GCSE Greek - Weeblykesclassics.weebly.com/uploads/.../kc_gcse_gk_-_5th... · ἀγωγή – Pre-Mock Revision & Test Schedule The agoge was the name given to Spartan military training

GCSE Greek Name:5th Lang WB (2nd ed.) Form:

GCSE Greek Language Workbook

5th Form

Taylor 2, Ch. 9 onwards

1 of 41 KES Classics 2011.09.02

ἀγωγή – Pre-Mock Revision & Test Schedule

The agoge was the name given to Spartan military training. For your purposes, it refers to what you need to learn for weekly tests before Xmas. These will combine both grammar and vocabulary, and will be in Friday's lessons. The mock exam expects familiarity with all GCSE vocabulary and grammar in the 'language' sections – and this schedule covers the entire vocab list.

Test 1V Meanings of all nouns (digest list 1)G Endings for all declensions (T2 p. ________, inc. those on p. 21 of this workbook)

Test 2V Meanings of all adjectives (digest list 2)G Regular & irregular comparison, as on p. 22 of this workbook

Test 3V Meanings of - verbs with weak aoristω (digest list 9)G Principal parts of the same; all regular (AMP) verb endings

Test 4V Meanings of - verbs with strong aoristω (digest list 10) G Principal parts of the same; all regular (AMP) endings

Test 5V Meanings of all - deponent verbsομαι (digest list 12)G Principal parts of the same; revise medial & passive endings (which are active in meaning when

used with deponents)

Test 6V Meanings of all contracted verbs (digest list 11)G Principal parts of the same; and contract tables, on verb timeline, p. 16-17 of this α ε

workbook

Test 7V Meanings of all prepositions & numbers (digest lists 4 & 5)G Cases used with prepositions (varying meaning); declension of numerals (T2 p. __________)

Test 8V Meanings of all pronouns (digest list 3)G Declension of these pronouns (T2 p. __________)

Test 9V Meanings of all adverbs & conjunctions (digest lists 6 & 8)

Test 10V Meanings of all irregular verbs (digest list 13)G Endings of highly irregular verbs, p. 26-7 of this workbook

Test 11G Indirect C, S, Q


Full Vocabulary Digest

1. NOUNS

1st Declension

Feminine

{gor}, {gor‚j f. market place (agora-phobia is fear of open places){rc£, {rc¥j f. beginning; rule, empire, power mon-archy: rule by oneb·a, b·aj f. force; strength; powerbo£, bo¥j f. shoutboul£, boul¥j f. plan; a council cf. , council chamberβουλευτηριονg¥, g¥j f. land; ground > geo-logy, geo-graphyglãssa, glásshj f. tongue; language eg. 'glottal stop', a 'polyglot'eμr£nh, eμr£nhj f. peace eg. the name Irene÷kklhs·a, ÷kklhs·aj f. assembly; meeting > ecclesiastical (its later meaning was 'church')÷pistol£, ÷pistol¥j f. letter same in Lat.˜sp™ra, ˜sp™raj f. evening > vesper in Lat. 'vespers' are evening prayers¢m™ra, ¢m™raj f. day eg. ephemeral, 'lasting for a day'q}lassa, qal}sshj f. sea Sounds like sea - th--ss---q™a, qe‚j f. goddess cf. θεοςqÐra, qÐraj f. doorkefal£, kefal¥j f. head en-cephalitis is swelling of the brain m}ch, m}chj f. fight; battle looks like crossed swordsχn·kh, n·khj f. victory hence the sports brand...oμk·a, oμk·aj f. house eco-nomics, putting your house in order

, πυλη πυλης gate Battle of Thermo-pylae, the 'hot gates'sig£, sig¥j f. silencestrati}, strati‚j f. army; expedition cf. and στρατηγος στρατιωτηςsumfor}, sumfor‚j f. misfortune, disaster

, τιμη τιμης honourtÐch, tÐchj f. chance; luck; fortune (good/bad)Ölh, Ölhj f. woodfwn£, fwn¥j, f. voice tele-phone = distant voicecwr}, cáraj f. country; land

Masculine

despÇthj, despÇtou m. master a 'despot' – tyrant, rulernaÐthj, naÐtou m. sailor 'nautical', obv.nean·aj, nean·ou m. young man Lat. iuvenis pol·thj, pol·tou m. citizen as in polite, political, qualities of a citizenstratiáthj, stratiáou m. soldier in the στρατια, ordered by the στρατηγ ος


2nd Declension

Masculine

„ggeloj, {gg™lou m. messenger ie. the job of an 'angel'{grÇj, {groÒ m. field; countryside Lat. ager : agriculture[Aqhna¹oi, [Aqhna·wn m. pl. Atheniansaμcm}lwtoj, aμcmalátou m. prisoner of war lit. 'taken by the spear'„nemoj, {n™mou m. wind„nqrwpoj, {nqrápou m. man; person an 'anthropologist' studies human culturesb}rbaroi, barb}rwn m. pl. foreigners; barbarians > barbaric, etc.

, βιος βιου life > bio-logydoÒloj, doÐlou m. slave›noikoj, ÷no·kou m. inhabitant like – living οἰκος in somethingq}natoj, qan}tou m. deathqeÇj, qeoÒ m. god > theo-logyμatrÇj, μatroÒ m. doctor eg. ped-iatrics (child-doctor)½ppoj, ½ppou m. horse hippo-potamus = horse of the riverk·ndunoj, kindÐnou m. dangerLakedaimÇnioi, Lakedaimon·wn m. pl. the SpartanslÇgoj, lÇgou m. word; speech; argument; story logical, psychology etc.

, μυθος μυθου story, mythnekrÇj,nekroÒ m. corpse necro-mancy.nÇmoj, nÇmou m. law; custom astro-nomy, eco-nomics, etc.x™noj, x™nou m. stranger; foreigner; guest; host xeno-phobia

, οἰνος οἰνου winepÇlemoj, pol™mou m. war 'polemical': controversial, oppositionalpol™mioi, polem·wn (masculine plural) the enemypotamÇj, potamoÒ m. river hippopotamus agains¹toj, s·tou m. food; cornstrathgÇj, strahgoÒ m. general the man who makes the strategiessÐmmacoi, summ}cwn (masculine plural) allies fighting-with, literallyu¶Çj, u¶oÒ m. sonÖpnoj, Öpnou m. sleep 'hypnotise' – put to sleepf·loj, f·lou m. (male) friend ... called Phil, for example...fÇboj, fÇbou m. fear any -phobia you can mentioncrÇnoj, crÇnou m. time chrono-logy, ana-chronistic, etc.crusÇj, crusoÒ m. gold

Feminine

n¥soj, n£sou f. islandnÇsoj, nÇsou f. disease, illnessÆdÇj, ÆdoÒ f. road; path; way; journey

Neuter

, ἀθλον ἀθλου prize, reward what an 'athlete' competes for d™ndron, d™ndrou n. tree in Bio, the branching part of a nerve celldãron, dárou n. present; gift›rgon, ›rgou n. work; task; deed; action en-ergy, ergo-nomics


, ἱερον ἱερου temple lit. 'holy thing'nautikÇn, nautikoÒ n. navy; fleet > nauticalÌpla, Ìplwn (neuter plural) weapons; arms; armour > 'hoplites', heavily armed soldiers

3rd Declension

Masculine

{n£r, {ndrÇj man; husbandbasileÐj, basil™wj kingg™rwn, g™rontoj old man_Ellhn, _Ellhnoj a GreekZeÐj, DiÇj Zeus¢gemán, ¢gemÇnoj guide; leader¶ppeÐj, ¶pp™wj cavalryman (pl. cavalry)lim£n, lim™noj harbourpa¹j, paidÇj m. + f. boy; girl; son; daughter; childpat£r, patrÇj fatherpoÐj, podÇj footfÐlax, fÐlakoj guardceimán, ceimãnoj storm; winter

Feminine

{sp·j, {sp·doj f. shieldgun£, gunaikÇj f. woman; wifequg}thr, qugatrÇj f. daughterm£thr , mhtrÇj f. mothernaÒj, neáj f. (irregular) shipnÐx, nuktÇj f. nightpÇlij, pÇlewj f. city; statece·r, ceirÇj f. hand

Neuter

›toj, ›touj n. yearx·foj, x·fouj n. swordÊnoma, ÅnÇmatoj n. name

ÅnÇmati by nameÊroj, Êrouj n. mountainpÒr, purÇj n. firesãma, sãmatoj n. body; corpsete¹coj, te·couj n. wallÖdwr, Ödatoj n. watercr£mata, crhm}twn n. pl. money; goods; property


