Gender Mainstreaming Training for Agriculture and Rural … · 2018-01-11 · Assets Human Natural Physical Financial Social Broader environment Policies and institutions Cultural

Gender Mainstreaming Training for Agriculture and Rural Development Investment Programmes

(Joint FAO-IFAD learning event, 2010)

Programme

Day 1 • 1.1 Basic Concepts of Gender • 1.2 Gender mainstreaming in agricultural and rural investment programmes Day 2 • 2.1 Gender analysis and sustainable livelihoods framework • 2.2 SEAGA Framework Profile Livelihoods Analysis Day 3 • 3.1 Gender mainstreaming (GMS) in project design and implementation • 3.2 Impact assessment of GMS in Agricultural Support Programme, Zambia • 3.3 Gender-Sensitive Indicators and the Engendered LogFrame • 3.4 Agri-Gender Statistical Toolkit for the production of sex-disaggregated

agricultural data

1.1 Basic Concepts of

Gender

Analysis of differences

• Country/Region • Ethnic group • Age • Economic class • Religion • Gender ….

Gender

Gender is a central organizing factor

in societies, which can significantly affect the processes of production,

consumption and distribution.

Gender roles ...

• Are socially defined

• Determine social and economic activities

• Reflect biological differences

• Vary according to regions and cultures

• Change over time

Gender analysis

Study of different roles and responsibilities of men and women; their

differentiated access to resources and their priority needs to better understand and

address gender inequalities.

Gender analysis in the context of data

• Division of labor (productive, reproductive and community activities)

• Access to and control over resources and benefits (influencing factors)

• Level of participation in decision-making and power relations

Gender Mainstreaming

Process of assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action,

including legislation, policies or programmes, in any area

and at all levels.

Gender Equality

Equality between men and women in rights, responsibilities and entitlements. Equal

voice in civil and political life.

Gender Equity

Equity recognizes the differences and accodomates them to prevent the

continuation of an inequitable status quo. It emphasizes fairness in both process and

outcome.

What does using a gender approach mean?

• Understand the specific needs of men and women

• Respond to the differentiated needs of all community members

• Develop the capacities to meet those needs

• Plan and implement sustainable and equitable development policies, programmes and projects

Empowerment

Social

Economic Political

Empowerment Framework

Welfare

Access

Participation

Conscientization

Control

1.2 Gender mainstreaming in agricultural and

rural investment programmes

GMS: elements and applications

Case for GMS: international evidence and Ethiopia

Challenges of GMS

Key elements of gender mainstreaming

Gender equality

G empowerment Gender equity

Fairness and justice

Increasing opportunity of women and men to control

their lives

Equality of outcome

GMS is a process towards achieving gender equality

GMS and project cycle

Identification

Design

Implementation and

monitoring

Evaluation

I. Gender and

livelihoods analysis

II. Gender

strategy and

mechanisms

III. Procedural measures,

indicators, monitoring

IV. Evaluation

and impact

assessment

GMS and investment programmes

Gender equality

Enhanced sustainable and equitable

development impacts


Impact

Outcomes

Outputs

Activities

G mainstreaming in

project implementation

G mainstreaming in

project design

Mainstreaming or integration?

Project design

Project concept

Project implementation

Mid term review Impact

Case for GMS: international evidence

MDGs: “ongoing gender inequality continues to hamper momentum on all MDGs, not just MDG3”

G equality and women’s empowerment

healthy, educated, empowered

owning and controlling resources

contributing to decision-making

productivity (agricultural: 10-20%)

poverty reduction and hunger

child nutrition, survival and education

maternal health, HIV

environment

Case for GMS in ARD: Vision for Ethiopia

Middle income country by 2025

Labour within

sector

75% economically active women

45% agric labour

19% landholders

12% credit

9% extension

Rural households 85% population 20% headed by women 20% FHHs have oxen

Issue of efficiency Issues of equity and empowerment

Inherent inequalities

Agricultural sector

43% GDP 90% exports

Rural non-farm sector

33% GDP

Challenges of GMS in Ethiopia

Enabling environment

Policies

National Policy on Women

Constitution

Institutions

Min of Women’s Affairs

Women’s Affairs Depts

Women’s Affairs Bureaus

Legislation

Family Law

Criminal Code

Civil Code

Labour Law

What is the reality?

