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REFERENCE CODE GDPE1069MAR | PUBLICATION DATE MARCH 2014
POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION (T&D) IN ASIA-PACIFIC – INFRASTRUCTURE, INVESTMENT
AND REGULATION ANALYSIS
Power Transmission and Distribution (T&D) In Asia-Pacific – Infrastructure, Investment and Regulation Analysis 2 © GlobalData. This report is a licensed product and is not to be copied, reproduced, shared or resold in any form.
POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION (T&D) IN ASIA-PACIFIC – INFRASTRUCTURE, INVESTMENT AND REGULATION ANALYSIS
Executive Summary
Incorporation of Renewable Energy into Grid to Drive Transmission and Distribution Market
As demand for electricity continues to increase,
power producers are diversifying the sources from
which electricity is generated. Countries are
increasingly investing in alternative fuels, such as
wind, solar, hydro, biomass and nuclear power, to
meet the growing demand. Among the Asia-Pacific
countries, China and India have the most extensive
plans for expanding installed renewable capacity.
By 2020, China and India are expected to have
respective wind power capacities of around XX
Gigawatts (GW) and XX GW. The incorporation of
renewable energy into their grids will drive
investment in their Transmission and Distribution
(T&D) sectors. Australia and Japan also have
robust plans for increasing the share of renewable
energy in their respective power mixes.
Smart Grid Deployment to Promote Efficient Power Consumption
Nearly all of the major countries in Asia-Pacific are
pursuing the deployment of smart grid technology,
with the intention of increasing the efficiency of
their power distribution systems and ensuring that
their power consumption is monitored effectively.
China is the leading country in this region in terms
of smart grid development. The State Grid
Corporation of China plans to invest $XX billion in
various smart grid projects between 2012 and
2015. In September 2013 the Indian government
published the “Smart Grid Vision and Roadmap for
India”. In Japan, four smart city demonstration
projects are currently in progress, while in 2010
Australia began modernizing its power distribution
system with the “Smart Grid, Smart City” project.
Robust Regulatory Framework
Most of the Asia-Pacific countries are working
towards setting up a robust regulatory framework
for facilitating the growth of their T&D sectors.
They are formulating effective policies and targets
for driving this growth. China has set a target to
interconnect its existing grids and form an
integrated synchronous national grid by 2020. India
has a very detailed set of rules and regulations for
its T&D sector. The regulations relate to inter-state
transmission licenses, electricity grid code, and
long- and medium-term open access, among other
things. New Zealand also has a good regulatory
framework, which specifically contains regulations
pertaining to interconnection rules and grid
reliability standards. Japan enacted the Electricity
System Reform law in November 2013. The law
concerns establishing a national grid company by
2015, unbundling the generation and transmission
sector and liberalizing the power market for
residential purposes. Other countries, including
Indonesia, are likely to establish a suitable
regulatory framework in the near future.
Power Transmission and Distribution (T&D) In Asia-Pacific – Infrastructure, Investment and Regulation Analysis 3 © GlobalData. This report is a licensed product and is not to be copied, reproduced, shared or resold in any form.
POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION (T&D) IN ASIA-PACIFIC – INFRASTRUCTURE, INVESTMENT AND REGULATION ANALYSIS
Table of Contents
1 Table of Contents
1 Table of Contents ................................................................................................................... 3
1.1 List of Tables .......................................................................................................................... 7
1.2 List of Figures ....................................................................................................................... 11
2 Transmission and Distribution Market, Asia-Pacific .............................................................. 14
2.1 Global Transmission and Distribution Market........................................................................ 14
2.2 Transmission and Distribution Market, Asia-Pacific .............................................................. 14
3 China Transmission and Distribution Market, China ............................................................. 16
3.1 China Overview .................................................................................................................... 16
3.1.1 China, Power Supply Structure, China .......................................................................... 17
3.1.2 Transmission Infrastructure, China ................................................................................ 18
3.1.3 China, Distribution Infrastructure, China ........................................................................ 26
3.1.4 China, Smart Grid, China .............................................................................................. 32
3.1.5 China, T&D Imports and Exports, China ........................................................................ 34
3.1.6 China, T&D Market, Investment, China ......................................................................... 35
3.1.7 China, T&D Market, Drivers, China ............................................................................... 37
3.1.8 China, T&D Market, Restraints, China ........................................................................... 39
3.1.9 China, T&D Market, Regulations and Initiatives, China ................................................. 40
4 Transmission and Distribution Market, India ......................................................................... 45
4.1 India, Overview ..................................................................................................................... 45
4.1.1 India, Power Supply Structure, India ............................................................................. 46
4.1.2 India, Transmission Infrastructure, India ........................................................................ 47
4.1.3 India, Distribution Infrastructure, India ........................................................................... 59
4.1.4 India, Smart Grid, India ................................................................................................. 68
4.1.5 India, Transmission and Distribution Market, Investments, India ................................... 70
Power Transmission and Distribution (T&D) In Asia-Pacific – Infrastructure, Investment and Regulation Analysis 4 © GlobalData. This report is a licensed product and is not to be copied, reproduced, shared or resold in any form.
POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION (T&D) IN ASIA-PACIFIC – INFRASTRUCTURE, INVESTMENT AND REGULATION ANALYSIS
Table of Contents
4.1.6 Imports and Exports, India............................................................................................. 72
4.1.7 India, Transmission and Distribution Market, Drivers ..................................................... 73
4.1.8 India, Transmission and Distribution Market, Restraints, India ...................................... 77
4.1.9 India, T&D Market, Regulations and Initiatives, India..................................................... 77
5 Indonesia, Transmission and Distribution Market ................................................................. 87
5.1 Indonesia, Overview ............................................................................................................. 87
5.1.1 Indonesia, Power Supply Structure ............................................................................... 87
5.1.2 Indonesia, Transmission Infrastructure .......................................................................... 88
5.1.3 Indonesia, Distribution Infrastructure ............................................................................. 98
5.1.4 Indonesia, Smart Grid ................................................................................................. 104
5.1.5 Indonesia, T&D Market, Imports and Exports .............................................................. 105
5.1.6 Indonesia, Transmission and Distribution Market, Investments ................................... 106
5.1.7 Indonesia, Transmission and Distribution Market, Drivers ........................................... 109
5.1.8 Indonesia, Transmission and Distribution Market, Restraints ...................................... 110
5.1.9 Indonesia, Transmission and Distribution Market, Regulations and Initiatives ............. 111
6 Japan, Transmission and Distribution Market ..................................................................... 115
6.1 Japan, Overview ................................................................................................................. 115
6.1.1 Japan, Power Supply Structure ................................................................................... 116
6.1.2 Japan, Transmission Infrastructure ............................................................................. 116
6.1.3 Japan, Distribution Infrastructure ................................................................................. 124
6.1.4 Japan, Smart Grid ....................................................................................................... 130
6.1.5 Japan, T&D Market, Imports and Exports .................................................................... 131
6.1.6 Japan, Transmission and Distribution Investments ...................................................... 132
6.1.7 Japan, T&D Market, Drivers ........................................................................................ 134
6.1.8 Japan, Transmission and Distribution Market, Restraints ............................................ 135
6.2 Japan, Power Market, Regulatory Structure Overview ........................................................ 135
Power Transmission and Distribution (T&D) In Asia-Pacific – Infrastructure, Investment and Regulation Analysis 5 © GlobalData. This report is a licensed product and is not to be copied, reproduced, shared or resold in any form.
POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION (T&D) IN ASIA-PACIFIC – INFRASTRUCTURE, INVESTMENT AND REGULATION ANALYSIS
Table of Contents
6.3 Japan, Power Market, Sector Reforms ............................................................................... 136
6.4 Japan, Power Market, New Policies and Strategy............................................................... 137
6.4.1 Cross-regional co-ordination of transmission operators ............................................... 138
6.4.2 Full retail competition .................................................................................................. 138
6.4.3 Unbundling of the T&D sector ..................................................................................... 138
7 Australia, Transmission and Distribution Market ................................................................. 139
7.1 Australia, Overview............................................................................................................. 139
7.1.1 Australia, Power Supply Structure ............................................................................... 140
7.1.2 Australia, Transmission Infrastructure ......................................................................... 140
7.1.3 Australia, Distribution Infrastructure ............................................................................. 148
7.1.4 Australia, Smart Grid ................................................................................................... 152
7.1.5 Australia, Transmission and Distribution Market, Imports and Exports ........................ 153
7.1.6 Australia, Transmission and Distribution Market, Drivers ............................................. 154
7.1.7 Australia, Transmission and Distribution Market, Restraints ........................................ 155
7.1.8 Australia Transmission and Distribution Investments................................................... 156
8 Australia, Power Market, Regulatory Structure ................................................................... 162
8.1 Australia, Power Market, Regulatory Structure Overview .................................................... 162
8.2 Power Market Restructuring in Australia ............................................................................. 162
8.3 Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme .................................................................................. 163
8.4 Carbon Capture and Storage Projects ................................................................................ 163
8.5 Clean Energy Policies ........................................................................................................ 164
9 New Zealand Transmission and Distribution Market ........................................................... 165
9.1 New Zealand, Overview...................................................................................................... 165
9.1.1 New Zealand, Power Supply Structure ........................................................................ 166
9.1.2 New Zealand, Transmission Infrastructure .................................................................. 167
Power Transmission and Distribution (T&D) In Asia-Pacific – Infrastructure, Investment and Regulation Analysis 6 © GlobalData. This report is a licensed product and is not to be copied, reproduced, shared or resold in any form.
POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION (T&D) IN ASIA-PACIFIC – INFRASTRUCTURE, INVESTMENT AND REGULATION ANALYSIS
Table of Contents
9.1.3 New Zealand, Distribution Infrastructure ...................................................................... 177
9.1.4 New Zealand, Smart Grid ............................................................................................ 184
9.1.5 New Zealand, Transmission and Distribution Market, Imports and Exports ................. 185
9.1.6 New Zealand, Transmission Investment ...................................................................... 186
9.1.7 New Zealand, Transmission and Distribution Market, Drivers ...................................... 186
9.1.8 New Zealand, Transmission and Distribution Market, Restraints ................................. 187
9.2 New Zealand, Regulatory Structure, Overview ................................................................... 188
9.3 New Zealand, Regulatory Scenario, Major Policies ............................................................ 189
9.3.1 Electricity Industry Act ................................................................................................. 189
9.3.2 Renewable Energy Policies ......................................................................................... 190
9.3.3 Energy Efficiency Measures ........................................................................................ 190
10 Appendix ............................................................................................................................ 192
10.1 Market Definitions ............................................................................................................... 192
10.1.1 Power .......................................................................................................................... 192
10.1.2 Installed Capacity ........................................................................................................ 192
10.1.3 Electricity Generation .................................................................................................. 192
10.1.4 Thermal Power Plant ................................................................................................... 192
10.1.5 Nuclear Power............................................................................................................. 192
10.1.6 Renewable Energy Resources .................................................................................... 192
10.2 Abbreviations...................................................................................................................... 193
10.3 Bibliography........................................................................................................................ 196
10.4 Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 202
10.4.1 Coverage .................................................................................................................... 202
10.4.2 Secondary Research ................................................................................................... 202
10.4.3 Primary Research ....................................................................................................... 203
10.5 Disclaimer .......................................................................................................................... 204
Power Transmission and Distribution (T&D) In Asia-Pacific – Infrastructure, Investment and Regulation Analysis 7 © GlobalData. This report is a licensed product and is not to be copied, reproduced, shared or resold in any form.
POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION (T&D) IN ASIA-PACIFIC – INFRASTRUCTURE, INVESTMENT AND REGULATION ANALYSIS
Table of Contents
1.1 List of Tables
Table 1: Transmission and Distribution Market, China, Cumulative Length of Transmission Lines (Ckm), 2000–
2020 ............................................................................................................................................... 20
Table 2: Transmission and Distribution Market, China, Transmission Capacity (MVA), 2000–2020................. 23
Table 3: Transmission and Distribution Market, China, Number of Transmission Substations, 2000–2020...... 26
Table 4: Transmission and Distribution Market, China, State Grid Corporation of China and China Southern
Power Grid, Power Sales (TWh), 2007–2012 .................................................................................. 28
Table 5: Transmission and Distribution Market, China, Distribution Line Length (Ckm), 2000–2020 ................ 30
Table 6: Transmission and Distribution Market, China, Number of Distribution Substations at 35kV level, 2000–
2020 ............................................................................................................................................... 32
Table 7: Transmission and Distribution Market, China, Generation and Grid Investment by State Grid
Corporation of China ($bn), 2006–2013 .......................................................................................... 36
Table 8: Transmission and Distribution Market, China, Generation and Grid Investment by China Southern
Power Grid, 2008–2012 .................................................................................................................. 37
Table 9: Transmission and Distribution Market, China, Key Features of 12th FYP ........................................... 44
Table 10: Transmission and Distribution Market, India, Growth of Transmission Lines below 66kV (Ckm) 1947–
2013 ............................................................................................................................................... 49
Table 11: Transmission and Distribution Market, India, Growth of Transmission Lines of 66kV and Above
(Ckm), 1947–2013 .......................................................................................................................... 51
Table12:TransmissionandDistributionMarket,India,CumulativeLengthofTransmissionLines(Ckm),2000–2020 . 53
Table 13: Transmission and Distribution Market, India, Cumulative Length of Transmission Lines (Ckm), 2000–
2020 ............................................................................................................................................... 55
Table14:TransmissionandDistributionMarket,India,TransmissionCapacity(MVA),2000–2020 .......................... 57
Table15:TransmissionandDistributionMarket,India,NumberofTransmissionSubstations,2000–2020 ................ 59
Table 16: Transmission and Distribution Market, India, Number of Villages Provided with Electricity, 1950–
2013 ............................................................................................................................................... 62
Table17:TransmissionandDistributionMarket,India,CumulativeLengthofDistributionLines(Ckm),2000–2020 .... 64
Power Transmission and Distribution (T&D) In Asia-Pacific – Infrastructure, Investment and Regulation Analysis 8 © GlobalData. This report is a licensed product and is not to be copied, reproduced, shared or resold in any form.
POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION (T&D) IN ASIA-PACIFIC – INFRASTRUCTURE, INVESTMENT AND REGULATION ANALYSIS
Table of Contents
Table 18: Transmission and Distribution Market, India, Distribution Capacity (MVA), 2000–2020 ................... 67
Table 19: Transmission and Distribution Market, India, Average Cost of Supply and Average Revenue
Realized (INR/kWh), 2009–2012..................................................................................................... 68
Table 20: Transmission and Distribution Market, India, Inter-regional Transmission Capacity (MW), End of 12th
FYP ................................................................................................................................................ 70
Table 21: Transmission and Distribution Market, India, Investments in Power Distribution under various
Schemes($bn), End of 12th FYP...................................................................................................... 72
Table 22: Transmission and Distribution Market, India, Transmission and Distribution Losses (%), 2001–2013
....................................................................................................................................................... 76
Table 23: Transmission and Distribution Market, India, Mandated Monthly Availability of Transmission
Elements (%), 2014 ........................................................................................................................ 78
Table 24: Transmission and Distribution Market, India, Mandated Monthly Availability of Transmission
Elements (Days), 2014 ................................................................................................................... 79
Table 25: Transmission and Distribution Market, India, Annual Registration by Grid Voltage, 2012................. 80
Table 26: Transmission and Distribution Market, India, Grid Voltage (kV), 2014 ............................................. 81
Table 27: Transmission and Distribution Market, India, Application Fees ($), 2014 ......................................... 82
Table 28: Transmission and Distribution Market, India, Timeframe for Processing Applications (Days), 2014 . 82
Table 29: Transmission and Distribution Market, India, Rates for Long-, Medium- and Short-term Open Access,
2014 ............................................................................................................................................... 83
Table 30: Transmission Towers Market, Indonesia, Cumulative Length of Transmission Lines (Ckm), 2000–
2020 ............................................................................................................................................... 90
Table31:TransmissionandDistributionMarket,Indonesia,TransmissionCapacity(MVA),2000–2020 .................. 94
Table 32: Indonesia, Planned Transmission Infrastructure, 2012–2021 .......................................................... 97
Table 33: Transmission and Distribution Market, Indonesia, Distribution Lines (Ckm), 2000–2020.................. 99
Table 34: Indonesia, SAIDI and SAIFI Values, 2007–2012 ........................................................................... 101
Table 35: Indonesia, Electrification Ratio, 2007–2011 .................................................................................. 102
Power Transmission and Distribution (T&D) In Asia-Pacific – Infrastructure, Investment and Regulation Analysis 9 © GlobalData. This report is a licensed product and is not to be copied, reproduced, shared or resold in any form.
POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION (T&D) IN ASIA-PACIFIC – INFRASTRUCTURE, INVESTMENT AND REGULATION ANALYSIS
Table of Contents
Table 36: Indonesia, Electrification Rate Targets (%), 2012–2031 ................................................................ 103
Table 37: Indonesia, Planned Distribution Infrastructure, 2012–2021 ........................................................... 104
Table 38: Indonesia, Power Infrastructure Investment Break-down (%), 2012–2021 ..................................... 107
Table 39: Indonesia, Transmission and Distribution Investment Split by Years ($bn), 2012-2021 ................. 108
Table40:PowerMarket,Japan,CumulativeTransmissionLineLength(Ckm),2000–2020 ................................... 120
Table 41: Japan, Transmission Capacity (MVA), 2000–2020 ....................................................................... 122
Table 42: Japan, Transmission Substations, 2000–2020 .............................................................................. 124
Table 43: Japan, Distribution Line Length (Ckm), 2000–2020....................................................................... 126
Table 44: Japan, Transmission and Distribution Losses (%), 2000–2012 ..................................................... 128
Table 45: Japan, Distribution Substations, 2000-2020 .................................................................................. 130
Table 46: Japan, Smart City Projects, 2014 ................................................................................................. 131
Table 47: Japan, Electricity Investments ($bn), 2004–2011 .......................................................................... 133
Table 48: Japan, Breakdown of Electricity Investment into Generation and Transmission and Distribution (%),
2011 ............................................................................................................................................. 133
Table 49: Power Market, Australia, Cumulative Transmission Line Length (Ckm), 2000–2020...................... 143
Table 50: Australia, Transmission Capacity (MVA), 2000–2020 ................................................................... 146
Table 51: Australia, Transmission Substations, 2000–2020.......................................................................... 148
Table 52: Australia, Distribution Line Length (Ckm), 2000–2020 .................................................................. 151
Table 53: Australia, SAIDI and SAIFI Values, 2003–2012 ............................................................................ 152
Table 54: Power Market, Australia, Transmission Investment ($m), Current Regulatory Period .................... 157
Table 55: Power Market, Australia, Distribution Investment ($m), Current Regulatory Period ........................ 158
Table 56: Power Market, Australia, Transmission Networks, Operating Expenditure ($m), Current Regulatory
Period........................................................................................................................................... 159
Table 57: Power Market, Australia, Distribution Networks, Operating Expenditure ($m), Current Regulatory
Period........................................................................................................................................... 161
Power Transmission and Distribution (T&D) In Asia-Pacific – Infrastructure, Investment and Regulation Analysis 10 © GlobalData. This report is a licensed product and is not to be copied, reproduced, shared or resold in any form.
POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION (T&D) IN ASIA-PACIFIC – INFRASTRUCTURE, INVESTMENT AND REGULATION ANALYSIS
Table of Contents
Table 58: Power Market, New Zealand, Cumulative Transmission Line Length (Ckm), 2000–2020 ............... 170
Table 59: Power Market, New Zealand, Completed Transmission Projects, 2012–2013 ............................... 171
Table 60: Power Market, New Zealand, Transmission Projects to be Commissioned, 2012–2013 ................ 171
Table 61: Power Market, New Zealand, Operational Performance versus Target, 2013 ................................ 173
Table 62: Power Market, New Zealand, Operational Performance Target for 2014 ....................................... 173
Table 63: New Zealand, Transmission Capacity (MVA), 2000–2020............................................................. 175
Table 64: New Zealand, Transmission Substations, 2000–2020 ................................................................... 177
Table 65: New Zealand, Distribution Line Length (Ckm), 2000–2020 ........................................................... 182
Table 66: New Zealand, Distribution Line Length (Ckm), 2000–2020 ........................................................... 183
Table 67: New Zealand, Distribution Capacity (MVA), 2000–2020 ............................................................... 184
Table 68: New Zealand, Transmission Investments, 2012 ............................................................................ 186
Table 69: Power Market, New Zealand, NZEECS Programs ........................................................................ 191
Table 70: Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................... 193
Power Transmission and Distribution (T&D) In Asia-Pacific – Infrastructure, Investment and Regulation Analysis 11 © GlobalData. This report is a licensed product and is not to be copied, reproduced, shared or resold in any form.
POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION (T&D) IN ASIA-PACIFIC – INFRASTRUCTURE, INVESTMENT AND REGULATION ANALYSIS
Table of Contents
1.2 List of Figures
Figure 1: Transmission and Distribution Market, China, Cumulative Length of Transmission Lines (Ckm),
2000–2020 ..................................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 2: Transmission and Distribution Market, China, Transmission Capacity (MVA), 2000–2020 ............... 22
Figure 3: Transmission and Distribution Market, China, Number of Transmission Substations, 2000–2020 .... 25
Figure 4: Transmission and Distribution Market, China, Distribution Line Length (Ckm), 2000–2020 .............. 29
Figure 5: Transmission and Distribution Market, China, Number of Distribution Substations at 35kV level,
2000–2020 ..................................................................................................................................... 31
Figure 6: Transmission and Distribution Market, China, Generation and Grid Investment by State Grid
Corporation of China ($bn), 2006–2013 .......................................................................................... 35
Figure 7: Transmission and Distribution Market, India, Growth of Transmission Lines below 66kV (Ckm), 1947–
2013 ............................................................................................................................................... 48
Figure 8: Transmission and Distribution Market, India, Growth of Transmission Lines of 66kV and Above
(Ckm), 1947–2013 .......................................................................................................................... 50
Figure 9: Transmission and Distribution Market, India, Cumulative Length of Transmission Lines (Ckm), 2000–
2020 ............................................................................................................................................... 52
Figure 10: Transmission and Distribution Market, India, Power Grid, 2013 ..................................................... 54
Figure 11: Transmission and Distribution Market, India, Transmission Capacity (MVA), 2000–2020 ............... 56
Figure 12: Transmission and Distribution Market, India, Number of Transmission Substations by Voltage Type,
2000–2020 ..................................................................................................................................... 58
Figure 13: Transmission and Distribution Market, India, Number of Villages Provided with Electricity, 1950–
2013 ............................................................................................................................................... 61
Figure 14: Transmission and Distribution Market, India, Cumulative Length of Distribution Lines (Ckm), 2000–
2020 ............................................................................................................................................... 63
Figure 15: Transmission and Distribution Market, India, Distribution Capacity (MVA), 2000–2020 .................. 66
Figure 16: Transmission and Distribution Market, India, Transmission and Distribution Losses (%), 2001–2013
....................................................................................................................................................... 75
Power Transmission and Distribution (T&D) In Asia-Pacific – Infrastructure, Investment and Regulation Analysis 12 © GlobalData. This report is a licensed product and is not to be copied, reproduced, shared or resold in any form.
POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION (T&D) IN ASIA-PACIFIC – INFRASTRUCTURE, INVESTMENT AND REGULATION ANALYSIS
Table of Contents
Figure 17: Transmission and Distribution Market, Indonesia, Cumulative Length of Transmission Lines (Ckm),
2000–2020 ..................................................................................................................................... 89
Figure 18: Transmission and Distribution Market, Indonesia, Transmission Capacity (MVA), 2000–2020........ 93
Figure 19: Transmission and Distribution Market, Indonesia, Planned Transmission Lines, 2012 ................... 97
Figure 20: Transmission and Distribution Market, Indonesia, Distribution Lines (Ckm), 2000–2020 ................ 98
Figure 21: Transmission and Distribution Market, Indonesia, Electrification-Rate Targets (%), 2012–2031 ... 102
Figure 22: Transmission and Distribution Market, Indonesia, Power Infrastructure Investment Break-Down (%),
2012–2021 ................................................................................................................................... 107
Figure 23: Transmission and Distribution Market, Indonesia, Transmission and Distribution Investment Split by
Years ($bn), 2012–2021 ............................................................................................................... 108
Figure 24: Power Market, Japan, Schematic Representation of Transmission Infrastructure ....................... 118
Figure 25: Power Market, Japan, Cumulative Transmission Line Length (Ckm), 2000–2020 ........................ 119
Figure 26: Japan, Transmission Capacity (MVA), 2000–2020 ...................................................................... 121
Figure 27: Japan, Transmission Substations, 2000–2020............................................................................. 123
Figure 28: Japan, Distribution Line Length (Ckm), 2000–2020 ..................................................................... 125
Figure 29: Japan, Transmission and Distribution Losses (%), 2000–2012 .................................................... 127
Figure 30: Japan, Distribution Substations, 2000–2020 ................................................................................ 129
Figure 31: Japan, Electricity Investments ($bn), 2004–2011 ......................................................................... 132
Figure 32: Japan, Breakdown of Electricity Investment into Generation and Transmission and Distribution (%),
2011 ............................................................................................................................................. 133
Figure 33: Power Market, Australia, Schematic Representation of Transmission Networks in National Electricity
Market, 2013 ................................................................................................................................ 141
Figure 34: Power Market, Australia, Cumulative Transmission Line Length (Ckm), 2000–2020 .................... 142
Figure 35: Australia, Transmission Capacity (MVA), 2000–2020 .................................................................. 145
Figure 36: Australia, Transmission Substations, 2000–2020 ........................................................................ 147
Figure 37: Australia, Distribution Line Length (Ckm), 2000–2020 ................................................................. 150
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POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION (T&D) IN ASIA-PACIFIC – INFRASTRUCTURE, INVESTMENT AND REGULATION ANALYSIS
Table of Contents
Figure 38: Power Market, Australia, Transmission Investment ($m), Current Regulatory Period ................... 156
Figure 39: Power Market, Australia, Distribution Investment ($m), Current Regulatory Period ...................... 157
Figure 40: Power Market, Australia, Transmission Networks, Operating Expenditure ($m), Current Regulatory
Period........................................................................................................................................... 159
Figure 41: Power Market, Australia, Distribution Networks, Operating Expenditure ($m), Current Regulatory
Period........................................................................................................................................... 160
Figure 42: Power Market, New Zealand, Schematic Representation of Power Transmission , 2013 .............. 168
Figure 43: Power Market, New Zealand, Cumulative Transmission Line Length (Ckm), 2000–2020 ............. 169
Figure 44: New Zealand, Transmission Asset Outage Count, 2004–2012 .................................................... 172
Figure 45: New Zealand, Transmission Capacity (MVA), 2000–2020 ........................................................... 174
Figure 46: New Zealand, Transmission Substations, 2000–2020.................................................................. 176
Figure 47: New Zealand, Schematic Representation of Power Distribution, 2013 ......................................... 180
Figure 48: New Zealand, Distribution Line Length (Ckm), 2000–2020 .......................................................... 181
Figure 49: New Zealand, Distribution Capacity (MVA), 2000–2020............................................................... 183
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POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION (T&D) IN ASIA-PACIFIC – INFRASTRUCTURE, INVESTMENT AND REGULATION ANALYSIS
Japan, Transmission and Distribution Market
6.1.6 Japan, Transmission and Distribution Investments
The T&D network in the country is not in a good state of repair, and requires replacements and
refurbishment within the next XX years. However, there has been a substantial decline in
investment in the T&D segment during the last few years, which has caused the condition of the
network system to deteriorate further. Insufficient deregulatory measures have been responsible for
this low investment. Moreover, the segment is not regarded as an attractive option for investment,
due to the lack of budgetary sources, as well as the long gestation period for investments. Post-
liberalization risks and criticism of Japan’s wheeling charges have added to the problems,
disincentivizing would-be investors even further.
The following figures show generation and T&D investments from 2004 to 2011, as well as the
breakdown of the electricity investment for 2011 between the generation and T&D segments.
Figure 31: Japan, Electricity Investments ($bn), 2004–2011
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Ele
ctric
ity in
vest
men
ts ($
bn)
Generation investment T&D investment
Source: FEPC, 2013
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POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION (T&D) IN ASIA-PACIFIC – INFRASTRUCTURE, INVESTMENT AND REGULATION ANALYSIS
Japan, Transmission and Distribution Market
Table 47: Japan, Electricity Investments ($bn), 2004–2011
Years Generation investment T&D investment
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Source: FEPC, 2013
Figure 32: Japan, Breakdown of Electricity Investment into Generation and Transmission and Distribution (%), 2011
Generation
Transmission and distribution
Source: FEPC, 2013
Table 48: Japan, Breakdown of Electricity Investment into Generation and Transmission and Distribution (%), 2011
Year Generation investment T&D investment
2011
Source: FEPC, 2013
Power Transmission and Distribution (T&D) In Asia-Pacific – Infrastructure, Investment and Regulation Analysis 192 © GlobalData. This report is a licensed product and is not to be copied, reproduced, shared or resold in any form.