2. ADJECTIVES

2-1-2 type

{gaqÇj, {gaq£, {gaqÇn good„dikoj, „dikoj, „dikon unjust; wrong

, , Ἀθηναιος Ἀθηναια Ἀθηναιον AthenianaμscrÇj, aμscr}, aμscrÇn shameful; uglya»tioj, aμt·a, a»tion + genitive responsible for; guilty of„lloj, „llh, „llo other; another{ndre¹oj, {ndre·a, {ndre¹on brave„xioj, „x·a, „xion + genitive worthy (of)deinÇj, dein£, deinÇn terrible; strange; cleverd·kaioj, dika·a, d·kaion just; fairŸkastoj, ˜k}sth, Ÿkaston each÷leÐqeroj, ÷leuq™ra, ÷leÐqeron free÷mÇj, ÷m£, ÷mÇn my; mine÷cqrÇj, ÷cqr}, ÷cqrÇn hostile¢m™teroj, ¢met™ra, ¢m™teron our, ours¶erÇj, ¶er}, ¶erÇn sacredμscurÇj, μscur}, μscurÇn strongkakÇj, kak£, kakÇn bad; wickedkalÇj, kal£, kalÇn beautiful; handsome; finemikrÇj, mikr}, mikrÇn littlemÇnoj, mÇnh mÇnon alone; onlymãroj, mára, mãron stupid; foolishn™oj, n™a, n™on new; young; recentÅl·goj, Ål·gh, Ål·gon littleÅl·goi, Ål·gai, Ål·ga fewpistÇj, pist£, pistÇn faithfulploÐsioj, plous·a, ploÐsion richõŒdioj, õŠd·a, õŒdion easysofÇj, sof£, sofÇn wisesÇj, s£, sÇn your; yourstoioÒtoj, toiaÐth, toioÒto suchtosoÒtoj, tosaÐth, tosoÒto (singular) so greattosoÒtoi, tosaÐtai, tosaÒta (plural) so manyÏm™teroj, Ïmet™ra, Ïm™teron your; yoursÏyhlÇj, Ïyhl£, ÏyhlÇn highcalepÇj, calep£, calepÇn difficult; hard

3-1-3 type

bradÐj, brade¹a, bradÐ slow[ , , εἰδως εἰδυῖα εἰδος knowing]eÎrÐj, eÎre¹a, eÎrÐ wide; broad¢dÐj, ¢de¹a, ¢dÐ pleasant; sweetm™gaj, meg}lh, m™ga big; greatp‚j, p‚sa, p‚n all; everypolÐj, poll£, polÐ muchpollo·, polla·, poll} many


tacÐj, tace¹a, tacÐ fast; quickmhde·j, mhdem·a, mhd™n no one; nothing; nooÎde·j, oÎdem·a, oÎd™n no one; nothing; no

3rd type

{lhq£j, {lhq£j, {lhq™j true{sqen£j, {sqen£j, {sqen™j weak{sfal£j, {sfal£j, {sfal™j safedustuc£j, dustuc£j, dustuc™j unluckyeÎtuc£j, eÎtuc£j, eÎtuc™j lucky; fortunate

3. PRONOUNS

Personal

÷gá, ÷moÒ I; mesÐ you (singular)¢me¹j, ¢mãn we; usÏme¹j, Ïmãn youaÎtÇn, aÎt£n, aÎtÇ him; her; it; them (plural)

Relative

Ìj, ¨, Ì who; whom; which

Reflexive

ãutÇn, ãut£n, ãutÇ himself; herself; itself

Demonstrative

aÎtÇj, aÎt£, aÎtÇ himself; herself; itself / him, her, it (in Acc)Æ aÎtÇj, ¢ aÎt£, tÈ aÎtÇ the same÷ke¹noj, ÷ke·nh, ÷ke¹no that; thoseÌde, ¨de, tÇde this; theseoÙtoj, aÖth, toÒto this; these

Indefinite

tij, ti a (certain); someone; something


4. PREPOSITIONS

Accusative Genitive Dative

{n} up{neÐ without{pÇ fromdi} because of through

on account ofeμj to, into÷k, ÷x from; out of÷n in; on; among÷p· against; on to; on; atkat} according to; by; down down

alongmet} after withpar} contrary to fromper· around about; concerningpl£n exceptprÇ before; in front ofprÇj to; towards; againstÏp™r on behalf ofÏpÇ by

5. NUMBERS

eÀj, m·a, Ÿn onedÐo, dÐo, dÐo twotre¹j, tre¹j, tr·a threet™ssarej, t™ssarej, t™ssara fourp™nte five˜x sixŸpta sevenÅktá eight÷nn™a nined™ka ten

prãtoj, práth, prãton firstdeÐteroj, deut™ra, deÐteron secondtr·toj, tr·th, tr·ton thirdt™tartoj, tet}rth, t™tarton fourthp™mptoj, p™mpth, p™mpton fifth


6. CONJUNCTIONS

{ll} butg}r forge at any rate; evend™ but, and d£ indeeddiÇti because÷}n ifeμ if÷pe· when, sinceŸwj while; until¦ + comparative adjective than¦ or¦ .... ¦ .... either …. or ….½na (purpose clause) in order that; in order toka· and; also; even; tooka·per + participle although... m™n ... d™ marks a contrastm™ntoi howevermht™ ... mht™ ... neither … nor …Ìti (in order) thatoÔte ... oÔte ... neither … nor …oÖtw(j) so; in this wayoØn therefore; and soàj when; as; because; since àj + superlative as … as possibleæste (result clause) (so) that, with the result that

7. QUESTIONS

ˆra; [introduces a question]di~ t·; why?pÇqen; from where?po¹; to where?po¹oj, po·a, po¹on; what sort of?pÇsoj, pÇsh, pÇson; how big? how much?pÇsoi, pÇsai, pÇsa; how many?pÇte; when?poÒ; where?pãj; how?t·j, t·; who? what? which?


8. ADVERBS

{e· alwaysaØqij againdi’ Ål·gou soon÷ke¹ there÷nq}de here›peita then; afterwards›ti stilleØ welleÎqÐj immediately; at once¦dh already; now; by nowkat~ g¥n by landl}qrŠ secretly; in secretm‚llon morem}lista most; very much; especiallym£ not; do not (+ imperative)mhd™pote nevermÇnon onlynÒn nowoÎ, oÎk, oÎc notoÎd™pote neverpoll}kij oftenprÇteron before; formerlyprãton at first; firsttac™wj quicklyt}cista very quickly

àj t}cista as quickly as possiblet™loj at lasttÇte thenÖsteron later

εἰς τοσουτον to such an extent


9. - VERBS ω with Weak Aorist


Syllabic Augment

- ἀπο κτεινω - ἀπο κτενῶ - ἀπ εκτεινα [none] kill βλαπτω βλαψω ἐβλαψα ἐβλαβην harm, injure

γραφω γραψω ἐγραψα ἐγραφην write, draw δακρυω δακρυσω ἐδακρυσα [none] weep, cry

- δια φθειρω - δια φθερῶ - δι εφθειρα - δι εφθαρην destroy διωκω διωξω ἐδιωξα ἐδιωχθην chase, pursue θαπτω θαψω ἐθαψα ἐταφην bury

θαυμαζω θαυμασω ἐθαυμασα ἐθαυμασθην + acc be amazed (at), admire θυω θυσω ἐθυσα ἐτυθην sacrifice

καθιζω καθιῶ ἐκαθισα [none] sit καιω καυσω ἐκαυσα ἐκαυθην burn, set alight

κελευω κελευσω ἐκελευσα ἐκελευσθην order, command κλεπτω κλεψω ἐκλεψα ἐκλαπην steal κολαζω κολασω ἐκολασα ἐκολασθην punish

κοπτω κοψω ἐκοψα ἐκοπην cut κρυπτω κρυψω ἐκρυψα ἐκρυφθην hide, conceal

κωλυω κωλυσω ἐκωλυσα ἐκωλυθην + inf. prevent, hinder λυω λυσω ἐλυσα ἐλυθην release, set free, untie

μελλω μελλησω ἐμελλησα [none] + fut. inf. intend, be about to μενω μενῶ ἐμεινα [none] + acc remain, stay, wait for

νομιζω νομιῶ ἐνομισα ἐνομισθην think, consider- παρα σκευαζω - παρα σκευασω - παρ εσκευασα - παρ εσκευασθην prepare, get ready παυω παυσω ἐπαυσα ἐπαυσθην + acc stop, halt, cease πειθω πεισω ἐπεισα ἐπεισθην persuade πεμπω πεμψω ἐπεμψα ἐπεμφθην send

πιστευω πιστευσω ἐπιστευσα [none] + dat trust πρασσω πραξω ἐπραξα ἐπραχθην do, make

- συλ λεγω - συλ λεξω - συν ελεξα - συν ελεχθην collect, gather, assemble σῳζω σωσω ἐσωσα ἐσωθην save, rescue

φονευω φονευσω ἐφονευσα slaughter, kill, murder φυλασσω φυλαξω ἐφυλαξα ἐφυλαχθην guard, look after

Temporal Augment

ἀγγελλω ἀγγελῶ ἠγγειλα ἠγγελθην announce ἀκουω ἀκουσομαι ἠκουσα ἠκουσθην listen (to), hear

ἀναγκαζω ἀναγκασω ἠναγκασα ἠναγκασθην force, compel ἀρχω ἀρξω ἠρξα ἠρχθην + gen rule, command

ἐθελω ἐθελησω ἠθελησα [none] wish, be willing ἐλπιζω ἐλπιῶ ἠλπισα ἠλπισθην hope, expect

φερω οἰσω ἠνεγκα ἠνεχθην carry, bring, bear, endure

10. - VERBS ω with Strong Aorist


Syllabic Augment

- , ἀπο θνῃσκω - , ἀπο θανοῦμαι [none] die, βαλλω , βαλῶ ἐβληθην throw, fire at

- εἰσ βαλλω - εἰσ βαλῶ - εἰσ εβαλον throw into; invade - προσ βαλλω - προσ βαλῶ - προσ εβαλον [+ dat] attack

, ἐσθιω , ἐδομαι ἠδεσθην eat ἐχω ἑξω [none] have, hold

- , παρ εχω - , παρ εξω - παρ εσχον [none] provide, produce, λαμβανω , ληψομαι ἐληφθην take, capture

, λειπω , λειψω ἐλειφθην leave, abandon, μανθανω , μαθησομαι [none] learn

, πασχω , πεισομαι [none] suffer, experience, πινω , πιοῦμαι ἐποθην drink, πιπτω , πεσοῦμαι [none] fall, τρεχω , δραμοῦμαι [none] run, φευγω , φευξομαι [none] flee, escape

- ἐκ φευγω - ἐκ φευξομαι - ἐξ εφυγον [none] escape

Temporal Augment

, ἀγω , ἀξω ἠχθην lead, bring, αἱρεω , αἱρησω ᾑρεθην take, capture

, ἐρχομαι , εἶμι [none] come, go, εὑρισκω , εὑρησω ηὑρεθην find, discover

- καθ ευδω - καθ ευδησω [none] sleep, λεγω , ἐρῶ / ἐρρηθην ἐλεχθην say, speak

-ἀπ εθανονἐβαλον

ἐφαγονἐσχ (imp. )ον εἰχον

ἐλαβονἐλιπονἐμαθονἐπαθονἐπιονἐπεσονἐδραμονἐφυγον

[stem ἠγαγον αγαγ] [stem εἱλον ἑλ] [stem ἠλθον ἐλθ] [stem ηὑρον ἑυρ]

- [stem καθ ηυδον ἑυδ] [stem εἰπον ἐπ]

11. - Contracted VERBSω


-contractα

βοαω βοησω ἐβοησα ἐβοηθην shout, cry out γελαω γελασομαι ἐγελασα ἐγελασθην laugh

ἐρωταω ἐρωτησω / ἠρωτησα ἠρομην ἠρωτηθην ask, inquire νικαω νικησω ἐνικησα ἐνικηθην win, defeat, conquer ὁραω ὀψομαι εἰδον ὠφθην see τιμαω τιμησω ἐτιμησα ἐτιμηθην honour, respect

-contractε

ἀδικεω ἀδικησω ἠδικησα ἠδικηθην do wrong, injure- ἀνα χωρεω - ἀνα χωρησω - ἀν εχωρησα [none] withdraw, give ground

αἰτεω αἰτησω ᾐτησα ᾐτηθην ask (for), beg βοηθεω βοηθησω ἐβοηθησα + dat help, come to aid

ζητεω ζητησω ἐζητησα ἐζητηθην seek, search, look for καλεω καλεσω ἐκαλεσα ἐκληθην call μισεω μισησω ἐμισησα ἐμισηθην hate, loathe οἰκεω οἰκησω (impf )ᾠκησα ᾠκοῦν inhabit, dwell in

πλεω πλευσομαι ἐπλευσα [none] sail ποιεω ποιησω ἐποιησα ἐποιηθην do, make φιλεω φιλησω ἐφιλησα ἐφιληθην like, love, kiss

12. - Deponent VERBSομαι


With Medial Weak Aorist

- ἀπο κρινομαι - ἀπο κρινοῦμαι - ἀπ εκριναμην [none] answer, reply ἀρχομαι ἀρξομαι ἠρξαμην [none] + gen begin δεχομαι δεξομαι ἐδεξαμην ἐδεχθην receive, accept κταομαι κτησομαι ἐκτησαμην ἐκτηθην obtain, get μαχομαι μαχοῦμαι ἐμαχεσαμην [none] fight, wage war παυομαι παυσομαι ἐπαυσαμην + pple stop oneself, cease χραομαι χρησομαι ἐχρησαμην [none] + dat (make) use (of)

With Medial Strong Aorist Aor Pass does not apply

- , ἀφ ικνεομαι - , ἀφ ιξομαι arrive, γιγνομαι , γενησομαι become, happen, occur

, ἑπομαι , ἑψομαι + dat follow, πειθομαι , πεισομαι + dat obey

, πυνθανομαι , πευσομαι learn, ascertain, ask- ὑπ ισχνεομαι - ὑπο σχησομαι promise

, αἰσθανομαι ,αἰσθησομαι notice, perceive

With Passive Aorist Aor Med does not apply

βουλομαι βουλησομαι ἐβουληθην wish, want ὀργιζομαι ὀργιοῦμαι ὠργισθην + dat be/grow angry with πειραομαι πειρασομαι ἐπειραθην try, attempt πορευομαι πορευσομαι ἐπορευθην travel, march

φαινομαι φανοῦμαι ἐφανην seem, appear φοβεομαι φοβησομαι ἐφοβηθην fear sth, be frightened of

-ἀφ ικ ομηνἐγεν ομηνἑσπ ομηνἐπιθομηνἐπυθομην

-ὑπ εσχ ομην

[aor stem ᾐσθομην αἰσθ]

13. Irregular VERBS

Impersonals


With Root Aorist / Irregular

βαινω βησομαι ἐβην go γιγνωσκω γνωσομαι ἐγνων ἐγνωσθην know, realise, understand

φημι φησω (impf)ἐφην say, speak

εἰμί ἐσομαι (impf)ἠν I am, to be ’ οἱος τ εἰμί ’ οἱος τ ἠν I am able

οἰδα εἰσομαι ᾐδη (pres inf )εἰδεναι know

δει δεησει ἐδεησε + acc + inf it is necessary / ... must δοκει δοξει ἐδοξε + dat + inf (I) decide, it seems good, resolve ἐξεστι + dat + inf it is possible, allowed; I can

χρη + acc + inf it is necessary


Persons, Tenses, Voices and Moods of Greek - and - VERBS:ω ομαι INDICATIVE

ACTIVE Aorist Imperfect Present

Translation I released / set free I took /captured

Weak (often i/v )σ Strong -αω -εωI - - - ἐ λυ σ α - -ἐ λαβ ον - -ἐ λυ ον - -ἐ τιμ ων - -ἐ φιλ ουν - λυ ω

You (s.) - - - ἐ λυ σ ας - - ἐ λαβ ες - - ἐ λυ ες - - ἐ τιμ ας - - ἐ φιλ εις - λυ ειςHe/She/It - - - ( )ἐ λυ σ ε ν - - ( )ἐ λαβ ε ν - - ( )ἐ λυ ε ν - - ἐ τιμ α - - ἐ φιλ ει - λυ ει

We - - -ἐ λυ σ αμεν - -ἐ λαβ ομεν - -ἐ λυ ομεν - - ἐ τιμ ωμεν - - ἐ φιλ ουμεν - λυ ομενYou (pl.) - - - ἐ λυ σ ατε - - ἐ λαβ ετε - - ἐ λυ ετε - - ἐ τιμ ατε - - ἐ φιλ ειτε - λυ ετε

They - - -ἐ λυ σ αν - - ἐ λαβ ον - -ἐ λυ ον - - ἐ τιμ ων - - ἐ φιλ ουν - ( )λυ ουσι ν

