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Tbilisi 2006
genderuli pariteti partiaSi, rogorc socialuri konsesusi
winamdebare gamocema momzadebulia gaeros ganviTarebis programis proeqtis - "genderi da politika samxreT kavkasiaSi” - farglebSi.
avtorebi: Tamar bagratia, nino lagvilava.
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis mimarTeT:
gaeros ganviTarebis proeqtis "genderi da politika samxreT kavkasiaSi" ofiss Semdeg misamarTze: saqarTvelos parlamentis administraciuli Senoba, rusTavelis gamziri 8, oTaxi 034, Tbilisi 0118; tel/faqsi: (99532) 923662; www.genderandpolitics.ge an gaeros ganviTarebis programis ofiss saqarTveloSi misamarTze: gaeros saxli, erisTavis q. 9, Tbilisi, 0179, saqarTvelotel: (99532) 998558; 251126/28/29/31, faqsi; (99532) 250271/72.
© United Nations Development ProgrammeTbilisi, Georgia, 2006 Printed by GeoArt Ltd
proeqtis Sesaxeb:
gaeros ganviTarebis programis “genderi da politika samxreT ka-vkasiaSi” proeqtis strategiaa demokratiuli ganviTarebis xelSew-yoba politikaSi genderuli Tanasworobis miRweviT da samxreT kavkasiis qveynebs Soris regionuli TanamSromlobis ganviTareba
proeqti xorcieldeba gaeros ganviTarebis programis (UNDP) mier saqarTvelos parlamentTan TanamSromlobiT SvedeTis saerTaSor-iso ganviTarebis saagentosa (SIDA) da saqarTvelos mTavrobis finansuri mxardaWeriT.
proeqtis amocanebi: Ø saqarTveloSi genderuli politikis ganviTarebis mxardaWera da genderuli Tanasworobis danergva samTavrobo struqturebSi Ø gadawyvetilebis mimReb doneebze qalTa SesaZleblobebis gazrda politikur procesebSi maTi monawileobis gaaqtiurebis mizniT Ø regionuli TanamSromlobis gafarToeba samxreT kavkasiaSi
proeqtSi xorcieldeba aqtivobebi Semdegi komponentebis mixedviT:1. genderul sakiTxebze momuSave institutiuri meqnizmebis mx-ardaWera da ganviTareba2. genderulad mgrZnobiare erovnuli kanonmdebloba da saxelm-wifo genderuli politikis SemuSaveba 3. erovnuli samoqmedo gegmis ganxorcielebis mxardaWera qveya-naSi qalTa dawinaurebis da genderuli Tanasworobis misaRwevad 4. politikur partiebSi qalTa monawileobis gazrda da partiebSi genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofa 5. sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis amaRleba genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebSi6. samxreT kavkasiaSi regionuli TanamSromloba mTavrobebsa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebs Soris 7. genderuli resurs-centris ganviTareba da qalTa ekonomikuri gaaqtiureba regionebSi.
sarCevi
Sesavali 3
genderuli Tanasworoba - ra aris problemis arsi? 4
ra instrumentebi arsebobs barierebis kompensirebisaTvis? 9
genderuli pariteti partiaSi, rogorcsocialuri konsensusi 13
genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevisstrategiebi partiebSi 18
daskvna 24
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
Sesavali
demokratizaciis procesebma politikuri meqanizmebis, ekonomikuri sistemebis, institutebisa da marTvis praqti-kis restruqturireba moaxdina. Sesabamisad, am cvlile-bebma sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi qalisa da mamakacis Tanabari monawileobis uzrunvelyofis sakiTxi mniSvnelovani gaxada.miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi ukanasknel peri-
odSi momxdarma movlenebma qali politikosebis raodeno-bis zrda gamoiwvia, gadawyvetilebis miRebis doneze qalTa monawileobis done mainc dabalia. amJamad, saqarTvelos parlamentSi qalebi deputatTa saerTo raodenobis 10%-s Seadgenen, xolo 2002 wlis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelo-bis organoebis arCevnebis Sedegebis mixedviT qalebs man-datebis mxolod 11,8 %-i aqvT mopovebuli. qalTa monawil-eobis statistika gviCvenebs, rom arsebobs xelisuflebis tipiuri genderuli piramida, sadac qalebi umetesad gadaw-yvetilebis miRebis qveda doneebze arian warmodgenilni, iq sadac Zalauflebis naklebi koncentraciaa da politi-kuri konkurenciac dabalia.2006 wels saqarTveloSi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis
arCevnebi gaimarTeba. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba re-formirebuli, axali modelis principebiT ganxorcieldeba. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis axali administraciul-ter-itoriuli safuZveli da saarCevno sistema mniSvnelovnad Seamcirebs qalTa warmomadgenlobas da minimumamde dai-yvans qalis rols adgilobrivi politikis formirebaSi. politikur partiebs, warmoadgenen ra politikuri procesis umTavres subieqtebs, mniSvnelovani roli eniWebaT qalTa politikuri gaaqtiurebis saqmeSi. swored am mimarTulebiT saqmianobis warsamarTavad gamoadgebaT partiis liderebs winamdebare publikacia.publikacia “genderuli Tanasworoba, rogorc socialuri
konsesusi” gankuTvnilia politikuri partiebisaTvis da politikur procesebSi genderuli problematikiT daintere-sebuli sazogadoebisaTvis. masSi moTxrobilia partiaSi genderuli Tanasworobis arsze da mizanze, im politika-ze, romlebic sxvadasxva qveyanaSi politikurma partiebma awarmoes genderuli balansis misaRwevad da im Sedege-bze, rac zogadad paritetis princips, kerZod ki, genderul Tanasworobas moaqvs sazogadoebis sakeTildReod.
3
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
genderuli Tanasworoba - ra aris problemis arsi?
Teoriuli kamaTi qalTa da mamakacTa Tanaswori uflebebis Sesaxeb XVII saukuneSi daiwyo. kamaTma yvelaze mwvave forma swored qalTa politikuri warmomadgenlobis ganxilvis dros miiRo, Tumca, XX saukunis 60-ian wlebamde genderul gansxavebebs iSviaTad miiCnevdnen politikurad sainteresod an mniSvnelovnad. Tu qalTa da mamakacTa sruliad gansxvavebul, ekonomikur da politikur rolebs mci-rediT mainc iTvaliswinebdnen, isini bunebrivad da Sesabamisad, gardauvlad miiCneoda.
Tavis cnobil traqtatSi jon stiuart mili calsaxad aRniS-navda, rom Tanasworuflebianobis gareSe sazogadoebis inteleq-
tualuri ganviTareba SeuZlebelia. 1850-ian wlebSi da 1867 wels TemTa palatam uaryo jon sti-
uart milis mier wardgenili pirveli winadadeba qalebisaTvis saarCevno xmis uflebis miniWebis Taobaze.
XX saukunis dasawyisSi saxelmwifoTa 95%-ma qa-
lebs demokratiis ori mniSvnelovani, fuZemdebluri ufleba mianiWa – pasiuri da aqtiuri saarCevno ufleba. pirvelad xmis ufleba qalebma axal zelandiaSi
moipoves 1893 wels, xolo fineTSi 1906 wels qalebs erTdroulad rogorc pasiuri, aseve aqtiuri saar-Cevno ufleba mianiWes. aRsaniSnavia, rom 1907 wels Catarebul saparlamento arCevnebSi qalebma fineTis parlamentis 10% Seadgines. Tanasworuflebianoba demokratiuli saxelmwifos
safuZvels warmoadgens. qalTa da mamakacTa Tana-bari monawileoba gadawyvetilebebis miRebis pro-cesSi zustad asaxavs sazogadoebis struqturas da Sesabamisad, miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis samar-Tlianobas, politikis xarisxis gaumjobesebas da de-mokratiis ganmtkicebas ganapirobebs.qalTa da mamakacTa Tanabari monawileobis uzrun-
velyofa mravali saerTaSoriso organizaciis saqmi-anobis prioritets warmoadgens.