Plans

PASDEP/FYGTP

National Action Plan for Gender Equality

Ethiopian Women Development and Change Package

2.1 Gender analysis and sustainable

livelihoods framework

Key elements of framework

Livelihoods framework

Use of framework

Key elements of livelihoods framework

Livelihood assets: resource base of individual households and communities

Livelihood strategies: range and combination of activities and choices that people make to achieve livelihood goals

Livelihood outcomes: what household members achieve through their livelihood strategies

Vulnerability context and resilience: exposure to stresses and shocks, and ability to withstand and recover from them

Policies and institutions: creating an enabling or disabling environment

Livelihood assets

Human • Family composition • Active labour force • Education • Health status • Skills and knowledge

Social • Kin networks • Farmer groups • CBOs • Political groups • Festive, reciprocal

labour groups

Financial • Savings/debt • Income • Credit • Remittances • Insurance

Natural • Land • Grazing lands • Forests, woodlots • Water resources • Livestock • Fishing • Wild products

Physical • Farm tools, equipment • Seeds, fertilizer • Vet drugs • Buildings • Technical advice

Sustainable livelihoods framework

Livelihood strategies

Farm – home consumption,

market

Off-farm

Non-farm, migration

Other: remittances, pensions

Livelihood outcomes

Food security

Income

Health

Well-being

Asset accumulation

Status

Assets

Human

Natural

Physical

Financial

Social

Broader environment

Policies and institutions

Cultural and social norms

Legislatory, regulatory, enforcement

External shocks and threats

Weather, natural calamities

Economic shocks, prices,

Pests, diseases, environment

Use of livelihoods framework

Understanding

• differences in assets, strategies and outcomes between groups

• causes of vulnerability, movement in and out of poverty

Identifying opportunities to

• reduce vulnerabilities and strengthen resilience

• develop livelihoods and improve outcomes

Basis for gender analysis and GMS in project design

Gender analysis and livelihoods framework

Livelihoods framework

• Assets

• Strategies

• Outcomes

• Policies and institutions

• Vulnerabilities and resilience

Gender analysis

• Access and control over resources

• Access and control over benefits

• Workloads and gender division of labour

• Participation in decision-making

How to do it

• PRA tools

• Stakeholder analysis

• Problem analysis

• Interpreting findings

2.2 SEAGA Framework Profile

Livelihoods Analysis

FIELD INTERMEDIATE

MACRO

FIELD LEVEL

• Food habits

• Social resources

• Natural resources (land forms & uses, locations & sizes, activities)

• Farming systems (on- and off-farm)

• Activities linkages & mobility

• Livelihood strategies (seasonal & daily calendars)

• Crisis coping strategies

• Household composition

• Resource access & control

• Activities & labour intensity

• Expenditure & income sources

• Benefits & consumption

INTERMEDIATE LEVEL

• Infrastructure (communication & transport channels)

• Markets

• Services

• Support systems

• Bargaining power

• Contacts & networks

• Labour returns - activity analysis

• Wage rates for men & women

• Price analysis

MACRO LEVEL

• Intra-household gender audit, data for gender sensitive planning

• Natural resources management

• Gender-based roles, rights & obligations

• Work opportunities, trade & local markets

• Traditional/formal law

• Monetary/fiscal policies

• Incentives

• Disaggregation of markets

Livelihood Analysis

• Focuses on how individuals/households make their living and access resources.

• It reveals activities people undertake to meet basic needs and generate income.

• Gender and socio-economic group differences are shown with respect to labour and decision-making patterns.

Key questions :

• How do people make their living? How do the livelihood systems of women and men compare?

• Are households able to meet their basic needs?

