GCSE Physical Education Information/Discussion Practical Application Links Diagram/Table Activity Revision MAIN MENU The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory

GCSE Physical Education

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The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems

SECTION B

UNIT 1 - Information

Because of the increase in:

• the necessity to be physically fit to perform at a competitive level

and

• the need to promote healthy lifestyles

it is important that performers and coaches are able to:

1) design appropriate training programmes,

2) develop correct technique,

3) minimise the risk of injury,

4) optimise performance.

The knowledge of the structure and function of the Body Systems is vital to this end.




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The skeletal and muscular systems work together to allow movement for physical activity.

The respiratory and cardiovascular systems work together to supply oxygen/ energy for muscle contraction.

A

B




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• There are 206 bones in a human skeleton


metatarsals

femur

phalangesmetacarpalscarpals

pelvis

vertebra

rib

scapula

cranium

mandible

sacrum

clavicle

sternum

humerus

radius

ulna

patella

tibia

fibula

tarsals

cocyx

Show / hide bone names

Show / hide arrows




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SECTION B GCSE Physical Education


The skeleton has many FUNCTIONS when taking part in physical activity. These include:

1) Providing SUPPORT for the movement taking place.

2) PROTECTING vital organs against impact and injury.

3) Producing RED BLOOD CELLS which help carry O2 (Oxygen) for exercise.

4) Providing points for MUSCULAR ATTACHMENT – ORIGIN/ INSERTION.

5) Allowing MOVEMENT through the JOINT and LEVER systems.




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BONES

LONG

(Provides effective levers for

movement)

e.g. femur

IRREGULAR

(Provides support and protection)

e.g. vertebrae

SHORT

(Well adapted to resist compression forces and help in

performing fine movements)

e.g. carpals

FLAT

(Protective function)

e.g. sternum




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SKELETON

APPENDICULAR

Skull, spine, sternum, ribs

Arms, shoulders, hips, legs

AXIAL




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• Physical activity stimulates the production of bone tissue to compensate for the stresses of training.

• If the intensity is too high, damage and injury of the bone can occur e.g. shin splints.

• Reduced stress results in bone weight and strength reduction – ATROPHY – usually after a lay-off due to injury. It is important to return to full training slowly, to allow the bones to adapt.




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JOINTS• Joints enable the body to move.• Joints are the place where 2 bones meet.• Each type of physical activity will make particular demands on

certain joints

e.g. butterfly swimmers require a wider than natural range of

movement at the shoulder joint – ball and socket.• Joints are structured for either STRENGTH or MOBILITY:

SHOULDER JOINT

Shallow cavity to allow more movement but is less stable

HIP JOINT

Supports body weight – is more stable – less movement allowed




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• Good joint mobility is often an essential requirement to good performance in physical activity and has implications regarding training programmes.

• Joints can be classified according to the amount of movement they allow:

1) IMMOVABLE / FIBROUS JOINTS

These joints are fixed and no movement is possible. Examples are found in the skull and pelvic girdle – areas of the body where great strength is required.

2) SLIGHTLY MOVABLE / CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS

There are small gaps between the bones at these joints, filled with CARTILAGE to prevent grinding and enable slight movement. Examples are found between the vertebrae and between the ribs and sternum.

3) FREELY MOVABLE / SYNOVIAL JOINTS




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The majority of joints in the body are synovial – they allow the greatest range of movement.

The bones are linked by LIGAMENTS.

There are 6 types of synovial joint, and each type has its own characteristic range and type of movement.

They are designed to stop and prevent friction between the moving bones.

Examples are the shoulder, elbow, hip, knee and ankle joints.

These joints are important for physical activity – they are often put under a great deal of stress (e.g. the knee), but are so designed to be robust and withstand pressure.




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TYPE OF MOVEMENT

FLEXION – Reducing the angle at a joint (bending).




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TYPE OF MOVEMENT

EXTENSION – Increasing the angle at a joint (straightening).




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TYPE OF MOVEMENT

CIRCUMDUCTION – A circular movement, which combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction so that the movement of the body-part describes a cone shape.




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TYPE OF MOVEMENT

ROTATION – Is a circular movement made by a joint.




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TYPE OF MOVEMENT

ABDUCTION – Is the sideways movement at the hip and shoulder joints away from the body.




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TYPE OF MOVEMENT

ADDUCTION – Is movement at the hip and shoulder joints towards the body.




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TYPE OF JOINT BODY LOCATION TYPES OF MOVEMENT

Ball and socket Hip, shoulderFlexion/ extension, rotation, abduction, adduction

Hinge Knee, elbow Flexion/ extension

Pivot Neck Rotation

Condyloid Wrist, ankleFlexion/ extension, abduction, adduction

Saddle Base of thumbsFlexion/ extension, abduction, adduction

GlidingCarpals (hands),

tarsals (feet)

Gliding movements – where 2 bones with flat surfaces slide on each other – forward and back with slight sideways movement




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UNIT 1 – Information

Ball and socket




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Hinge

Hinge




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Pivot

Atlas

Vertebrae

Axis




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Condyloid

Condyloid joint

Movement




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Saddle

Saddle joint




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Gliding

Gliding occursbetween the small bones




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Strong joints are essential for:

• Coping with stress of physical activity.• Contributing to a healthy, active lifestyle.• Making skilled movements.

FUNCTIONS OF LIGAMENTS, TENDONS AND CARTILAGE

Ligaments, tendons and cartilage provide the strength, mobility and protection needed to help the joints, increase the flexibility and provide a greater range of movement.




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• Ligaments are strong, fibrous, non-elastic bands of tissue which attach bone to bone across a joint.

• They control the movement and the stability of the joint.

• They hold a joint in place.

• They prevent unwanted movements at a joint.

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Glossary

LIGAMENTS

• Cartilage protects bone.

• It is a tough, smooth tissue that covers the end of bones and acts as a shock absorber.

• It reduces friction between the bones.

• Cartilage damage may occur over a period of time because of the constant stress/ impact and twisting/ turning of physical activity.

CARTILAGE




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• Tendons attach MUSCLE to BONE.

• They are strong but flexible.

• When muscles contract (shorten), they exert a pull on that tendon which acts across the joint to make a joint move.

TENDONS




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The structure of a knee joint showing the bones, ligaments, tendons, muscle and cartilage involved

Ball-shaped end to long bone of leg or femur (rounded ends to bones ensure easy movement with little friction)

Muscle

Synovial fluid (oils or lubricates the joint helping it to move more easily)

Ligament (tough strip of tissue joining bone to bone)

Tendon (this joins muscle to bone)

Cartilage (smooth, slippery, reduces friction, helps to reduce shock)

Patella (kneecap)

Tibia

Show Bone

Show Muscle

Show Tendons

Show Ligament

Show Cartilage




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UNIT 1 – Practical Application

1. Match the scientific name for the bones on the left of the table with the common names by dragging them to the table. You can also drag the numbers to the diagram of the skeleton.

Real Name Common Name

pelvis

femur

cranium

mandible

phalanges

11

22

33

44

55

11

22

33

44

55

THIGH BONE

SKULL

FINGERS/TOES

JAW BONE

HIP




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2. Class activity:

e.g. Set shot – Basketball (Teach and class practice)

a) Attempt to break the skill down into ‘PHASES’.

b) Construct a table, and for each phase:

(i) identify the moving joint;

(ii) name the type of movement;

(iii) identify the muscles that are at work.

(For (iii), remind groups that muscles can only PULL. Also, a muscle must span a joint if it is to move it – ORIGINS/ INSERTIONS).




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3. Class activity:

e.g. Hockey – group to identify the function of the following structures in a warm-up:

Synovial fluid;Ligaments;Articular cartilage.

4. Class to identify which muscles are agonists/ antagonists for the following joint actions during the ‘PUSH’ in hockey:

Extending the knee.Flexing the elbow.




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5. In a game of hockey e.g. identify when a player would use:

a) mainly FAST TWITCH fibres;b) mainly SLOW TWITCH fibres.

Do different positions in a game of hockey place different demands on muscle fibre demand, and if so, why?

Ball Games: Joint Movement6. Work with a partner and identify basic body movements, joints and analysis of

specific movements from chosen activities.7. Consider the factors affecting performance and participation e.g. age and

range of movement around a joint.8. Identify the joints involved in, for example, throwing a ball (netball).9. Identify the joints involved in, for example, kicking a ball (football).10. Discuss the different types of movement around a joint.11. Develop by pupils choosing their own activity and identifying movements at

joints.12. The above links with ‘specific’ training sessions and ‘specific’ training methods

for sporting activity.




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Analysis of Movement:

13. In pairs, discuss basic movements and actions of joints.

14. Activity and sport specific discussion regarding movement, muscles and joint actions.

15. Record movements and use for analysis/ discussion.

16. Consider the link between desired movement patterns, skill and sport specific fitness training.




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UNIT 1 - Links

• Muscular system• Respiratory system• Cardiovascular system• Aerobic/ Anaerobic systems• Energy continuum• Training zones• Intensity/ duration of exercise• Short-term effects of exercise on the systems of the body• Long-term benefits of exercise on the systems of the body• Body types





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UNIT 1 - Activity


1. “Muscles and joints work together to produce and control movement”.

(i) In the diagram below, which muscle contracts to cause the bending of the knee? Is it:

a) the quadriceps orb) the hamstring?

(ii) What type of synovial joint is the knee joint and what type of movement does it allow?

(iii) What attaches bone to a bone to ensure stability of the joint?

A

B




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UNIT 1 - Activity

2. The diagram below shows the action of the upper arm muscle involved in lifting a weight.

Study the diagrams and then answer the questions below.