Infinitives - - λυ σ αι - λαβ ειν ---- ---- ---- -λυ εινParticiples - - , - , -λυ σ ας ασα αν - , - , -λαβ ων ουσα ον ---- ---- ---- - , - , -λυ ων ουσα ονImperative - - , - λυ σ ον ατε - , - λαβ ε ετε ---- ---- ---- - , - λυ ε ετε

MEDIAL Aorist Imperfect Present

Translation I ransomed I procured

Weak (often i/v )σ Strong -αω -εωI - - -ἐ λυ σ αμην - - ἐ λαβ ομην - - ἐ λυ ομην - -ἐ τιμ ωμην - -ἐ φιλ οῦμην - λυ ομαι

You (s.) - - - ἐ λυ σ ω - - ἐ λαβ ου - - ἐ λυ ου - - ἐ τιμ ῶ - - ἐ φιλ οῦ -λυ ειHe/She/It - - - ἐ λυ σ ατο - - ἐ λαβ ετο - - ἐ λυ ετο - - ἐ τιμ ᾶτο - - ἐ φιλ εῖτο - λυ εται

We - - - ἐ λυ σ αμεθα - - ἐ λαβ ομεθα - - ἐ λυ ομεθα - - ἐ τιμ ωμεθα - - ἐ φιλ ουμεθα - λυ ομεθαYou (pl.) - - - ἐ λυ σ ασθε - - ἐ λαβ εσθε - - ἐ λυ εσθε - - ἐ τιμ ᾶσθε - - ἐ φιλ εῖσθε - λυ εσθε

They - - - ἐ λυ σ αντο - - ἐ λαβ οντο - - ἐ λυ οντο - - ἐ τιμ ῶντο - - ἐ φιλ οῦντο - λυ ονται

Infinitives - - λυ σ ασθαι - λαβ εσθαι ---- ---- ---- - λυ εσθαιParticiples - - , - , -λυ σ αμενος η ον - , - , -λαβ ομενος η ον ---- ---- ---- - , - , -λυ ομενος η ονImperative - - , - λυ σ αι ασθε - , - λαβ ου εσθε ---- ---- ---- - , - λυ ου εσθε

PASSIVE Aorist Imperfect Present

Translation I was set free I was taken, captured

Weak (occ. i/v )σ Strong -αω -εωI - - - ἐ λυ θ ην - - -ἐ ληφ θ ην - - ἐ λυ ομην - -ἐ τιμ ωμην - -ἐ φιλ οῦμην - λυ ομαι

You (s.) - - - ἐ λυ θ ης - - - ἐ ληφ θ ης - - ἐ λυ ου - - ἐ τιμ ῶ - - ἐ φιλ οῦ -λυ ειHe/She/It - - - ἐ λυ θ η - - - ἐ ληφ θ η - - ἐ λυ ετο - - ἐ τιμ ᾶτο - -ἐ φιλ εῖτο - λυ εται

We - - - ἐ λυ θ ημεν - - - ἐ ληφ θ ημεν - - ἐ λυ ομεθα - - ἐ τιμ ωμεθα - - ἐ φιλ ουμεθα - λυ ομεθαYou (pl.) - - - ἐ λυ θ ητε - - - ἐ ληφ θ ητε - - ἐ λυ εσθε - - ἐ τιμ ᾶσθε - - ἐ φιλ εῖσθε - λυ εσθε

They - - -ἐ λυ θ ησαν - - - ἐ ληφ θ ησαν - - ἐ λυ οντο - - ἐ τιμ ῶντο - - ἐ φιλ οῦντο - λυ ονται

Infinitives - - λυ θ ηναι - - ληφ θ ηναι ---- ---- ---- - λυ εσθαιParticiples - - , - , -λυ θ εις εισα εν - - , - , -ληφ θ εις εισα εν ---- ---- ---- - , - , -λυ ομενος η ονImperative - - , - λυ θ ητι ητε - - , - ληφ θ ητι ητε ---- ---- ---- - , - λυ ου εσθε

I was setting free /I used to set free /I began to set free /I kept setting free

I was honouring etc.

I used to love etc.

I set free /I am setting free

I was ransoming /I used to ransom /I began to ransom /I kept ransoming

I used to esteem / honour myself etc.

I used to love myself etc.

I ransom /I am ransoming

I was being set free /I used to be set free /I began to be set free / I kept being set free

I was being honoured etc.

I was being loved etc.

I am (being) set free /I am released


Future

I honour etc. I love etc. I will think etc. I will see etc. I will run etc.

-contractα -contractε Sigmatic -contractε Medial -contract Medε- τιμ ῶ - φιλ ῶ - - λυ σ ω - νομι ῶ - ὀψ ομαι - δραμ οῦμαι- τιμ ᾷς - φιλ εῖς - - λυ σ εις - νομι εῖς - ὀψ ει - δραμ εῖ- τιμ ᾷ - φιλ εῖ - - λυ σ ει - νομι εῖ - ὀψ εται - δραμ εῖται- τιμ ῶμεν -φιλ οῦμεν - - λυ σ ομεν - νομι οῦμεν - ὀψ ομεθα - δραμ οῦμεθα- τιμ ᾶτε - φιλ εῖτε - - λυ σ ετε - νομι εῖτε - ὀψ εσθε - δραμ εῖσθε- ( )τιμ ῶσι ν - ( )φιλ οῦσι ν - - ( )λυ σ ουσι ν - νομι οῦσιν - ὀψ ονται - δραμ οῦνται

- τιμ ᾶν - φιλ εῖν - - λυ σ ειν - νομι εῖν - ὀψ εσθαι - δραμ εῖσθαι- , - , - τιμ ῶν ῶσα ῶν - , - , - φιλ ων οῦσα οῦν - - , - , -λυ σ ων ουσα ον - , - , - νομι ων οῦσα οῦν - , - , - ὀψ ομενος η ον - , - , - δραμ ουμενος η ον- , - τιμ α ᾶτε - , - φιλ ει φιλ εῖτε ---- ---- ----

Future

eg. I love myself etc. I will consider etc.

-contractα -contractε Sigmatic -contractε- τιμ ῶμαι - φιλ οῦμαι - - λυ σ ομαι - νομι οῦμαι-τιμ ᾷ -φιλ εῖ - -λυ σ ει -νομι εῖ- τιμ ᾶται - φιλ εῖται - - λυ σ εται - νομι εῖται- τιμ ῶμεθα - φιλ οῦμεθα - - λυ σ ομεθα - νομι οῦμεθα- τιμ ᾶσθε - φιλ εῖσθε - - λυ σ εσθε - νομι εῖσθε- τιμ ῶνται - φιλ οῦνται - - λυ σ ονται - νομι οῦνται

- τιμ ᾶσθαι - φιλ εῖσθαι - - λυ σ εσθαι - νομι εῖσθαι- , - , -τιμ ῶμενος η ον - , - , -φιλ ουμενος η ον - - , - , -λυ σ ομενος η ον - , - , -νομι ουμενος η ον- , - τιμ ῶ ᾶσθε - , - φιλ οῦ φιλ εῖσθε ---- ----

Future

I am loved etc. I will be thought / considered etc.

-contractα -contractε Sigmatic -contractε- τιμ ῶμαι - φιλ οῦμαι - - - λυ θη σ ομαι - - - νομισ θη σ ομαι-τιμ ᾷ -φιλ εῖ - - -λυ θη σ ει - - -νομισ θη σ ει- τιμ ᾶται - φιλ εῖται - - - λυ θη σ εται - - - νομισ θη σ εται- τιμ ῶμεθα - φιλ οῦμεθα - - - λυ θη σ ομεθα - - - νομισ θη σ ομεθα- τιμ ᾶσθε - φιλ εῖσθε - - - λυ θη σ εσθε - - - νομισ θη σ εσθε- τιμ ῶνται - φιλ οῦνται - - - λυ θη σ ονται - - - νομισ θη σ ονται

- τιμ ᾶσθαι - φιλ εῖσθαι - - - λυ θη σ εσθαι - - - νομισ θη σ εσθαι- , - , -τιμ ῶμενος η ον - , - , -φιλ ουμενος η ον - - - , - , -λυ θη σ ομενος η ον - - - , - , -νομισ θη σ ομενος η ον- , - τιμ ῶ ᾶσθε - , - φιλ οῦ φιλ εῖσθε ---- ----

I will set free /I am going to set free /I shall set free

eg. I esteem myself / I give myself airs etc.

I will ransom /I am going to ransom /I shall ransom

I am being honoured etc.

I will be freed /I am going to be freed /I shall be freed /I am on the point of being set free...