• How diversified are livelihood activities? Do certain groups have livelihoods vulnerable to problems revealed in the Development Context?

• What are the patterns for use and control of key resources? By gender? By socio-economic group?

• What are the main sources of income/expenditures?

Livelihood Analysis tools

• Resources Mapping - Farming Systems Diagram : all resources and activities of households.

• Benefits Analysis Flow Chart : benefits use and distribution by gender.

• Daily Activity Clocks : division and intensity of labour by gender and socio-economic group.

• Seasonal Calendars : seasonality of women's and men's labour, food and water availability, income and expenditure patterns, and other seasonal issues.

Livelihood Analysis tools (cont.)

• Resources Access and Control Matrix : use/control of resources by gender and socio-economic group, using proportional piling and picture cards.

• Income & Expenditures Matrices : sources of income/expenditures and crisis coping strategies of different socio-economic groups.

• Wealth (Economic) Ranking : to determine the proportion of vulnerable population (i.e. poor). Piling techniques used to determine proportions.

3.1 GMS in project design and

implementation

GMS in project design and implementation

Identification

Design

Implementation and

monitoring

Evaluation

I. Gender and

livelihoods analysis

II. Gender

strategy and

mechanisms

III. Procedural measures,

indicators, monitoring

IV. Evaluation

and impact

assessment

GMS in project design

Output of gender analysis

• Livelihoods, challenges and opportunities • Stakeholders • Needs and priorities

Gender mainstreaming response

Practical gender needs

Basic and material needs

Focus: efficiency

Condition of women and men

Strategic gender needs

Challenge G identities Transform G relations

Focus: equity + empowerment

Position of women

Main elements of gender strategy

Target group

Gender inequalities

Priority needs

Direct and self

targeting

Empowering Enabling

Operational and

monitoring

Impact assessment and evaluation

GMS design and implementation scenarios

GMS in implementation

strong weak

GMS in

technical

design

strong

weak

PCU plays pivotal role between design and implementation

No/low level

In process of

mainstreaming

of gender awareness

High level of gender awareness

gender

Advanced gender mainstreaming

PCU progress in gender mainstreaming

Indicators of GMS in PCU

• shared responsibility

• comprehensive gender plan

• adapted approaches and

activities to improve outreach

• integrated reporting

FBiH

R of Srpska

Armenia

Moldova

Georgia

Albania

Azerbaijan

Macedonia

Romania

Key factors for success

• relevance of gender issues to

main project design

• senior management + staff

No/low level of gender awareness

High level of gender awareness

In process of gender mainstreaming

Advanced gender mainstreaming

None 3 months 8 – 12 months + 2 years

Duration of appointment of gender specialist

18 months

Moldova

Armenia

R of Srpska

Azerbaijan

Georgia

Macedonia

Romania

Albania

FBiH

Key success factor: gender specialist

GMS activities for strengthening project implementation

Operational measures

• PCU

• partners

• service providers

• community

Monitoring and impact

• gender-sensitive indicators

• GMS in logframe

• SDD and GDD data

• impact assessment

3.2

Impact assessment of GMS in Agricultural

Support Programme, Zambia

Gender mainstreaming

Gender equality

Enhanced development impacts


G mainstreaming in

project implementation

G mainstreaming in

project design

Impact

Outcomes

Outputs

Activities

GMS process: Context of gender mainstreaming

• Orientation of staff and partners

• GMS in facilitation cycle

• Participation targets (but can become upper

limit)

• Women entrepreneurship training

• Family entrepreneurship training

• Women in leadership, role models

• Female CEOs/facilitators, district

coordinators

Field level activities

Technical training,

skills development

Entrepreneurship:

Farming as a business

Household approach

Household approach

• Individual HH visits by ext officer

• Meet all adult HH members

• Plan and set vision together

• Prepare HH action plan

• Mobilise resources together

‘The household approach, together with the entrepreneurship

training, has made a huge change in our lives. We already had

the technical skills for growing crops but we needed the

household approach to make them work.’

• Share benefits together

• Review progress together

• Basis for gender empowerment

• Basis for VCT, HIV/AIDS planning

Index of gender empowerment

Variables

• Basic capacity

• Control over resources

• Access to finance

• Technical skills + application

• Entrepreneurship skills + application

• Advanced farming or enterprise

• Control over income

• Leadership

• Reduction in workloads

Index

Level: Traditional

Level 2: Aware

Level 3: Self-confident

Level 4: Emerging

Level 5: Successful

Levels of gender empowerment

• Limited gender awareness

• No access to finances

• No leadership

• Man attends most meetings, training & exposure visits

But

• Willingness to change

• Joint decision making

• Joint ownership of assets

• Separate fields, separate incomes

• Men cultivate and market cash crops

• Women provide labour for cash crop

• Women cultivate subsistence crops and engage in petty trading

I: Traditional II and III: Aware and self-confident

Gap analysis: Levels II and III

0

0.5

1Basic capacity

Control over resources

Access to finance

Technical skills + application

Entrepreneurship skills +

applicationAdvanced farming or enterprise

Control over income

Leadership

Reduction in workloads

Level II

Level III

Levels of gender empowerment: IV and V

• Joint participation in training, visits

• Women’s enterprise/service provider

• Women’s participation in new skills areas

• Members of savings group/coops

• Joint property ownership

• Women’s leadership of groups

• Involvement in marketing cash crops/livestock

• Labour saving technologies

• Participation in decision making

• Men’s participation in HH tasks

Gap analysis: Levels IV and V

0

0.5

1Basic capacity

Control over resources

Access to finance

Technical skills + application

Entrepreneurship skills +

applicationAdvanced farming or enterprise

Control over income

Leadership

Reduction in workloads

Level IV

Level V

Analysis of G empowerment by ASP participation

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Level I Level II Level III Level IV Level V

Nu

mb

er

of

HH

s

ASP-indiv HH visits

ASP-ordinary HHs

Non-ASP

GMS process: Programme level

• Limited capacity building:

staff, support entities

• Limited responsibility for

GMS – TORs at all levels

• GMS not internalised in all

technical areas, other

studies

• ASP principles & pillars

• Gender policy and

guidelines

• PMU gender focal point

• Draw on experiences of

earlier project

GMS process: Management Info System

Danger of cross-cutting issues:

‘Always there but not treated in any depth’

• Logframe: absence of gender

targets

• Failure to utilise SDD: no gender

analysis, no response to findings

• Loss of detail: aggregation of SDD

• Weak reporting: lack of capture of

success stories and good practices

• Logframe indicators to

be sex disaggregated

• Collection of sex

disaggregated data

• Gender mentioned in

all reports

3.3

Gender-Sensitive Indicators (GSIs) and the Engendered LogFrame

Ilaria Sisto Gender, Equity and Rural Employment Division

Information management system

• Collect accurate/systematic statistics on rural men and women to ensure active participation of all stakeholders in planning and decision-making

• Understand women and men’s role in social, cultural and economic development and promote gender-balanced policies

What are GSIs?

Gender-sensitive indicators (GSIs):

used to monitor gender-related progress or change over time.

Ex. ratio between No. of working hours of women vs men to

manage water resources

Gender-Sensitive Data

• Sex-Disaggregated Data: data collected according to physical attributes (sex, age)

• Gender-Disaggregated data (GDD): analytical indicators derived from sex-disaggregated data on socio-economic attributes (roles and responsibilities)

Types of GSIs

• Impact & output indicators

• Quantitative & qualitative indicators

Indicators of Empowerment

• Legal empowerment

• Political empowerment

• Economic empowerment

• Social empowerment

Importance of GSI

• Demonstrate socio-economic & gender-sensitive changes over time

• Facilitate formulation of efficient responses

• Help ensure gender mainstreaming in projects and programmes

• Assess and measure the progress towards gender equality

Gender Analysis Question

CSD Sub-theme Indicator

Who does what? Role of Women M/F ratio labor force

Who owns what? Ownership of Agricultural Land

Female share agric. holdings

Who has access to/controls what?

