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Interdisciplinary Center of Competence for Gender Issues in Sports Sciences
Gender Bias in Research –a Case Study in Sports Medicinea Case Study in Sports Medicine
Prof. Dr. Ilse Hartmann-Tews, Dr Bettina Rulofs Prof apl Dr Klara Brixius Dr Claudia CombrinkDr. Bettina Rulofs, Prof. apl. Dr. Klara Brixius, Dr. Claudia Combrink
Dones i esport: bones pràctiques en recerca, docència i innivacióWomen and sport: innovation in research, teaching and practice
Barcelona, Sept. 26./27. 2011
Interdisciplinary Center of Competence for Gender Issues in Sports Sciences
Structure
1. Current state of research
2. Methodological approach
3. First Results
4. Conclusion and prospects
Interdisciplinary Center of Competence for Gender Issues in Sports Sciences
1. 1. CurrentCurrent statestate ofof researchresearch
• lack of research with focus on gender issues in health sciencesg(sex ~ biological aspects; gender ~ social aspects)
• increasing awareness in medicine• increasing awareness in medicine, but scarcity of gender-sensitive studies
• insufficient knowledge about gender bias
Cp. Risberg Johansson & Hamberg, 2009; Combrink, Rulofs & Hartmann-Tews (2008); Babitsch (2005); Maschewsky-Schneider & Fuchs (2004); Voss & Lohff (2004); Fuchs, Maschewsky & Maschewsky-Schneider (2002); Jahn (2002)
Interdisciplinary Center of Competence for Gender Issues in Sports Sciences
Gender bias in research
1 Androcentrism/ Gynocentrism
Gender bias in research
1. Androcentrism/ Gynocentrism• Underrepresentation of women or men in study-samples• Male or female perspective in focus
2. Sex/Gender blindness• Ignoring the relevance of gender and/or sex• De-contextualization• No reflection on the relevance of male/ female investigators
3. Unequal standard of measurement• Interpretation of results guided by stereotypes
Cp. Risberg Johansson & Hamberg, 2009; Combrink, Rulofs & Hartmann-Tews (2008); Babitsch (2005); Maschewsky-Schneider & Fuchs (2004); Voss & Lohff (2004); Fuchs, Maschewsky & Maschewsky-Schneider (2002); Jahn (2002)
Interdisciplinary Center of Competence for Gender Issues in Sports Sciences
Reasons for gender bias in research y
deq
uity
ifferees
s/e nce/ i
ignoring differences based on biology, culture, power asymmetry
assuming differences where there are none, e g stereotyping
amen
e inequ
power asymmetry e.g. stereotyping
sauity
(cp. Risberg Johansson & Hamberg, 2009; Combrink, Rulofs & Hartmann-Tews, 2008; Ruiz & Verbrugge, 1997)
Interdisciplinary Center of Competence for Gender Issues in Sports Sciences
QuestionsQuestionsQuestionsQuestions
In how far does gender bias occur in sports medicine and sport-related health research?
What kind of social structures foster or impede gender bias in research designs?gender bias in research designs?
Interdisciplinary Center of Competence for Gender Issues in Sports Sciences
Structure
1. Current state of research
2. Methodological approach
3. First Results
4. Conclusion and prospects
Interdisciplinary Center of Competence for Gender Issues in Sports Sciences
Gender Bias in sports medicine and sport related health researchin sports medicine and sport-related health research
1. Survey of the relevance of sex and gender aspects
2. Analysis of reasonsfor gender bias
3. Development of criteria forgender-sensitive researchof sex and gender aspects for gender bias gender-sensitive research
A C DB
Quantitative content analysis of
abstracts in the fi ld f t
Interviews withexperts
from scientific
Evaluation of research projects in
sports medicine
In-depths analysis of selected articles
field of sports medicine institutions, funding
bodies and journals
pconcerning gender
sensitivity
Interdisciplinary Center of Competence for Gender Issues in Sports Sciences
Content analysis of abstracts in sports mediciney p(Subproject A)
• Data set: 2.922 abstracts of Journal articlesDatabase: Pubmed/Medline and Spolit Complete inventory of the years 2005-2008 Sports medicine [broad field]Research institution in GermanyResearch institution in Germany
• Standardized short-answer questionaire
• Interrater-reliability: 90%
Interdisciplinary Center of Competence for Gender Issues in Sports Sciences
Structure
1. Current state of research
2. Methodological approach
3. First Results
4. Conclusion and prospects
Interdisciplinary Center of Competence for Gender Issues in Sports Sciences
Sample composition: Androcentrism / Gynocentrism?
90%
100%
70%
80%
38 2%42,2%
50%
60%
38,2%
15 5%20%
30%
40%
Topic relevant to both sexes15,5%
4,1%0%
10%
20%
Topic relevant to one sex only/not determinable
0%
not determinable men & women men only women onlyN=2.922N=2.829
Interdisciplinary Center of Competence for Gender Issues in Sports Sciences
Sample composition of different research designs
70%70%
80%
70%65%60%
40%
50%
both sexes were
29%20%
30%investigated
10%
20%
0%clinical studies field laboratory N=2.829
Interdisciplinary Center of Competence for Gender Issues in Sports Sciences
Gender-sensitive research ?
Do the abstracts
• Inform about the relevance of sex orInform about the relevance of sex or gender in research ?
• address sex or gender differences and/or similarities ?
