefore hold greater potential forindoor air quality problems, especially if not properly ventilated. Building productscan contribute to poor air quality, but these potential problems can be reduced byselecting materials lower in chemicals and toxins, and installing mechanical

ventilation systems to ensure an adequate fresh air supply.

1.3.5Community Issues :Placing green building projects within easy access of public transportation, medicalfacilities, shopping areas, and recreational facilities decreases the need forautomobiles and encourages bicycling and walking. In addition, successful greenbuildings blend into the community, preserving natural and historicalcharacteristics, and will utilize existing infrastructure in order to reduce sprawl.Cohousing represents one approach to creating a community of green buildings.


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2.ECO-FRIENDLY BUILDING MATERIALS

At present, generation of fly ash in India is more than 60 million tones per annum.Fly ash as such is a pollutant but when used as Building Material is Eco-friendly.Fly ash can be used for making a variety of building products some using simple

low cost processes and other high investment processes producing high qualityproducts. The present state of manufacture of fly ash products is outlined below.

2.1 Clay Fly Ash BricksTwenty to fifty per cent fly ash depending upon the quality of the soil, can bemixed with it to produce burnt clay fly ash bricks by conventional or mechanizedprocesses.

2.2 Stabilized Mud Fly Ash Bricks

Compacted mud fly ash blocks stabilized with lime, cement or other chemicals canbe easily made. The problemof getting dry fly ash at the site, makes adoption of this technology somewhatdifficult.

2.3. Calcium Silicate BricksThis is a variety of the commonly known sand-lime bricks using fly ash in place ofquartz sand. The process involves low or high pressure compaction followed by:(a) low pressure steam curing; or (b) autoclaving under elevated hydrothermalconditions. The bricks produced with high pressure technology are much superior.

2. 4. Mixing with CementTen to twenty five per cent dry Fly ash can be mixed with clinker duringmanufacture of cement or blended with finished Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)to produce Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC strength is comparable with it.

2. 5. Autoclaved Aerated ConcreteAutoclaved Aerated concrete can be manufactured by a process involving mixingof fly ash, quick lime or cement and gypsum in a high speed mixer to form a thinslurry. These are considered excellent products for walling blocks and prefab floorslabs.

2.6. Cellular Light Weight ConcreteCellular light weight concrete (CLC) can be manufactured by a process involvingthe mixing of Fly ash, Cement,. These blocks are especially useful in highriseconstruction reducing the dead weight of the structure. blocks. M/s. DLF UniversalLtd., N. Delhi are using these blocks in their construction Projects since two years.

2.7. Sintered Light Weight AggregateSintered light weight aggregate substitutes stone chips in concrete reducing deadweight. It can also be used for various purposes such as structural light weightconcrete building units for use as load and non-load bearing elements. It has gotgood potential in places where Fly ash is locally available and stone aggregates are


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costly. The process know-how developed by CBRI, Roorkee in early 70s. has yetto go in for commercial production.

2. 8. Fly ash-Lime-Gypsum Product named 'Fal-G'

A process of blending Fly ash, lime and calcined gypsum for making a usefulproduct, named Fal-G has been developed by Bhanu International, Visakhapatnam.Fly ash lime mix is mixed in predetermined proportions with calcined gypsumwhich produces Fal-G having strong binding proportions and can be used ascement. It can be mixed with sand and/or aggregate to produce building blocks ofany desired strength

2. 9. Land Fill and LandscapeFly ash can be used as land fill by city authorities. It can also be used for creating

mounts topped with soil growing grass in landscaping.

2. 10. Cast-in-situ fly ash wallsUsing high fly ash mix cast-in-situ walls can be built.. By using this system we canachieve 20 per cent economy, quicker construction, good finish on both the sidesof the wall (which eliminates plastering) and more carpet area etc. Similar wallscan be cast using Fal-G cement.

2. 11. Fly ash-Stone Powder-Cement BricksFly ash-Stone Powder-Cement bricks are manufactured by mixing weighed amountof fly ash, cement and size stone powder in a mixer and moulded and pressed in

bricks making machine.


