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Gene Expression: Using DNA to make proteins. PHA Biology 9. A Day in the Life of The Cell. Released into blood stream and used as hormone or other bodily structure. Golgi Apparatus. (Modifies and shapes the protein). Ribosome. Protein being formed at Ribosome. Protein. Nucleus. Cytoplasm. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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GENE EXPRESSION:USING DNA TO MAKE PROTEINS
PHA Biology 9
A DAY IN THE LIFE OF THE CELL
Ribosome
s
: :B
l oo
d S
t re
am
: :
Cytoplasm
Vesicles
(“bubbles” that
transport
proteins)
Nucleus
DNA
(Stores genetic information)
RNA
(Copies genetic from DNA and carries it to the Ribosome to make
proteins)
Protein could go to membrane to be released into blood stream
Golgi
Apparatus
(Modifies and shapes the protein)Protein
being formed
at Ribosom
e
Cell
Mem
bran
e(transport
s and
packages
proteins)
E.R.
Released into blood
stream and used as
hormone or o
ther
bodily structu
re
ProteinRibosome
RNA
Overview: Using DNA to Make Proteins
DNA RNA Protein
Trait• Stays in the
nucleus• Copies itself
and gets passed on to new cells
• Holds instructions for making proteins
• Made in the nucleus and goes to the cytoplasm
• Uses DNA instructions to make proteins
• Used as body structures (muscle, bone, skin, hair), enzymes, transporters, hormones, etc.
• Observable characteristic• “Who you are”
[Turn your notebook sideways and write this in big letters in the middle of the page – take up the whole length of the page!
Leave plenty of space above and below it.]
Overview: Using DNA to Make Proteins
DNA RNA Protein
Trait
Transcription: The process of making RNA by copying DNA
Translation: The process of using info in RNA to make proteins
• Stays in the nucleus
• Copies itself and gets passed on to new cells
• Holds instructions for making proteins
• Made in the nucleus and goes to the cytoplasm
• Uses DNA instructions to make proteins
• Used as body structures (muscle, bone, skin, hair), enzymes, transporters, hormones, etc.
• Observable characteristic• “Who you are”
Differences between DNA and RNA
Deoxyribose sugar
Double strand (forms a helix)
Bases: A, T, G, C
Ribose sugar Single strand (can
form different shapes)
U instead of T(A, U, G, C)
DNA RNA
Objectives for Class:• Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA• Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA
Base Pairing between DNA and RNA
DNA RNAA ------ UT ------ AC ------ GG ------ C
Objectives for Class:• Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA• Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA
Transcription: Copying DNA into RNA
mRNA (the orange strand)
DNA (the red & green strands)
Objectives for Class:• Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA• Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA
Overview: A DNA gene is copied into RNA Occurs in the nucleus
Steps: 1. RNA Polymerase separates (unzips)
DNA strands2. RNA Polymerase makes RNA by
matching complementary nucleotides with the DNA strand
3. mRNA leaves nucleus and DNA winds back up!
Final Result: mRNA copy of a gene
mRNA
Objectives for Class:• Describe
Transcription
Objectives for Class:• Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription• Describe the purpose and major steps of translation
Three Types of RNA: Messenger RNA (mRNA) -
Carries a copy of protein-making instructions to the ribosome
Codon = 3 letters on mRNAthat stand for one amino acid
Transfer RNA (tRNA) –Carries amino acids to the ribosome Contains anticodons that match up with mRNA
codons to put amino acids in the correct order Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) –
Part of the ribosome (helps bond amino acids together)
Amino Acid attached to the top
Anti-codon on the bottom
Transfer RNA (tRNA) Structure (Draw it!)
Objectives for Class:• Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA• Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Acts like an enzyme to
bond amino acids together into long chains (proteins!)
Translation Details Overview:
The gene sequence in mRNA is translated into a chain of amino acids that forms a protein
Occurs at the ribosome Steps:
1. mRNA enters the ribosome2. tRNA molecules bring amino acids to the
ribosome 3. tRNA anticodons match with mRNA
codons to put amino acids in the right order According to the Genetic Code
4. Ribosome connects the amino acids into a long chain
Final Result: A polypeptide (protein)
t RNA
mRNA
t RNA
Ribosom
e
Making Proteins at the Ribosome
Objectives for Class:• Describe
Growing Protein
Anticodon
Codon
Amino Acid
Objectives for Class:• Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription• Describe the purpose and major steps of translation
Translation
Objectives for Class:• DescribeObjectives for Class:• Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription• Describe the purpose and major steps of translation
mRNA strand
Growing protein chain
Ribosome
Transcription & Translation
Objectives for Class:• Describe
Transcription
Translation
Reading The Genetic Code The letters in the wheel
are mRNA codons Start in the middle! This is the first letter in
the codon
Move to the middle ring (2nd letter in the codon)
Then go to the outer ring of letters (3rd letter in the codon)
Outermost ring = amino acids!
Reading The Genetic Code: ExamplesFollow along with the
examples on your worksheet!
Example 1: CAG 1st base = C 2nd base = A 3rd base = G
Therefore theamino acid is…
Glutamine!
Example 2: GUU Valine
Reading The Genetic Code: Longer ExampleExample 3:
GCCAGCUAG Step 1: Break
it into 3-letter sections (codons)
GCC AGC UAG
Step 2: Decode each codon
GCC = Alanine
AGC = Serine UAG = STOP
(end of protein sequence)
1
2
3
Gene Mutations Activity: Part I Review
What is a Genetic Mutation? A change in the base-pair sequence of DNA
The three types of point mutations: substitution (switch one DNA nucleotide
for another) insertion (add an extra nucleotide into the
DNA sequence) deletion (leave out one nucleotide in the
DNA sequence)
Objectives for Class:• Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations
Genetic Mutations Activity – Substitution Mutations
Original DNA Sequence
Substitution
Substitution/ Silent Mutation
Changes the Amino Acid
Does not Change the Amino AcidObjectives for Class:• Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations
Genetic Mutations Activity –Frame-Shift Mutations
Frame-Shift Mutations Original DNA Sequence
Frame-Shift: Deletion of nucleotide
Frame-Shift: Insertion/ Addition of nucleotide
Changes all Amino Acid after mutation
Changes all Amino Acid after mutation
Objectives for Class:• Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations
Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic Mutations
Background Information BrainstormInfo on Sickle Cell AnemiaNormal vs. Sickled Cells (shape is different)Genetic disease (get it from parents’ genes)Two copies of gene = sickle cell anemiaOne copy of gene = “carrier” for sickle cell anemia – protected from malariaMalaria – disease caused by mosquitoes that live in tropical places (ex: sub-Saharan Africa)People of African descent are more likely to carry the sickle cell gene b/c it protected their ancestors from malaria
Symptoms of SCA: tired easily, lots of muscle pain b/c blood cells stick together and block blood flow.
What anemia isHow SCA came to be.
Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic Mutations
Background Information BrainstormInfo on Genes and Mutations:What a gene isWhat a mutation isDifferent types of mutations (substitution and frame-shift (deletion and insertion))DNA RNA protein trait and how a mutation would affect this.Transcription and translation.
Valine:
Glutamic acid: