1

2

åGådf of}glx+;fsf] clen]vg tyf cg';Gwfg;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|n]vM cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gcGtu{tsf] ck/fwsf] ¿kdf of}glx+;fsf] clen]vg;DaGwL

;jf]{Qd cEof;sf] cfwf/e"t dfkb08

;+o'Qm clw/fHosf k//fi6« tyf ;femf ;d[l4;DaGwL dGqL ljlnod x]u / z/0ffyL{;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo pRr

cfo'Qmsf ljz]if k|ltlglw PGh]lngf hf]nLn] åGådf x'g] of}glx+;fsf] cGTo ug{sf nflu @)&! ;fn h]7 @&–#) df

ljZj lzv/ ;Dd]ngsf] ;xcfof]hgf u/] . lzv/ ;Dd]ng åGåsf qmddf x'g] of}glx+;fsf] /f]syfd ug]{ kxn:j¿k

;g\ @)!@ df yflnPsf] b'O{ jif{sf] cleofgsf] kl5Nnf] kfOnf lyof] / sf];]9'Ëf g} aGof] . cleofgsf] k|f/De

b]lv g} ljZjJofkL k/fdz{ tyf ;Dd]ngx¿ eP . tL z[Înfx¿n] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gcGtu{tsf] ck/fwsf] ¿kdf

of}glx+;fsf] clen]vg / cg';Gwfg;DaGwL ;jf]{Qd cEof;sf cfwf/e"t dfkb08x¿ sfod ug]{ u}/aGwgsf/L

gofF cGt/f{li6«o k|n]v -k|f]6sn_k|lt cfd;dy{g v'nf;f u/] . ;g\ @)!# sf] clk|ndf ePsf] åGådf of}glx+;fsf]

/f]syfd;DaGwL hL * 3f]if0ffkq / ;g\ @)!# sf] ;]K6]Da/df ePsf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efsf] dGqL:t/Lo

;Ktfxsf nf]sfk{0fdf ul/Psf] åGådf of}glx+;fsf] cGTo ug]{ k|lta4tfsf] 3f]if0ffkqn] k|n]vsf] ljsf;sf nflu

yk ;dy{g k|fKt ePsf] lyof] .

kl/0ffd:j¿k, b'O{ jif{;Ddsf] lj1k/fdz{ / of}glx+;f;Fu ;DalGwt b'O{ ;oeGbf a9L ljz]if1, kLl8t / ;+3;+:yfsf]

;Nnfxsf] glthfsf] ¿kdf tof/ ePsf] åGådf of}glx+;fsf] clen]vg tyf cg';Gwfg;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|n]v

th'{df eof] . ;f] k|n]v åGådf x'g] of}glx+;fsf] cGTo ug]{ ljZj lzv/ ;Dd]ngaf6 hf/L eof] . ;Dd]ngaf6}

k|n]vsf] sfof{Gjog tTsfn yfngL ug]{ / o;k|ltsf] Jofks ;dy{g ;'lglZrt kfg]{ ;ÍNk klg ul/Psf] 5 .

of] ;fdu|L cGt/f{li6«o k|n]vdf lj:tf/ ul/Psf ;jf]{Qd cEof;x¿sf] ;f/;+If]k xf] . cGt/f{li6«o ck/fwsf] ¿kdf

of}glx+;fsf k|df0f k|efjsf/L ¿kdf e]nf kfg{sf nflu eg] k"0f{ k|n]vdf /x]sf] lj:t[t kf7 x]g'{k5{ . To;sf nflu

cEof;stf{x¿nfO{ k|n]vsf] k"/f kf7 x]g{ ;'emfa lbOG5 .

!= kl/ro

o'4ck/fw, dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fw /÷jf hg;+xf/ h'g;'s} sfo{sf ¿kdf ul/Psf] eP klg of}glx+;f k|foM ;z:q

åGåsf qmddf / cfdcTofrf/sf ;Gbe{df ul/Psf kmf}hbf/L sfo{sf qf;b\ / aa{/ :j¿ksf c+z x'g\ . of}glx+;fn]

nfvf}Fnfv dlxnf / r]nLa]6Lx¿nfO{ c;/ dfq ub}{g, k'?if / afnsx¿nfO{ klg kLl8t agfpF5 . o;cltl/Qm,

of}glx+;fsf kLl8t / ;fIfLx¿n] a]xf]/]sf xb};Ddsf zf/Ll/s tyf dgf]j}1flgs cf3ftn] ;d'bfodf hftLo,

If]qLo / cGo ljefhgnfO{ pS;fpF5 / p/fN5 . o;n] åGå / cl:y/tf df}nfpF5 / zflGtlgdf{0f tyf l:y/tfsf

k|of;x¿sf] cjd"Nog ub{5 . cem, ef/L ;ª\Vofsf kLl8tx¿n] Gofo t kfpFb}gg\ kfpFb}gg\ / ltgsf] hLjgsf]

k'g?Tyfgsf d2tdf cfjZos cf}ifwf]krf/, dgf]j}1flgs tyf cfly{s ;xof]udf kx'Fr /fVgdf ljrf/0fLo

r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ub{5g\ . åGådf of}glx+;fsf] ck/fw ug]{sf] pQ/bfloTjsf] cefjn] b08xLgtf ;3g ¿kdf

df}nfpF5 .

3

cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] pQ/bfloTjsf] cefj / Gofo ;fy} k'gd]{nsf aLrdf /x]sf alnof ;DaGwx¿ klxrfg ug{

yfn]sf] 5 .

of}glx+;fsf ;Gbe{df pQ/bfloTj cg]s :j¿kdf cfpg ;S5 . o;nfO{ kmf}hbf/L cleof]hgaf6 kmnLe"t ug{

;lsG5, ;Fu;Fu} lhDd]jf/ /fHo jf u}//fHokIfLo stf{x¿lj?4sf] dfgjclwsf/ d'2f, b]jfgL d'2f, of}glx+;fsf

kLl8t tyf ;fIfLx¿sf nflu kl/k"/0fsf] bfaL / ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofok|lqmofaf6 klg of] xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 .

åGå jf åGåf]Q/ ;Gbe{df pQ/bfloTj axg u/fpg] ;+oGqx¿ 7Ls 7fpFdf eP jf w]/} 6f8fsf] s'/f /x]s} eP

tfklg kLl8t / ;fIfLx¿nfO{ kx'Frsf] ;xhtf lbnfpFb} tTsfn cEof;stf{x¿af6 a6'lnPsf] ;"rgf pQ/bfloTj

axg u/fpgsf nflu ul/g] eljiosf k|of;sf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ k|df0f x'g ;S5g\ . ljz]iftM ;"rgfdf kx'Fr /fVg]

/ ;Íng ug]{ tl/sf ;fy} clen]vgk|lqmofsf] ljlw tyf k|df0fsf] kl/k"0f{tf ;'lglZrt ug]{, nfeu|fxL ;d'bfosf]

;+/If0f, / Gofok|lqmofsf] ;xeflutfdfkm{t kLl8tsf] ;zQmLs/0fsf s8L x'g\ . o; k|n]vn] oL nIox¿nfO{

dWogh/ /fv]/ cg';/0f ug'{kg]{ cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿ ;/n / ;':ki6 u/L :yflkt ub{5 .

of}glx+;fsf] cg';Gwfg ug]{ / clen]vg ug]{ k|fylds bfloTj /fHod} /xG5 eGg] s'/f Wofgdf /flvg} k5{ .

of}glx+;fsf kLl8tx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L / Gofof]lrt tl/sfn] ;Daf]wg ug{, ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg ug{, / kLl8t /

;fIfLx¿sf] ;+/If0f ug{sf nflu /fli6«o ;'/Iff tyf Goflos lgsfox¿nfO{ pko'Qm ¿kn] k|lzlIft / pks/0fn]

o'Qm agfOg} k5{ .

@= of}glx+;faf/] ;'ema'em /fVg]

of}glx+;f ljz]iftM lx+;fsf] h3Go :j¿k xf] . anfTsf/ tyf dlxnf / r]nLa]6L, k'?if / afnsx¿lj?4 ul/Psf

of}gk|s[ltsf cGo h'g;'s} cfqmd0f klg o;df ;d]l6G5g\ . o;sf] kl/0ffd aa{/ x'g ;S5Ù kLl8t tyf ;fIfLdf

;3g zf/Ll/s tyf dgf]j}1flgs cTofrf/ ePsf] x'G5 . clg, To;n] ;d'bfox¿ / ;d:t ;dfhd} ulx/f]

lj:yfkgsf/L c;/ Nofpg ;S5 .

dlxnf, k'?if, r]lna]6L / afnsx¿ of}glx+;fsf l;sf/ x'g ;S5g\ eGg] s'/f cfTd;ft\ ug'{ dxŒjk"0f{ 5 .

tyflk, dlxnf / k'?ifsf aLrdf /x]sf P]ltxfl;s tyf ;+/rgfut c;dfgtfx¿, / ljZje/ dlxnflj?4 nlIft

n}lËstfdf cfwfl/t e]befjsf ljleGg :j¿kn] åGåsf kl/j]zdf dlxnf / r]nLa]6LnfO{ g} lj;dfg'kftL ¿kn]

of}glx+;faf6 a9L c;/ k'Ub5 . cltl/Qm, afnaflnsflj?4sf] of}glx+;fsf] ljBdfgtf cToGt} pRr 5 / To;n]

ljidosf/L k|efj kfg{ ;S5 .

of}glx+;fsf sfo{sf nflu cGo eGbf s]xL ;d"x af/Daf/ a9L nlIft x'g ;S5g\ . o;/L nlIft x'g]df cfGtl/s

lj:yflkt, z/0ffyL{, afnaflnsf, 3/d'nL dlxnf, dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ /Ifs, aGbL -;z:q ;d"xsf] lgoGq0fdf

/x]sf;d]t_, ;z:q an tyf ;z:q ;d"x;Fu cfa4 /x]sfx¿, ljz]if hftLo ;d"x, / cGo ;Í6f;Gg ;d"x

kb{5g\ .