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2. 12.Carpet:Nylon carpeting used throughout the building is made by Bentley Prince

Street and contains roughly 30 percent recycled nylon scrap left over fromBentleys manufacturing operations. The carpet is also dyed with a process thatuses 10 times less water than conventional methods. Bentley Prince Street uses

solar power and other renewable energy sources to run its operations. Manyorganizations encourage voluntary actions to increase energy efficiency anddecrease greenhouse gas emissions. The carpet padding is made of 100 percentrecycled material, including blue jeans. Bentley Prince Street is a part of Interface,Inc., a global provider of commercial floor coverings and textiles.

Fig 2.1 Carpet

2. 13.Ceiling Tiles-Ceiling tiles throughout the building are made of 66 to 78

percent recycled mineral-fiber ceiling tiles.

2. 14.Concrete Flooring-The colored concrete flooring in the restroomscontains fly ash, a by-product of coal burning. It is widely available.

2. 15.Doors-Interior and exterior wood doors contain no formaldehyde

2. 16.Elevator Panels-The buildings elevator sidings contain wheat straw, abyproduct of wheat harvesting that is often disposed of by burning, which createscarbon dioxide.

Fig 2.2 Elevator Panels


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2. 17.Exterior and Interior SidingA durable wood substitute made of cement and sawdust, should be used on the

buildings front, rear, and side facades and in the three interior light wells. It does

not shrink or expand; therefore, it can hold paint three times longer than wood,significantly reducing maintenance, replacement costs, and material resource

consumption.

Fig 2.3 Exterior Siding

2.18.FlooringThe lobby and conference room floors are Ply boo, which is laminated bamboo.The bamboo is harvested from managed forests in China, where it grows 40 feettall in four years. Bamboo, a grass that is harder and more stable than red oakwood, is processed using nontoxic materials.

2. 19.Glass Tile:Tiles in the showers and bathrooms are made from 58 percent

recycled glass.

Fig2.4 Glass Tie


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2.20 Restroom Partitions-Bathroom stall partitions and doors are 100%Post-consumer recycled polyethylene milk containers

Fig2.5Restroom Partitions

2. 20. StairwaysThe stairs throughout the building are made of poplar, a fast-growing, widelyavailable, abundant wood

FIG2.6 STAIRCASE


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3.GREEN POWER

3.1Solar & Wind Energies

Optimum use of available solar energy and other forms of ambient energy in

building designs and construction achieves Energy-Efficiency in Green buildings.

Whatever combination of solar, wind, and utility power is available, the entirepower system would be greatly enhanced by a reliable, zero maintenance, ultra-long life, and lower life-cycle cost power storage and management system.

Even for urban buildings, solar power can compete withcentral utility power. And RPM's UPS (which makes PVpower available 24 hours/day) will cost less than existingUPS. Comparisons for solar are even more favorablewhen buildings are remote, in areas not served by utilities,

and especially if environmental costs are included.

India, dealing with its energy crunch, being a tropicalcountry, the idea that solar energy and wind energy can beturned into electricity is appealing. Photovoltaicpanels, small wind turbines, and fuel cells can beinstalled in existing structures or incorporated intonew construction. Implementation of energy-

eefficient systems and effective utilization of

renewable energy isto reduce the pressure on grid

power.

3.2Building Integrated PV

An increasingly common application of photovoltaicin Europe and USA is to integrate photovoltaic panels into the roof or faade of abuilding. The panels function as building mat and also gene rate electricity duringthe daytime, which is used to meet a part of t e electrical energy needs in thebuilding. The environment friendly application is commonly referred to as buildingintegrated photovoltaic (BIPV) It is feasible to construct energy and aestheticallyappealing buildings using this concept.

BIPJ has significant pot in India where a large number of buildings are constructedeve year for different purposes and where energy consumption in buildings isgrowing at .i rapid rate The PV panels function as building materials and alsogenerate electricity during the daytime which is used to meet a part of the electricalenergy needs in the building Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high.There could be long tern savings through reduction in electricity consumption.

