GE LIGHTING Light emitting diodesemea.gelighting.com/.../images/GE_LIGHTING_Light_emitting_diodes.pdfdiodes to produce red, orange, yellow, green blue, or violet light. LED - the basics

LEDs

LEDsLight Emitting Diodes

LED – a revolution in lighting technology

Outstanding energy effi ciency

i



iInstant-on light

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iInstant-on light

iVery long life

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iInstant-on light

iVery long life

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The result: dramatic improvements in lighting systems and signifi cant reductions in energy consumption.

LED - the basics

An LED is a solid state device that produces photons (light) when an electrical current fl ows through it.

LED - the basics


It takes the form of a semi-conductor chip, housed in a plastic capsule.

DOME LENS

BONDING WIRELED CHIP

CATHODE POST

ANODE POST

CATHODE (-)

ANODE (+)

LED - the basics


It takes the form of a semi-conductor chip, housed in a plastic capsule.

There are no glass bulbs, no air and no fragile fi laments, resulting in a highly robust light source.

i

DOME LENS

BONDING WIRELED CHIP

CATHODE POST

ANODE POST

CATHODE (-)

ANODE (+)

How is light created?

The diode itself consists of two types of material:



■ N-type – with negatively charged particles

N-TYPESEMICONDUCTOR

_



■ N-type – with negatively charged particles■ P-type – missing electrons – or ‘holes’

P-TYPESEMICONDUCTOR

N-TYPESEMICONDUCTOR

+

_




When current fl ows, electrons start to move in the N-type material

i

P-TYPESEMICONDUCTOR

N-TYPESEMICONDUCTOR

+

_




When current fl ows, electrons start to move in the N-type material

i When they encounter a hole in the P-type material, a photon is released

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P-TYPESEMICONDUCTOR

N-TYPESEMICONDUCTOR

+

_

LED - the basics

The diode will produce a narrow bandwidth of photons, resulting in a single colour.

The fi rst LED was red.

LED - the basics

The diode will produce a narrow bandwidth of photons, resulting in a single colour


Today, the use of diff erent semiconductor materials enables diodes to produce red, orange, yellow, green blue, or violet light.

LED - the basics

The diode will produce a narrow bandwidth of photons, resulting in a single colour


Just like incandescent, HID and fl uorescent technology, the development of commercial LED lighting can be traced back to GE.

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LED - a revolution pioneered by GE

1962 Nick Holonyak, GEFirst visible light LED



GE researcher Nick Holonyak invented the fi rst light emitting diode in 1962.

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GE researcher Nick Holonyak invented the fi rst light emitting diode in 1962.

His fi rst LED only emitted red light but it laid the foundations for today’s LED technology.

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LED evolution

LED evolution

1963Red LED

fi rst demonstrated by Nick Holonyak

LED evolution

1963Red LED


First bright blue LED demonstrated by

Shuji Nakamura of Nichia

1993

LED evolution

1963Red LED




First white phosphor LED demonstrated

1993

1996

LED evolution

1963Red LED




Shuji Nakamura, Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano awarded

Nobel Prize in Physics

First white phosphor LED demonstrated

1993

1996

2014

LED evolution

LED evolution

Early applications limited to power indicators on electronic equipment

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LED evolution


iTechnological advances/effi ciencies

drove adoption in clocks and watches

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LED evolution


iTechnological advances/effi ciencies

drove adoption in clocks and watches

iLEDs can now be found everywhere,

from street lights to architecture

i

Creating white light

LEDs only emit one colour, so diff erent techniques are used to create white light.



COLOUR MIXINGCombining red, green and blue LEDs creates white light.



PHOSPHOR CONVERSIONA phosphor coating is used to convert blue light into white light.

BLUE LIGHT

PHOSPHOR COATING



PHOSPHOR CONVERSIONA phosphor coating is used to convert blue light into white light.

Hybrid technologies – using multi-phosphors / multi-LEDs can also be used

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BLUE LIGHT

PHOSPHOR COATING

LED lamp componentsLED lamps are made

up of fi ve key components

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INTERFACE This connects the lamp to the power source, e.g. traditional GU10, E27, B22 caps or commercial fi ttings.

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DRIVER LEDs require a separate or integrated driver to convert standard 240/230V AC power into a stable, low-voltage direct current (DC).

Drivers are also used for lighting control, e.g. dimming.

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2



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HEAT SINKLED chips are sensitive to heat so a heat sink is used to dissipate the heat. These are usually made of aluminium due to its good heat conducting qualities.

1

2

3



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LED CHIP Multiple LED chips mounted on

a PCB (Printed Circuit Board) create the light engine.


1

42

3



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LED CHIP Multiple LED chips mounted on

a PCB (Printed Circuit Board) create the light engine.