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
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5
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
konvencia “qalTa politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb” gaeros generalurma asambleam 1952 wlis 20 dekem-bers miiRo da ZalaSi 1954 wlis 7 ivliss Sevida.konvenciam deklarireba gaukeTa qalTa uflebas,
monawileoba miiRon yvela saxis arCevnebSi, gaxd-nen erovnuli kanoniT gansazRvruli nebismieri saxis arCeviTi Tanamdebobis mflobelebi, daikavon saxelmwifo samsaxurSi nebismieri posti mamakacebis Tanasworad, diskriminaciis gareSe.es iyo pirveli dokumenti, romelmac qalTa politi-
kur uflebebi saerTaSoriso doneze ganamtkica.saerTaSoriso paqti samoqalaqo da politikuri
uflebebis Sesaxeb (miRebulia gaeros generaluri asambleis mier 1966 wlis 16 dekembers) avaldebu-lebs wevr saxelmwifoebs uzrunvelyon qalTa da mamakacTaTvis samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebiT sargeblobis Tanaswori ufleba. nairobis strategia da pekinis konferencia aseve aregulirebs qalTa politikur uflebebis realizaciis sakiTxs. zemoT CamoTvlili dokumentebi iTxoven konkretuli valde-bulebebis Sesrulebas qalTa socialuri statusis amalebisa da sqesTa realuri Tanasworobis uzrun-velsayofad.gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis konvenciis “qa-
lTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Ses-axeb” (miRebul iqna 1979 wels) mixedviT, muxli 7, saxelmwifoebi qalebisaTvis, mamakacebis Tanasworad, uzrunvelyofen uflebas: a) monawileoba miiRon yvela saxis arCevnebsa da
referendumSi, arCeul iqnes nebismier arCeviT or-ganoSi;b) monawileoba miiRon saxelmwifo politikis
formirebasa da ganxorcielebaSi da daikavos saxelm-wifo Tanamdebobebi, agreTve ganaxorcielos nebism-ieri funqciebi saxelmwifos marTvis yvela doneze;
evropis sabWos saparlamento asambleis mier SemuSavebuli paritetuli demokratiis koncefciis mixedviT, `genderuli ba-lansi WeSmariti demokratiis umTavres pirobasa da princips warmoadgens.“
"qalTa da mamakacTa Tanasworoba kanonis uzenaesobaze da-fuZnebuli, samarTliani da demokratiuli sazogadoebis mniS-vnelovani elementia."
(evropis usafrTxoebisa da TanamSromlobis organizacia, moskovis konferencia, 1991 w.)
evrokavSiris struqturebi aRiareben, rom politika-Si sqesTa Tanasworuflebianobis principebis gatare-ba demokratiis funqcionirebis aucilebeli pirobaa. 1999 wlis amsterdamis xelSekrulebam daavaldebula evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebi daZlios diskrimi-nacia da daamyaros Tanabaruflebianoba qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris.
faqtorebi, romlebic aucilebels xdis qalTa politikuri gadawyvetilebis procesSi monawileobas
egalitarizmi, sqesTa Tanasworobapolitikuri mowyobis legitimizaciainteresebis gansxvavebapolitikis koncefciis gansxvavebuli xedvaadamianuri resursebis efeqturi gamoyeneba
•••••
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi, saerTaSorisod aRi-arebuli principebis Sesabamisad, srulad aris dacu-li sxvadasxva sqesis adamianebisaTvis Tanasworobis standartebi, Tumca SesaZleblobebis Tanasworoba sakmaod problematur sakiTxs warmoadgens. de-iure qalTa politikuri uflebebi daculia, xolo de-faq-to arcTu ise saxarbielo tendenciebi SeiniSneba. realurad, qalebi kvlav rCebian diskriminirebul so-cialur-demografiul jgufad. rac ZiriTadad politi-kuri uflebebis realizaciis dros vlindeba. zogadad, politikuri procesi ar aris genderulad neitraluri, rac qalTa diskriminaciis struqturuli (qalTa so-cializacia) situaciuri (genderuli rolebi) da kul-turuli (sazogadobaSi arsebuli stereotipebis da Sexedulebebi) faqtorebiT aris ganpirobebuli.
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
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7
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
cx. 1. saqarTvelos mier ratificirebuli saerTa-Soriso dokumentebi
15.09.1991 "adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia"
25.01.1994"samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa saerTaSor-iso paqti"
25.01.1994"ekonomikur socialur da kulturul uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqti"
22.09.1994"qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris konvencia"
29.05.1996"mamakacTa da qalTa Tanabari Rirebulebis Sromis Tanabari anazRaurebis Sesaxeb"
#1472-RS,18.05.2002
"qalTa mimarT diskriminaciis yvela formis aR-mofxvris Sesaxeb konvenciis damatebiT oqmTan SeerTeis Sesaxeb"
#1674-IS,27.09.2002
"qalTa mimarT diskriminaciis yvela formis aR-mofxvris Sesaxeb konvenciis me-20 muxlis pirveli punqtis Sesworebis ratificirebis raobaze"
16.06.05 "qalTa politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb" konvencia
arCevnebze moqmedebs e.w. "genderuli cenzi," rac vlindeba partiis mier kandidatTa SerCevis meqa-nizmebSi, saarCevno kampaniis dafinansebaSi, masme-diis saSualebebiT qali kandidatebis reklamireba-Si, razec aseve negatiur gavlenas mizanmimarTuli sainformacio politikis ararsebobas axdens.
Tanasworobis da Sesabamisad, WeSmariti demokra-tiuli Rirebulebebis damkvidrebis saqmeSi warmate-bebs is saxelmwifoebi aRweven, romlebic genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxs afaseben ara rogorc "margin-alizirebul qalTa" jgufis sakiTxs, aramed rogorc Tanaswori uflebebis uzrunvelyofis problemas
Tanasworobaa is, rodesac TiToeul adamians ganurCevlad sqesisa, SeuZlia ganviTardes individu-aluri niSan-Tvisebebis, Cvevebisa da survilebis safuZvelze da ara memkvidreobiT gadacemuli ste-reotipuli mosazrebebis mixedviT
liberalebi tradiciulad miiCnevdnen, rom gansx-vavebebs qalTa da mamakacTa Soris mxolod pi-raduli an kerZo mniSvneloba aqvs. sazogadoebriv da politikur cxovrebaSi yvela adamiani miiCneva pirovnebad, aq sqess iseve ar aqvs mniSvneloba, ro-gorc eTnikur kuTvnilebas an socialur klass.
faSistebi genders kacobriobis dayofis safuZvlad miiCneven. mamakacebs bunebrivad ekuTvniT monopo-lia liderobasa da gadawyvetilebis miRebaze, maSin rodesac qalebi mTlianad Seeferebian diasxlisis, damxmare da daqvemdebarebul rols.
konservatorebi tradiciulad xazs usvamdnen gend-eruli dayofis socialur da politikur mniSvnelo-bas, isini amtkicebdnen, rom qalTa da mamakacTa Soris sqesis mixedviT samuSaos danawileba bune-brivi da gardauvalia
socialistebi liberalebis msgavsad, iSviaTad mi-iCnevdnen genders politikurad mniSvnelovan kat-egoriad. genderuli gansxvavebi mniSvnelovani Tu xdeba, - Cveulebriv imitom rom isini asaxaven da maT xels uwyobs ufro Rrma ekonomikuri da klaso-brivi uTanasworobani.