Use of Farm Machinery

M/F ratio equip. use


Use of Fertilizer M/F HH fertilizer use


Use of Ag. Pesticides M/F HH ratio pesticide use

Core set of GSI

Criteria for Indicators Selection

• Sex-disaggregated;

• Developed in participatory manner;

• Relevant to user’s needs;

• Technically sound

• Measure trends over time;

• Easy to understand and use.

How to Develop GSI

• Identify gender issues

• Assess data needs

• Establish a baseline

• Monitor GSI over time

Gender-sensitive Indicators

• Developing GSIs requires the inputs and experience of farmers, agricultural planners and researchers and policy-makers.

• GSI make it possible to monitor gender-differentiated changes over time; and gender-based contributions to sustainable development

Engendered Logframe

Engendering the logframe is about identifying

and accounting for gender in planning,

monitoring, and evaluating research and

development work

The Engendered Logframe Approach 2.5.2

Who participates in the project and why?

Are the needs of men and women known and/or

addressed?

Is there a complementary or competing agenda among

beneficiaries?

Do beneficiaries participate in the project M&E?

Were women analyzed as a separate group and together

with men (identify/negotiate)?

Process behind the Engendered Logframe


Basics of Engendered Logframe

Gender analysis in the logframe

Identifies women’s/men’s needs in determining impact and outcome

Collects and uses sex-disaggregated data in indicators and reliable sources of data

Identifies gender roles/relations with particip. methods: beneficiaries as active stakeholders

Incorporates resources brought to the project by its beneficiaries


Row 1: Impact


Summary Indicators Verification Assumptions

Impact Do gender

relations

influence the

project impact?

What measures

can verify the

achievement of

the gender-

responsive

impact?

Are data for

verifying the

impact sex-

disaggregated and

analyzed in terms

of gender? What

gender analysis

tools will be used

(e.g. in impact

assessment)

What are the

important external

factors necessary

for sustaining the

gender-responsive

impact?

Row 2: Outcome



Outcome Does the project have gender- responsive outcome(s)?

What measures can verify the achievement of the gender- responsive outcome(s)?

Is the data for veri-fying the project purpose sex-disaggregated and analyzed in terms of gender? What gender analysis tools will be used (e.g., in Rapid Rural Appraisal xercises)?

What are the important external factors necessary for sustaining the gender-responsive outcome(s)?

Row 3: Outputs



Outputs Is the distri-bution of benefits taking gen-der roles and relations into account?

What measures can verify that the project benefits both women and men, and the different types of women engaged in or affected by the project?

Are data for verifying project outputs sex-disaggregated and analyzed in terms of gender? What gender analysis tools will be used (e.g. in participatory field evaluations)?

What are the important external factors necessary for achieving project benefits (specifically, benefits for women; youth)?

Row 4: Activities



Activities Are gender issues clari-fied in the implementation of the pro-ject (e.g., in workplans)?

Inputs:

What goods and services do the beneficiaries contribute to the project?

Are contributions from women and men accounted for?

Are external inputs accounting for women’s access to and control over these inputs?

Are data for verifying project activities sex-disaggregated and analyzed in terms of gender? What gender analysis tools will be used (e.g., in monitoring the activities)?

What are the important external factors necessary for achieving the activities, and especially to ensure the continued engagement of men and women participating in the project?

Analysis Engendered Logframe


Logframe Level

Strategic Gender Element

Analytical Tool

Impact Policy responsiveness

Institutional analysis and mapping

Outcomes Gender needs Practical and strategic needs

Outputs Gender division of benefits

Benefits profile

Activities Gender roles and relations

Triple-role framework

Inputs Access to and control over resources

Resource picture cards

Process &

Participants

Explicit action on gender dimensions of project impact

and outcomes

Gender policy used in support of analysis

Sex-disaggregated data and gender indicators

Participation of beneficiaries in evaluation

Clear mechanism for gender analysis

Gender-responsive Evaluation


3.4

AGRI - GENDER STATISTICAL TOOLKIT

for the production of sex-disaggregated agricultural data

Developed by:

Diana Tempelman Senior Officer, Gender and Development

FAO Regional Office for Africa, Accra

78

79

AGRI - GENDER DATABASE a statistical toolkit for the production of

sex-disaggregated agricultural data

RESULT OF:

• Nearly 2 decades collaboration FAO & NBS-s in Africa

• “joint-venture” with N = 100+ statisticians

• Support of N = 10,000+++ men and women farmers responding to census / survey Q.