(i) In diagram 1, what is the movement upwards called?

(ii) Which muscle is shortening (contracting) to cause this upward movement, is it A or B?

(iii) If the contracting muscle is the agonistic or prime mover, what is the relaxing (flexing) muscle called?

(iv) In diagram 2, what is the downward movement called?

(v) What attaches the muscle to a bone to help in movement?

Triceps B

Biceps A

Triceps B

Diagram 1 Diagram 2

Biceps A




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3. “Good joint mobility is essential for efficient performance in most sporting activities.”

Complete the following table:

(iii) Describe an example of a movement in sport which involves (a) flexion/ extension and (b) adduction/ abduction.

Description of synovial joint

Type of synovial joint Name of synovial joint

(i) allows the widest range of movement

(ii) permits movement in only one plane




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UNIT 1 - Activity

4. The diagram below shows the leg of a football player preparing to kick a ball.

(i) Which PRIME MOVER (AGONIST) muscle would need to CONTRACT (FLEX) in order to LIFT the lower leg in readiness to kick the ball?

(ii) Which PRIME MOVER (AGONIST) muscle would need to CONTRACT (FLEX) in order to KICK the ball?

(iii) Identify the type of joint at the KNEE (A).

(iv) Which joint, A or B allows most movement?

A

B

Quadriceps groupHamstring group

Gastrocnemius

Ball




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(v) What is the term used for muscles which RELAX to allow movement to take place?

(vi) What attaches muscle to bone in order for movement at the joint to take place?

(vii) What attaches bone to bone to give joints stability?

(viii) The movement in the diagram is an example of which type of muscular contraction?

A

B

Quadriceps groupHamstring group

Gastrocnemius

Ball




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UNIT 1 - Activity

5. The diagrams below shows the action of the leg muscle and joints involved in a STANDING LONG JUMP. Study the diagrams and then answer the questions below by completing the second column in the table.

Show actionDiagram 1

Bend

Diagram 2

Jump

A

B




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UNIT 1 - Activity

Muscles act in pairs, some contract while others extend.

(i) In diagram 1 the knee is bending ready for take-off. Which muscle is contracting to cause the bending? Is it A or B?

(ii) In diagram 2 the leg has straightened. Which muscle is contracting to cause this? Is it A or B?

(iii) If the contracting muscle is the agonist or prime mover, what is the relaxing muscle called?

(iv) What type of muscular contraction occurs in both diagrams in order to cause the movement?

(v) What type of joint is the knee joint?

(vi) What type of movement does the knee joint allow?

(vii) What attaches a muscle to a bone to enable movement to take place?

(viii) What attaches a bone to another bone in order to ensure stability of movement?

Revisit diagram




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6. Describe the movement at each joint

Positions during a

forward rollKnee Hip Shoulder Elbow

Flexed Flexed

Using a grid like the one above, describe the type of movement at each position while:

● Running

● Diving – racing – front crawl

● Push pass (hockey)

● Any other activity of your choice




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UNIT 1 - Activity

7. Label the diagram of a typical joint shown below by dragging the labels to their appropriate places

BONE

BONE

Articular cartilage – protects ends of bones by acting as a shock absorber and reducing friction.

Synovial membrane – secretes synovial fluid.

Synovial fluid – lubricates the joint, helping the bones move more easily.

Joint capsule – contains and protects the joint structures.

Ligaments – strong strap-like structures which prevent too much sideways movement.




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UNIT 1 - Activity

8. Explain, using examples from sport, what the different categories of joints are and why we need them.

9. Complete the following table about the main categories of joints.

Category of joint Extent of movement Example of such a joint

Immovable

Vertebrae

Greater degree of movement

10. What factors affect the amount of movement possible at a joint?

Very little movement Slightly moveable

Synovial (freely movable)

Hip, shoulder, knee, elbow

Some movement Sutures of skull




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11. The diagram below shows the action of the upper muscle involved in lifting a weight.

Study the diagrams and then answer the questions below.

(i) Which muscle is involved in bending the arm?

(ii) Which muscle is involved in straightening the arm?

(iii) Which type of movement is taking place at the elbow joint?

(iv) This movement is an example of a third order lever in action. Identify the pivot/ fulcrum and load/ resistance by dragging the labels to the appropriate points.

Biceps A

Triceps B

Pivot Load




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UNIT 1 - Activity

12. (i) Explain why synovial joints are so important for the sportsperson.

(ii) Explain why it is important to train all the muscles acting on a joint.

(iii) “Different synovial joints allow certain types of movement”.Complete the table for both extension/ flexion and rotation.

Type of movementName of

synovial jointLocation of joint Sporting action

Flexion/ Extension (increasing/decreasing the angle between two bones)

Rotation

(A circular movement – part of the body turns, while the rest remains still. A turning movement)

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GCSE Physical Education Information/Discussion Practical Application Links Diagram/Table Activity Revision MAIN MENU The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory