Gender Issues and Concerns (2)

8/18/2019 Gender Issues and Concerns (2)

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ANTHONY GIDDENS ● MITCHELL DUNEIER ● RICHARD APPELBAUM ● DEBORA CARRSlides created by S a!!"! A!ders"!# R"a!"$e C"lle%e

Third Edition

Sex, Sexualtiy Gender Issues & Roles&



© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

O'erarc i!% ()esti"!s

• Is gender biological, social, or both?• Why is power invested in the male category?

• What does gender inequality look like andwhy?• Why is gendered violence so common place?

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+Ge!der ,arri"r-

.




Se/ a!d %e!der

• As sociologists we begin by separating sexand gender:

Sex is a biological category! Gender is a social category!

0



&*. 1est Mai! StreetNe, Y"r$# NY &222& 3 ,,,4carec")!seli!%4c"53 P6 7774&*.40789

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SEXIs the biological

distinction between

females and males




Bi"l"%ical di<<ere!tiati"!

• "hromosomes ## and #$

##$ or #$$ can occur in rare cases• %ormones &strogen and testosterone

• The question : %ow important is biology inexplaining behavioral di''erences?

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Refers to physicalcharacteristics

Constant acrosstime

Constant acrossdi erent societies

and cultures




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SEX and the BODY




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-MATURE FEMALES: allow for pregnanc ! ch"ld #"rth! and #rea$tfeed"ng! %at&re fe%ale$ ha'e w"der h"p$! #rea$t$ and $oft fatt t"$$&e that pro'"de$ a re$er'e $&ppl of n&tr"t"on(

-MATURE MALES:de'elop %ore %&$cle "n the &pper #od ! %ore e)ten$"'e #od ha"r! and deeper 'o"ce$(




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HERMAPHRODITES

- A word deri ed fromhermaphrodites! theo spring of themythological "ee# gods

$ermes and Aphrodite!who embodied bothse%es&

- A human being with some

combination of femaleand male genitalia- Some people feel

disgusted and e enconfuse about it becauseof culture--- others




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TRANSEXUAL

Some hermaphrodite undergogenital surgery to appear asexually normal male or female

ARE SEXUAL WHO FEEL THER

ARE O E SEX E!E THOU"H#$OLO"$%ALL& THE& ARE THEOTHER' (ust li)e in the US*many feel trapped in a +ody of a

,rong sex'-any people +e.ome

TRA S"E /ERE/0 meaningTHE& #E"$ TO /$SRE"AR/%O !E T$O AL $/EAS A#OUT

HOW FE-ALES A / -ALES


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S"ciali=ati"! a!d e!'ir"!5e!t

• (ender roles are learned via sociali)ation, bothearly on and throughout li'e!

• (ender sociali)ation now begins prior to birth!• *arying social environments produce di''erent

versions o' +man and +woman!

• (ender is socially constructed !

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CARINGCOUNSELING CENTER

&*. 1est Mai! StreetNe, Y"r$# NY &222& >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ,,,4carec")!seli!%4c"5

3P6 7774&*.40789:6 7774&*.4078;

SEX: A *ULTURAL +SSUE

- Se) ha$ a #"olog"cal fo&ndat"on #&t l",e other h&%an #eha'"or $e)&al"t "$ al$o a c &lt&ral "$$&e #eca&$e "t ha$ no $"%"lar #"olog"cal progra%(- &%an$ ha'e #"olog"cal $e) dr"'e$ "n the $en$e that the .nd $e) plea$&ra#le and want to engage "n $e)&al act"'"t (



+0*EST TABOO

o A nor% for#"dd"ng $e)&alrelat"on$ or %arr"age#etween certa"n relat"'e$(+n the US the law andc&lt&ral %ore$ proh"#"tclo$e relat"'e$ fro% ha'"ng$e) and %arr "ng(



1 Y DOES +0*EST TABOO EX+STE2ERY1 ERE3

(' Reproduction between close relati es of any speciesris#s o spring with mental or physical problems

)' Controlling se%uality seems a necessary element ofsocial organi*ation

a' I+CES, ,A .. limit se%ual competition infamilies by restricting se% to spouses /e'g'parent and child&

b' 0amily ties de1ne people2s rights and obligationtoward each other! reproduction between closerelati es would hopelessly confuse #inship3 li#e if

mother and son had a daughter! what would thechild2s relationship be to the other two4?

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Se% as a Cultural Issue

5 Se%ual Re olution5 6remarital Se%

5 Se% between Adults5 E%tra 7arital Se%



A(SEXUAL OR+E0TAT+O0Refers to a person2s romantic and emotional

attraction to another person- 6 M A7OR OR+E0TAT+O0S:o $eterose%uality 8 se%ual attraction to

someone of the other se%o $omose%uality 8 se%ual attraction to

someone of the same se%o ise%uality 8 se%ual attraction to peoplewith both se%es

o Ase%uality - no se%ual attraction to peopleof their se%es



Se%ual Contro ersies

5 ,eenage 6regnancy5 6ornography5 6rostitution



,ypes of 6rostitution

('Call girls 8 elite prostitutes who are young!attracti e and well educated and arranger theirown appointments with clients by phone'

)'Se% 9or#ers 8 e'g' massage parlor or brothelunder the control of managers

:'Street 9al#ers 8 men and women who wor# thestreets of large cities' 0emale street wal#ers areoften under the control of male pimps who ta#emost of their earnings' Street wal#ers are athigh ris# of iolence form pimps and clients'

5



SEXUAL 2+OLE0*E A0DABUSE

a' Se%ual Abuse 8 means any act that iolates a woman orman through the use of se%ual acts or any form of beha iorwhich is se%ual in nature'

(' RA6E 8 often time people thin# that rape is a form of se% but it isactually an e%pression of power! a iolent that uses se% to hurt!humiliate or control another person

0.R7S .0 RA6E; <I+=S .0 RA6E(' Stranger rape (' A+"ER RA6E 8 generally planned!)' "ang rape courtship failure:' 7ilitary rape )' 6.9ER RA6E 8 a man need to>' 7ass rape demon-strate his power!?' 7arital rape he wants to pro e he@' Incest rape a man:' SA=IS,IC RA6E; done by sic# manB


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Ge!der Iss)es

a!d R"les



Ge!der as a c"!ce@t

o 9hat ma#es one masculine andfeminine

o

Socially determined3 culturallyde1nedo Changes across timeo

Changes across places andcultureso earned beha ior



"ender as a Concept

Reminds us that to be bornmale or female aries with

• ,I7E• 6 ACE• C ASS A+= CD ,DRE• E,$+ICI, A+= CIFI IGA,I.+



9hat are the aspects

of "endero "ender roleso

"ender needso "ender e%pectations



2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

"E+=ER R. ES

• +., inborn• EAR+E= in the early stages of

C$I =$..=• 6roducti e• Reproducti e• Community managing• Community leadership or

constituency-based politic rule




S"ciali=ati"! a!d e!'ir"!5e!t

• (ender roles are learned via sociali)ation, bothearly on and throughout li'e!

• (ender sociali)ation now begins prior to birth!• *arying social environments produce di''erent

versions o' +man and +woman!

• (ender is socially constructed !

*8




Ge!der R"les

A' 0emale genderrole is associatedwith appropriate

concepts and traitsof femininity;Submissi eness7odesty

+urturance5

' 7ale gender roleis associated withappropriate concepts

and traits ofmasculinity;Aggressi enessArrogance

Strength

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La!%)a%e a!d %e!ders"ciali=ati"!

• -he language we use is not gender neutral. it is part o' everyday li'e!

• /uch language glori'ies the male category anddemeans the 'emale!

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Ge!dered la!%)a%e

• anet S!i"ley Hyde notes patterns ingendered language: /ale as normative0'emale as exception 1arallel words In'antili)ation o' women

• Allowing language to devalue women andgirls is part o' sociali)ation and contributes toinequality!

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D"i!% %e!der

• (ender is more than simply a learned role,though that role is important!

• (ender is something to be done2 accomplished2each day!

.2




Ge!der i! ti5e a!d s@ace

• (ender has not always looked the same: "onsider changes in gender roles over the past 34

544 years here in the 1hilippines!

• (ender does not look the same across cultures: /ead6s research in 7ew (uinea 859 4s; showed

signi'icant variation between tribes and with

outside cultures!

.&




Ge!der i! ti5e a!d s@ace

• (ender is not always con'ined to male and'emale! &xample: /anobo /atig<=alug -ribe

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Ge!der syste5s

• Patriarc!y re'ers to the gender system insocieties where men are dominant!

• 7early all societies are patriarchal, though thedegree varies greatly!

• Gender ine#uality re'ers to the di''erence in power, status, access, and choices betweenmen and women!

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I!e()ality at ,"r$

• >obs %ender3ty,ed 'emale are valued less and paid less!

• -he %ender %a, in earnings has narrowed butremains in place 859 4 @44 ;! B- employees: C@D 4D %ourly: CED 9D All employees: ECD C5D

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I!e()ality at ,"r$

• 1olicies like co*,ara"le 4ort! aim toremedy the pay gap, but have drawbacks!

• In'ormal structures such as the %lass ceilin%and %lass escalator reproduce genderinequality by 'avoring male employees!

• Sexual !arass*ent also continues to be a way'or men to dominate women in the workplace!

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Ge!der a!d <a5ily

• -he ongoing di''iculty o' balancing work and'amily rests largely on women! /anagers see women as more tied to 'amily than

work! -his a''ects women6s ability to get responsible

positions!

• Women also continue to do signi'icantly morehousework than their spouses!

.;




Ge!der a!d ed)cati"!

• Fi''erential treatment in schools perpetuatestraditional gender sociali)ation! /ore attention2positive and negative2is paid to

boys!

• Gut something is changing: -oday girlsoutper'orm boys on many measures!

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=E,ER7I+A+,S .0 "E+=ERR. EHSEX R. E

(' iologicala' Reproducti e organb' "enetaliac' Chromosomesd' $ormonale' iological dri e rooted in male ner ous system and regulated by

hormones and brain chemical

)' Culturala' Sociali*ation /conformity! de iance and stereotyping&b' Culture as symbol of norms

5 (' Social

a' Ideology- Any system of ideas which usti1es or legitimi*es the subordination of one group with

anotherb' 6atriarchy

- A system of belief whereby new achie e and maintain social! cultural and economicdominance o er females and younger males

.




"ender Sociali*ation isshaped by;

(' 0amily)' School:' Church>' 7edia?' State

02




,hree aspects of "enderRoles

(' 6ositions with socialstructureHhierarchy indicating

where women and men belong ore%pected to belong)' eha iors prescribed for women

and men:' 6roper relationship betweenroles

0&

"E ER EE S




"E+=ER +EE=S

A' 6ractical "ender +eeds5+eeds of both men and women necessary toperform their roles e ecti ely

- 7ay defer according to social class! age and situation- 6ractical gender needs are conte%t-speci1c

' Strategic "ender +eeds5+eeds that arise out the analysis and understandingof women subordinate position in society' ,hese areneeds that challenge the uneJual structure of genderrelation! di ision of labor or traditional balance ofpower' +eeds that aim to change e%isting genderroles'

0*




/6"+2S& A+= S,RA,E"IC"E+=ER +EE=S /S"+2S&

8ract"cal 9ender 0eed$ Strateg"c 9ender 0eed$ ,end to be immediate! short term ,end to be long term

DniJue to particular women Common to almost all women

Relate to daily needs; food! housing!household eKciency! income!

healthy children

Relate to disad antagedposition; subordination! lac# of

resources! ulnerability topo erty and iolence

Easily identi1able by women asis of disad antage andpotential for change notalways identi1able by women

Can be addressed by pro ision ofspeci1c inputs; food water pumps!clinic! traditional I"62s! etc

Can be address by;consciousness raising!increasing self-con1dence!education! strengtheningwomen2s organi*ation! politicalmobili*ation! etc'

0.






"ender relation

refers to maleHfemale relationin power sharing! decision-

ma#ing! the di ision of laborand return to labor bothwithin the household and thesociety at large

07




"ender =i ision of abor

An o er-all societal pattern whichwomen are allocated one set of genderroles and men are allotted another set

DneJual di ision of labor refersuneJual di ision of reward' 9omen getmost of the burden of labor and most

of unpaid labor but men collect most ofthe reward resulting from that labor

08

"E+ ER A+




"E+=ER A+==EFE .67E+,

=EFE .67E+, 8 is a goal of e erysociety' Although de elopmentmodels ary in approach and

philosophy! they all ha e commonob ecti e 8 A E,,ER LDA I, .0I0E 0.R EFER .+E' 9hile

de elopment is a goal! it is also aprocess and as much as possible!e eryone should be concerned withor in ol ed in this process'

0;




GENDER AND DE ELOPMENT

(' =e elopment is the sustained capacity toachie e a better life for all'

)' ette life is translated into length of life

and Juality of life':' Luality of life is de1ned as the capacity,. =. A+= ,$E CA6ACI, ,. EB

>' Capacity ,. =. implies a wide range ofhuman acti ities and situation that aperson can participate in a pursuit of abetter

09






GENDER AND DE ELOPMENT

M' It reNects on the publicHpri ate dichotomy that hasbeen used a s a mechanism to under alue family andhousehold maintenance wor# performed by womenO'9omen are agents of change rather than passi erecipients of de elopment assistanceP' It stresses the need for women to organi*ethemsel es for a more e ecti e political oice(Q' It leads to a fundamental re-e%amination of socialstructures and institutions and ultimately! to the base

of power of entrenched elites! which will a ect somewomen as well as men((' It demands a degree of commitment to structuralchange and power shifts'

72



Ge!der E5@" er5e!t




Ten CountriesRanked by GenderE !o"er ent #easure

$ Ratio o% esti ate %e ale to ale earned in o e SOURCE' UN() *++ a-

.ear /o enCould 0ote

Essentials Of Sociology, 1rd EditionCo!yri2ht 3 *+44 /-/- Norton & Co !any

4 44 414 +54 +*4 464 474 854 87

4 *+*++5

In o eRatio

+-57+-77+-71+-9+-59+-59+-99+-91

+-7+-*7

87:15:8*:1+:14:*9:11:*8:

47:*1:

1*:14:* :17:16:17:81:14:

81:4+:

94:94:99:97:9+:95:91:89:

95:*4:

: o% Seats in )arlia ent

: o% Le2islators, SeniorO%%i ials, & #ana2ers

: o% )ro%essional &Te hni al /orkers

+

: 4+:

*+:

1+:

8+:

9+:

Ge!der E5@ ,er5e!t Ar")!d t e 1"rld

7*




Gai!s "< t e Ad'"cacy












i"le!ce a%ai!st ,"5e!

• *iolence against women is institutionali)ed invarying ways around the world! Fowry disputes in India =haria law in Islamic countries Boot<binding in "hina (enital mutilation in many countries

Borced prostitution 8sex tra''icking; "ulture o' misogyny

78




Ra@e

• 7early one<quarter o' women say they have been 'orced into a sexual encounter, but only percent o' men acknowledge coercive sex!

• "ollege campuses are a prime location 'orsexual violence and attempted sexual violence! Hape

"oercion =talking

7;




E/@lai!i!% %e!der i!e()ality

• Bunctionalism• Beminist theories

iberal 'eminism Hadical 'eminism Glack 'eminism

79

) l




:)!cti"!alist t e"ry

• =ees gender di''erences as good 'or societalharmony

• 1roblems: Assumes gender roles are universal and static 1uts the broad harmony over problems caused by

gender inequity

7



:e5i!ist t e"ries

• An activist approach that sees inequality as asystemic wrong that must be challenged

• -oday 'eminist theory is used to explaininequality in many social institutions andconcerns aside 'rom those explicitly dealing withgender!

• /any versions o' 'eminist theory. they do notnecessarily agree with each other

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Gender Issues and Concerns (2)