politikuri ideologiebi genderis Sesaxeb
liberaluri ideologia
faSisturi ideologia
konservatoruli ideologia
socialisturi ideologia
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
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genderuli pariteti partiaSi
ra instrumentebi arsebobs barierebis kompensirebisaTvis?
formaluri barierebis ararseboba ar niSnavs imas,
rom realurad orive sqesis adamianebisaTvis Tana-bari SesaZleblobebi arsebobs. faruli barierebis rTuli sistema qalebs xels uSlis sakuTari wili politikuri gavlena moipovon. Tu barierebi arse-bobs, unda Seiqmnas instrumentebi am barierebis uaryofiTi zemoqmedebis kompensirebisaTvis politikuri da sakanonmdeblo zomebi, romlebic
qalTa warmomadgenlobis raodenobas zrdas uwyobs xels, Semdegnairad SeiZleba iqnes klasificirebu-li:
1. pozitiuri qmedebebi partiebis politikaSi, mx-ardamWeri qmedebebis sistema (affirmative actions) mimar-Tuli qalTa monawileobis waxalisebisaken partiis Sidaierarqiul doneze
2. radikaluri forma – pozitiuri diskrimina-cia (positive discrimination) - mis meqanizms warmoad-gens qvotireba – orive sqesis mimarT raodenobrivi normireba, romelic 10%-dan 50% mde meryeobs.
ganixilaven qvotirebis qvetipebs, romlebic erTma-neTisagan gansxvavdeba qvotebis formirebis miznebiTa da principebiT, rac qveyanaSi arsebuli politikuri da socialur-ekonomikuri faqtorebiT ganisazRvreba
2.1. partiuli “qvotebi” gamoiyeneba 61 saxelwifos daaxloebiT 200 partiaSi
2.2. genderuli “qvotireba” sakanonmdeblo doneze, gamoiyeneba 32 saxelmwifoSi
2.3. adgilebis rezervireba parlamentSi (gamoiy-eneba 14 saxelmwifoSi) (ix. cx.2)
cx. 2
qvotis qvetipi
qvotebipartiis wesde-bebis doneze
61 saxelm-wifoSi, 200 partia
alJiri, argentina, avstra-lia, avstria, belgia, bo-livia, bosnia-hercogovina, bostvana, brazilia, kanada, kosta-rika, kviprosi, Cex-eTi, dominikis respublika, safrangeTi, germania, saber-ZneTi, ungreTi islandia, indoeTi, irlandia, israe-li, italia, kenia, yirgize-Ti, litva, luqsemburgi, makedonia, mali, malta, meqsika, maroko, holandia, nikaragua, norvegia, polo-neTi, paragavai, poloneTi, portugalia, rumineTi, sen-egali, slovakeTi, slove-nia espaneTi, SvedeTi, Svei-caria, taivani, tailandi, didi britaneTi, urugvai, venesuela
qvotebi sakanon-mdeblo doneze
33 saxelm-wifo
argentina, belgia, bolivia, bosnia-hercogovina, gviana, brazilia, kosta-rika, saf-rangeTi, makedonia, meqsika, maroko
adgi-lebis rezer-vireba parla-mentSi
avRaneTi, bangladeSi, er-itrea, gviana, erayi, kenia, nepali, filipinebi, ruanda, taivani, tanzania, uganda
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
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genderuli pariteti partiaSi
qvotebi 4 samarTlebrivi saSulebiT an maTi kombi-naciiT regulirdeba:
konstituciuri normiT;
saarCevno kanonmdeblobiT, kanoniT politikuri gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb, sadac xdeba genderuli principis reglamentacia;
specialuri kanoniT “Tanabaris statusis Sesaxeb”;
partiaTa wesdebebiT.
im qveynebSi sadac arCevnebi proporciuli sistemiT tardeba naxevari (64) qvotirebis princips iyenebs
qvotirebis sistema uzrunvelyofs socialuri jgufebis Tanabar monawileobas. aseTi normirebis saSualebiT xdeba sxvadasxva jgufebis, am SemTx-evvaSi qalTa da mamakacTa warmomadgenlobiTobis gaTanabreba mosaxleobaSi maTi xvedriTi wilis an warmomadgenlobis saWiroebidan gamomdinare. miiC-neva, rom qalTa warmomadgenloba gadawyvetilebis mimReb doneebze, romelic proporciulia qalTa ra-odenobisa mosaxleobaSi, demokratiuli sazogadoe-bis maxasiaTebel niSans warmoadgens.
qvotebi arsebuli meqanizmebidan yvelaze metad efeqturi saSualebaa imisaTvis, rom meti qali mov-ides politikaSi da daikavos mniSvnelovani politi-kuri posti. gamocdilebam gviCvena, rom ar arsebobs sxva ufro metad efeqtur saSualebas qalTa intere-sebis dasacavad da praqtikaSi gansaxorcileblad,
Tumca qvotirebis sistemas hyavs rogorc oponen-tebi, aseve momxreebi. (cx.3.)
•
•
•
•
cx.3. tipiuri argumenetebi qvotebis sasargeblod da sawinaaRmdegod
diax ara
qvota qalTaTvis warmoadgens ara diskriminaciul, aramed makompensirebel saSualebas im realuri barierebis gadasalax-avad, romlebic qalebs kuT-vnili politikuri poziciebis saTanado wili mopovebaSi uSliT xels
qvotebi ewinaaRmdegeba Tanabari SesaZleblobebis princips, radgan upiratesoba qals eniWeba
qalebs, rogorc moqalaqeebs aqvs Tanaswori wrmomadgenlobis ufleba gadwyvetilebis mimReb organoebSi, warmomadgenloba niSnavs socialuri interesebisa da politikuri Sexedulebebisa adekvatur asaxvas warmomad-genlobiT organoebSi arCevnebi aris politikuri nebis gamoxat-vis procesi da ara mosaxleobis dominanturi azris gazomvis forma
qvotireba antidemokratiu-lia, vinidan amomrCevlebma TviTon unda gadawyviton, vis miscen xma
qalTa gamocdileba aucilebe-lia politikaSi
qalebs ar irCeven xolme, ara imitom rom araprofesionalebi arian, aramed imitom rom isini qalebi arian
qvotireba ganapirobebs imas, rom ufro meti profesionali mamakaci politikis miRma aRmoCndeba xolme
qalebi kvalificirebulni arian mamakacebis msgavsad, magram politikur sistemaSi, sadac dominireben mamakacebi maTi kvalifikaciis minimalizacia xdeba.
qvotirebis Semotanam SesaZloa konfliqtebi gamoiwvios par-tiaSi, oRond droebiTi
qvotebi mniSvnelovan kon-fliqtebs iwvevs partiaSi
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
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genderuli pariteti partiaSi
genderuli pariteti partiaSi, rogorcsocialuri konsensusi
rogoria saerTaSoriso gamocdileba?
kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom qalTa dawinaurebaze gavlenas axdenen politikuri struqturebi da ara socialuri faqtorebi, vinaidan swored politika da politikur-sazogadoebrivi struqturebi axdenen so-cialuri urTierTobebis modelirebas.
politikur partiebs, rogorc ukve avRniSneT, um-niSvnelovanesi roli eniWebaT politikur proces-ebSi genderuli Tanasworobisa da samarTlianobis misaRwevad.
genderuli kultura politikur partiaSi mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli ara marto partiis tradiciebTan, ideologiasTan, socialur da genderul Semadgenlo-basTan, struqturasa da finansur SesaZleblobebTan, aramed zogadad sazogadoebis genderul kultur-asTan da aseve, saxelmwifos nebasTan, daamkvidros qveyanaSi adamianis uflebebis dacvisa da demokrati-is principebi.