4

åGåsf kl/j]z / åGå ePsf] jf gePsf] h] eP klg cfd;d'bfopk/ HofbtL ePsf kl/j]zdf ;z:q ;d"xsf

;b:ox¿af6 u}/;}lgsnufotsf JolQmx¿df ;}Go nIonfO{ cufl8 a9fpgsf nflu / Jofks jf u}/;}lgs

;d'bfosf lj?4 lglb{i6 of]hgfa4 cfqmd0fsf] v08sf ¿kdf k|foM of}glx+;f x'G5g\ . ;d'bfonfO{ sdhf]/ kfg{ /

ltgdfly lgoGq0f xfl;n ug{sf nflu of}glx+;fsf] k|of]u x'g ;S5 . vf; ;d"xnfO{ ;hfo lbg jf Wj:t kfg{sf

nflu, ltgnfO{ ;Gq:t agfpgsf nflu, abnf lng jf /x]a;]sf] 7fpF 5f]8L cGoq knfog agfpgsf nflu

o;sf] k|of]u x'g ;S5 . cfqmd0fsf] lx:;fsf ¿kdf ul/Psf jf gul/Psf h] eP klg ;d'bfo jf kfl/jfl/s

ljv08g, ;'/Iff / ljlwsf] zf;gsf] cefjsf glthf:j¿k ul/Psf To:tf sfo{x¿ of}glx+;fd} kb{5g\ . oL åGå,

cfkTsfn / lj:yfkgsf] cj:yfsf ljz]iftf x'g hxfF kL8sn] of}glx+;f ug{ c;'/Iff tyf b08xLgtfsf] df}sfsf]

kmfObf lnG5 .

of}glx+;faf6 ePsf] k|efjnfO{ a'‰g] s'/f kLl8t÷;fIfLnfO{ pko'Qm ;]jfx¿df l;kmfl/; ul/k7fpg] / JolQm,

ltgsf kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf of}glx+;fn] k'¥ofPsf] Ifltsf] r':tb'?:t clen]v ug]{ b'j} s'/fsf nflu dxŒjk"0f{

x'G5 . of}glx+;fsf bL3{sfnLg / hLjg–;Gqf;L zf/Ll/s tyf dgf]j}1flgs c;/sf ;fy;fy} ;fdflhs, cfly{s

tyf sfg'gL c;/x¿ x'G5g\ / ltgn] kLl8tsf nflu hf]lvd / ;Í6f;Ggtf a9fpg] glthf NofpF5g\ . cem,

of}glx+;faf6 dlxnf, k'?if, r]nLa]6L / afnsx¿ km/skm/s¿kn] k|efljt x'G5g\ . ;b:ox¿pk/ ul/Psf

of}glx+;fsf sfo{n] ;d'bfo / ;fd'bflos ;+/rgfx¿ leq}af6 Wj:t jf Ifltu|:t x'g ;S5g\ .

of}glx+;fnfO{ k|To'lQm lbgsf nflu kLl8tsf nflu :jf:Yo;]jfx¿, ;+/If0f, dgf]j}1flgs 6]jf / Gofosf] kx'Fr

;dfj]z ePsf] ;an ax'If]qut k4lt cfjZos k5{ . oL ;xof]uL ;]jfx¿nfO{ 7]ufgdf /fVg] s'/f kLl8tn]

of}glx+;fsf] hfx]/L jf ;"rgf lbg] s'/fsf] k|j4{gsf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 .

tyflk, of}glx+;fsf kLl8tx¿n] ;]jfx¿, Gofosf ;+oGq tyf cGo åGåf]Q/ pkrf/;Dd k'Ug], kx'Fr /fVg] s'/fdf

7"nf7"nf afwfJojwfg ;fdgf ub{5g\ . s]xL kLl8tx¿n] cfkm" / cfˆgf kl/jf/n] a]xf]/]sf snÍ, nHhf, xLgtfaf]w

/ cf3ftsf sf/0f Gofosf] kx'Fr} lnFb}gg\ . c¿n] bDktL, kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:o tyf ;d'bfoaf6 Toflug] 8/,

yk lx+;fsf] eo dfG5g\ / k|x/L;Fu 9'Ss x'g ;Sb}gg\ .

of}glx+;fnfO{ k|To'lQm ug]{ / ljz]if u/L ltgsf] cg';Gwfg tyf clen]vg ug]{ cEof;stf{x¿n] ltgdf /x]sf

ef/L nHhfaf]wn] ubf{ kLl8tx¿ cufl8 cfpFb}g eG7fGg' x'Fb}g . ltgnfO{ rflxg] lge{otf / ;xof]uL jftfj/0fsf]

cefj jf kLl8t jf ;fIfLx¿ cufl8 cfpFbfsf] hf]lvd sf/0fn] k|foM pgLx¿n] Gofotkm{sf] kx'Fr vf]Hg g;s]sf]

x'g ;S5 . ;a} cEof;stf{x¿n] of}glx+;fsf kLl8t tyf ;fIfLx¿n] kof{Kt dfqfdf ;'/lIft dfg]/ ck/fw hfx]/

ug{ jf kf]n vf]Ng cufl8 cfpg] eo/lxt, ;xh / ;xof]uL jftfj/0fsf] ;fd"lxs ;anLs/0fsf nflu k|oTg

ug'{k5{ .

s]xL vf; kl/l:yltx¿df of}glx+;f To; sf]6Lsf ck/fwx¿sf ck/fwtŒj /x]sf] cj:yfdf o'4ck/fw,

dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fw jf hg;+xf/sf] sfo{sf] ¿kdf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gcGtu{tsf] ck/fw x'G5 / /fli6«o tyf

cGt/f{li6«o b'j} txdf cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg x'g ;S5 .

5

cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gcGtu{tsf] ck/fwsf ¿kdf ul/Psf] of}glx+;f k|foM JolQmx¿ / ;d'bfox¿lj?4 ul/Psf] lj:t[t

vfnsf] pNn+3g c+zsf] ¿kdf ul/Psf] x'G5 – h;df of}ghGo tyf u}/of}ghGo b'j} vfnsf ck/fw ;dfj]z

/x]sf x'G5g\ . o'4ck/fw, dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fw / hg;+xf/sf] ;Gbe{df anfTsf/ / cGo :j¿ksf of}glx+;fsf

ck/fwx¿ u}/;}lgs ;d'bfopk/sf] cfqmd0fsf] lx:;fsf ¿kdf /x]sf aa{/tfsf ljleGg sfo{dWo]sf] Pssf

¿kdf 3l6t u/fOg ;S5 / ;z:q åGå;Fu hf]l8g ;S5 /÷jf vf; ;d"xnfO{ k"/} jf cf+lzs ¿kdf Wj:t ug]{

lgotn] ul/Psf] x'g ;S5 . kmf}hbf/L sfo{x¿, / ltgsf tŒjx¿sf] kl/efiffx¿ cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg ul/g

nflusf] ck/fwx¿sf] If]qflwsf/cg';f/ km/s x'g ;S5g\ . cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfntsf] /f]d ljwfgsf w]/}

/fHokIfx¿n] ltgsf /fli6«o sfg'gdf ;f] ljwfgdf ePs} of}glx+;fsf] kl/efiff ;dflji6 u/]sf eP klg cGo w]/}n]

tL kl/efiffx¿ ;dfj]z u/]sf 5}gg\ . of}glx+;fsf ck/fwsf] clen]vg ug]{ cEof;stf{x¿ /f]d ljwfgn] kl/efiff

u/]sf ck/fwsf ck/fwtŒjx¿ / pgLx¿n] sfd ub}{ u/]sf] 7fpFsf] sfg'gL 9fFrf, ;fy;fy} k"j{o'uf]:nfleofsf nflu

cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L Gofoflws/0f tyf /jfG8fsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L Gofoflws/0f Pj+ l;l/{oflncf]gsf

nflu ljz]if cbfnth:tf tby{ / ldl>t Gofoflws/0f b'j};Fu kl/lrt x'g'k5{ .

cEof;df clen]vg

!= æxflg gu/Æ

of}glx+;fsf hfgsf/Lsf] cg';Gwfg / clen]vg ug{sf nflu JolQm, ltgsf kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfox¿nfO{ ;+nUg

u/fpg] s'/f kLl8tsf nflu Gofosf] kx'Fr clwstd agfpg] / ltgdf clen]vg k|lqmofaf6 kg{ ;Sg] gsf/fTds

k|efjnfO{ Go"gtd agfpg] tl/sfn] g} ul/g'k5{ .

of}glx+;fsf] ;"rgf clen]vg ubf{, cEof;stf{x¿n] xflg gug]{ jf cfˆgf] pkl:ylt jf sfof{b]zn] ltgdf

cfsl:ds ¿kn] ug{ ;Sg] xflgnfO{ sd ug]{ k|of; ug'{k5{ .

o;sf nflu, cEof;stf{x¿n] Go"gtd ¿kdfM

!= of}glx+;fsf] clen]vgdf ;dflji6 hf]lvd a'‰g] . @= of}glx+;fsf] clen]vg ug]{ 6f]nLsf ;b:ox¿

pko'Qm ¿kn] k|lzlIft /x]sf] s'/f ;'lglZrt kfg]{ . #= ;f]wk'5df ;xefuL x'g kLl8t / ;fIfLx¿sf]

;';"lrt ;Ddlt ;'lglZrt kfg]{ . $= clelnlvt ;"rgfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ . %= kLl8t / ;fIfL afnaflnsf;Fu

sfd ubf{ ljz]if ;ts{tf /fVg] .

s= kLl8tsf hf]lvd hfGg]a'‰g]

ck/fwsf] ;"rgf lbg jf hfx]/ ug{ cufl8 a9\bf kLl8tx¿nfO{M

kLl8t÷;fIfL÷ltgsf kl/jf/nfO{ km/]a nfu]sf kL8sx¿÷ltgsf kl/jf/÷;dy{sx¿af6 •k|ltzf]w÷wfswDsL÷8/qf;Ù

6

;lGgs6 ;d'bfo, kl/jf/ jf :ofxf/bftfaf6 zf/Ll/s lx+;fnufotsf ;hfoÙ•

kL8s;Fu d]nldnfk ug{ kLl8t÷;fIfLnfO{ afWo kfg]{ s/sfkk"0f{ bafa -kLl8t÷;fIfLnfO{ kL8s;Fu •ljjfx ug{] s'/fdf anhˆtL ul/g ;S5_Ù

kLl8t÷;fIfLsf nflu GofoeGbf ltggsf kl/jf/nfO{ cfly{s nfe ;'/lIft ug'{ k|fyldstfdf /fVg] •k|of;Ù

k'g/f3fts/0fÙ•

PSnf] kfg]{ u/L jf afnaflnsf kl/Tofusf] glthf lgsfNg] u/L bDktL, kl/jf/sf ;b:o jf ;d'bfoaf6 •pk]IffÙ

hLljsfsf] s6f}tLÙ•

afnaflnsfsf nflu ljBfno tyf Jofj;flos cj;/x¿sf] kx'Fraf6 s6f}tLÙ /•

/ s]xL xb};Ddsf dfldnfdf kqmfp / ;hfo— -pbfx/0fsf nflu, ljjfx]t/ of}gfrf/, ;dlnËL •lqmofsnfk cflbsf] cfk/fwLs/0f ePsf] cj:yfdf_, h:tf hf]lvd cfOkg{ ;S5g\ .