Appendix
POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION (T&D) IN ASIA-PACIFIC – INFRASTRUCTURE, INVESTMENT AND REGULATION ANALYSIS
10 Appendix
10.1 Market Definitions
10.1.1 Power
This term refers to the rate of production, transfer, or energy use, usually related to electricity.
Measured in Watts and often expressed in kilowatts (kW) or Megawatts (MW), it is also known as
‘real’ or ‘active’ power.
10.1.2 Installed Capacity
Installed capacity refers to a generator’s nameplate capacity as stated by the manufacturer or the
maximum rated output of a generator under given conditions. Installed capacity is given in MW on
a nameplate physically fixed to the generator.
10.1.3 Electricity Generation
This term refers to producing electric energy by transforming other forms of energy. It also refers to
the amount of electric energy produced, expressed in Gigawatt hours (GWh).
10.1.4 Thermal Power Plant
This refers to a plant in which turbine generators are driven by burning fossil fuels.
10.1.5 Nuclear Power
This refers to electricity generated by the use of the thermal energy released from the fission of
nuclear fuel in a reactor.
10.1.6 Renewable Energy Resources
This refers to naturally replenishing energy resources limited in the amount of energy that is
available per unit of time. For example, biomass, geothermal, solar, wind can all be termed
renewable resources.
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Appendix
POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION (T&D) IN ASIA-PACIFIC – INFRASTRUCTURE, INVESTMENT AND REGULATION ANALYSIS
10.2 Abbreviations
Table 70: Abbreviations AC Alternating Current
ACS Average Cost of Supply
ADB Asian Development Bank
AEMC Australian Energy Market Commission
AEMO Australian Energy Market Operator
AER Australian Energy Regulator
APEC Asia- Pacific Economic Co-operation
ARR Average Revenue Realized
AT&C Aggregate Technical and Commercial
BSEB Bihar State Electricity Board
CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate
CCS Carbon Capture and Storage
CEA Central Electricity Authority
CERC Central Electricity Regulatory Commission
Ckm Circuit kilometer
CO2 carbon dioxide
CSPG China Southern Power Grid
CTU Central Transmission Utilities
DC Direct Current
D/C Double Circuit
EIA Electricity Industry Act
EPCo Electric Power Co. Inc.
ESCJ Electric Power System Council of Japan
FCF Frequency Converter Facilities
FDI Foreign Direct Investment
FiT Feed-in Tariff
FTP Fast Track Program
FYP Five-Year Plan
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GHG Greenhouse Gas
GRS Grid Reliability Standards
GW Gigawatt
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HVDC High Voltage Direct Current
IAEA International Atomic Energy Association
ICT Inter-Connecting Transformers
IEA International Energy Agency
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IEGC Indian Electricity Grid Code
IMO Independent Market Operator
IPP Independent Power Producers
ISTS Inter-State Power Transmission System
KEPCO Kansai Electric Power Company
km kilometer
kV kilovolts
kWh kilowatt hour
LDP Liberal Democratic Party
LRET Large-scale Renewable Energy Target
LV Low Voltage
MCE Ministerial Council of Energy
MedV Medium Voltage
MEMR Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
METI Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
mi miles
MNRE Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
MoU Memorandum of Understanding
MU Million Units
MVA Megavolt Ampere
NDRC National Development and Reform Commission
NEA National Energy Administration
NLDC National Load Dispatch Centers
OCCTO Organisation for Cross-regional Coordination of Transmission Operators
OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
PLN Perusahaan Listrik Negara
PPP Private Public Participation
R-APDRP Restructured Accelerated Power Development & Reforms Program
RCM Reserve Capacity Mechanism
REC Rural Electrification Corporation
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RGGVY Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana
RLDC Regional Load Dispatch Centers
RoW Right of Way
SAIDI System Average Interruption Duration Index
SAIFI System Average Interruption Frequency Index
S/C Single Circuit
SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
SEB State Electricity Boards
SERC Standing Council for Energy and Resources
SETC State Economic and Trade Commission
SGCC State Grid Corporation of China
SLDC State Load Dispatch Centers
SPC State Power Corporation
SRES Small-scale Renewable Energy Scheme
STU State Transmission Utilities
SWIS South West Interconnected System
T&D Transmission and Distribution
TEPCO Tokyo Electric Power Company
TWh Terawatt hours
UHV Ultra High Voltage
UHVDC Ultra High Voltage Direct Current
UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization
WEM Wholesale Electricity Market
Source: Global Data
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10.3 Bibliography
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POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION (T&D) IN ASIA-PACIFIC – INFRASTRUCTURE, INVESTMENT AND REGULATION ANALYSIS
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Power Transmission and Distribution (T&D) In Asia-Pacific – Infrastructure, Investment and Regulation Analysis 198 © GlobalData. This report is a licensed product and is not to be copied, reproduced, shared or resold in any form.