qvotirebis sistema balansze orientirebuli normaa da igi iTvaliswinebs ara marto qalTa dawinaure-bas politikaSi, aramed qalTa da mamakacTa Tanabar warmomadgenlobas. magaliTad, daniaSi socialistur saxalxo partiaSi mamakacebi mxolod genderuli qvotirebis saSualebiT axerxeben gadawyvetilebis miRebis doneebze adgilebis SenarCunebas.
safrangeTi
1999 wels safrangeTis konstituciaSi 2 cvlileba Sevida. am ori cvlilebis, ufro zustad ki damatebis Setanamde, xangrZlivi diskusia mimdinareobda. qalTa Tanasworuflebianobis sakiTxis Sesaxeb sakonstitu-cio sabWom 2-jer gamoTqva mosazreba 1982 da 1999
wels. - pirvelad qvotirebis Sesaxeb municipaluri mrCevlebze, xolo meorejer regionuli mrCevlebis Sesaxeb. 1982 wels sakonstitucio sabWom antikonsti-tuciurad scno kanonproeqti, romlis Sesabamisadac, saarCevno siebSi erTi sqesis kandidati ar unda aRe-matebodes 75%-s, xolo 1999 wels antikonstituciu-rad cno muxli partiebSi genderuli paritetis Ses-axeb. sakonstitucio sabWos daskvna Semdegnairad iqna formulirebuli: "1958 wels miRebuli konstituciis me-3 muxlis mixedviT erovnuli suvereniteti xalxs ekuTvnis, romelsac axorcielebs sakuTari warmomad-genlebis da referendumis saSualebiT". 1999 wels sabWom igive argumentaciiT kidev erT Sesworebaze Tqva uari.miuxedavad amisa, 1999 wlis ivnisSi konstituciaSi
SesworebiT, safrangeTma ganamtkica qalTa da mamak-acTa arCeviT organoebSi da arCeviT Tanamdebobebze Tanabari monawileobis principi. kanoni iTvaliswinebs, rom TiToeul saarCevno siaSi mamakac kandidatTa da qalTa ricxvi SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes mxolod er-TiT.
jarimebi – kandidatTa siaSi warmodgenil sqesTa Soris 10% gansxvavebisas partia kargavs saxelmwifo dafinansebis 5%-s, xolo 100%-iani gansxvavebisas ki – 50%-s. qal kandidatTa ararseboba siaSi niSnavs, rom partia dafinansebis 50%-s ver miiRebs.
1990-ian wlebSi 11 laTinur amerikul saxelmwifoSi erovnuli kanonmdeblobis doneze ganmtkicda “gend-eruli qvotirebis” principi (20-40%). argentinam pirvelma SemoiRo 30%-iani qvota. san-
qciebma da porporciulma sistemam daxuruli siebiT qalTa raodenobis mkveTri zrda ganapiroba.
ugandis konstituciaSi 1995 wels Setanili cvli-lebebis mixedviT, (muxli 78.1.) 56 olqSi erTi mandati qalebisTvis aris gankuTvnili erovnul parlamentSi, xolo muxli 180. 2-is mixedviT, municipalur organoe-bSi mandatebis 1/3 qalebisTvis aris rezervirebuli.
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
14
15
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
indoeTis konstituciis 74 da 75 Sesworebebis mixedviT, mandatebis 33% municipalur organoebSi qalebisTvis aris gankuTvnili.
skandinaviis saxelmwifoebi
skandinaviis saxelmwifoebi genderuli samarTliano-bis miRwevisa da sazogadoebis maRali gedenderuli kulturis magaliTad iTvleba. am saxelmwifoebSi qa-lTa politikuri monawileoba, maT Soris warmomad-genloba sakanonmdeblo organoebsa da mTavrobaSi, municipalitetebsa da regionaluri TviTmmarTvelobis organoebSi, sakmaod maRalia. es zrda ukanaskneli 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi moxda. qalTa miRwevebi naklebad xdeba gasakviri, Tu Cvens mas rogorc izolirebul faqtad ki ar aRviqvamT, aramed rogorc skandinaviuri sazogadoebis gardaqmnis Sedegs. skandinaviis sax-elmwifoebSi “genderuli Tanasworoba” ara mxolod partiebis, aramed saxelmwifo politikad iqca, ramac sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi qalebis warmatebuli integracia ganapiroba. (cx.3.)
cx.3. qalTa raodenoba skandinaviis saxelmwifoebis parlamentebSi
saxelmwifo 1929 1949 1966 1977 1984 1990 1999 2005
norvegia 1 5 8 24 26 35.8 36.4 37.9
fineTi 3 12 17 23 31 31.5 37 37.5
SvedeTi 1 10 13 21 28 38.1 42.7 45.3
wyaro: Kaplan G. Contemporary Western European Feminism.
Women ann Man in Nordic Countrie, Copenhagen, Nordic council of Mnistries.
politikur procedurebSi “genderuli qvotirebis” iniciatorebad 1960-ian wlebSi Svedi social-de-mokratebi mogvevlinen. imisaTvis, rom partiebs (pirvel rigSi social-demokratebsa da memarcx-eneebs) qali amomrCevlebis mxardaWera moepovebinaT, SeimuSaves genderulad orientirebuli programebi, SemdgomSi partiebSi Seiqmna qalTa seqciebi, romle-
bic gaxdnen genderuli Tanasworobis propangandis-tebi, aseve isini warmoadgendnen efeqtur politikur skolas qali-politikosebisaTvis.
SvedeTi
1979 wels SvedeTSi 5 yvelaze msxvili partiis wevri qalebi gaerTiandnen. qalTa am moZraobam Sedegi gamoiRo da miRweul iqna “qvotirebis” prin-cipis SemoReba partiebis wesdebebis doneze - Sida partiul siebSi arcerTi sqesis warmomadgeneli ar unda yofiliyo 40%-ze naklebi da 60%-ze meti. miuxedavad imisa, rom am normas ar gaaCnda aucile-
beli direqtivis saxe, is sakmaod efeqturi aR-moCnda. qvotirebis sistema mwvaneTa partiam 1983 wels mi-
iRo, 1990 wels - memarcxene partiam, 1993 wels - social-demokratebma. rac Seexeba liberaluri par-tias, qristian-demokratebs da centris partias (yo-fili agraruli liga) dRemde ar iyeneben qvotirebis meTods.
qvotebi ar aris panacea, aramed es aris saSualeba, romelic sxva saSualebebTan erTad kompleqsSi qalTa politikaSi re-alur da araformalur monawileobas uzrunvelyofs.
norvegia
norvegiaSi qvotebi did xania warmatebiT gamoiyene-ba (memarcxene socialisturi partia iyenebs 70-iani wlebidan, leiboristuli partia – 80-iani wlebidan, qristian-demokratebi - 1993 wlidan, xolo konser-vatiuli partia normirebis princips dRemde ar iy-enebs.
ra sargebloba moutana norvegiis sazogadoebas politikuri qvotebis gamoyenebam? mmarTvel struq-turebSi qalTa raodenobis gazrdis Semdeg
• orjer gaizarda bavSvTa zrunvaze orientirebuli
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
16
17
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
centrebis raodenoba• 22%-iT gaizarda bavSvTa fuladi daxmarebaes faqtebi kidev erTxel miuTiTebs qali-poli-
tikosebis socialur, “mzrunvelobiT” bunebaze.