80

AGRI-GENDER DATABASE / TOOLKIT

INTRODUCTION

Data Items SECTION 1 SECTION 2

1 Agricultural population and households Questionnaire Table

2 Access to productive resources Questionnaire Table

3 Production and productivity Questionnaire Table

4 Destination of agricultural produce Questionnaire Table

5 Labour and time-use Questionnaire Table

6 Income and expenditures Questionnaire Table

7 Membership of agricultural/farmer organisations Questionnaire Table

8 Food security Questionnaire Table

9 Poverty indicators Questionnaire Table

../../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/My Documents/AAA - My Documents on Rafx-i-244b/OFFICE/RAF/RAF-ES-TC/Tempelman/Presentations - speeches/files/q1.pdf

../../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/My Documents/AAA - My Documents on Rafx-i-244b/OFFICE/RAF/RAF-ES-TC/Tempelman/Presentations - speeches/files/t1.pdf

















81

EXAMPLES of news “gender-relevant” results from WCA 2000 and 2010

• Analysis of demographic data

• Access to productive resources

• Credit, labour and time-use

• Poverty indicators

82

Guinea

85+

80 - 84

75 - 79

70 -74

65 - 69

60 - 64

55 - 59

50 - 54

45 - 49

40 - 44

35 - 39

30 - 34

25 - 29

20 - 24

15 -19

.10 - 14

.5 - 9

> 5

Male Female Scale maximum = 800000

Guinea – Labé Region

85+

80 - 84

75 - 79

70 -74

65 - 69

60 - 64

55 - 59

50 - 54

45 - 49

40 - 44

35 - 39

30 - 34

25 - 29

20 - 24

15 -19

.10 - 14

.5 - 9

> 5

Male Female Scale maximum = 90000

Demographic data (1) Guinea

FEMINISATION AGRICULTURAL SECTOR

DATA

83

‘Standard’ format demographic data questions

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

If column 3, code 1

S/N

Full name (Starting with the head of household)

Is the member of the household a holder 1 = Yes 2 = No

Holder ID

Type of holding 1 = Crop 2 = Livestock 3 = Both

Sex 1 = Male 2 = Female

Relation to the head of household 1 = Head Etc

Age in completed years

Code Code Code Code

01

02

03

04

05

Etc.

84

Demographic data (2) - NIGER

Average FFH: smaller but more dependents

Average size and dependency ratio of agricultural households by sex of Head of Household at regional and national level

Source: RGAC 2004-2007, Niger

Male HoHH Female HoHH

Region

Average size Dependency

ratio Average size

Dependency ratio

AGADEZ 5,5 0,87 4,0 0,90

DIFFA 5,8 0,84 3,6 0,92

DOSSO 7,6 0,82 4,4 0,89

MARADI 7,7 0,95 3,9 0,96

TAHOUA 6,6 0,86 4,3 1,16

TILLABERY 8,3 0,83 4,5 0,99

ZINDER 5,9 0,85 3,7 1,07

NIAMEY 6,1 0,69 4,8 0,65

Total 6,9 0,86 4,0 1,03

DATA

85

Demographic data (3) Tanzania

labour constraints in headed HH

Male active / sex of HoHH Selected

regions Male HoHH Female HoHH

Dodoma 1.1 0.3

Mtwara 1.0 0.5

Iringa 1.1 0.2

Mbeya 1.1 0.3

Mara 1.0 0.5

Tanzania 1.1 0.4

Active male members / sex of HoHH, Tanzania

DATA

86

Section 2 : Inventory of plots of agricultural holdings (NIGER)