OPTICS Some lamps simply need a lens cover. More often, advanced optics maximise effi ciency by ensuring that the light is delivered where it’s needed.


1 5

42

3



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High quality light. Outstanding effi cacy.

LED technology has changed the world of lighting forever, delivering a high quality light with outstanding effi cacy.

Game-changing energy effi ciencyEffi

cac

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/W)

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1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020


cac

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/W)

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1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020

Incandescent


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Incandescent

Halogen


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/W)

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Incandescent

Halogen

Metal halide


cac

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/W)

1880

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Incandescent

Halogen

Metal halide

CFL


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/W)

1880

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20

40

60

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Incandescent

Halogen

Metal halide

CFL

LED

The evolution of LED technology continues today.


cac

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/W)

1880

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20

40

60

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1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020


Effi cacy – the ability to

convert electricity into light

– is central to this


cac

y (lm

/W)

1880

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020


Effi cacy – the ability to

convert electricity into light

– is central to this

LED lamps provide outstanding

energy effi ciency, and are continually

improving

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cac

y (lm

/W)

1880

0

20

40

60

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1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020

Game-changing energy effi ciency

Up to 90% greater energy effi ciency

vs. traditional technologies

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iDramatic reduction

in energy costs

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£



iDramatic reduction

in energy costs

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Reduced CO2 emissions

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£

Long-lasting

GE Lighting is now selling products with 100k+ hours lifetime. This means:

■ Low overall cost of ownership■ Reduced maintenance/

replacement costs

100,000+ HOURS

Long-lasting



replacement costs

100,000+ HOURS

Long-lasting



replacement costs

100,000+ HOURS

Long-lasting



replacement costs

100,000+ HOURS

Long-lasting



replacement costs

100,000+ HOURS

Long-lasting



replacement costs

100,000+ HOURS

Long-lasting



replacement costs

100,000+ HOURS

Environmentally friendly

As well as being energy effi cient, LED technology also means:



■ No mercury



■ No mercury■ No lead



■ No mercury■ No lead■ No UV or IR emissions

LED – the benefi ts


■ Outstanding energy effi ciency


■ Outstanding energy effi ciency■ Reduced carbon footprint


■ Outstanding energy effi ciency■ Reduced carbon footprint■ Very long life – 100,000+ hours


■ Outstanding energy effi ciency■ Reduced carbon footprint■ Very long life – 100,000+ hours ■ High quality light – instant on


■ Outstanding energy effi ciency■ Reduced carbon footprint■ Very long life – 100,000+ hours ■ High quality light – instant on■ Reliable and robust – solid state device


■ Outstanding energy effi ciency■ Reduced carbon footprint■ Very long life – 100,000+ hours ■ High quality light – instant on■ Reliable and robust – solid state device ■ Easy to control

(dimming, light eff ects, power saving)



(dimming, light eff ects, power saving)■ Virtually maintenance free



(dimming, light eff ects, power saving)■ Virtually maintenance free■ No lead or mercury



(dimming, light eff ects, power saving)■ Virtually maintenance free■ No lead or mercury■ No UV or IR emissions

Questions ?

What are the two types of material in a diode?

Glass and metal

N-type and P-type

Lead and mercury

Gas and fi lament

What are the two types of material in a diode?

Glass and metal

N-type and P-type

Lead and mercury

Gas and fi lament

✗

✗

✗

The colour of light produced by a diode is determined by:

The lens

The level of power

The semi-conductor material

The driver

The colour of light produced by a diode is determined by:

The lens

The level of power

The semi-conductor material

The driver

✗

✗

✗

What colour of LED light was produced by GE researcher Nick Holonyak in 1962?

Blue

White

Red, Blue and Green

Red

What colour of LED light was produced by GE researcher Nick Holonyak in 1962?

Blue

White

Red, Blue and Green

Red

✗

✗

✗

What material is widely used to convert the photons produced by LEDs into white light?

Phosphor

Aluminium

N-type / P-type

Mercury

What material is widely used to convert the photons produced by LEDs into white light?

Phosphor

Aluminium

N-type / P-type

Mercury

✗

✗

✗

What level of energy savings can LED-based systems deliver compared with traditional technologies?

Up to 40%

Up to 50%

Up to 75%

Up to 90%

What level of energy savings can LED-based systems deliver compared with traditional technologies?

Up to 40%

Up to 50%

Up to 75%

Up to 90%

✗

✗

✗

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Documents

GE LIGHTING Light emitting diodesemea.gelighting.com/.../images/GE_LIGHTING_Light_emitting_diodes.pdfdiodes to produce red, orange, yellow, green blue, or violet light. LED - the basics