fineTi
fineTSi qvotireba 90-ian wlebSi mxolod sami didi partiis mier iqna mxardaWerili: marcxena frTis aliansi, romelic yofil komunistur partias moicavs(1990 weli) mwvaneTa liga(1993), social-de-mokratebi (1994).miuxedavad imisa, rom partiebma efeqturi saqmi-
anoba awarmoes, paritetuli demokratiis faseulo-bebis damkvidrebaSi aseve didi roli iTamaSa kanon-mdeblobam Tanabari uflebebisa da SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb, ramac SemdgomSi sazogadoebriv-politikur procesebs gauwia stimulireba. msgavsi kanonebi miRebul iqna Semdeg qveynebSi: islandia – 1976 w., dania – 1978 w., norvegia – 1979 w., SvedeTi – 1980 w., fineTi - 1987 w.
cx.4 evrokavSiris wevri qveynebi, sadac partiebi iyeneben genderuli “qvotirebis” princips
germaniagermaniis social-demokratiuli partia"mwvaneebi"
40%50%
daniasocial-demokratiuli partiasocialisturi saxalxo partia
40%40%
didi britaneTi liberali demokratebi 33%
espaneTiespaneTis socialisturi muSaTa partiakomunisturi partia
25%25%
irlandia leiboristebi 20%
italiademoqristianuli partia"mwvaneebi"
30%50%
portugalia socialisturi partia 25%
holandiaSromis partiamemarcxene "mwvaneebi"
33% 40%
genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevisstrategiebi partiebSi
didi britaneTi
did britaneTSi xmis ufleba qalebma 1918 wels moipoves, mas Semdeg qalebi aqtiurad xdebian poli-tikuri partiebis wevrebi da qalTa seqciebsac qmnian. didi britaneTis partiul speqtrs leiboristuli da konservatiuli partiebi warmoadgenen. konservatiuli partia jer kidev 1928 wels lobirebda kanons Tana-bari saarCevno uflebebis Sesaxeb.1980-iani wlebisTvis britaneTis partiebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia mamakacTa monopolia, xolo qale-bi, iseve rogorc sxva saxelmwifoebSi, politikur pasiurobas avlenen. Tumca politikurma situaciam partiuli strategiebis eleqtoratTan mimarTebaSi transformacia ganapiroba, ris Sedegadac SemuSavda mTeli rigi RonisZiebebi qal amomrCevelTa mxar-daWeris mosapoveblad.
ra strategiebi SeimuSaves partiebma?
konservatiuli partia:
• partiis wesdebaSi aranakleb 30%-iani qvotis gansazRvra warmomadgenlobiT partiul organoebSi erovnul da adgilobriv doneebze• partiul programebSi socialuri sakiTxebis win
wamoweva (kanonebis “Tanabari anazRaurebis Sesaxeb”, “sqesobrivi diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb” lo-bireba, saxelmwifo daxmareba dedebisTvis, saxelm-wifo pensiebi moxucebisaTvis)
leiboristuli partia
leiboristuli partiis mier genderuli qvotebis SemoReba ar warmoadgenda partiis erTi nawilis ax-irebas. partiis wevrTa 2/3 da partiuli xelmZRvan-elobis 3/4 mxars uWerda am gadawyvetilebas.
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
18
19
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
programuli dokumentebis SemuSaveba da realizacia
• “genderuli urTierTobebis demokratizaciis par-tiuli programis” realizacia “leiboristuli partia - 1982” is farglebSi, romelic mimarTuli iyo bavS-vTa dawesebulebebis qselis gafarToebis, Tanabari SromiTi uflebebis, Tanasworobis kanonmdeblobis ganmtkicebisaken• 1984 wels miRebul iqna “partiaSi qalTa Tanas-
worobis qartia”, mimarTuli qalTa diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg Sida partiuli dawinaurebis rocesSi
institucionalur – organizaciuli meqanizmebis ganviTareba
• genderuli urTierTobebis demokratizaciis par-tiuli programis realizacia• qalTa miReba partiaSi qalTa seqciebis saSualebiT• socialuri momsaxurebis xarisxis makontrole-
beli qalTa adgilobrivi komitetebis Seqmna
specialuri meqanizmebis SemuSaveba
• “pozitiuri diskriminaciis meTodis” realizacia, romlis mixedviTac dadgenil iqna minimaluri 40%-iani norma qalebisaTvis saarCevno siebSi, ris Sede-gadac 1997 wels partiam kandidat qalTa rekorduli raodenoba 159 waradgina, romelTaganac 101 qali deputati gaxda, maT Soris 35 qvotebis miexdviT iqnen wardgenili.
1999 wels Sotlandiis parlamentisa da uelsis asambleis arCevisas xelisuflebam mouwoda yvela partias, gaeTvaliswinebina Tanabari SesaZleblo-bebis principi. Sedegad, Sotlandiis parlamentSi 38%, xolo uelsis asambleaSi 40% qali moxvda.
edvina keri - konservatiuli partiis wevri - “Cemi par-tiis mamakac wevrTa meuRleebis umravlesoba ar muSao-bda, amitom me maTTvis garkveulwilad normalur qalad ar moviazrebodi. rogorc qals, me meti stimuli mqonda saqme ukeTesad mekeTebina, rac maT ufro metad aRiz-ianebdaT.”
anJela rumboldi – deputati, SemdgomSi meijoris kabi-netis ministri - "parlamenti – es kulturuli Sokia. Se-dixarT parlamentSi da mamakacebi fiqroben: “oh. qali, movida, raTa cxovreba gagvimwaros”.
cx.5 qalebi didi britaneTis parlamentSi
weli
kons
ervatoreb
i
leibo
ris
teb
i
sxva par
tiebi
qalTa sa
erTo
rao
denoba
(%)
1945 1 21 1 3.8
1955 10 14 0 3.8
1964 11 18 0 4.6
1970 15 10 1 4.1
1979 8 11 0 3.0
1987 17 21 3 6.3
1992 20 37 3 9.2
1997 13 101 6 18.2
2001 14 96 8 18.1
wyaro: Gender and Party Politics/ ed.by Joni Lovenduski and Pippa Norris.L.: SAGE Publications 1993. p.46
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
20
21
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
aSS
aSS-Si qalTa raodenoba bolo 10 wlis ganmav-lobaSi qveda palataSi 2,5-jer, xolo senatSi – 4,5 jer gaizarda. qali gubernatorebis raodenobam 10%, xolo adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebSi qalTa raodenobam 25% Seadgina. sociologiuri kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom amerikuli
sazogadoeba qali prezidentis asarCevadac aris mzad. Tu 60-ian wlebSi amerikelTa mxolod 45% gamoxat-avda mzaobas, qali aerCia prezidentad, axla ukve 75%-s aqvs survili, qveynis saTaveSi qali ixilos.
Ø1848 wels niu-orkis StatSi (qalaq seneka folzSi) gaimarTa pirveli Sexvedra qalTa uflebebis Sesaxeb. ordRiani debatebis Semdgom 68 qalma da 32 mamakacma xeli moawera deklaracias, romelSic qalTa winaSe arsebuli problemebi iyo dafiqsire-buli
Ø1850 wels Catarda qalTa pirveli yriloba, romlis monawilee-bmac moiTxoves qalTa Tanabari saarCevno uflebebi
Ø1869 wels iqmneba axali Stati vaiomingi, romelSic qalebma pirvelad aSS-Si moipoves xmis ufleba. 1870 wels amave StatSi qalebs sasamarTloebSi muSaobis ufleba darTes
Ø1893 wels kolorado gaxda pirveli Stati, sadac qalebs xmis ufleba sakanonmdeblo cvililebis doneze daerToT
Ø1913 wels aSS –Si Seiqmna qalTa pirveli partia
Ø1919 wels aSS-s konstituciaSi #19 Sesworebam qalebs xmis uflebis miniWebis Sesaxeb Sevida ZalaSi
aSS-s partiuli sistemis mniSvnelovan Tavisebure-bas misi orpartiuli sistema warmoadgens. arc re-spublikuri, arc demokratiuli partia qvotirebis sistemas ar iyenebs, Tumca aqvT SemuSavebuli mTeli rigi mimarTulebebisa, romlebic genderuli balan-sis miRwevas ganapirobebs.