kLl8tx¿pk/sf ;Defljt hf]lvdx¿nfO{ cEof;stf{x¿n] k"/fk"/ hfGg'a'‰g' Hofb} dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . o;n]

kLl8tnfO{ ltgsf 5fglagsf] s]Gb|df /fVg, ;+/If0fsf/L ;+oGqnfO{ 7Ls 7fpFdf /fVg] IfdtfnfO{ clwsflws

kfg{, / plrt ;';"lrt ;Ddlt k|fKt ug{sf nflu ;Defljt hf]lvdsf] af/]df kLl8tnfO{ :ki6 ¿kdf hfgsf/L

u/fpgdf ltgnfO{ ;an agfpF5 . -tn x]g'{xf];\_

v= ;';"lrt ;Ddlt lng]

k|fKt ;"rgfsf] k|s[lt h];'s} eP klg of}glx+;faf/]sf] ;"rgf a6'Nbfv]l/ …;';"lrt ;DdltÚ sf] l;4fGtsf] cjnDag

cToGt} dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . cGtjf{tf{, hfFr, kmf]6f] lvRg, ltgsf] ljj/0f clen]v ul/g, s'g} klg ;xof]uL ;]jfx¿df

l;kmfl/; x'g, / ltgsf hfgsf/L tyf ;Dks{ ljj/0f t];|f] kIf;Fu cfbfgk|bfg ug{sf nflu ;a} kLl8t tyf

;fIfLx¿af6 ;';"lrt ;Ddlt lnOPs} x'g'k5{ .

j[QfGtd"ns ;"rgf clen]vg ug'{cufj} ;';"lrt ;Ddlt lngfn] kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿n] ltgsf cfˆgf JolQmut

cg'ejpk/ k"/fk"/ lgoGq0f / clwsf/ /fVg, / Gofok|lqmofdf pgL hfgsf/ / OR5's ;xefuL x'g eGg] s'/fnfO{

;'lglZrt agfpF5 . ;';"lrt ;Ddlt glngfn] kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿sf] clwsf/sf] xgg x'G5, unt k|ltlglwTj x'G5

lghpk/ Iflt k'¥ofPsf] x'g hfG5 . plrt / ;';"lrt ;Ddlt ;'lglZrt gkf/L lnOPsf] cGtjf{tf{sf] ;"rgf

s'g} g s'g} lsl;dsf] s/sfk k/]/ lbOPsf] lyof] jf 7u cfZjf;gdf cfwfl/t lyof] eGg] cfwf/af6 vf;vf;

sfg'gL k|lqmofdf u|fXo klg gx'g ;S5 . ;';"lrt ;Ddlt vfln Gofok|lqmofsf] df}lns l;4fGt dfq x}g, of] t

7

cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gcGtu{tsf dfgjclwsf/sf] ;3g pNn‹gnufotsf ck/fwx¿sf af/]df kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿af6

;"rgf a6'Ng] hf]s;}sf] klg cfrf/0fut bfloTj xf] . of}glx+;fsf af/]df ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg] jf tYofÍ

;Íngdf ;Ddlt lbg] ;a} JolQmnfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf s'/f ;';"lrt ul/g}k5{ / tL ;a}n] hfGg} k5{ M

tYofÍ ;Íng sfo{sf] k|of]hg / ljifoj:t'Ù•

uf]kgLotfsf] cy{ / ;f] s'/f ltgn] pknAw u/fpg] ;"rgfdf s;/L nfu" x'G5 jf x'Fb}g eGg] s'/fÙ•

;"rgf eljiodf v'nf;f x'g ;Sg] / ;f]sf] ug{ rflxPsf] k|of]unufot cg';/0f ul/g] sfo{ljlwÙ /•

;xefuL x'Fbf ltgnfO{ x'g] hf]lvd / kmfObfx¿ . •

u= uf]kgLotf

uf]kgLotf of}glx+;fsf ;"rgf a6'Nbf cEof;stf{x¿n] ;"rgfsf] ;+/If0f ug{ / clen]vg sfo{el/ nfu" ug{

h?/L x'g] cfrf/0fut l;4fGt xf] . kLl8t÷;fIfL;Fu ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{sf nflu uf]kgLotfsf]

;tf{j:yfx¿ k|foM cTofjZos x'G5g\Ù tyflk, uf]kgLotfsf klg ;Ldf x'G5g\ / To;af/] kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿nfO{

:ki6 ¿kdf atfOg'k5{ .

ljz]iftM cEof;stf{x¿n]M

uf]kgLotfsf ;Ldfx¿ 6f]nLsf ;a} ;b:on] a'em]sf 5g\ / :yflkt clen]vgsf sfo{df To;sf] cjnDag •u5{g\, / 6f]nLsf cË g/x]sf ltgsf kl/jf/, ;fyL jf ;xsfo{ ug]{x¿;Fu 36gfsf] ljj/0fsf af/]df

5nkmn gug]{ s'/f ;'lglZrtÙ

kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿;DaGwL ;"rgfx¿, ltgsf aofg÷j[QfGt ;a} klxrfg ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;"rgf;fy} •l;kmfl/;sf ljsNkx¿ jf ltgnfO{ 7Ls 7fpFdf /fVg] ;+/If0fTds pkfox¿nufot ;+/If0fsf pkfox¿

7]ufgdf 5g\ eGg] s'/fÙ /

kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿nfO{ uf]kgLotfsf ;tf{j:yf / ;Ldfx¿ k"0f{tM / :ki6 u/L atfOPsf] 5 eGg] s'/f•

;'lglZrt kfg}{ k5{ .

3= d2tsf nflu l;kmfl/; ug]{ -l/km/N;_

s'g} klg clen]vg k|lqmof yfNg'k"j{, cEof;stf{x¿n] ;/;xof]u tyf cf8e/f];fsf nflu kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿nfO{

;xfotf l;kmfl/; ug]{ ljsNkx¿ kQf nfpg k|of; ug'{k5{ / ;xfo—l;kmfl/sf] k|lqmofsf] sfo{ljlwnfO{ plrt

7fpFdf /fVg'k5{ . ltgn] e]6]sf kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿ tTsfn}sf] cf}ifwf]krf/, dgf]j}1flgs jf ;'/Iffsf] ;xof]usf]

vfFrf]df x'g ;S5g\ cyjf ltgn] ;"rgfsf] v'nf;f ug]]{ k|lqmofnfO{ g} ltgn] efjgfTds ¿kdf sl7g, cf3ftk"0f{

8

jf ltgnfO{ cltl/Qm hf]lvddf kfg]{ 7fGg ;S5g\ . s'gs'g :jf:Yo, dgf]j}1flgs, sfg'gL / ;fdflhs ;]jf

pknAw 5g\ eGg] s'/f cGtjf{tf{ ul/g' cufj} hfGg kfpg] clwsf/ ;a} kLl8t÷;fIfLnfO{ x'G5 .

@= k|f/lDes cg';Gwfg

cEof;stf{x¿n] 5fglagsf] yfngLlaGb'af6} 3lgi7 x'g'kg]{ ljz]if u/L of}glx+;fsf] clen]vg;Fu ;DalGwt s]xL

d'Vo zLif{sx¿ tn lbOPsf 5g\ .

tnsf s]xL ;"rgf k|ltj]bg, clen]v / j]a;fO6h:tf v'nf ;|f]taf6 tDtof/ pknAw 5g\ . s]xL ;"rgfsf

nflu clns lj:t[t ;f]wvf]h ug'{kg]{ x'G5 / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3, cGt/f{li6«o ;+3;+:yf, cGt/f{li6«o tyf /fli6«o

u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yf, :yfgLo tyf w/ftndf sfd ug]{ ;+3;+:yf / af}l4s hdftaf6 kfpg ;lsG5 . cGo ;"rgf

cEof;stf{x¿nfO{ ltgs} /fli6«o ;Gbe{df k|ToIf / :yfgLo ¿kdf pknAw x'G5g\ . ;"rgf—;Íngsf] k|lqmofd}

cEof;stf{x¿n] oL ;a] k|Zgsf] pQ/ gkfpg ;S5g\ . tyflk, ;Dej eP;Dd a9LeGbf a9L k|Zgsf] pQ/

lnofOn] cEof;stf{x¿nfO{ ;a}eGbf ;fGble{s / pkof]uL ;"rgf a6'Ng] k4lt jf tl/sf /fd|/L th'{df ug{ /

kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿ / cEof;stf{s} klg hf]lvdx¿ Go"g kfg{ ;an agfpF5 .

vf; ck/fwx¿sf] k|f/lDes vf]h–cg';Gwfg

pNn‹g eO/x]sf] If]qdf, /fli6«o / :yfgLo b'j} txdf, n}lËs ultk|jfx s] 5 < n}lËs e"ldsfx¿sf •;DaGwdf ;d'bfodf k/Dk/fut tyf ;+:s[lts ljZjf; s]s:tf 5g\ < To;n] of}glx+;fTds ck/fwx¿

hfx]/ ug{ / Gofodf kx'Fr vf]Hg kLl8tx¿sf] ;fdYo{nfO{ s]s:tf] k|efj kfb{5 <

ePsf] aft nfu]sf of}glx+;fsf sfo{sf] k|s[lt / If]q s] 5 < oL kmf}hbf/L sfo{x¿sf] :j¿k s] 5 / •cfqmd0fsf] ;du| :j¿kdf tL s]s;/L d]n vfPsf 5g\ <

cf}krfl/s ¿kdf s] hfx]/ ePsf] 5 < hfx]/ sf];dIf ePsf] 5 < JolQmx¿ stf nlIft ul/Psf 5g\ . •

afnaflnsflj?4 ul/Psf] nufotsf of}glx+;fsf ljleGg ¿kk|lt ;d'bfosf] ;'ema'em / clej[lQ -Pl6Ro'8_ •s] 5 < kLl8tsf nflu s]s:tf c;/ 5g\ < ltgsf] ;d'bfosf ;b:olj?4 of}glx+;fsf] ck/fw ePsf] s'/f

yfxf kfP eg] ;d'bfo / kl/jf/n] s]s;/L k|ltlqmof hgfpF5 < kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿sf] pd]/ jf lnËsf

cfwf/df k|ltlqmof km/skm/s x'G5 ls x'Fb}g <

;'/Iffl:ylt s] 5 / pQ/bfloTj ;+oGq kx'Frg] k|of;sf af6fsf afwfJojwfg s]s] 5g\ <•

of}glx+;fsf ljleGg ¿k cfk/fwLs/0f s]s;/L ul/Psf 5g\ < of}glx+;fsf] cleof]u k|dfl0ft ug{sf nflu •k"/f ug'{kg]{ sfg'gL ;t{x¿ s]s] 5g\ < /fli6«o sfg'gL k|0ffnLn] sfg'gsf ;fd'Gg] ;dfgtfsf] Joj:yf u/]sf]