4th Year Revision Questions

Participles

Give an idiomatic translation of the following:

1. ὁ δουλος φυγων ἐπεσεν

2. .οἱ παιδες οἱ τον ἱππον διωξαντες ἐθαυμασαν

3. .ὁ παις ἀνδρειος ὠν οὐκ ἐφυγεν

4. .αἱ εἰς την κωμην δραμουσαι

Pronouns

Translate this variation on the αὐτος sentence:

.ὁ φυλαξ αὐτος αὐτας ἀπεκτεινεν τῃ αὐτῃ ἀσπιδι

What 4 stems can the pronoun meaning 'this/that' have? _________, __________, __________, __________.

What is the word for 'this'? ______________ And 'that'? __________________.

Translate: ὁ διδασκαλος ἐπεμψεν την ἑαυτου . (βιβλον type of pronoun = _________________)

Time Expressions

Which case is used for length of time? _______________________

Which case for 'time at which' / 'when'? _______________________

What about 'within'? _______________________


Verbs

“In the Active, you do the verb; in the Passive, __________________________________”. Eg. ACTIVE = I kick; PASSIVE = _______________________.

Give 2 ways of translating the Medial voice:

Translate each of the 3 Aorist tenses, in the Act, Med & Pass:

Aor ACT Aor MED Aor PASS ἐπαυσα ἐπαυσαμην ἐπαυσθην

__________________ _____________________ ____________________

A deponent verb uses _______________ or ________________ endings, but has an ______________ meaning.

Greek Idiom

Translate the following idiomatically:

. βουλη ἐστιν ἡμιν

.τα ἐν τῳ λιμενι

. αἱ παλαι

, .οἱ μεν των δουλων ἐν τῃ οἰκιᾳ εἰσιν οἱ δε ἐν τῃ ὁδῳ

, . (των δουλων φευγοντων οἱ πολιται οὐδεν ἠκουσαν type of construction = ______________)

.ὁ της Κρητης βασιλευς τους Ἀθηναιους δικην ᾐτησεν· οἱ δε πρωτον μεν οὐκ ἠθελον


Temporal Augment

Verbs whose stem begins with a vowel ________________ this vowel to form their augment. Unlike

adding _____, which we call syllabic augment (ie. adding a syllable), this is temporal augment (lengthens

the time – tempus – taken to pronounce the vowel). Augment occurs in the past tenses

(_____________ and _______________) and ONLY in the Indicative endings. You will never find

augment of any kind in the _______________, _______________, ________________,

_________________ or _______________! See the full verb timeline.

4 types of Future

The future tense (esp. in the Active) can be formed 4 ways. List them, and give an example of each:

• • • •

'Aspect'

As well as 'Present = now; Aorist = past', these two tenses have another function in the

_______________, _______________ and _______________. Remember that none of these use

an augment. The alternative way of translating is:

'Present = _____________________________; Aorist = ________________________________.

New article, new subject

A new article at the start of a sentence or clause often 'changes the subject' of the story: look back at who or what has been mentioned in the previous few lines.


3rd Declension Nouns [T 9.8, 9.12]

It is important to learn the stem of 3rd Nouns: this is found from the ____________________ case. As well as the regular formations, know the irregular quirks of the 3rd declension below:

Generic πολις ναυς ξιφος

S Pl S Pl S Pl S Pl

N

A

G

D

[ , ] βασιλευς ἱππευς [ , , ]ἐτος ὀρος τειχος

Make sure you know the meaning of all 3rd Nouns: p. 5.

Translate the sentences:

1. [9.8.3]ὁ παις τον ἱππον ξιφει ὀξει ἐλυσεν

2. [9.8.7]αἱ ἐν τῳ πληθει τον λεγοντα ἐμισουν

3. [9.8.9]πολλα ὀρη τους προσχωροῦντας κωλυσει

4. [9.12.6]οἱ ἱππεις ἐκ των ἀγρων εἰς το ἀστυ ἀφικοντο

5. [9.12.10]ἐν τῃδε τῃ νηι παντες μενοῦμεν

6. ; [9.8.1]τι ἐθνος ἐκεινου του πεδιου κρατει

7. . οἱ Λακεδαιμονιοι πολλα ἐτη τους Ἀθηναιους ἐπολιορκοῦν


Comparison of Adjectives & Adverbs [T 10.18]

Adjectives and adverbs have grades of comparison. Fill out the the table for , as an example,δεινος underlining the important parts of the words:

Positive Comparative Superlative

Adj δεινοςAdvb δεινως

[You practised this in T 7.25, 7.28, 7.30 & 9.1]

There is another formation too: use as an example:καλος

Positive Comparative Superlative

Adj καλοςAdvb καλως

A lot of irregular comparisons use this second formation, and you simply need to learn these forms by rote:

ADJECTIVES ADVERBS

÷cqrÇj, ÷cq·wn, ›cqistoj hateful, hostile ÷cqrãj, ›cqion, ›cqista¢dÐj, ¢d·wn, ¨distoj sweet, pleasant ¢d™wj, ¨dion, ¨distam™gaj, me·zwn, m™gistoj large, great meg}lwj, me·zon, m™gistatacÐj, q}sswn, t}cistoj quick, fast tac™wj, q‚sson, t}cista

{gaqÇj, {me·nwn, „ristoj good eØ, „meinon, „rista belt·wn, b™ltistoj

kakÇj, kak·wn, k}kistoj bad kakãj, k}kion, k}kistakalÇj, kall·wn, k}llistoj beautiful, fine kalãj, k}llion, k}llistamikrÇj, mikrÇteroj, mikrÇtatoj small mikrÇn, ›lasson, ÷l}cistaÅl·goj, ¨sswn, Ål·gistoj small, (pl. few) Ål·gwj, ›lasson, ÷l}cista ÷l}sswn, ÷l}cistojpolÐj, pl™wn, ple¹stoj much, (pl. many) polÐ, pl™on, ple¹staõŒdioj, õŒwn, õùstoj easy õŠd·wj, õùon, õùsta

... and the adverb 'much/a lot': m}la, m‚llon, m}lista

Remember the different ways to translate the Comparative and Superlative – use 'easy' as an example:

Comparative: 1. ___________________________________________

2. ___________________________________________

3. ___________________________________________


Superlative: 1. ___________________________________________

2. (with ) ___________________________________ὡς

Obviously this is a good time to learn all Adjectives and Adverbs: Adjs on pp. 6-7; stand-alone Advbs are on p. 10.

Remember, finally, the two ways of saying 'than': _____ or use the _____________ case.

Translate the Sentences:

1. . ὁδε ὁ ἱππος ἰσως ἐστι θασσων ἐκεινου

2. ; ἁρα οἱ πολεμιοι ἐν τῳ πολεμῳ αἰσχιον ἐπραξαν ἠ οἱ ἡμετεροι συμμαχοι

3. .οἰδα την της κορας φωνην ἡδιστην οὐσαν

4. .το του δουλου ἐργον φαινεται ῥᾳον εἰναι

5. .πλειονες στρατιωται ἡμιν εἰσιν ἠ τοις Ἀθηναιοις

6. .ὁ γερων σιτον ἐλαχιστον εἰχεν

7. .ἡ νεα οἰκια μειζων ἐστι της ἀρχαιας

8. , .ὁ διδασκαλος καλως μεν λεγει καλλιστα δε γραφει

9. .το του βασιλεως ναυτικον χειρον ἐστι του ὑμετερου

10. ;τις των ῥητορων βελτιστος ἐστιν


-Contracted Verbsε [T 9.5]

Verbs with certain vowels before the - merge these last two vowels together: this is ω contraction. It takes place with the vowels ____, ____ and ____. For GCSE you only need to know the first two.

Contraction only affects two tenses, the __________________ and ___________________. In the other tenses, you lengthen the vowel (as in ______________________________) and use the usual endings.

Look at the full verb timeline to see the -contract endings for - , and see ε ποιε ω p. 13 for -Contractε verbs. Verbs which have a contracted Future tense are all ε-contract verbs. These should be highlighted on your vocab digest. You have also seen -contraction taking place in Nouns andε Adjectives: see 3rd Nouns like and 3rd Adjectives like (see ξιφος ἀληθης T2 p. __________).