respublikuri partia
• erovnuli komitetebis formirebis meqanizmis Se-qmna Statebis mixedviT genderuli balansis dacviT• cvlilebebis lobireba konstituciaSi
demokratiuli partia
• paritetuli genderuli warmomadgenlobis meqa-nizmebis SemuSaveba partiuli yrilobis delegatTa siis formirebis procesSi• erovnuli komitetebis formireba genderuli ba-
lansis dacviT• qalTa programebis lobireba
cx.6 qalebi arCeviT postebze (1981-2001)
1981
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1996
1997
2000
2001
kongresi 4 5 5 5 6 10 10 11 11 12 14
Statebis ar C e v iT i Tanamdebo-bebi
11 14 14 14 18 22 26 25 25 28 28
wyaro: CAWP. Fact Sheets..
cx.7 amomrCevelTa aqtivoba saprezidento arCevnebSi
weli qali(%) kaci (%)
1964 67,0 71,9
1968 66.0 69.8
1972 62 64,1
1976 58,8 59,6
1980 59,4 59,1
1984 60,8 59.0
1988 58,3 56,4
1992 62,3 60,2
1996 55,5 52,8
wyaro: The Gender Gap. CAWP Fact Sheet. (Center of American Women and Politics – Rutgers University)
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
22
23
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
cx.8 aSS-s prezidentobis kandidatTa mxardam-Werebis genderuli segregacia
2000 qali kaci
jorj buSi umcrosi (resp.) 43 52
albert gori (demokrati) 54 42
1996
bil klintoni (demokrati) 54 43
bob douli (respublikeli) 38 44
ros pero 7 10
1992
bil klintoni (demokrati) 45 41
jorj buSi ufrosi (resp.) 37 38
ros pero 17 21
wyaro: The Gender Gap. CAWP Fact Sheet.
(Center of American Women and Politics – Rutgers University)
d a s k v n a
mamakacebi dominireben politikur arenaze, adgenen politikuri TamaSis wesebs da Sefasebis stand-artebs. am modelis pirobebSi qalebi uars amboben politikaSi monawileobaze da uaryofen politikis iseT stils, sadac mamakacebi dominireben. imisaTvis rom qalTa raodenoba politikur sivrceSi gaizar-dos, anu politikur politikur warmomadgenlobaSi sqesTa Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofa da/an “kritikuli umciresobis” formireba (30-40%) moxdes, politikuri mecniereba ganixilavs iseT teqnologias, rogoricaa qvotirebis sistemis SemoReba. cnobilia, rom warmatebulma qvotirebis sistemam
ganapiroba:- qalTa gaaqtiureba politikur partiebSi, profe-
sional qalTa resursebis gamoyeneba- kritikuli masis Camoyalibeba, romelsac aqvs sa-
Sualeba zegavlena moaxdinos politikur normebsa da kulturaze- qalebisaTvis, rogorc damoukidebeli individebi-
saTvis, uflebis miniWeba, raTa miiRon monawileoba politikuri procesebSi, rac qalis sazogadoebriv gaaqtiurebas da, Sesabamisad, pozitiur socialur Sedegebs ganapirobebs.
mniSvnelovania vaRiaroT, rom qali politikosis monawileoba gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesebSi gadawyvetilebebis harmoniulobas, zomierebas, Tan-mimdevrobas da mizanmimarTulebas ganapirobebs, rac ase aucilebelia 21-e saukunis politikuri peripe-tiebisTvis. amisaTvis ki mniSvnelovania swored poli-tikur partiebSi, romlebic politikuri procesebis umTavres subieqtebs warmoadgenen, miRweul iqnes genderuli Tanasworoba, rac socialuri konsesusis winapirobas warmoadgens.
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
24
25
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
qalTa mier xmis uflebis mopoveba
saxelmwifo weli
1893 axali zelandia
1902 avstralia
1906 fineTi
1913 norvegia
1915 dania, islandia
1917 ruseTi
1918 saqarTvelo, kanada
1919 avstria, germania, holandia, poloneTi, Sve-deTi, luqsemburgi, Cexoslovakia
1920 aSS
1922 irlandia
1928 didi britaneTi
1929 ekvadori
1930 samxreT afrika, TurqeTi
1931 islandia, Sri-lanka, portugalia
1932 tailandi
1934 brazilia, kuba
1936 kosta-rika
1937 filipinebi
1941 indonezia
1942 dominikis respublika, urugvai
1945 bulgareTi, bolivia, ungreTi, vietnami, ita-lia, safrangeTi, iugoslavia, iaponia
1946 albaneTi, panama, rumineTi
1947 argentina, vensuela
1948 belgia, israeli, korea
1949 CineTi, Cile
1950 gana, haiti, indoeTi, salvadori
1951 nepali
1952 saberZneTi
1953 meqsika
1954 kolumbia
1955 nikaragua, eTiopia
1956 benini, gaboni, egvipte, mali, pakistani, sen-egali, somali
1957 libani, malaizia
1958 burkina-faso, Cadi
1959 madagaskari, maroko, tunisi, tanzania
1960 gambia, kviprosi
1961 burundi, paragvai, ruanda, siera-leone
1962 alJiri, maroko, ruanda
1963 irani, kenia, kongo, libia, fiji
1964 zambia, sudani
1965 avRaneTi, bostvana, gvatemala, lesoto,
1967 iemeni
1971 Sveicaria
1972 bangladeSi
1977 nigeria, gvinea-bisau
1979 Zimbabve
1980 irani
1984 lixtenSteini
1986 centraluri afrikis respublika
1989 namibia
1990 samoa
2005 kuveiti
wyaro: Tuttle, L. Encyclopedia of Feminism, Longman, 1986.
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
26
27
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
saxelmwifoebi, sadac konstituciuri normiT an sxva kanonmdeb-lobiT ganmtkicebulia genderuli qvotirebis principi erovnuli parlamentebisTvis1
saxelmwifo kvotis tipi(konstitucia, kanoni)2
qvotis SemoRebis weli
qvotis odenoba
samxreT amerika
argentina C, L 1991, 1991 30
bolivia L 1997 30
brazilia L 1997 30
kosta-rika L 1996 40
ekvadori L 1997 20
gaiana C N/A 33
meqsika L 2002 30
panama L 1997 30
paragvai L 1996 20
peru L 1997 30
venesuela L 1998 30
dominikis respublika L 1997 25
evropa
belgia L 1994 (2002) 33
bosnia- hercogovina 2001 33 16.7 (2002)
safrangeTi C, L 1999, 2000 45
makedonia L N/A 30
serbia L 2002 30
afrika da Sua aRmosavleTi
jibuti L 2002 10
eritrea C N/A 30
iordania L 2003 6 seats
kenia C 1997 50
maroko L N/A 10
sudani L N/A 10
tanzania C, L N/A 20-30
uganda C, L 1995, N/A -- 3
azia
somxeTi L 1999 5
CineTi C 1992 27
indonezia L 2003 30
koreis demokratiuli respublika
L N/A 20
nepali C, L 1990, 1990 5
pakistani L 2002 17
filipinebi C, L 1995, 1995 20
taivani C 1997 10-25
___________________________________________________________________1 bolivia, brazilia, peru, saberZneTi, serbia, namibia, samxreT afrika, tanzania, bangladeSi, CineTi, indoeTi, nepali, pakistani, filipinebs da taivani – konstituciuri qvota adgilobriv da/an regionalur parlamentebSi 2 C - konstitucia, L - kanoni. 3 erTi mandati 56 saarCevno olqidan rezervirebulia qalebisT-vis
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
28
29
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
saxe
lmw
ifo
qved
a palat
a an erTpalat
iani
zed
a palat
a
arCevneb
is
Tar
iRi
mand
ateb
is
rao
denoba
qali
%ar
Cevneb
is
Tar
iRi
mand
ateb
is
rao
denoba
qali
%
1ruanda
09 2003
8039
48.8
09 2003
269
34.6
2SvedeT
i09 2002
349
158
45.3
---
---
---
---
3ko
sta-rika
02 2006
5722
38.6
---
---
---
---
4no
rvegia
09 2005
169
6437.9
---
---
---
---
5fineT
i03 2003
200
7537.5
---
---
---
---
6dania
02 2005
179
6636.9
---
---
---
---
7ho
landia
01 2003
150
5536.7
06 2003
7522
29.3
8ku
ba01 2003
609
219
36.0
---
---
---
---
"es
paneTi
03 2004
350
126
36.0
03 2004
259
6023.2
9ar
gentina
10 2005
257
9035.0
10 2005
7230
41.7
10mo
zambiki
12 2004
250
8734.8
---
---
---
---
11be
lgia
05 2003
150
5234.7
05 2003
7127
38.0
12avst
ria
11 2002
183
6233.9
N.A
.62
1727.4
qalebi
par
lamentSi
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
30
13isl
andia
05 200363
2133.3
------
------
14samxr
eT
afrika
1
04 2004400
13132.8
04 200454
1833.3
15axal
i ze-
land
ia09 2005
12139
32.2---
------
---
16ger
mania09 2005
614195
31.8N
.A.