5—5}g < sfo{ljlw tyf k|df0f;DaGwL lgodx¿n] kLl8tsf nflu Gofosf] kx'FrnfO{ ;xh agfpF5g\ jf

9

afwfJojwfg ub{5g\ < pbfx/0fsf nflu, dlxnf / k'?ifn] lbPsf aofgaskqnfO{ ;dfg jhg lbOG5 <

afnaflnsfsf ;DaGwdf ljz]if sfg'gL k|fjwfg 7]ufgdf t 5g\ <

/fli6«o tyf :yfgLo txdf d'2fx¿sf] cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg s]s;/L x'G5 < afnaflnsfnfO{ ;DxfNg] •ljz]if lj1tf ePsf PsfOnufot of}glx+;fsf] ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg tyf cleof]hg ug]{ ljlzi6Ls[t k|x/L

PsfOx¿ 5g\ t <

kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿nfO{ pknAw cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s b'j}vfn] Gofosf ljleGg ¿kx¿ s]s] 5g\ •< Gofosf oL ¿ksf ;antf / b'a{ntf s]s] 5g\ . cgf}krfl/s ;+oGqn] d'n'sdf n}lËs c;dfgtfsf]

k|ltljDag jf sfod u5{ < cgf}krfl/s Gofo k|0ffnLdf dlxnf / k'?if b'j}nfO{ a/fa/ vfnsf] Jojxf/

x'G5 < k|yfut ;+oGqleq sf/afO{ rnfpg g?rfP/ /fHotxsf] ;+oGq eP ;f]tkm{ pGd'v x'g vf]Hg]

kLl8t÷;fIfLsf nflu kl/0flt s] x'G5 < ls b'j}lt/ kx'Fr /fVg kfOG5 < afnaflnsfnfO{ b'j}lt/sf] kx'Fr

v'nf 5 <

;Gbe{ut k|f/lDes vf]h–cg';Gwfg

/fhgLlts tyf ;'/Iff cj:yf s:tf] 5 < åGå jf j}/efjsf] Oltxf; s] 5 < hftLo, wfld{s jf j0f{sf •cfwf/df x'g] pTkL8gsf] s'g} Oltxf; 5 < ljz]iftM n}lËstfdf cfwfl/t pTkL8gsf] s'g} Oltxf; 5 -Tof]

eg]sf] n}lËstfsf cfwf/df dfgjclwsf/sf] ;3g jl~rtL_ <

sf]sf] lg;fgf ePsf 5g\ < vf; ;d"xx¿ g} lg;fgf ag]sf 5g\ < afnaflnsf tf]s]/} lg;fgf agfOPsf •5g\ < tL ;d"xx¿ lg;fgf ag]sf] s'/f s;/L 1ft ePsf] 5 < s;n] ltgnfO{ lg;fgf agfPsf] 5 <

ltgLx¿ k'?if dflg;, afns, dlxnf jf r]nLa]6L s;af6 lg;fgf ag]sf 5g\ <

cfqmd0fsf] cËsf ¿kdf kmf}hbf/L sfo{ ePsf s'g} ;dfrf/÷k|ltj]bg jf clen]v ePsf 5g\ < •u}/;}lgssf 3/df 5fkf df/]sf, kqmfp u/]sf / y'g5]s u/]sf, ufpF jf hfFrrf}sLdf cfqmd0f u/]sf

36gf hfx]/ ePsf 5g\ jf of}ghGo jf u}/of}ghGo oftgfsf s'g} ;dfrf/÷k|ltj]bg 5g\ < ck/fwsf]

:j¿kut k|j[lQ s:tf 5g\ <

tyfslyt kL8sx¿sf] k|f/lDes vf]h–cg';Gwfg

;}lgs jf ;'/Iff k"jf{wf/ slQsf] ;Ël7t 5 < ;f] If]qdf s'gs'g ;z:q ;d"x ;~rflnt 5g\ < :yfgLo •hg;d'bfo;Fu ltgsf] ;DaGw s:tf] 5 <

;z:q ;d"x sxfFaf6 cfpF5g\ < ltgsf] ;+nUgtf s;s;;Fu 5 < oL ;d"x dlxnf / k'?if b'j} ldnfPsf •;d"x 5g\ < ;d"xx¿sf ljleGg e"ldsf s]s] x'g\ <

10

tyfslyt kL8s ;d"x / clen]vg ug]{ If]qdf pkl:yt ;'/Iff anx¿aLr s'g} ;+nUgtf eP s]s:tf] •;+nUgtf 5 < cg';Gwfg eO/x]sf] ;dodf k|efljt ;d'bfodf kL8s jf ltgsf s'g} ;fem]bf/sf] s'g}

k|efj 5—5}g <

pknAw jf kx'FlrPsf ;]jfaf/] k|f/lDes vf]h–cg';Gwfg

kLl8tx¿n] s]s:tf lrlsT;fut x]/rfx / dgf];fdflhs ;]jfx¿ kfPsf 5g\ < •

of}glx+;fsf kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿sf nflu s]s:tf :jf:Yo, dgf];fdflhs, sfg'gL / cfly{s ;xfotf ljsNkx¿ •pknAw 5g\ <

d2tsf nflu ;flwk7fpg] jf l;kmfl/; ug]{ cyjf lgsf;sf af6fx¿ 7fpFdf 5g\ ls 5}gg\ <•

:yfgLo, If]qLo jf /fli6«o txdf oL ;]jfx¿ pknAw u/fpg] stf{ jf lgsfo s'gs'g 5g\ < •

;]jf;Dd kx'Fr sfod ug{sf nflu kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿nfO{ afwfJojwfg s]xL 5g\ -h:t}M ;'/Iff ;/f]sf/, •cfly{s c8sfp, jf e]befjsf/L clej[lQ jf gLlt_ <

#= kLl8t / cGo ;fIfLx¿ kQf nufpg]

of}glx+;fsf kLl8tx¿ / cGo ;fIfLx¿nfO{ ;dod} kQf nufpg] jf klxrfg ug]{ s'/f cGo ck/fwsf kLl8tx¿

/ cgo ;fIfLx¿ kQf nufpg] jf klxrfg ug]{eGbf a9L r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'g ;S5 . cem, of}glx+;fsf ckTofl/nf

cg]sg ;dfrf/÷k|ltj]bgx¿ ul/Psf If]qdf t kLl8t tyf cGo ;fIfLx¿ cg]s sf/0fn] ubf{ cf}krfl/s ¿kdf

cufl8 cfpg clgR5's x'g ;S5g\ . kLl8tx¿n] of}glx+;fsf cf3ftk"0f{ ef]ufOsf ;+:d/0fx¿sf] hf]lvd p7fpg

clgR5's x'g ;S5g\, of}glx+;f pgLx¿s} vf]6 lyof] jf k|df0f gePkl5 s;}n] klg kTofpFb}g eGg] ;f]Rg ;S5g\ .

;fDk|bflos / k/Dk/fut jf ;f+:s[lts ;Gbe{cg';f/, of}glx+;fsf] ck/fwsf kLl8tx¿ ltgsf] ;d'bfoleq}

hf]lvddf x'g ;S5g\ jf k|efljt x'g ;S5g\ . of] lgs6df /x]sf] kL8ssf] ;d"xsf ;b:oaf6 jf p8fpg] jf

s'/f sf6]/ /dfpg] ltgsf] cfˆg} ;d'bfo jf kl/jf/af6 x'g ;S5, h;n] ltgnfO{ nlHht af]w u/fpF5, ;hfo

lbG5 jf of}glx+;fnfO{ kLl8tnfO{ ltgsf 3/, kl/jf/, hLljsf / z}lIfs cj;/af6 cnUofpg] lgx'F agfpF5 .

kLl8tx¿ kf]n vf]Ng rfx]/ klg af]Ng g;Sg] x'g ;S5g\ . sltdf t dfgl;s jf zf/Ll/s cIfdtf h:tf vf;

sl7gfO klg x'g ;S5g\ .

kLl8t / ;fIfLx¿nfO{ cufl8 cfP/ ck/fwx¿ hfx]/ ug{ lge{otf cg'ej x'g] ;xof]uL / ;'/lIft jftfj/0f

l;h{gf ug'{ dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . aflx/ hfg] s'/f ;'emfaof]Uo eP, s'g} klg tf]lsPsf] ;d'bfodf of}glx+;fsf 36gfsf]

;"rgf lng'eGbf cufj} To:tf] aflx/ hfg] s'/fsf] tx lgwf{/0f ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . o;cltl/Qm, of}glx+;fsf

pkof]uL ;"rgf vfln kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿af6 dfq k|fKt x'g] geO{ cGo w]/} ;|f]taf6 ;Íng ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fdf

cEof;stf{x¿n] Wofg k'¥ofpg'k5{ .