Appendix
POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION (T&D) IN ASIA-PACIFIC – INFRASTRUCTURE, INVESTMENT AND REGULATION ANALYSIS
The Hindu (2013). India begins power export to Bangladesh. Hindu October 6, 2013. Available
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Government of Indonesia (2013). Commercial Opportunities in Indonesia’s Power Sector.
Indonesia government. Indonesia government Available from
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Power Transmission and Distribution (T&D) In Asia-Pacific – Infrastructure, Investment and Regulation Analysis 199 © GlobalData. This report is a licensed product and is not to be copied, reproduced, shared or resold in any form.
Appendix
POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION (T&D) IN ASIA-PACIFIC – INFRASTRUCTURE, INVESTMENT AND REGULATION ANALYSIS
Japantoday (2013). Toshiba, TEPCO establish joint venture for global power transmission and
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MEMR (2013b). Draft General Plan of Electricity (RUKN) 2012–2031. Ministry of Energy and
Mineral Resources. Available from: energy-indonesia.com/02electrcitylaw/0130213RUKN.pdf
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from
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/2013/2/H1FY14_VF-Mum-F(Analyst)-web.pdf
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Power Transmission and Distribution (T&D) In Asia-Pacific – Infrastructure, Investment and Regulation Analysis 200 © GlobalData. This report is a licensed product and is not to be copied, reproduced, shared or resold in any form.
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PLN (2012). PLN STATISTICS 2012. Perusahaan Listrik Negara. Available from
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Power Transmission and Distribution (T&D) In Asia-Pacific – Infrastructure, Investment and Regulation Analysis 201 © GlobalData. This report is a licensed product and is not to be copied, reproduced, shared or resold in any form.
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Transpower (2013). Existing National Grid. Transpower. Available from
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households-by-2020 [Accessed on January 22, 2014].
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10.4 Methodology
GlobalData’s dedicated research and analysis teams consist of experienced professionals with a
pedigree in marketing and market research, consulting backgrounds in the energy industry, and
advanced levels of statistical expertise.
GlobalData adheres to the codes of practice of the Market Research Society (www.mrs.org.uk) and
the Strategic and Competitive Intelligence Professionals (www.scip.org).
All GlobalData’s databases are continuously updated and revised. The following methodology has
been followed for this report.
10.4.1 Coverage
The report provides an in-depth analysis of the T&D market in China, India, Indonesia, Australia,
New Zealand and Japan. This report analyzes the T&D market in terms of infrastructure,
investments and regulations. It provides information related to T&D lines, transmission capacity
and substations. It discusses the key drivers and restraints impacting the market. It also provides
information related to smart grid deployment in these countries, their power imports and exports
and planned investments in the T&D sector during the forecast period, as planned by their utilities.
The report provides:
Information related to power supply structure in the countries.
Analysis of T&D market related to network lines (in Ckm), capacity (in MVA) and substations
(units) for the countries.
Information related to smart grid and power imports and exports in the countries.
T&D investment planned during the forecast period in the countries.
Key regulations influencing the T&D market in these countries.
10.4.2 Secondary Research
The research process begins with exhaustive secondary research on internal and external sources
to source qualitative and quantitative information relating to each market.
The secondary research sources that are typically referred to include, but are not limited to:
Power Transmission and Distribution (T&D) In Asia-Pacific – Infrastructure, Investment and Regulation Analysis 203 © GlobalData. This report is a licensed product and is not to be copied, reproduced, shared or resold in any form.
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Company websites, annual reports, financial reports, broker reports, investor presentations and
US Securities and Exchanges Commission (SEC) filings
Industry trade journals and other literature
Internal and external proprietary databases
National government documents, statistical databases and market reports
News articles, press releases and web-casts specific to the companies operating in the market
10.4.3 Primary Research
GlobalData conducts extensive primary interviews with industry participants and commentators in
order to validate its data. A typical research interview fulfills the following functions:
It provides first-hand information on the market size, market trends, growth trends, competitive
landscape, and future outlook.
It helps in validating and strengthening the secondary research findings.
It further develops the team’s expertise and market understanding.
Primary research involves e-mail interactions, telephonic interviews as well as face-to-face
interviews for each market, category, segment and sub-segment across geographies.
The participants who typically take part in such a process include, but are not limited to:
Industry participants: CEOs, VPs, business development managers, market intelligence
managers and national sales managers
Outside experts: Investment bankers, valuation experts, research analysts and key opinion
leaders specializing in the alternative energy industry
Power Transmission and Distribution (T&D) In Asia-Pacific – Infrastructure, Investment and Regulation Analysis 204 © GlobalData. This report is a licensed product and is not to be copied, reproduced, shared or resold in any form.
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10.5 Disclaimer
All Rights Reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any
form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior
permission of the publisher, GlobalData.
This report is a licensed product and should not to be reproduced without prior permission.