A typical BIPV system consists of

Special PV modules in capacities of tens of kilowatts such modules are normally

different from the modules used in other applications. A battery bank to store the

Solarpanels

Windmills


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energy generated during daytime. An inverter / power conditioning system willdeliver steady AC power for different purposes in the building.There is not enough experience in the country in this field. In order to encouragethis application and prepare manufacturers and usersit is proposed to supportBIPV projects during 20O2-O in demonstration mode, beginning with the

buildings of the Ministry and its institutions and some prestigious projects.

It is proposed to meet 80% of the cost of the PV modules actually used in suchprojects by way of grant to the building organizations. If the grant is channeledthrough a state renewable energy agencya small service charge of 2% of the

MNES assistance will be given to the state agency for work connected withdeveloping the project. Processing it and monitoring as per the system the balance20% of the cost of the modules as well as the expenditure on batteries. Invertersstructures, transportation installation will have to be borne by the userorganization.


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4.Lighting

4.1Solar Home Light SystemHome lighting System are powered by solar energy using solar cells that convertsolar energy (sunlight) directly to electricity. The electricity is stored in batteriesand used for the purpose of lighting whenever required. These systems are useful

in non-electrified rural areas and as reliable emergency lighting system forimportant domestic, commercial and industrial applications. The SPV systemshave found important application in the dairy industry for lighting milk collection/chilling centers mostly located in rural areas.

The Solar Home Lighting system is a fixed installation designed fordomestic application. The system comprises of Solar PV Module (Solar Cells),charge controller, battery and lighting system (lamps & fans). The schematic of theHLS is given below. The solar module is installed in the open on roof/terrace -exposed to sunlight and the charge controller and battery are kept inside aprotected place in the house. The solar module requires periodic dusting foreffective performance.

The above systems are designed to give a daily working time of 3-4 hourswith a fully charged battery. The system provides for buffer storage for 1-2 non-sunny /cloudy days.Models System Capacity No.of Lights Tubular BatteryII 37 Wp 2 nos.9W CF Lamps 12V, 40 AhIII 37 Wp 19W CFL + 20W DC Fan 12V, 40 AhIV 74 Wp 29W CFL + 20W DC Fan 12V, 75 AhV 74 Wp 4 nos.9W CF Lamps 12V, 75 Ah


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5.WATER USE EFFICIENCY

5.1 Rain Water Harvesting

In Green buildings, the superstructure is constructed over a cellar which is used to

capture the excess rainwater. The basement is below the ground level and storesthe water where it is treated and cycled for use.

This method has a low maintenance cost and is user friendly. It is highlyviable in both flood prone and draught prone areas to store the water from rainyseason for the summer.

5.2Drip Irrigation

Model Design

A drip irrigation system delivers water to the crop using a network of irrigationequipment like mainlines, sub-mains and lateral lines with emission points spacedalong their lengths. Each dripper/emitter, orifice supplies a measured, preciselycontrolled uniform application of water, nutrients, and required growth substancesdirectly into the root zone of the plant. Water and nutrients enter the soil from theemitters, moving into the root zone of the plants through the combined forces ofgravity and capillary. In this way, the plants withdrawal of moisture and nutrients

are replenished almost immediately, ensuring that the plant never suffers fromwater stress, thus enhancing quality, ability to achieve optimum growth and highyield.

The result is a totally customized, efficient and long life system which ensuressaving in water, bountiful harvest season after season, year after year and early

maturity apart from saving in labor and fertilizer cost.

Jet pump

Drop pipe


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6.ENERGY EFFICIENT & ECO-FRIENDLY EQUIPMENT

6.1Zero CFC base Refrigerant in Refrigeration & AC

The ideal refrigerant should have the properties of high energy efficiency, high

refrigeration capacity, non-flammability, low toxicity, zero ODP, very low global

warming potential (GWP) and total equivalent warming impact (TEWI), ability touse existing proven compressors and other components, and low cost.

The following chart is helpful in understanding the traditional refrigerants, thecommercialized second generation alternatives, and "potential" third generation

refrigerants.