11

kLl8t tyf cGo ;fIfLx¿ slxn]sfFxL ltgsf cfˆg} lg0f{on] klg cufl8 cfP/ jofg lbG5g\ . o:tf] ePdf

To;nfO{ zL3|tfk"j{s, k|efjsf/L / ;'/lIft ¿kn] ;Daf]wg ug{ cEof;stf{x¿n] tof/ x'g'k5{ . cEof;stf{x¿n]

kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿;Fu sfd yfNg'k"j{ g} clws cg';Gwfg, hf]lvd n]vfhf]vf / of]hgf 7Ls 7fpFdf /xg'k5{ .

kLl8t tyf cGo ;fIfLx¿nfO{ k|foM aLrsf dfWodJolQmx¿sf] k|of]udfkm{t km]nf kfg{ ;lsG5 . o:tf dfWodJolQm

eg]sf cEof;stf{n] ltgnfO{ ;d'bfosf ;b:o lrgfpg, ;Dks{ :yflkt ug{, ;f+:s[lts tyf ;fdflhs Jojwfg

x6fpg, / ;Defljt kLl8t tyf cGo ;fIfLx¿ 7Dofpgsf nflu ;"rLs[t u/]s} JolQmx¿ x'g ;S5g\ . kLl8t jf

cGo ;fIfLx¿n] ;f]em} cEof;stf{;Fu ;Dks{df k'Ubf vt/fdf kg]{ jf ;d'bfoaflx/sf dflg;;Fu s'/fsfgL ug]{

s'/fdf kLl8t tyf cGo ;fIfLx¿n] ;Gb]x ug]{ ePdf ;d'bfo, ;d'bfosf ;b:o / ultzLntf;Fu cEof;stf{

kl/lrt gx'Fbfsf cj:yfdf dfWodJolQmx¿nfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

dfWodJolQmx¿ k|efjsf/L ;fd'bflos cGt/;DaGwsf/s x'g ;Sg] eP tfklg ltgsf] lgikIftfaf/] Vofn ul/g}

k5{ . ltgLx¿ k|foM :yfgLo df}lns ;+3;+:yfsf ;b:o, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf cflbsf ;b:o,

;]jfbftf, / cfdf;d"x, dlxnf;d"x, wfld{s ;d"xh:tf cGo ;fd'bflos ;~hfn tyf ;xof]u ;+/rgfsf ;b:o

x'g ;S5g\ .

afnaflnsf kQf nufpg]

kLl8t tyf ;fIfL afnaflnsf 7DofO{ pgLx¿;Dd k'Ug] s'/fdf a8f] xf]; k'¥ofOg'k5{ . afnaflnsf;Dd plrt

tlsfn] k'Ug ;lsFb}g, ltgnfO{ plrt ¿kdf d2tsf nflu l;kmfl/; ug{ ;lsFb}g / ;Í6df /x]sf afnaflnsfnfO{

ug]{ ;xof]udf kx'Fr /fVg] ljifodf hfgsf/L /fVg] s'/fdf cEof;stf{x¿ lglZrt x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ eg] To:tf

afnaflnsfnfO{ e]6\g] k|of; cEof;stf{x¿n] ug'{x'Fb}g .;Dks{df cfPsf afnaflnsfnfO{ Iflt k'¥ofOPsf] ljZjf;

ug'{kg]{ cj:yf b]v]df pko'Qm clwsf/L;dIf ;f] s'/f ;~rf/ ug'{k5{ eGg] klg cEof;stf{n] x]Ssf /fVg'k5{ .

;z:q ;d"x / anx¿;Fu ;Da4 /x]sf afnaflnsfaf6 ePsf of}glx+;fsf 36gfsf xsdf, To:tf] of}glx+;fsf]

sfo{ ug]{ afnaflnsfnfO{ k|efljt agfOPsf] jf s/sfkdf ;f] sfo{ u/fPsf] x'g ;Sg] / pgLx¿ :jo+ kLl8t

ePsf] x'g ;Sg] s'/f cEof;stf{x¿n] :d/0fdf /fVg'k5{ . ck/fwsf kLl8t tyf ;fIfL afnaflnsf ;+nUg /x]sf

dfldnfdf Gofo;DaGwL dfu{bz{g tyf afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwadf]lhd afnaflnsfnfO{ kL8ssf] ¿kdf xf]Og,

kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿sf lx;fadf Jojxf/ ul/g'k5{ .

$= aofg

kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿sf] aofg jf j[QfGt g} k|foM cEof;stf{nfO{ tDtof/ ¿kn] pknAw x'g] vfnsf] ;"rgf xf /

;Fu;Fu} cToGt} ;fjwfgL ;fy lng'kg]{ s'/f klg xf] . kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿n] ef]u]sf jf b]v]sf cfwf/df cfqmd0f;Fu

;DalGwt ;+j]bgzLn hfgsf/L cEof;stf{nfO{ pknAw u/fpg ;S5g\ eg] cfqmd0fsf] j/k/sf ;fGble{s

12

tŒj x¿ / kL8sx¿ tyf cfk/flws sfo{df ltgsf] ;+nUgtf;DaGwL ;"rgfx¿ klg pknAw u/fpg ;S5g\ .

8fS6/, g;{, ljdz{stf{, :yfgLo g]tfh:tf ko{j]Ifs ;fIfLx¿;Fu kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿sf] cl:j, jf/bftsf] ;do /

:yfgh:tf ;Defljt ck/fwsf kl/l:ylthGo ;Gbe{ :yfkgf ug]{ ;"rgf /x]sf] x'g ;S5 .

aofgM

of}glx+;fsf kLl8t÷;fIfL :jo+Ù•

cfqmd0fnfO{ b]v]/ jf kLl8t jf ;fIfLaf6 ;'g]/ jf ltgnfO{ cfqmd0fkl5 pkrf/ ubf{sf qmddf •cfqmd0f;DaGwL 1fg kfPsf kl/jf/sf ;b:o, ;d'bfosf ;b:o, ;]jfbftf, p4f/stf{ jf lelqofx¿Ù

cfqmd0fsf] kl/l:ylthGo cj:yf, o:tf ck/fwsf af/]df hf/L Jofks jf cGt/f{li6«o lgof]u, cltl/Qm •k|df0fsf k|sf/ / /x] sf] 7fpF, tyfslyt kLl8sx¿, ;dfb]zL ;+/rgf, åGåsf] k|s[lt / k|sf/, /fhgLlts

e"kl/j]z / :yfgLo zlQmsf] ultzLntf;DaGwL hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg ;Sg] kl/jf/sf ;b:o, ;d'bfosf

;b:o, ;]jfbftf, p4f/stf{x¿Ù /

cfqmd0fsf] kl/l:ylthGo cj:yf, o:tf ck/fwsf af/]df hf/L Jofks jf cGt/f{li6«o lgof]u, cltl/Qm •k|df0fsf k|sf/ / /x]sf] 7fpF, tyfslyt kLl8sx¿, ;dfb]zL ;+/rgf, åGåsf] k|s[lt / k|sf/, /fhgLlts

e"kl/j]z / :yfgLo zlQmsf] ultzLntf;DaGwL hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg ;Sg] ;'/Iffan jf ;z:q

;d"xsf leqL tyf k"j{ ;b:ox¿

af6 kfpg ;lsG5 . kZrfQfksf/L ;xkL8sx¿n] kL8sx¿;Fu k|ToIf hf]l8Psf ;a}eGbf ;+j]bgzLn vfnsf

k|df0f pknAw u/fpg ;S5g\ t/ ;fx}| xf]l;of/L;fy k|lzIft cg';Gwftfaf6 dfq o:tf leqL ;fIfLx¿;dIf

kf}Frg'k5{ .

%= cGtjf{tf{ lng] M df}lns l;4fGt

kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿sf] aofg clen]v ug{sf nflu tkfO{F cGtjf{tf{ lng÷ug{df /fd|/L tof/ ePsf] / k|lzlIft

x'g'k5{ . ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ d'Vo s'/fx¿ tn 5g\ M

s_ k|f/lDes ;f]rljrf/

kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿sf nflu s'g d2t l;kmfl/; ug]{ / ;xfotf÷;+/If0f k|0ffnL pknAw 5g\ eGg] s'/f 1

ljrf/ ug'{xf];\ -;xfotf÷;+/If0fsf] ;Ldfsf af/]df kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿nfO{ :ki6 u/L atfpg'xf];\_ . ljz]iftM

ePb]lv dgf];fdflhs ;xfotf / ;fIfL ;+/If0fsf] d2tsf nflu l;kmfl/; ug]{÷k7fpg] 7fpF vf]Hg'xf];\ .

tkfO{F;Fu kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿n] e]6fpg] s'/fdf ;dfj]z /x]sf hf]lvd t2 Œjx¿sf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ /

hf]lvdsf] of]hgfa4 n]vfhf]vf ;DkGg ug'{xf];\ .

13

of}glx+;f eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{ / /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gcGtu{tsf ck/fwx¿sf ljleGg ck/fwt3 Œjsf

af/]df plrt ;'ema'em xfl;n ug'{xf];\ .

of}glx+;fsf ck/fwx¿ ePsf] d'n's jf If]qsf] n}lËs uTofTdstfsf af/]df ;r]t x'g'xf];\ . 4

v_ tflnd tyf hf“r sfo{;xof]uL

tkfO{Fsf 6f]nLsf ;b:ox¿ -cGtjf{tf{sf/ tyf bf]ef;]_ sf nflu ;Dej eP;Dd a[xQ/ / k|efjsf/L 5

tflnd -pbfx/0fsf nflu, eP;Dd of}glx+;fsf kLl8t;Fu cGtjf{tf{ ug]{, jf afnaflnsf;Fu cGtjf{tf{

ug]{_ lng'xf];\ .

tkfO{Fsf ;xof]ux¿ -bf]ef;], s'g} dfWodJolQm / s'g} rfns_ sf] hfFr ug'{xf];\ / uf]kgLotf tyf 6

cGt/jf{tf{sf] k|of]hg÷tf}/tl/sfh:tf ljifodf pgLx¿;Fu 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . pgLx¿n] tkfO{Fn] tof/

kf/]sf] uf]kgLotf tyf ;"rgfsf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL dfu{bz{gsf] pgLx¿n] kfngf u/]/ sfd u5{g\ eGg] s'/f

;'lglZrt kfg'{xf];\ .

hfFra'emn] vf; u/L JolQmsf kmf}hbf/L clen]v, clg pknAw eP;Dd afnaflnsf;Fu sfd ug]{ 7

JolQmsf] IfdtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ clen]v, s'g} ;z:q ;d"x;Fusf] k"j{ jf jt{dfg ;fF7ufF7, ;z:q

;d"x;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf cGo JolQm;Fusf] p7a;, j:t'uttf / ;+j]bgfTdstf, clVtof/Lk|ltsf] ;Ddfg

/ thlah, / ;fDk|bflos tyf k/Dk/fut 36snfO{ afx]s ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf / cEof;stf{x¿sf] 6f]nLn]

sfod u/]sf] sfo{9fFrf / sfof{b]zleq sfd ug]{ s'/fnfO{ ljrf/ ug'{k5{ .

u_ cGtjf{tf{sf nflu tof/L

cGtjf{tf{ of]hgf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ -h:t}M clen]vgsf nflu ;fGble{s k|f/lDes cGtjf{tf{ 9fFrf jf k|f¿k, 8

/ ck/fwtŒjx¿sf k|Zg÷zLif{ssf] ;"rLsf ;fy_ . tkfO{Fn] ck/fwsf æsf]Æ, æs]Æ, æsxfFÆ, æslxn]Æ /

æs;/LÆ eGg] k|Zgx¿ ;d]l6Psf] s'/f ;'lglZrt agfpg'xf];\ - ælsgÆ eGg] s'g} klg k|Zg kLl8t jf

;fIfLnfO{ ;f]w]/ ;Gb]x b;f{pFbf pgLx¿nfO{ g} bf]if nfPh:tf] gxf];\ . s] Vofn /fVgf];\ eg] tkfO{F o:tf]

;"rLdf clt g} s7f]/ gaGg'xf];\ / kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿sf tkfO{ s'/f ;'Ggsf nflu tkfO{Fn] ;f]lw/fv]sf] xf]

eGg] ;'lglZrt kfg'{xf];\ . ætkfO{Fn] s;/L yfxf kfpg'eof]<Æ jf æo:tf] lgrf]8df tkfOF{nfO{ s]n] k'¥ofof]<Æ

eg]/ ;f]Wg gla;{g'xf];\ . To:tf k|Zgsf] pQ/n] tkfO{FnfO{ k|foM ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ jf ;+j]bgzLn k|df0f

lbg ;S5 .

tkfO{Fn] cGtjf{tf{sf] a]nf k|of]u ug]{ efiffdf Wofg lbg'xf];\, o;af/] bf]ef;];Fu 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . ljz]if u/L 9

of}gsfo{ / z/L/sf cËx¿sf nflu plrt zAbfjnL k|of]u ug'{xf];\ . kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿n] cGtjf{tf{sf qmddf

p7fpg] zAbfjnL;DaGwL ;jfnx¿ ;Daf]wg ug{ tof/ /xg cfkm" / bf]ef;]nfO{ ;DemfO/fVg'xf];\ .