1. ὁ Σωκρατης οὐποτε ἠδικη .σε τους πολιτας

2. οἱ αἰχμαλωται ᾐτη .σαν τον στρατηγον σιτον τε και ὑδωρ

3. τινες εἰσιν οἱ τουτο το τειχισμα ποιη ;σαντες

4. οἱ πολεμιοι οὐδεποτε κρατη .σουσι της ἡμετερας χωρας

5. αἱ ἐν τῃ κωμῃ ὠφελη σουσι τον την ὁδον ζητοῦ . ντα

6. του στρατηγου ἀθυμοῦ , ντος οἱ στρατιωται αὐτοι προῦ .χωρησαν

7. οἱ Ἀθηναιοι πολυν χρονον τον των πολεμιων λιμενα ἐπολιορκου .ν

8. φιλει τους την δικαιοσυνην ζητοῦ , .ντας ὠ παι

9. καιπερ πολλας ὡρας ἀπορη , σαντες οἱ ἀρχοντες τελος ὡμολογη .σαν

10. .οἱ ἐγγυς της νησου μαχομενοι πολλα κακα πεισονται


-Contracted Verbsα [T 10.15]

-contraction is less common than -contraction, but affects several important verbs. Again, see α ε p. 13 for these, and the full verb timeline for endings.

Remember that contraction simply comes about by pronouncing the words: if a contracted ending puzzles you, say it aloud and think what the original ending must have been.


1. ὁ Σωκρατης ὑπο των Ἀθηναιων ἐτιμᾶ .το

2. των την πολιν πολιορκου ντων τελος ἐκρατη .σαμεν

3. τους του ἀγγελου λογους ἀκουσαντες παντες ἐγελα .σαν

4. οἱ ἐκει πολεμιοι ἁρμασι τε και λιθοις ἐχρη .σαντο

5. τους ἱππεας πολλα περι της μαχης ἠρωτη .σα

6. οἱ πολιται καιπερ πολυν χρονον βοη .σαντες οὐκ ἐπεισαν τον ῥητορα

7. οἱ του βασιλεως στρατιωται ἀφικοντο ὡς τον χρυσον κτη .σομενοι

8. ὁ διδασκαλος οὐκ εἰα .σε τους παιδας ἐγγυς του ποταμου τρεχειν

9. αἱ γυναικες ἐπειρῶ .ντο τους παιδας φευγοντας διωκειν

10. ἀρα ὁ διδασκαλος ταυταις ταις βιβλοις χρη ;ται


Highly Irregular Verbs

P. 15 contains the weird verbs. As in every language, 'to be' is one of these:

Pres Infinitive:

Present:

Pres Pple:

Imperfect:

Future Inf:

Future:

Fut Pple:

Imperative:

Don't forget the phrase ’οἱος τ etc, meaning __________________ / ______________.εἰμί

A second common irregular verb is 'to say':

Pres Infinitive:

Present:

Pres Pple:

Imperfect:

[the future, ___________, is regular]

Imperative:

'To know' is a very messy verb – you'll just have to learn it (luckily, you only need the Present):

Pres Infinitive:

Present:

Pres Pple:


There's also “the real Amy”, – the future tense of ____________________, therefore meaningεἶμι __________________. Notice the accent. Again, just learn the Present:

Pres Infinitive:

Present:

Pres Pple:

Finally, you know that a δω is a gift. Learn the following parts of ρον διδωμι, to give - a type of verb you don't learn at GCSE, but with select parts that you do need:

Fut Infinitive:

Future:

Aor Infinitive:

Aorist:

A 'root' Aorist isn't irregular as such, but only applies with a few verbs: for your purposes, andβαινω :γιγνωσκω

'I went':

'Having gone' (Root Aor Pple):

'I got to know':

'Having got to know' (Root Aor Pple):

You might notice these endings have something in common with the __________________________ tense.

Make sure you also know the impersonal verbs, again on p. 15.


1. , , οἱ δουλοι ὑπο του στρατιωτου διωκομενοι προς τους ἀγρους προσεβησαν. [7.42.2]


2. , ἐκεινοι οἱ νεανιαι τας τε ὁδους και την χωραν γνοντες, ἡμιν χρησιμωτατοι . [7.42.7]ἠσαν

3. , οἱ αἰχμαλωται τον ποταμον τον χαλεπωτατον διαβαντες, οὐκ ἀξιοι εἰσι . [7.42.8]κολαζεσθαι

4. ὁ ἰατρος το της νοσου ὀνομα ἐγνω. [7.42.10]

5. ὁ διδασκαλος ἐφη .την βιβλιον χρησιμην εἰναι

6. ’ ; ἀρ οὐκ εἰδετε τα τειχη

7. οἱ την πολιν πολιουρκοῦντες ἰσασιν . [10.5.9]ὁτι ὁ στρατηγος ἀπεθανεν

8. μετα ὀλιγον χρονον ὁ ἀγγελος προς την ἀγοραν προσεῖσιν. [T 8.7.4]

9. ’ ἀρ ἐξεστι ; [10.8.1]τῃ ἐκκλησιᾳ τα περι της ναυμαχιας μαθειν

10. δει . [10.8.2]παντας τους παροντας εὐθυς φυγειν

11. ἐχρην . [10.8.4]ἡμας τοις αἰχμαλωτοις βοηθειν

12. ἐδοξε [10.8.3]τοις στρατηγοις την των πολεμιων πολιν πολιορκησαι

13. ἐδει . [10.8.9]τους αἱρεθεντας πολυν χρονον ἐκει μενειν

14. ἐδοξε . [10.8.10]τῳ κριτῃ την βιβλον δεξασθαι

15. τον σιτον τῳ ἱππῳ εὐθυς δωσομεν, . ὠ πατερ


Result Clauses [T 10.12]

means ________________________________, telling you the result of what has just beenὡστε said. Result clauses often have 'trigger' words, like:

( )... οὑτω ς... τοσουτος

... τοιουτος

[You practised these in T 7.45]. Another way to translate is 'ὡστε as to', when is followed byὡστε the infinitive in Greek.

eg. οὑτως ἀνδρειοι εἰσιν ὡστε τους πολεμιους ἀποκτεινειν. They are so brave as to kill the enemies

OR They are so brave that they kill the enemies.

A judgement call: watch out for + Infinitiveὡστε , and you decide what reads better. Also watch out for Accusatives being used as a new subject: a strange habit in this kind of clause.


1. .ἐκεινοι οἱ στρατιωται οὑτως ἀνδρειοι εἰσιν ὡστε ἀει εὐ μαχεσθαι

2. .ὁ γερων οὑτω σοφος ἐστιν ὡστε παντας θαυμαζειν αὐτον

3. .τοσαυτη ἐστιν ἡ βοη ὡστε τους ἐν τῃ κωμῃ ἀκουειν

4. .το τειχισμα οὑτω ταχεως ἐληφθη ὡστε οὐδεις ἐφυγεν

5. .ὁ ποταμος ἐστιν οὑτω βαθυς ὡστε μηδενα διαβαινειν

6. .ὁ ῥητωρ οὑτω σοφως λεγει ὡστε ἀει πειθειν τους πολιτας

7. . ἡ ἐν τῃ νησῳ ὑλη τοιαυτη ἐστιν ὡστε μηδεν ἐκει εὑρισκεσθαι

8. . οἱ πολεμιοι τελος ἐφυγον· ὡστε ἡ μαχη ἐπαυσατο

9. ’ .ἡ ναυς οὑτω ταχεως ἐπλευσεν ὡστε οὐχ οἱοι τ ἠμεν λαβειν

10. τοσουτος τε και τοιουτος ἠν ὁ ἡμετερος στρατος ὡστε τους βαρβαρους. φοβεισθαι


Direct & Indirect Commands [T 9.17]

Direct commands are orders, which in Greek (as in Latin) use the _________________ of the verb. Indirect commands are reported orders, and are just as easy: they work in the same way as English, using the _________________.

eg. Direct Comm. “Take me home!”Indirect Comm. She told me to take her home.

This is a good time to make sure you know all your Imperatives and Infinitives – use the timeline. Remember the differences in 'aspect' when it comes to the Infinitive and Imperative: the Present conveys ___________________ actions; the Aorist conveys __________________ actions, as well as “to have ---'d”.

[Note that Indirect command is much simpler in Greek than in Latin, which uses _________________ for Indirect Command].


1. , .διωξον τον δουλον τον φευγοντα ὠ φιλε

2. .ὁ στρατηγος ἐκελευσε τους στρατιωτας λιθους βαλλειν

3. .οὐ κελευσω τουτους τους συμμαχους ἐνθαδε μαχεσασθαι

4. , . την δικαιοσυνην ἀει ζητει τε και φιλει ὠ παι

5. ; ἀρα βουλει την πολιν ληφθηναι

6. , . ξιφος ἑλομενος μαχεσαι ὠ μωρε

7. , .καλεσον τον το ἁρμα ἐλαυνοντα ὠ γυναι

8. .οὐ φοβοῦμαι την μαχην την παυσθησομενην

9. , .εἰς τον λιμενα νυν πλευσατε ὠ νεανιαι

10. .οἱ πεζοι ἐκελευσθησαν σκεψασθαι την ὁδον την δια των ὀρων


Direct & Indirect Statements [T 10.1, 10.3, 10.5]

If you can understand Indirect Command, you can do Indirect Statement. Instead of reporting an order, Indirect statement (unsurprisingly) reports a statement that somebody made.

eg. Direct Statement “Greek is easy”.Indirect Statement He said that Greek was easy.