Identification

Plots, farms

Family name & first name of

Plotmanager

Sex of Plot manager

Type de plot

management

Plot culture history

Type of culture

Type of land tenure

Type of Relief

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Male 1 Individual 1 cultivated 1 Cul, pur 1 1 Inheritance 1 Plane

Female 2 Collective 2 fallow 2 Cult, mixed 2 2 Purchase 2 valley bottom

3 renting or crop sharing

2 slope

4 Loan

5 Gift

Field

Plot Write first and family name of Plotmanager,

starting with the HoHH

6 Other

|____|____|

|____|____| |____| |____| |____| |____| |____| |____|

|____|____|

|____|____| |____| |____| |____| |____| |____| |____|

Access to productive resources (1) LAND

87

LAND Collective management / Head of HH

Male holder: Area under collective management per

type of acquisition - NIGER3%

1%

7%

1%

5%

83%

Inherited

Purchased

Share-cropping

Loan

Gift

Other

Female holder: Area under collective management

per type of acquisition - NIGER

5%9%

11%

0%

6% 69%

Inherited

Purchased

Share-cropping

Loan

Gift

Other

DATA

88

LAND Individual

management / active HH members

Male sub-holder: Area under individual management

per type of acquisition at national level - NIGER

10%2% 1%

2%

9%

76%

Inherited

Purchased

Share-cropping

Loan

Gift

Other

Female sub-holder: Area under individual

management per type of acquisition at national level,

NIGER

12%1%

35%

48%

3%

1%

Inherited

Purchased

Share-cropping

Loan

Gift

Other

DATA

89

Section 2 : Number of sedentary animals par kind and sex of owner

Code Kind of animal, sex and age Total number Number owned by women

1 2 3 4

10 Cattle

11 Female |____|____|____| |____|____|____|

12 Male |____|____|____| |____|____|____|

13 Castrated male |____|____|____| |____|____|____|

30 Sheep |____|____|____| |____|____|____|

40 Goat |____|____|____| |____|____|____|

Household level question

Access to productive resources (2) ANIMALS

90


Sedentary animals / type of animal / sex of owner, Niger

cattle sheep goats

Men Women Men Women Men Women

77.7 % 22.3 % 60.3 % 39.7 % 45.5 % 54.5 %

DATA

91

Ownership chicken / sex of owner, Niger

Chicken

Repartition des poulets par proprietaire au niveau

du Niger

32%

46%

22%

Femmes

Hommes

Enfants

DATA


92

Access to productive resources (3.1) CREDIT

Q 13.1: During the year 2002/2003 did any of the household members borrow money for agriculture? Yes or no

Q 13.2 If yes, then give details of the credit obtained during the agricultural year 2002/2003 (if the credit was provided in kind, for example by the provision of inputs, then estimate the value)

93

Credit details Source “a”

Use codes to indicate source |__|

Provide to Male=1, Female=2 |__|

S/N

Use of credit

Tick boxes below to indicate the use of the credit

13.2.1 Labour

13.2.2 Seeds

13.2.3 Fertilisers

13.2.4 Agrochemicals

13.2.5 Tools/equipment

13.2.6 Irrigation structures

13.2.7 Livestock

13.2.8 Other ………………………………

Source of credit 1 = Family, friend or relative 2 = Commercial bank

3 = Cooperative 4 = Savings and credit soc. 5 = Trader/trade store

6 = Private individual 7 = Religious organisation/NGO/Project 8 = Other (specify) ………………………

Access to productive resources (3.2) CREDIT

94

Female HoHH use credit to hire labour -

Chart 7.5 Percent of Households that have access to Credit by sex of

Household Head

0

10

20

30

Labour Seeds Fertili -

zers

Agro-che

micals

Tools /

Equip

ment

Irrigation

Structures

Livestock Other

Use of Credit

Per

cen

t

Male Headed Female Headed

DATA

to purchase seeds

TANZANIA

95

Time-use, Ethiopia Source: Ethiopian Agricultural Sample Enumeration Miscellaneous Questions – 2001/02 (1994 E.C.)