14

tkfO{Fn] kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿nfO{ b]vfpg ;Sg] clen]v, n]vflrq, kmf]6f], gS;f, >Job[Zo cflb tof/ kfg'{xf];\ . 10

gS;flrq sf]g]{ sfuh / snd pknAw u/fpg'xf];\ . 3fpvtsf] kmf]6f] lng kg]{ eP Sofd]/f / dfkg ug]{

lrh -6]k_ Nofpg'xf];\ . ltgsf] k|df0fnfO{ pN6fpg] vfnsf] n]vflrq, kmf]6f] jf b[Zolrq gb]vfpg'xf];\ .

s'g} ;fdu|L ltgnfO{ b]vfpFbf To;n] ltgsf] k|df0fnfO{ pN6fpF5 ls pN6fpFb}g eGg] s'/f tkfO{Fn] olsg

ug{ ;Sg'ePg eg] To:tf]df ;fdu|L gb]vfpg'xf];\ .

k"/f cGtjf{tf{ ;~rfng ug{sf nflu kof{Kt ;do lbg'xf];\ -h:tf]M sDtLdf aLrdf km';{b;lxt #—^ 11

3G6fsf]_ . oL cGox¿sf aLrdf r]Kg] vfnsf cGtjf{tf{ xf]Ogg\, To;}n] clns nfd} x'g ;S5g\ . s'/fsfgL

lg/Gt/ ug{sf nflu csf]{ lbg kms{]/ cfpg glxlRsrfpg'xf];\ h;n] ubf{ kLl8t÷;fIfLsf] ysfg 6fg{

;lsof];\ jf b}lgsLdf w]/} afwf gk'uf];\ .

kLl8t÷;fIfLn] dlxnf jf k'?if cGtjf{tf{sf/ /÷jf bf]ef;] s;nfO{ k|>o lbG5g\ ;f] s'/f ;f]Wg'xf];\ . -;a} 12

dlxnf kLl8t÷;fIfLn] dlxn} cGtjf{tf{sf/÷bf]ef;]nfO{ / k'?if kLl8t÷;fIfLn] k'?if} cGtjf{tf{sf/÷bf]ef;]nfO{

k|>o lbG5g\ eGg] s'/f cg'dfg u/]/ cufl8 a9\g gx'g] / x/]s kLl8t÷;fIfLsf cfˆg} 5gf]6 x'G5g\ eGg]

s'/f Vofndf /fVg'xf];\ . hxfF ;Dej x'G5 kLl8t÷;fIfLsf] k|>o s] xf] eGg] s'/f ;f]Wg'xf];\ .

tkfO{Fsf] cGtjf{tf{sf] ef}lts aGbf]a:tsf ;DaGwdf ;'/lIft, uf]Kotf sfd x'g], ;f+:s[lts ¿kn] pko'Qm 13

/ ;lhnf] 7fpF 5gf]6 ug'{xf];\ -h:tf]M Hofb} ;fj{hlgs vfnsf] If]qnfO{ 5Ng'xf];\_ . cGtjf{tf{sf nflu 7fpF

tof/ kfg'{xf];\ -pbfx/0fsf nflu, kl/l:yltcg';f/ ;Dej eP sf]7fdf vfg]kfgL pknAw xf];\, ;fy;fy}

zf}rfno ;lhnf] / kx'Flrnf] xf];\, tkfO{Fsf] 6]lnkmf]g aGb ug'{xf];\ h;n] ubf{ s'g} klg afwf gk'uf];\_ .

;Dej x'G5 eg] a:g] cf;g aGbf]a:t ug'{xf];\ -h:t}, s';L{, 6]jn, cf;g_ h;n] ubf{ kLl8t÷;fIfL /

cGtjf{tf{sf/n] ;'ljwfhgs / ;'/lIft cg'ej u¿g\ . kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿ cGtjf{tf{sf aLraLrdf p7a;

ul//fV5g\ eGg] s'/f Vofndf /fVg'xf];\ -h:t}M kLl8t÷;fIfLsf] ;'/Iff, ltgn] ofqf ug]{ b"/L / nfut /

lbgsf] ;do_ . afnaRrfsf] /]vb]vaf/] ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'xf];\ .

cGtjf{tf{sf] cjlwdf lnOPsf] ;"rgfsf] clen]vgsf nflu ;'/lIft / uf]Ko k|0ffnL lgwf{/0f ug'{xf];\ . 14

cGtjf{tf{bftf;Fu ;+j]bgzLn ;"rgf ePdf lghsf] klxrfg arfpg] k|0ffnL ljsf; ug'{xf];\ .

3_ cGtjf{tf{ ;'?cft ug]{

cGtjf{tf{sf nflu kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿sf] ;';"lrt ;Ddlt k|fKt ug'{xf];\ -pbfx/0fsf nflu, cGtjf{tf{sf] 15

k|of]hg÷k|s[lt tyf uf]kgLotfsf ;Ldfnufot kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿af6 k|fKt ePsf] ;"rgfsf ;a} ;DefJo

k|of]usf af/]df 5nkmn_ / kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿n] p7fPsf s'g} klg ;/f]sf/sf] ;Daf]wg ug'{xf];\ .

cGtjf{tf{cufl8, cGtjf{tf{sf qmddf / cGtjf{tf{kl5 klg s'g} tkfO{F;Fu s'/f ug]{ ls gug]{ s'/f 5gf]6 ug{

15

;Sg'x'G5 eg]/ kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿nfO{ :ki6 atfpg'xf];\ . bf]ef;];Fu klg ;';"lrt ;Ddltsf ;jfndf 5nkmn

ug'{xf];\ . cGtjf{tf{nfO{ lg/Gt/ ug'{cufl8 s'g} k|Zg 5 ls eg]/ kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿nfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ .

o;cufl8 s'g} aofg jf askq lbg'ePsf] 5 ls 5}g s;}n] cGtjf{tf{ u/]sf] 5 ls 5}g cyjf c¿ s;n] 16

oL ;jfnx¿df 5nkmn u/]sf] 5 eg]/ kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿nfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ .

kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿;Fu cGtjf{tf{ sIfdf /x]sf x/]snfO{ kl/lrt u/fpg'xf];\ / s'g} klg ;/f]sf/ ;Daf]wg 17

ug{sf nflu ltgsf] e"ldsf atfpg'xf];\ .

cGtjf{tf{n] slt ;do lng ;S5 eg]/ kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿;Fu 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ / cGtjf{tf{sf a]nf tkfO{F 18

nlrnf] /xg rfx]sf] s'/fdf hf]8 lbg'xf];\ -h:t}M PseGbf a9L a;fOdf 5nkmn ug{nfO{ k|>o lbg

rfx]sf]_ . kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿n] s'g} klg ;dodf km';{b lng ;Sg] jf cGtjf{tf{ 6'ªØfpg ;Sg] s'/f :ki6

kfg'{xf];\ .

ª_ cGtjf{tf{sf a]nfdf

cGtjf{tf{cufl8, cGtjf{tf{ x'Fb} ubf{ / cGtjf{tf{sf k5fl8 kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿;Fusf] tkfO{Fsf] d'b|f÷ldhf;af/] 19

;ts{ /xg ;Sg] s'/f ;Demg'xf];\ -h:t}M ldhfl;nf], cfb/ ubf]{, w}o{jfg\ / Wofg lbFbf], ;f]emf] x]/]/

kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿;Fu k|ToIf s'/f ug]{, / tkfO{F / tkfO{Fsf bf]ef;]sf] :j/÷njhaf/] ;ts{ /xg]_ .

;xdt x'g jf c;xdt x'g, pQ/ lbg jf glbg, k|Zg ;f]Wg / ;"rgf bf]xf]¥ofpg kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿nfO{ 20

a/fa/ clwsf/ lbg'xf];\ . ;';"lrt lg0f{o lngsf nflu kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿nfO{ kof{Kt hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ .

bof x}g, ;dfg'e"lt / cfb/ b]vfpg'xf];\ . s'g} klg vfnsf cfZjf;g jf jrg glbg'xf];\ -h:t}M 21

uf]kgLotf_ . k|lqmofe/ g} nlrnf] /xg'xf];\ .

of}glx+;fsf sfo{x¿;DaGwL vf; k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg'cufl8 ltgn] OR5fPsf] tl/sfn] g} ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg 22

kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿nfO{ pTk|]l/t ug'{xf];\ -h:tf]M ;DaGw :yflkt ug'[{, lgb]{zs k|Zg gug'{, a9L ;+j]bgzLn

ljifodf 5nkmn ug'{cufl8 sd ;+j]bgzLn ljifodf 5nkmn ug'{, :ki6tf / cltl/Qm hfgsf/Lsf nflu

cg'/f]w ug'{, nlrnf] /xg'_ .

tYosf ljifodf kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿sf cg'e"lt jf ljrf/x¿, ltgsf k|>ok|fyldstf jf ltgnfO{ cf3ftn] 23

kf/]sf] k|efjsf af/]df k"jf{g'dfg ug'{ gx'g] s'/f ;Demgf /fVg'xf];\ .