6913
18.8
17gaiana
03 200165
2030.8
------
------
18bu
rund
i07 2005
11836
30.507 2005
4917
34.7
19tanz
aniis gaer
T. r
e-spu
blika
12 2005319
9730.4
------
------
20seiS
elis
kunZu
lebia
12 200234
1029.4
------
------
21per
u04 2006
12035
29.2---
------
---
22bel
arusi
10 2004110
3229.1
11 200458
1831.0
23and
ora
04 200528
828.6
------
------
24ugand
a02 2006
32189
27.7---
------
---
25avR
aneTi
09 2005249
6827.3
09 2005102
2322.5
"viet
nami05 2002
498136
27.3---
------
---
31
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
26namibia
11 2004
7821
26.9
11 2004
267
26.9
27grenad
a11 2003
154
26.7
11 2003
134
30.8
28me
qsika
07 2003
500
129
25.8
07 2000
128
2821.9
29er
ayi
12 2005
275
7025.5
---
---
---
---
"su
rinami
05 2005
5113
25.5
---
---
---
---
30timori2
08 2001
8722
25.3
---
---
---
---
31Sveic
aria
10 2003
200
5025.0
10 2003
4611
23.9
32avst
ral
ia10 2004
150
3724.7
10 2004
7627
35.5
33lix
ten-
Steini
03 2005
256
24.0
---
---
---
---
34ho
ndurasi
11 2005
128
3023.4
---
---
---
---
35luqs
embu
rgi
06 2004
6014
23.3
---
---
---
---
36lao
sis
de-
mokr
atiu
li
res
publ
ika
02 2002
109
2522.9
---
---
---
---
37tunisi
10 2004
189
4322.8
07 2005
112
1513.4
38bu
lgar
eTi
06 2005
240
5322.1
---
---
---
---
39er
itrea
02 1994
150
3322.0
---
---
---
---
"lit
va10 2004
14131
22.0---
------
---
40eT
iopia
05 2005529
11621.9
10 2005112
2118.8
41mo
ldovis
respu
blika
03 2005101
2221.8
------
------
42xo
rvat
ia11 2003
15233
21.7---
------
---
43pakist
ani10 2002
34273
21.303 2006
10017
17.0
"po
rtugal
ia02 2005
23049
21.3---
------
---
44lat
via10 2002
10021
21.0---
------
---
45kanad
a01 2006
30864
20.8N
.A.
10035
35.0
"mo
nako02 2003
245
20.8---
------
---
46nikar
agua
11 200192
1920.7
------
------
47po
loneT
i09 2005
46094
20.409 2005
10013
13.0
48CineT
i02 2003
2980604
20.3---
------
---
49ko
reis d
e-mo
krat
iuli
respu
blika
08 2003687
13820.1
------
------
50bahamis ku
n-zulebi
05 200240
820.0
05 200216
743.8
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
32
51did
i br
ita-
neTi
05 2005
646
127
19.7
N.A
.721
126
17.5
52trinid
adi da
tobago
10 2002
367
19.4
10 2002
3110
32.3
53gvinea
06 2002
114
2219.3
---
---
---
---
54se
negal
i04 2001
120
2319.2
---
---
---
---
"makedonia
09 2002
120
2319.2
---
---
---
---
55sing
apuri3
05 2006
9518
18.9
---
---
---
---
56es
toneTi
03 2003
101
1918.8
---
---
---
---
57se
nt vinse
ti
da grenad
ini
12 2005
224
18.2
---
---
---
---
58ekvatoruli
gvinea
04 2004
100
1818.0
---
---
---
---
"venesu
ela
12 2005
167
3018.0
---
---
---
---
59taj
ikeT
i02 2005
6311
17.5
03 2005
348
23.5
"uzbe
keTi
12 2004
120
2117.5
01 2005
100
1515
.0
60it
alia
04 2006
630
109
17.3
04 2006
322
4413
.7
61mavr
itania
07 2005
7012
17.1
---
---
---
---
33
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
62CexeT
is re-
spubl
ika06 2002
20034
17.010 2004
8110
12.3
63bo
livia
12 2005130
2216.9
12 200527
13.7
64bo
snia da
hercogovina
10 200242
716.7
10.200215
00.0
"sal
vadori
03 200684
1416.7
------
------
"panama
05 200478
1316.7
------
------
"san-mar
ino06 2001
6010
16.7---
------
---
"sl
ovakeT
i09 2002
15025
16.7---
------
---
65ekvad
ori
10 2002100
1616.0
------
------
"TurqmeneT
i12 2004
508
16.0---
------
---
"zimbabve
03 2005150
2416.0
11 200566
2131.8
66fil
ipinebi05 2004
23637
15.705 2004
244
16.7
67kabo
-verde
01 200672
1115.3
------
------
68aS
S11 2004
43566
15.211 2004
10014
14.0
69ang
ola
09 1992220
3315.0
------
------
"Cil
e12 2005
12018
15.012 2005
382
5.3
70bang
lad
eSi4
10 2001345
5114.8
------
------
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
34
71su
dani
08 2005
450
6614.7
08 2005
502
4.0
72sier
ra le-
one
05 2002
124
1814.5
---
---
---
---
73kviprosi
05 2006
568
14.3
---
---
---
---
74israeli
03 2006
120
1714.2
---
---
---
---
75gvinea-biss
au03 2004
100
1414.0
---
---
---
---
76malavi
04 2004
191
2613.6
---
---
---
---
77ko
reis
re-
spubl
ika
04 2004
299
4013.4
---
---
---
---
78barbados
05 2003
304
13.3
05 2003
215
23.8
"grel
andia
05 2002
166
2213.3
07 2002
6010
16.7
79gambia
01 2002
537
13.2
---
---
---
---
80sa
berZneT
i03 2004
300
3913.0
---
---
---
---
81dominika
05 2005
314
12.9
---
---
---
---
82zambia
12 2001
158
2012.7
---
---
---
---
83liber
ia10 2005
648
12.5
10 2005
305
16.7
84niger
i11 2004
113
1412.4
---
---
---
---
85sa
frangeT
i06 2002
574
7012.2
09 2004
331
5616
.9
35
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
"sl
ovenia
10 200490
1112.2
12.200240
37.5
86ko
ngos d
e-mo
krat
iuli
respu
blika
08 2003500
6012.0
08 2003120
32.5
"mal
divi
01 200550
612.0
------
------
"sir
ia03 2003
25030
12.0---
------
---
87bu
rkina-f
aso05 2002
11113
11.7---
------
---
"iamaika
10 200260
711.7
10 200221
419.0
"leso
to
05 2002120
1411.7
N.A
.33
1236.4
88az
erbaij
ani11 2005
12414
11.3---
------
---
"fij
i05 2006
718
11.308 2001
324
12.5
"ind
onez
ia04 2004
55062
11.3---
------
---
89rumineT
i11 2004
33137
11.211 2004
13713
9.5
90bo
tsvana
10 200463
711.1
------
------
"urugvai
10 200499
1111.1
10 200431
39.7
91gana
12 2004230
2510.9
------
------
92jibu