Notice the change in tense from 'is' to 'was' because the main verb, _______________, is in the Aorist. Make these adjustments in your own translations too, as appropriate: be guided by the tense of the main verb.

Greek has 3 ways of doing this:

1. Using ὁτι to mean 'that'. He said ὁτι Greek is easy. (Greek keeps the original tense)2. Using the Infinitive. He said Greek to be easy.3. Using a Participle I realise Greek being easy. (ie. I realise that it is easy).

Whichever tense Greek uses, your translation should always include the word 'that' in it. One example of each, and plenty of practice:

. ἡ παις ἐγνω τους πολεμιους προσβαινοντας Type: _______________

Lit:

Better:

.ὁ Σωκρατης εἰπεν ὁτι ὁ γερων σοφωτατος ἐστιν Type: _______________

Lit:

Better:

.ὁ διδασκαλος ἐνομιζε την παιδα εὐ ἀποκρινασθαι Type: _______________

Lit:

Better:

Get very used to Indirect Statement: as you can imagine, it crops up all the time in telling a story.


1. [10.1.3]αἱ γυναικες ἐλεξαν ὁτι πολλας βοας ἠκουσαν


2. [10.1.7]ὁ παις ἀπεκρινατο ὁτι ἐμαθε παντας τους λογους

3. . [10.1.9]οἱ ἀρχοντες εἰπον ὁτι παντες οἱ φυγοντες διωχθησονται

4. [10.1.10]οἱ δουλοι λεγουσιν ὁτι οὐδαμως ἀδικοῦσιν

5. . [10.1.4]λεγω ὁτι ἡ ναυμαχια παυσεται

6. ; [10.3.2]ἀρα νομιζετε τους δουλους φυγειν

7. [10.3.7]ὁ ῥητωρ οὐκ ἐφη αὐτος τον δημον ἀδικησαι

8. . [10.3.3]ὁ κριτης ἐφη δικαιοτατος εἰναι

9. [10.3.4]ἐνομιζομεν την πολιν ὀλιγων ἡμερων ληφθησεσθαι

10. . [10.3.9]αὑτη παρεστι φασκουσα τον ἀδελφον ἀπελθειν

11. [10.5.1]ἀκουω τον των συμμαχων ἀγγελον ἠδη παροντα

12. . [10.5.5]ἡ παις οὐκ οιδεν τον ποταμον βαθυν τε και χαλεπον ὀντα

13. [10.5.6]ὁ βασιλευς ἐπυθετο τους στρατιωτας εὐ μαχεσαμενους

14. . [10.5.10]οἱ Ἀθηναιοι οὐκ ἐγνωσαν την νοσον γενησομενην

15. . [10.5.7]οἱ παιδες μανθανουσι το ἐργον χαλεπον ὀν


Direct & Indirect Questions [T 11.1, 11.3]

No surprise that an indirect question is a _________________ question. You met this in Latin in the UMs (where it comprises a ____________________ + __________________________). Firstly, remind yourself of your question words (vocab digest p. 9):

ἀρα που δια τι’ ( )ἀρ οὐ κ πως ποιος

ἀρα μη τις ποσος ποτε τι ποσοι

ποι ποθεν

Greek is, yet again, easier than Latin: all you need is a question word + regular verb, making the same adjustments in your translation as you did in Indirect Statement – be guided by the tense of the main verb.

eg. ὁ ξενος ἠρετο ὁπου ὁ ἱππος ἐστιν. The stranger asked where the horse was (not 'is', because main verb is _______________).

Two things to watch out for: sometimes -ὁ is added on to the question word – ignore it, and translate as usual. And be aware of these 2 phrases, both meaning 'whether... or...': ... ...εἰτε εἰτε and ...ποτερον

...ἠ

Translate the sentences (which contain both types of question):

1. , ;ἀρα μη παντα τον σιτον ἐφαγετε ὠ παιδες

2. .οὑτος ὁ ἀγγελος ἐρωτᾳ εἰ ἰσμεν περι των ἐκει γενομενων

3. , ;ποτερον τοδε το πλοιον ἀμεινον ἐστιν ἠ ἐκεινο ὠ ναυτα

4. ’ ;ἀρ ἐπυθου ὁποτε οἱ νεοι στρατιωται ἀφιξονται

5. .χαλεπον ἐστι γνωναι εἰ χειμωνος ἐστι ἀσφαλης ἡ ὁδος

6. .αἱ ἐν τῃ πολει ἠροντο ὁποθεν οἱ συμμαχοι πεμπονται

7. .αἰτησω τον ῥητορα εἰπειν ὁπως την ἐκκλησιαν ἐπεισεν


8. πολλοι πυνθανονται εἰτε νομιζω τον δουλον αὐτον εἰτε τον δεσποτην αἰτιον .εἰναι

9. , .βουλομαι μαθειν ποτερον ἱκανα ἐστι τα χρηματα ἠ οὐκ ὠ δουλε

10. ’ , ;ἀρ οὐ φιλεις την λογοις οὑτω χρωμενην ὠ νεανια

Do be aware of correlatives when it comes to question words: make sure you know the meanings of most of the words on T2 p. __________, in particular the 'indefinites', and – a mixture of theὁστις relative and the pronoun . Some of these can be tricky; work ὁς τις carefully at the following:

1. .οὐκ οἰδα ὁστις την ἐπιστολην ἐπεμψεν

2. .ὁ διδασκαλος ἐβουλετο γνωναι ὁποσοι των παιδων παρεισιν

3. ’ ;ἀρ οὐκ οἱ νεανιαι τοσαυτα ἀθλα ἐκτησαντο ὡστε ὑπο παντων θαυμαζεσθαι

4. .χαλεπον ἐστι πυθεσθαι ὁποθεν ἡ νοσος ἠρξατο και ὁπως

5. , , ;ποι φευγεις ὠ δουλε και δια τι

6. ;ἀρα μη ἡ παις τοιαυτη ἐστιν ὡστε ταυτα πρασσειν

7. ’ ’ .τοσουτοι τοτε ἀφικοντο ὡστ οὐχ οἱοι τ ἠμεν μαθειν ὁποθεν ἠλθον

8. ’ ;ἀρ ὁδε ἐστιν ὁ τοπος οὑ ἡ συμφορα ἐγενετο

9. .ὁ στρατιωτης ξιφος ἐχει οἱον οὐποτε προτερον εἰδον

10. , ’καιπερ εἰδως ουτε ὁπως οὐτε ὁποτε ταυτα τα τειχη ἐποιηθη νομιζω αὐτα ὑπ .ἀνθρωπων πως ποιηθηναι


Conditional Sentences [T 11.11]

'Conditional' sentences contain the words _____ and ______, both translated as '_____'. Pay close attention to tenses when translating them:

eg. εἰ ἐκεινην την βιβλον διεφθειρας, μωρος εἰ. If you destroyed that book, you are foolish (Aorist followed by Present)

Be careful, too, about (if) and (you are): the εἰ εἶ accents will help you, but so will the context of the sentence.

Translate the following:

1. , .εἰ ὁ ῥητωρ ταυτα λεγει καλως λεγει

2. , .εἰ παντες οἱ αἰχμαλωτοι ἐκ του τειχισματος ἐφυγον εὐτυχεις ἠσαν

3. , .εἰ τον ἱππον ἐτι ἐχετε λυσατε αὐτον

4. , .ἐαν την παιδα ἐπαινεσῃς ἑκουσα βοηθησει σοι

5. , ’ .εἰ ὁ στρατηγος μη σοφος ἐστιν οὐχ οἱος τ ἐστιν σοφως βουλευσασθαι

6. , .εἰ παν το ἐργον τῃ πρωτῃ ἡμερᾳ ἐπραξας εὐτυχης εἰ

7. , .μωροι ἐστε εἰ ταυτην την βουλην φιλειτε ὠ πολιται

8. , ;εἰ τιμᾳς ἐκεινην την γυναικα τι λεξεις περι ταυτης

9. , .ἐαν τα αὐτα αὐθις λεξῃ μη πιστευσῃς τῳ ῥητορι

10. , .εἰ ἡ πολις τοιαυτα τειχη ἐχει οὐδαμως φοβοῦμαι


A second category of conditionals is the 'but he didn't...' kind – these include the word ______. Translate as 'would have', or as appropriate, and pay careful attention to tenses:

eg. , εἰ ταυτα εἰπε σοφως ἀν εἰπενIf he (had) said these things, he would have spoken wisely.