• reflect on gender order ?Topic relevant to both sexes
Topic relevant to one sex only/not determinable
N=2.922
Interdisciplinary Center of Competence for Gender Issues in Sports Sciences
Gender-sensitive research
Topic relevant to both sexes 7,2%
Topic relevant to one sex only/not determinable
(N=2.829)N=2.922
Interdisciplinary Center of Competence for Gender Issues in Sports Sciences
Sample composition of different research designs
70%70%
80%
70%65%60%
40%
50%
both sexes were
29%20%
30%investigated
10%
20%
0%clinical studies field laboratory N=2.829
Interdisciplinary Center of Competence for Gender Issues in Sports Sciences
Gender sensitivity with different research designs
N=2.829
Interdisciplinary Center of Competence for Gender Issues in Sports Sciences
Gender sensitivity with respect to central journals
80%
90%■ both sexes were investigated
■ gender-sensitivity
50%
60%
70%
20%
30%
40%
0%
10%
20%
N=2.829
Interdisciplinary Center of Competence for Gender Issues in Sports Sciences
Structure
1. Current state of research
2. Methodological approach
3. Firts Results
4. Conclusion
Interdisciplinary Center of Competence for Gender Issues in Sports Sciences
Gender Bias in Sports Medicine ?
1 Androcentrism / Gynocentrism1. Androcentrism / Gynocentrism• Male or female perspective in focus• Underrepresentation of women or men in study-samples
2. Sex/Gender blindness• Ignoring the relevance of gender and/or sex• De-contextualization• No reflection on the relevance of male/ female investigators
3. Unequal standard of measurement• Interpretation of results guided by stereotypes
Interdisciplinary Center of Competence for Gender Issues in Sports Sciences
Structure
1. Current state of research
2. Methodological approach
3. Firts Results
4. Conclusion and prospects
Interdisciplinary Center of Competence for Gender Issues in Sports Sciences
Prospects
Gender Bias in sports medicine and sport related health researchin sports medicine and sport-related health research
1. Survey of the relevance of sex and gender aspects
2. Analysis of reasonsfor gender bias
3. Development of criteria forgender-sensitive researchof sex and gender aspects for gender bias gender-sensitive research
A C DB
Quantitative content analysis of
abstracts in the fi ld f t
Interviews withexperts
from scientific
Evaluation of research projects in
sports medicine
In-depths analysis of selected articles
field of sports medicine institutions, funding
bodies and journals
pconcerning gender
sensitivity
Interdisciplinary Center of Competence for Gender Issues in Sports Sciences
In In depthdepth--analysisanalysis ofof articlesarticlesyy
Central parts of an articleGendered ?
• State of the art• Intervention / Method
~ 20%~ 3%
• Results• Discussion / Interpretation
~ 46% ~ 24%
• Deficits / Prospect~ 8%
Interdisciplinary Center of Competence for Gender Issues in Sports Sciences
Prospects
Gender Bias in sports medicine and sport related health researchin sports medicine and sport-related health research
1. Survey of the relevance of sex and gender aspects
2. Analysis of reasonsfor gender bias
3. Development of criteria forgender-sensitive researchof sex and gender aspects for gender bias gender-sensitive research
A C DB
Quantitative content analysis of
abstracts in the fi ld f t
Interviews withexperts
from scientific
Evaluation ofresearch projects in
sports medicine
In-depths analysis of selected articles
field of sports medicine institutions, funding
bodies and journals
pconcerning gender
sensitivity
Interdisciplinary Center of Competence for Gender Issues in Sports Sciences
Thank you for your attention!y yResearch Group :
Prof. Dr. Ilse Hartmann-Tews, Prof apl Dr Klara BrixiusProf. apl. Dr. Klara Brixius, Dr. Claudia Combrink,Dr. Bettina Rulofs,Johanna Schirm,Stefanie Schulte, Thomas WendtTatiana Zueva
www.dshs-koeln.de/igis
Interdisciplinary Center of Competence for Gender Issues in Sports Sciences
Literatur
Babitsch B (2005) Soziale Ungleichheit Geschlecht und Gesundheit Bern: HuberBabitsch, B. (2005). Soziale Ungleichheit, Geschlecht und Gesundheit. Bern: Huber, Hogrefe.
Combrink, C., Rulofs, B. & Hartmann-Tews, I. (2008). Geschlechtersensible Forschung im Kontext von Gesundheit und Bewegung. In Hartmann-Tews, I. & Combrink C. (Hrsg.), Gesundheit, Bewegung und Geschlecht (pp. 13-28). St. Augustin: Academia.
Fuchs, J., Maschewsky, K & Maschewsky-Schneider, U. (2002). Zu mehr Gleichberech-tigung zwischen den Geschlechtern: Erkennen und Vermeiden von Gender Bias in der Gesundheitsforschung Berlin: BZPHder Gesundheitsforschung. Berlin: BZPH.
Jahn, I. (2002). Methodische Probleme einer geschlechtergerechten Gesundheits-forschung. In Hurrelmann, K. & Kolip, P. (Hrsg.), Geschlecht, Gesundheit und Krankheit. Männer und Frauen im Vergleich. S. 142-156. Bern: Hans Huber.
Maschewsky-Schneider, U. & Fuchs, J. (2004). Gender Bias – gender research in Public Health. In W. Kirch (Ed.), Public Health in Europe. (pp. 119-128). Berlin u.a.: Springer.
Voss, A. & Lohff, B. (2004). Nach-denkliches zur Gender Medizin. In A. Rieder & B. Lohff(Hrsg ) Gender Medizin Geschlechtsspezifische Aspekte für die klinische Praxis (pp(Hrsg.), Gender Medizin. Geschlechtsspezifische Aspekte für die klinische Praxis (pp. 435-443). Wien: Springer.
Risberg, G., Johansson, E. & Hamberg, K. (2009). A theoretical Model for AnalysingGender Bias in Medicine. International Journal for Equity in Health, 8, 28.
Ruiz, T.M. & Verbrugge, L.M. (1997). A Two Way of Gender Bias in Medicine. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 51, 106-109.