ti
01 200365
710.8
------
------
"mar
oko
09 2002325
3510.8
10 2003270
31.1
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
36
"sv
azil
endi
10 2003
657
10.8
10 2003
309
30.0
93antig
ua da
barbu
da
03 2004
192
10.5
03 2004
173
17.6
"central
-uri af
rikis
res
publ
ika
05 2005
105
1110.5
---
---
---
---
94ung
reT
i04 2006
386
4010.4
---
---
---
---
"yazax
eTi
09 2004
778
10.4
09 2004
392
5.1
95mali
07 2002
147
1510.2
---
---
---
---
96parag
vai
04 2003
808
10.0
04 2003
454
8.9
97kamb
oja
07 2003
123
129.8
01 2006
619
14.8
"ruse
Ti
12 2003
447
449.8
N.A
.178
63.4
98sa
qarTvelo
03 2004
235
229.4
---
---
---
---
99bu
tani
N.A
.150
149.3
---
---
---
---
100
gaboni
12 2001
119
119.2
02 2003
9114
15.4
"malta
04 2003
656
9.2
---
---
---
---
101
malaizia
03 2004
219
209.1
03 2004
7018
25.7
102
iapo
nia
09 2005
480
439.0
07 2004
242
3414
.0
37
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
103kamer
uni
06 2002180
168.9
------
------
104br
azil
ia10 2002
51344
8.610 2002
8110
12.3
"togo
10 200281
78.6
------
------
105ko
ngo
05 2002129
118.5
10 200560
813.3
"ko
t d
iu'var
i12 2000
22319
8.5---
------
---
106ind
oeT
i04 2004
54545
8.306 2004
25028
11.2
107gvat
emala
11 2003158
138.2
------
------
108ser
bia da
Cerno
goria
5
02 2003126
107.9
------
------
109so
mali
08 2004269
217.8
------
------
110kenia
12 2002219
167.3
------
------
"san t
ome d
a pr
incipi
03 200655
47.3
------
------
111benini
03 200383
67.2
------
------
112al
baneTi
07 2005140
107.1
------
------
"ukr
aina03 2006
45032
7.1---
------
---
113mad
agaskar
i12 2002
16011
6.903 2001
9010
11.1
114bel
izi
03 200330
26.7
03 200312
325.0
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
38
115
monR
oleT
i06 2004
765
6.6
---
---
---
---
116
Cadi
04 2002
155
106.5
---
---
---
---
117
niger
ia04 2003
360
236.4
04 2003
109
43.7
118
alJiri
05 2002
389
246.2
12 2003
144
42.8
119
nepali
05 1999
204
125.9
06 2001
183
16.7
120
sent
lusia
12 2001
181
5.6
12.2001
114
36.4
121
iordania
06 2003
110
65.5
11 2005
557
12.7
122
somx
eTi
05 2003
131
75.3
---
---
---
---
123
Sri-lanka
04 2004
225
114.9
---
---
---
---
124
kiribat
i05 2003
422
4.8
---
---
---
---
125
libani
05 2005
128
64.7
---
---
---
---
"sa
udis
ara-
beTi
03 2006
760
364.7
---
---
---
---
126
TurqeTi
11 2002
550
244.4
---
---
---
---
127
irani
02 2004
290
124.1
---
---
---
---
"sa
moa
03 2006
492
4.1
---
---
---
---
128
vanu
atu
07 2004
522
3.8
---
---
---
---
129
tong
a03 2005
301
3.3
---
---
---
---
39
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
130ko
moris k-bi
04 200433
13.0
------
------
"mar
Sal
is ku
nZulebi
11 200333
13.0
------
------
131omani
10 200383
22.4
N.A
.58
915.5
132eg
vipte
11 2005442
92.0
05 2004264
186.8
"hait
i02 2006
992
2.002 2006
294
13.8
133ku
veiti
07 200365
11.5
------
------
134papu
a axali
gvinea
06 2002109
10.9
------
------
135iemeni
04 2003301
10.3
04 2001111
21.8
136bahr
eini10 2002
400
0.011 2002
406
15.0
"yir
giz
eTi
02 200572
00.0
------
------
"mikr
onez
ia03 2005
140
0.0---
------
---
"kat
ari
06 200535
00.0
------
------
"sent
kitsi
da nevisi
10 200415
00.0
------
------
"sau
dis ar
a-beT
i04 2005
1500
0.0---
------
---
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
40
"ar
abeT
is
gaerTianeb-
uli sa
e-miroeb
i
02 2003
400
0.0
---
---
---
---
?ko
lumb
ia03 2006
166
??
03 2006
102
??
?dominikis
res
publ
ika
05 2006
178
??
05 2006
32?
?
?tailandi
04 2006
500
??
04 2006
200
??
41
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
qalTa xvedriTi wili adgilobriviTviTmmarTvelobis organoebSi
evropa
saxelmwifo merebi (%) sakrebulos wevrebi (%)
belgia 7 22
bulgareTi 10 20
kviprosi 3 19
dania 9 27
estoneTi 10 1
fineTi 10 35
safrangeTi 11 33
germania 5 24
ungreTi 12 15
irlandia 17
islandia 17 24
italia 7 16
latvia 25 29
litva 3 15
luqsemburgi 11 13
makedonia 2 8
malta 8 15
holandia 16 18
norvegia 14 26
poloneTi 5 12
portugalia 6 12
serbia & montenegro 4 4
slovakeTi 13 19
slovenia 5 12
espaneTi 11 20
SvedeTi 17 29
Sveicaria 5 12didi britaneTi 0 21
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
42
saparlamento arCevnebSi wardgenili dagamarjvebuli kandidatebis raodenoba
saxelmwifo qalTa wili kandidatebs Soris (%)
qalTa wili deputatebs Soris (%)
germania 29,5 11,7
SvedeTi 43,6 40,4
argentina 30 25,3
avstralia 27,9 15,5
irlandia 18,1 13,9
slovakeTi 14,6 14,7
samx. afrika 37.9 24
meqsika 14,8 14,2
kanada 22,1 18
tunisi 6 6,7
islandia 50,4 25,4
iamaika 9.1 11,7
koreis respublika 2,1 3
bolivia 16,6 6,9
kamboja 4,8 5,8
kolumbia 8,5 11,7
malavi 7,2 5,6
moldova 11,3 4,8
nepali 6 3,4
poloneTi 13,1 13
CexeTi 20,2 15
Cadi 10,5 17,3
ukraina 9,3 7,3
wyaro: Democracy Still in making: A world Comparative Study, Geneva, Interparlamentary Union, 1997
43
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
44
SeniSvnebi
45
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
SeniSvnebi
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
46
SeniSvnebi
47
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
SeniSvnebi
genderuli pariteti partiaSi
48
SeniSvnebi