1. , [12.6.1]εἰ μη ἐζητησα την δια των ὀρων ὁδον οὐποτε ἀν ἡυρον

2. , ; [12.6.3]εἰ ὁ Σωκρατης νυν παρην τι ἐδιδασκεν ἀν

3. , [12.6.4]εἰ οἱ πολιται μη ἐφυλαξαν τας πυλας ἐληφθη ἀν ἡ πολις

4. , εἰ τον των συμμαχων ἀγγελον ἀπεπεμψατε τα περι της μαχης οὐκ ἀν [12.6.5]ἠκουσατε

5. [12.6.6]δεινοτατα ἀν ἐπαθες εἰ τον ἀρχοντα ἠδικησας

6. , [12.6.8]εἰ περι της ἡμετερας βουλης ἠκουσας ἐν τῃ ἐκκλησιᾳ νυν ἀν παρησθα

7. , . [12.6.9]εἰ αἱ γυναικες ὑπο νυκτα ἀφικοντο εἰδομεν ἀν αὐτας

8. , [12.6.10]εἰ ἐν τῃ Περσικῃ ἀπεθανον οἱ στρατιωται οὐκ ἀν ἐξην θαψαι αὐτους


SUBJUNCTIVES: Primary Purpose & Exhortation [T 11.5, (11.7), 11.8]

ALL mainstream verbs you have met so far have been in the Indicative mood. Greek has two more, the Subjunctive and the Optative. There is a simple difference:

Whereas the Indicative deals with ______________, the Subjunctive and Optative deal with ____________________.

The Subjunctive generally refers to the ________________ or _________________ time, and is therefore known as the 'Primary Conjunctive'. The Optative is the 'Historic Conjunctive', and refers to things in the past: see next section. This is called the sequence of moods.

SUBJUNCTIVE = LONG VOWELS

The main use of the Subj is for Primary Purpose clauses – that is, when the intended purpose is in the ________________ or _______________ time. A purpose clause in Greek is introduced by the word ______ (cf. ____ in Latin): translate it as ___________________ / _____________________.

eg. οἱ ναυται φευγουσιν ἱνα μη . ὑπο του γιγαντος ληφθωσινThe sailors are fleeing so as not to be captured by the giant. (notice the negative ).μη

Two things to remember: the simpler way to form a purpose clause: _____ + _____________________________________; and the differences in aspect between Present and Aorist:

Present tense = _________________ / __________________ actions

Aorist tense = __________________ / __________________ actions


1. .οἱ πολιται μενουσιν ἱνα του ῥητορος ἀκουσωσιν

2. οἱ δουλοι ἐπεμφθησαν .ἱνα τα δενδρα κοψωσιν

3. τον ποταμον διεβημεν .ἱνα ἐκ του κινδυνου φυγωμεν

4. ’ ’ , ;ἀρ ἀει τρεχετε ἱν ἀθλα φερησθε ὠ νεανιαι


5. , , .βοηθησατε ἡμιν ὠ συμμαχοι ἱνα μη ὑπο των πολεμιων ληφθωμεν

6. .οὑτος ὁ δουλος παρεστιν ὁπως κολασθῃ

7. .παντες οἱ στρατιωται μαχονται ὡς την πατριδα σωσοντες

8. , .ἀει το ἀληθες λεγε ἱνα παντες πιστευσωσι σοι

9. [ , .]τους του διδασκαλου λογους ἀκουωμεν ἱνα σοφοι γιγνωμεθα

10. , .δει ἡμας ἡγεμονα ἐχειν ἱνα φαινῃ την ὁδον

Why are the underlined historic main verbs followed by a subjunctive, above? What mood do they usually take?

Used on its own, the Subjunctive conveys 'exhortations', ie. “let's...” sentences:

eg. μη ποιῶμεν – τουτο let's not do this

Straightforward – remember your aspects and do these:

11. , .την δικαιοσυνην ἀει ζητωμεν ὠ πολιται

12. , .φαγωμεν ὡς ταχιστα παντα τονδε τον σιτον ὠ φιλοι

13. , .μη λαβητε το του γεροντος χρηματα ὠ παιδες


14. , .ἐν δεινῳ κινδυνῳ ὀντες τοις θεοις νυν θυσωμεν

15. .παρα τῳ ποταμῳ καθισωμεν ὡς ἐδομενοι

16. , , ἀει τῳ στρατηγῳ πιστευετε ὠ στρατιωται καιπερ οὐκ εἰδοτες ὁ τι μελλει.πραξειν

17. , .ἀποβαλετε πασας τασδε τας βιβλους ὠ δουλοι

18. , .μη λιπῃς τα ὁπλα ἐγγυς της θυρας ὠ φυλαξ

19. .ἐπαινωμεν ἀει τε και πανταχου τους ὑπερ της πατριδος μαχεσαμενους

20. , .μη ἀκουσητε τους του ἀγγελου λογους ὠ πολιται


OPTATIVES: Historic Purpose, Reported Speech & Wishes [T 12.1, 12.3]

So the Optative is used in _________________ sequence: after _____ it will convey a purpose that was in _________ time.

The verb in the Pres Opt is , , , , , (I εἰναι εἰην εἰης εἰη εἰμεν εἰτε εἰεν might be, etc.).

OPTATIVE = LOTS OF VOWELS

An example of Historic Purpose:

eg. ὁ παις ἐτρεχεν ἱνα ἀθλα φεροιτοThe boy used to run in order to win prizes


1. .οἱ νεανιαι ἐπεμφθησαν ἱνα τα ἐν τη νησῳ δενδρα κοψαιεν

2. .οἱ πολιται ἐν τῃ ἀγορᾳ ἐμενον ἱνα τον στρατον τον νικηθεντα ἰδοιεν

3. .ἐκεινοι οἱ δουλοι ἐφυγον ἱνα μη αὐθις ληφθειεν

4. .οἱ γεροντες ἀπεπεμφθησαν ἱνα ἀσφαλεῖς εἰεν

5. .ὁ στρατηγος ἠγαγε τους στρατιωτας εἰς το τειχισμα ἱνα τους ἐκει λαβοιεν

A second use of the Optative is in Indirect Statement and Indirect Question – reported speech, in other words. You already know how those work, so don't let it put you off if an Optative crops up in such a sentence:

eg. ὁ ἀγγελος ἠρωτησεν ὁστις λυσειε .τον ἱππονThe messenger asked who had released the horse (Opt because main verb is __________).



6. .ἡ γυνη εἰπεν ὁτι ἡ των συμμαχων ναυς προσπλεοι

7. .οἱ τα τειχη φυλασσοντες ἐλεξαν ὁτι οὐδεν ἰδοιεν

8. .ἡ μητηρ ἠρωτησε τον παιδα ὁποθεν ἐλθοι

9. ἀρα μη ἐληλυθας ὁπως του ῥητορος ἀκουσῃς;

10. .ἐπεισα τον ἀγγελον εἰπειν ὁποτε ἡ ναυμαχια γενοιτο

A final use of the Opt is in wishes, after the word _______. Translate as ____________ or __________________.

eg. εἰθε οἱ ἡμετεροι στρατιωται ἀει ἀνδρειως μαχοιντο I wish our soldiers would always fight bravely

OR If only our soldiers would always fight bravely

This final use brings us right back to the heart of what the Subjunctive and Optative are all about: possibilities – may, might, would, could, etc. Bear it in mind as you translate the below:

11. .εἰθε αἱ των συμμαχων νηες ἀφικοιντο

12. .εἰθε οἱ ῥητορες ἀει δικαιως λεγοιεν

13. .εἰθε μη νικησαιεν οἱ πολεμιοι

14. .μη τοιαυτα γενοιτο


1. NOUNS3. PRONOUNS4. PREPOSITIONS

6. CONJUNCTIONS7. QUESTIONS8. ADVERBS9. -ω VERBS with Weak Aorist10. -ω VERBS with Strong Aorist11. -ω Contracted VERBS12. -ομαι Deponent VERBS13. Irregular VERBS

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GCSE Greek - Weeblykesclassics.weebly.com/uploads/.../kc_gcse_gk_-_5th... · ἀγωγή – Pre-Mock Revision & Test Schedule The agoge was the name given to Spartan military training