Adults Children S/N

Activity Male

(code) Female (code)

Boys (code)

Girls (code)

21.1 Tilling |__| |__| |__| |__|

21.2 Sowing |__| |__| |__| |__|

21.3 Weeding |__| |__| |__| |__|

21.4 Harvesting |__| |__| |__| |__|

21.5 Feeding/Treating |__| |__| |__| |__|

21.6 Milking |__| |__| |__| |__|

21.7 Marketing of agricultural products |__| |__| |__| |__|

21 How much time do men and women spend in the household on each of the following agricultural activities? Use the codes given below the table

Codes: 1 = Not participated 2 = One fourth of the time (1/4) 3 = One half of the time (1/2)

4 = Three fourth of the time (3/4) 5 = Full time 6 = Not applicable

96

Chart 5.17 Percent of Households by Type of Labour - MALE Headed

Households

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Land Clearing

Soil Preparation by HandSoil Preparation by Oxen / Tractor

PlantingWeeding

Crop ProtectionHarvesting

Crop ProcessingCrop Marketing

Cattle RearingCattle Herding

Cattle MarketingGoat & Sheep Rearing

Goat & Sheep HerdingGoat & Sheep Marketing

MilkingPig Rearing

Poultry KeepingCollecting Water

Collecting FirewoodPole Cutting

Timber Wood CuttingBuilding / Maintaining Houses

Making BeerBeekeeping

FishingFish Farming

Off - farm Income Generation

Ty

pe o

f L

ab

ou

r

Percent

Head of Household Alone Adults Males Adult Female

Adults Boys Girls

Boys & Girls All Household Members Hired Labour

Chart 5.18 Percent of Households by Type of Labour

- Female Headed Households

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Land Clearing

Soil Preparation by HandSoil Preparation by Oxen / Tractor

PlantingWeeding

Crop ProtectionHarvesting

Crop Processing

Crop MarketingCattle Rearing

Cattle HerdingCattle Marketing

Goat & Sheep RearingGoat & Sheep Herding

Goat & Sheep MarketingMilking

Pig RearingPoultry Keeping

Collecting WaterCollecting Firewood

Pole CuttingTimber Wood Cutting

Building / Maintaining Houses

Making BeerBeekeeping

FishingFish Farming

Off - farm Income Generation

Ty

pe o

f L

ab

ou

r

Percent

Head of Household Alone Adults Males Adult Female

Adults Boys Girls

Boys & Girls All Household Members Hired Labour

Division of Labour, Tanzania

DATA

97

Food security / Poverty indicators Tanzania

Source: United Republic of Tanzania – Agricultural Sample Census 2002/2003- Small holder/Small Scale Farmer Questionnaire: Section 34

Code 34.6.3 1 = Never 3 = Sometimes 6 = Always 2 = Seldom 4 = Other

34.6.1

Number of meals the household normally has per day

|__|

34.6.2

Number of days the household consumed meat last week

|__|

34.6.3

How often did the household have problems in satisfying the food needs of the household last year (code)

|__|

98

Food security

Frequency of food shortages, Tanzania

Chart 9.4 Percent of Male and Female Headed

Households by Frequency of Facing Food Shortages

0

10

20

30

40

50

Never Seldom Sometimes Often Always

Frequency of Food Shortage

Per

cen

t of

Hou

seh

old

s

Male Female

A higher percent male-headed HHs never has food shortage.

A higher percent of female-headed HHs has often or always food shortages.

The same pattern appears in the regions.

DATA

99

Link to the agri-gender toolkit

BROCHURE: http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/k8472e/k8472e00.pdf, TOOLKIT ITSELF: http://www.fao.org/gender/agrigender/en

http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/k8472e/k8472e00.pdf

http://www.fao.org/gender/agrigender/en