16

kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿n] ltgsf syfJoyf atfpFbf leGg / ljleGg tl/sfdf Jojxf/ / k|ltlqmof u5{g\ eGg] 24

s'/f cfkm}nfO{ :d/0f u/fpg'xf];\ . Tof] eg]sf] pgLx¿M

b'vL÷pbf;÷df}gÙ jf•

qm'4÷zÍfn'÷a]dtnjÙ jf•

zfGt÷låljwfu|:t÷:ki6•

h] klg x'g\ ;S5g\ . Jojxf/sf] Ps dfq tl/sf x'Fb}g .

kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿M25

af]Ng nfh dfG5g\÷8/fpF5g\Ù jf•

dflg;;Fu SnfGt÷cf3fltt÷n3'tfaf]wLÙ jf•

of}glx+;fsf af/]df ;fx|} lvGg -pgn] ef]u]sf cGo kIfeGbf ljk/Lt_Ù jf•

zf/Ll/s ¿kn] Ifltu|:t•

x'G5g\ eGg] klg dfGg' jf cg'dfg ug'{x'Fb}g eg]/ ;Demgf];\ .

r_ cGtjf{tf{sf] ;dfKt ug]{

cfkm"nfO{ yk ;"rgf rflxPdf pgLx¿;Fu ;Dks{ ug]{ u/L kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿sf af/]df kof{Kt ;"rgf clen]v 26

ug'{xf];\ / pgLx¿nfO{ klg tkfO{F;Fu ;Dks{ ug{ ;an x'g] u/L kof{Kt hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ . ;Dks{sf]

k|fyldstfk|fKt ljlw klg olsg ug'{xf];\ .

kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿;Fu ltgsf ;/f]sf/ / pgLx¿n] lbPsf ;"rgf tyf 7]ufgf / pgLx¿n] p7fPsf cGo s'g} 27

klg ;jfn -h:tf]M ;'/Iff ;/f]sf/, efjL ;Dks{sf] aGbf]a:t, d2tsf] l;kmfl/;_ bf]xf]¥ofP/ ;'gfpg'xf];\ .

cGtjf{tf{sf] ;xeflutfsf nflu kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿nfO{ s[t1tf b;f{pg'xf];\ .

kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿nfO{ cGtjf{tf{sf nflu ;';"lrt ;Ddlt lbG5g\ ls lbFb}gg\ eg]/ ;f]Wg'xf];\ -pgLx¿sf] dg 28

kl/jt{g ug{ jf rfxG5g\ eg] ;Ddlt lkmtf{ lngsf nflu_

kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿nfO{ s'/fsfgL u/L ;xof]u u/]sf]df wGojfb lbg'xf];\ . 29

cGtjf{tf{sf] glthf:j¿k kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿ b'vL ePsf] b]lvPdf ltgnfO{ jt{dfgdf / ;sf/fTds dgl:yltdf 30

Nofpg k|of; ug'{xf];\ .

5'l6Fbf ;f+:s[lts ¿kn] plrt x'g] xfpefp -h:t} xft xNnfpg], gd:sf/ ug]{ cflb_ b;f{pg'xf];\ . 31

17

^= ef}lts k|df0fM cGt/a4tf -r]g ckm s:68L_ ;DaGwL l;4fGt

cEof;stf{x¿ cg';Gwfgsf If]qdf /x]sf a]nf of}glx+;fsf sfo{ ePsf] b;f{pg] jf ck/fw / kL8s jf kLl8tsf

aLrsf] ;DaGw ;"lrt ug{ ;Sg] j:t' ePsf 7fpFaf6 kf/ ub}{ u/]sf x'g ;S5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, 36gf:yndf

/ut nu]sf] jf 3;|]sf] n'ufkmf6fsf 6'qmf km]nf kfg{ ;S5g\Ù jf ltgnfO{ s'g} xltof/ pknAw x'g ;S5 h'g

anfTsf/ ug{sf nflu k|of]u ePsf] lyof] eg]/ kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿n] eg]sf x'g ;S5g\Ù jf ltgn] anfTsf/ ;}lgs

cleofgsf qmddf ug{ cfb]z ul/Psf] lyof] eg]/ s'g} ;}lgs clws[tn] pNn]v u/]sf] cfjfh clen]v ug{

;S5g\ .

o:tf s'g} klg j:t' ePsf] of}glx+;fsf] ck/fwsf] ef}lts k|df0f x'g ;S5g\ . ljlwj}1flgs k|df0fsf] ;xL ;Íngdf

cg';Gwfgstf{ jf :jf:YoJoj;foLsf ¿kdf k|lzlIft gePdf ;fdfGotM cEof;stf{n] ef}Lts k|df0fsf s'g}

klg lrhsf] ;Íng ug'{x'Fb}g . pko'Qm tflnd glnO{sg} cEof;stf{n] ef}lts k|df0f ;Íng u5{g\ eg] ltgn]

kLl8tnfO{ rsf]{ Iflt ug{ jf k|of]u gx'g] u/L k|df0fnfO{ b'lift kfg{ ;S5g\ . To;}n] To;f] ug'{ ;'/lIft x'G5 /

ToxL dfq} ;DefJo pkfo 5 eg] dfq cToGt} ;Lldlt kl/l:yltdf ef}lts k|df0f ;Íng ug'{ d'gfl;a x'g ;S5 .

ef}lts k|df0f ;Íng ug]{ lg0f{o cToGt} uDeL/tf / xf]l;of/L;fy ljrf/ k'¥ofP/} lnOg'k5{ .

ef}lts k|df0fsf] s'g} klg lrhnfO{ ;Íng ug]{ ljrf/ ul/g'k"j{, cEof;stf{x¿n] ;j{k|ydM km]nf k/]sf] j:t'-x¿_

sf] l6kf]6 ug'{k5{Ù 36gf:ynsf] lrq /]vflÍt ug'{k5{Ù lrha:t' / 36gf:ynsf] kmf]6f] lng'k5{Ù / ;Dej eP,

lrha:t' / 36gf:yn -qmfOd l;g_ sf] b[Zoclen]vg ug'{k5{ .

ljz]iftM ltgsf] sfo{snfkn] k|df0f pN6ØfPsf] 5 ls eGg] s'/fsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ pgLx¿n] k|of]u u/]sf]

clen]vg ljlwsf] kl5 :jtGq n]vfhf]vfsf ljifo x'g ;Sg] l:ylt g} cEof;stf{n] o:tf] clen]v ug'{k5{

elggfsf] d'Vo sf/0f xf] . cEof;stf{x¿n] 36gf:yn lgs6:ysf s'g} klg ;fIfLx¿;Fu klg cGtjf{tf{ ug'{k5{

/ ck/fwsf cGo ;fIfL;nFu To;nfO{ kl5 nu]/ bfFHg'k5{ . pko'Qm tl/sfn] ;Íng ePdf of] csf]{ k|df0f w]/}

zlQmzfnL x'g ;S5 / ef}lts k|df0fsf] vfFrf]nfO{ x6fOlbg ;S5 .

ef}lts k|df0f g} ck/fwsf] æ;jf]{Qd k|df0fÆ xf] eGg] s'/f x'Fbfx'Fb} klg of] geO{ x'Fb} x'Fb}g eg]sf] xf]Og eGg]

s'/f ;Demgfdf /fVg' klg lgs} dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . j:t'sf] pTklQ, :jfldTj tyf k|of]u j0f{g ul/Psf], jf To:tf

lrhsf] ;Íng lglb{i6 ug]{ 36gfh:tf kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿sf] aofgljgfsf ef}lts k|df0f k|dfl0fstfsf b[li6af6

w]/} pkof]uL x'Fb}gg\ . ef}lts k|df0fnfO{ kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿n] lbPsf] k|df0fn] lj:yflkt ug{ ;S5, t/ o;sf] ljk/Lt

ef}lts k|df0fn] ;a} cj:yfdf kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿n] lbPsf k|df0fnfO{ lj:yflkt u5{ eGg] s'/f ;fFrf] xf]Og .

cEof;stf{x¿n] s] l6kf]6 ug}{ k5{ eg] s'g} klg k|of]hgsf nflu ef}lts k|df0f hlxn] klg o;sf] cflwsfl/stf

jf JofVofTds k|df0fsf] ;Tofkgsf/L ;"rgfsf] ;Íng;Fu cfa4 jf hf]l8Psf] x'g}k5{ . cGt/a4tf -r]g ckm

s:68L_ lrh sxfFaf6 cfof] eGg] s'/f k|blz{t ug]{ Pp6f tl/sf xf] . clg, cEof;stf{af6 ;Íngfy{ u/]sf]

18

x:tIf]kcjlwdf o;df s'g} tndfly ePsf] 5}g / of}glx+;fsf] ck/fwsf] k|df0fsf ¿kdf k|of]u x'g ;S5

eGg] s'/f b]vfpg] klg tl/sf xf] . cGt/a4tf -r]g ckm s:68L_ Psbd} dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f xf] lsgeg] cbfnt

jf Gofoflws/0fn] of}glx+;fsf] ck/fwsf] cleof]hgsf nflu lrh jf a:t'nfO{ k|df0fsf] ¿kdf OGsf/ ug{ jf

ck/fwsf nflu ;f] lrh c;n k|df0f xf]Og eg]/ 7]ufg nufpg ;S5 . of] ljZj;gLotfsf] k|Zg xf] — tYo

km]nf kfg]{ dflg; k|df0fsf] Tof] 6'qmf]sf] cflwsfl/stfdf lge{/ x'g ;S5, of] s'g} of]lht jf pN6fkfN6f agfOPsf]

jf cs:dft\ b'lift x'g k'u]sf] xf]Og eGg] s'/fdf ljZj:t ePs} x'g'k5{ . cGt/a4tfsf] sfo{ljlwn] o;sf] plrt

jhg lbg ;lsg] u/L ;f] sfd ug{ cEof;stf{nfO{ cg'dlt lbPs} x'g'k5{ .

cGt/a4tfsf l;4fGtx¿

j:t'sf] cGt/a4tfnfO{ wfGgsf nflu cEof;stf{x¿n] lgDg s'/f clen]v ug{} k5{M

s_ j:t' s;/L ;Íng ul/Psf] lyof] <Ù /

v_ j:t'sf] sAhf JolQmx¿ /÷jf ;+3;+:yfsf aLrdf x:tfGt/0f ePsf] lyof] ls lyPg / eP s;/L <

cEof;stf{ cGt/a4tf;Fu ;DalGwt ;fGble{s If]qflwsf/sf sfg'gL vfFrf jf ;Ldfsf af/]df klg ;r]t

/xg'k5{ .

s_ j:t' s;/L ;Íng ul/Psf] lyof] <

k|Zgdf /x]sf] lrh jf j:t'cg';f/ ;Íng -h:tf]M zf/Ll/s /;flbnfO{ n'ufsf] 6'qmf] jf lnvteGbf km/s 1

tl/sfn] a6'lnG5 / kf]SofOG5_ sf] tl/sf km/skm/s x'g] eP klg o;sf] cfdl;4fGt s] xf] eg] x/]s

lrhnfO{ sDtLdf b]xfosf] hfgsf/L;fy 6fFrf -n]an_ nufOG5 M

c= 36gf klxrfgs — 36gfsf] ;"rgf;Fu ;DaGw /fVg] vf; 36gfsf nflu lgwf{l/t ;ª\VofÍÙ

cf= ;Íng ldltÙ

O= j:t' jf j:t' ;Íngstf{ / ;Íngsfndf pkl:yt cGo s'g} klg dflg;sf] gfdfjnLÙ

O{= j:t' jf j:t' ;Íng ul/Psf] :yfgÙ /

p= ;Íng ul/Psf] k|df0fsf] k|sf/ .

cEof;stf{n] ltgsf] sAhfdf /xFbf j:t'sf] ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt kfg{sf nflu ckgfOPsf pkfosf] l6kf]6 2

klg ;dfj]z ug'{k5{ -h:tf]M cEof;stf{n] dfq e]6\g ;Sg] u/L ;f] lrh b/fhdf tfNrf df/]/ /flvPs]f

lyof]._ .