Traditional 2nd Generation 3rd GenerationLow Pressure CFC-11 HCFC-123 HFC-245caMedium Pressure CFC-12 HFC-134a HFC-152aHigh Pressure HCFC-22 HCFC-22 407C, 410A/BINDOOR AIR QUALITY

7.Pollutants Related to Building Materials and Furnishings

Draperies, rugs and fabrics, most of which are synthetic, are sources of a variety of

organic and microbiological contaminants.. Urea formaldehyde foam insulation isa significant source of formaldehyde and possibly other gaseous products.Insulating materials such as fiberglass can release particulate matter to indoor air.Fibers, however, may be released from friable surfaces (such as, e.g., sprayedasbestos-containing insulation) or from other building materials in the course ofrenovation or maintenance

Radioactive gas radon-222 is emitted from construction materials such as bricks,concrete, rock aggregates, plaster and mortar mixes. Domestic water, natural gas,underlying soils and groundwater also can release substantial amounts of radon tothe indoor atmosphere. Radon gas decays by a series of steps, involving emissionsof alpha particles to yield lead-210. It is the inhalation of radon's decay products,and therefore exposure to alpha radiation, which is of concern to human health.

Ultimately, the control of indoor air pollutants must be achieved through measuressuch as ventilation, source removal or substitution, source modification, sourceavoidance, air purification, restrictions on the use of potentially hazardouschemicals in the home.


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8.Benefits of Green BuildingsThey can reduce respiratory diseases by 9-20%They increase occupant performance by 6-26%Their occupants have 15% less absenteeism compared to those in buildings30% to 40% reduction in operation cost

9.Conclusion

Technology needs to overweigh cost factor so that green buildings become viable.The adoption of parameters by people is also less hence there is a large need ofawareness of technology. Improving the air quality is preliminary for everybuilding.Its the need of the day for every new construction to be a green b uilding and tomodify the present buildings with its features.

It reduces cooling loads on a building by fifty to ninety percent.Especially if it is glassed in so as to act as a passive solar reservoir -a concentrationof green roofs in an urban area can even reduce the city's average temperatures

during the summerr.It reduces storm water runoff. Natural heat reduces by adding

mass and thermal resistance value. Filter pollutants and carbon dioxide out of theair which helps lower disease rates such as asthma. It helps to insulate a buildingfor sound .the soil helps to block lower frequencies and the plants block higherfrequencies.It gives agricultural space.

It increases roof life span dramaticallyIt increase real estate value3. It

gives low maintenance and long life. It relatively inexpensive .The advantages of

the planned roofs are undoubtedly numerous from both the ecological and socialpoint of view. They act positively upon the climate of the city and its region, aswell as upon the interior climate of the building beneath them. They giveprotection from the solar radiation, which is the main factor in passive cooling byreducing thermal fluctuation on the outer surface of the roof and by increasing theirthermal capacity; they contribute, to the cooling of the spaces below the roofduring the summer and to the increasing of their heat during the winter. Due to thedecrease of the thermal losses, the green roofs save the energy consumption.


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It was great experience for me to be associated with Prof. M. B. Verma

Professor in Applied Mechanics, my seminar guide during this work. I would like

to express our deep gratitude to him for his valuable guidance, encouragement and

moral support for completing the seminar successfully.

Dr. W. Z. GANDHARE Principal, Government College of Engineering,

has been indeed a great source of inspiration for all of us in the campus, so it gives

me an immense pleasure in expressing my indebtedness to him for his kindness

and moral support.

I wish to acknowledge that the information provide in this project report is

drawn from various publication, conferences, Research paper, magazine and

website. Of course, an attempt has been made to enlist them at the end. Omission,

however if any are unintentional

Finally, I would like to express my deep, incomparable appreciation and

gratitude to my family for giving constant spiritual support and encouragement to

pursue the higher technical education. I express our sincere thanks to one and all

that have directly or indirectly have helped me in completing the project

successfully.

Ujede Pirpasha Sattar

Third YearPlace: Aurangabad Civil Engineering

Government College of Engineering,AurangabadDate:

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GB- PIrpasha Ujede