19

of}glx+;fsf] 36gf ePsf] nuQ} slt kl5 ef}lts k|df0f kQf nufOPsf] lyof]Ù 36gf ePsf] 7fpFsf] slt 3

glhsdf ef}lts k|df0f km]nf k/]sf] lyof]Ù / oL tYox¿ cEof;stf{x¿n] s;/L yfxf kfP eGg] ljifodf klg

cEof;stf{x¿n] l6kf]6 agfpg'k5{ .

cEof;stf{ cfkm}n] k|df0f ;Íng gu/]sf] eP ef}lts k|df0fsf ;DaGwdf ;f] ;DxfNg] JolQm / cEof;stf{aLrdf 4

;f] k|df0fsf] k|of]usf ;DaGwdf ePsf 5nkmn, ;Demf}tf tyf ;t{aGb]hx¿sf] ljj/0f klg v8f ug'{k5{ .

cEof;stf{n] ;Íng ug]{ x/]s lrh jf j:t'nfO{ k|df0f—emf]nf -cf]efgf] / cf]; gk;]sf] s'/fnfO{ eP ;lhnf] 5

u/L l;naGbL ug{ ldNg] kfgLsfuh -Knfl:6s_sf] vfd, kfgL jf leh]sf] lrhsf nfuL eP cDnd'Qm sfuhsf]

vfdnfO{ k|>o lbg'k5{_ df /flvg'k5{ . lrh jf j:t' vfldPsf] emf]nf jf vfd aGb u/]kl5 l;naGb ul/Psf]

/ ;Íng ug]{ JolQmaf6 x:tfIf/ ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ . ;f] emf]nf jf vfd s'g} klg a]nf vf]lng x'Fb}g .

cfbz{tM of] ;a} ;"rgf Ps kfgf sfuhdf n]vL v8f ug'{k5{ / lrh jf j:t' /flvPsf] k|df0femf]nf jf 6

vfddf gYyL ug'{k5{ .

;|f]t, ldlt / :yfg Pp6} eP / ltgsf] ;Íng ug]{ JolQm klg pxL eP x/]s lrhsf nflu of] ;"rgf k"/f 7

ul//fVg'kb}{g . tyflk, oL r/, vf; u/L lrhsf] ;|f]t, km/s k¥of] eg] k|lqmof bf]xf]¥ofpg'k5{ .

v_ j:t'sf] sAhf JolQmx¿ /÷jf ;+3;+:yfsf aLrdf x:tfGt/0f ePsf] lyof]

ls lyPg / eP s;/L <

s'g} klg j:t' JolQmljz]if jf ;+3;+:yfsf aLrdf x:tfGt/0f ul/Psf] eP ;f] x:tfGt/0fsf] ljj/0fsf] 1

clen]v ug'{ dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . o;nfO{ :yfGt/0fk'hf{df ;lhn} b;f{pg ;lsG5 .

:yfgfGt/0f k'hf{df x/]s j:t'sf] x/]s :yfgfGt/0fsf] lgDg s'/f pNn]v x'g'k5{M2

c= 36gf klxrfgs — 36gfsf] ;"rgf;Fu ;DaGw /fVg] vf; 36gfsf nflu lgwf{l/t ;ª\VofÍÙ

cf= ;Íng ul/Psf] k|df0fsf] k|sf/Ù

O= :yfgfGt/ ldltÙ

O{=Ù :yfgfGt/sf] sf/0fÙ /

p= x:tfGt/0fstf{ / u|x0fstf{sf] x:tfIf/ .

cfbz{tM k'hf{df j:t'nfO{ ;DxfNbf / e08f/ ubf{ cjnDag ul/Psf ;'/Iffsf cj:yfx¿ v'nfOg'k5{ . 3

;fdfGotM o:tf j:t'sf] x:tfGt/0f jf :yfgfGt/0fsf] ;ª\Vof Go"gtd agfpg] k|of; ug'{ ;jf]{Qd xf] . 4

20

&= ;"rgfsf] Joj:yfkg / e08f/0f

;"rgf ;Íng, Joj:yfkg / e08f/0fsf tl/sf clen]vgk|lqmofsf dxŒjk"0f{ / ;+j]bgzLn kIf x'g\ / s'g} klg

clen]vg cEof; ug'{cufj} o;af/] xf]l;of/Lk"j{s ljrf/ ul/g' cfjZos x'G5 . cfbz{tM;Ílnt ;"rgfsf nflu

ljB'tLo ;"rgfjnLsf] k|of]u u/L ;a} ;"rgf ;+u|lxt ul/g'k5{ . ;"rgfjnL cfGtl/s ¿kdf ;Da4 x'g'k5{ /

sDtLdf b]xfosf hfgsf/L;dfj]z ePsf] x'g'k5{M

cGtjf{tf{ ul/Psf x/]s kLl8t÷;fIfLsf] JolQmut ;"rgfÙ•

cGtjf{tf{ ul/Psf x/]s kLl8t÷;fIfLsf] ;'/Iff ;/f]sf/Ù•

cGtjf{tf{df ;l/s x'g ;';"lrt ;Ddltsf] k|df0fÙ•

kLl8t÷;fIfLn] lbPsf k|df0fd"ns ;"rgfÙ•

kLl8t÷;fIfLn] pknAw u/fPsf lnvtk|df0fd"ns ;"rgfÙ•

lrlsT;f jf k|x/L clen]vsf] ljBdfgtf;DaGwL ;"rgfÙ•

kLl8t÷;fIfL;Fu ;DalGwt lrqfTds -kmf]6f]u|flkms_ jf >Job[ZofTds ;"rgfÙ•

dflysf s'/fsf] cg'jfb, cfslif{t x'g] ePÙ•

;Dej x'G5 eg]b]lv ;"rgfjnL o;/L kof{Kt ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g'k5{ h;n] ubf{ ;"rgfnfO{ ljleGg ;t{fwf/af6

vf]Hg ldnf];\ .

of}glx+;f;DaGwL ;"rgfsf] cEof;stf{n] ;f]sf] kl/k"0f{tf;Fu ;Demf}tf gx'g] u/L / kLl8t÷;fIfLnfO{ c¿

hf]lvddf gws]Ng] u/L e08f/0f ug]{ -h:t}M jf/bft:ynsf] kmf]6f] jf kLl8t÷;fIfL;Fusf] cGtjf{tf{sf] clen]v

sfuh_ sfo{ Hofb} dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . of}glx+;fsf ;"rgfsf] ;+j]bgzLn k|s[lt / o:tf ;"rgfsf] b'?kof]u x'Fbf x'g]

Ifltsf] ;Defjgfn] s;}n] klg kLl8t÷;fIfL, ;d'bfo / ;"rgf ;Íngstf{x¿sf] ;'/Iff / lge{otf ;'lglZrt kfg]{

tl/sfn] ;"rgf ;Íng u/L e08f/0f ug'{kg]{ s'/fnfO{ xb} dxŒjk"0f{ agfpF5 .

of}glx+;f;DaGwL ;"rgfnfO{ ;'/lIft ¿kdf e08f/0f / Joj:yfkg ug{ cEof;stf{x¿n] M

;"rgfnfO{ sxfF /fVg] / s;n] o;pk/ lgoGq0f /fVg] eGg] s'/fsf] of]hgf agfpg'k5{ . cfbz{tM ;"rgfsf] 1

:jfldTj ;Ë7gn] lng] eP klg cEof;stf{x¿n] ;"rgf ;+/Ifssf] ;'kl/j]If0fdf /x]sf] s]Gb|Lo e08f/sf]

k|of]u ug'{k5{ .

kLl8t÷;fIfLnfO{ lrgfpg] vfnsf ;"rgf -h:t}M kLl8t÷;fIfLx¿ lrgfpg] ;"rgf;lxtsf] ;Í]tfÍ;Fu d]nvfg] 2

21

;"rsfÍ÷gfdfjnL_ nfO{ ltgsf aofg–askq jf ltgn] lbPsf cGo k|df0faf6 cnUu} / ;'/lIft tl/sfn]

/fVg'xf];\ .

;Dej ePsf 7fpFdf, ;+j]bgzLn ;"rgfsf] pQd ;+/If0f ;'lglZrt kfg{ ;fj{hlgs / ;+j]bgzLn ;"rgfnfO{ 3

;Fu;Fu} /fVg] s'/f TofUgf];\ .

kl5 rflxPsf a]nf ;lhn} / tfls{s ¿kn] kfpg ;Sg] u/L ;"rgfnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug'{xf];\ . 4

plrt sfo{ljlwsf nflu sd{rf/LnfO{ k|lzlIft ug'{xf];\ M -s_ kmfOn÷ldl;n aGb ePkl5 e08fl/t ;"rgfnfO{ 5

x6fpg]Ù -v_ cfkTsfnLg k|:yfg jf lgisf;gdf ;"rgfnfO{ ;'/lIft ug]{ .

cEof;stf{;Fu ePsf ;"rgfsf] v'nf;f lbg'kg]{ jf ;jf/L;fwg hfFr 7fpF kf/ ug]{ u/L ofqf ug'{kbf{ lg/k]If 6

¿kdf cTofjZos ePdf dfq ;"rgf lnP/ lxF8\g'xf];\ . ;"rgfsf] e08f/0f / u'Kt e08f/0fsf] k|of]udf Wofg

lbg'xf];\ .

22