Genel Çeviri-2

8/12/2019 Genel Çeviri-2

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Yazar ii

İçindekiler

Genel Çeviri Genel Çeviri

Hakan Gür

Ġ n g

i l i z c e - T ü r k ç e2

Metin türleri ve çeviri yöntemleri.

Tümce ve metin analizi çalışmaları.

Çeviri sorunlarını örnekleyen metinler.

Çeviri sınavları için öneriler.

Çeviri sınavında başarı alıştırmaları.

Genel Çeviri 1 kitabıyla, eşsiz bir kaynak.

ÖĞRENCĠ KĠTABI



GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2 © Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ KİTAPLARININ KULLANIMINA İLİŞKİN KURALLAR

Genel Çeviri 1 ve Genel Çeviri 2 olarak derlenerek internet ortamına yerleştirilen PDF dosyalarının kullanımı aşağıdaki koşullara bağlıdır:

1. Genel Çeviri 1 ve Genel Çeviri 2 dosyalarının içeriği dosyaların içinde vedildersleri.gen.tr sitesinde Genel Çeviri 1 ve Genel Çeviri 2 için

verilen bağlantılar altında mevcuttur. Kullanım koşulları bu dosyaların herikisini de kapsamaktadır.

2. Kullanıcı olarak, söz konusu dosyaları ticari amaçla olmamakkoşuluyla kendi bilgisayarına kaydedebilir, bu dosyaları kopyalayabilir,

başkalarına iletebilir, sayfalarda yer alan © Hakan Gür -

dildersleri.gen.tr ibaresini silmemek ve değiştirmemek koşuluyladosyaların içeriğinde düzeltme ve düzenlemeler yapabilirsiniz. Burada sözüedilen "ticari" kavramı ile Genel Çeviri 1 ve Genel Çeviri 2 kitaplarınınözgün biçimleri ya da değiştirilmiş biçimleriyle iletilmesi, çoğaltılması

ve/veya kullanılmasının öncesinde ya da sonrasında ücret talep edilmesi,kitapların satılması kastedilmektedir. Kitapların kişi ya da kurumlartarafından ücretsiz olarak öğrencilere verilmesi ve sonucunda kurumsal(okul, üniversite, dershane ve benzerleri) ya da kişisel temelli (özel dersgibi) çeviri öğretim ortamlarında kullanılması serbesttir.

3. Kuralların erişilebilir olması için çeşitli önlemler alınmıştır; buna göre:

a) bu kurallar dosyaların özgün biçimlerinin kullanıma sunulduğu internetsayfalarında yer almakta,

b) dosyaların sayfalarının üst bölümünde yer alan © Hakan Gür -dildersleri.gen.tr ibaresine eklenen bağlantı yoluyla kullanıcı bukurallara yönlendirilmekte,

c) her bir dosyanın girişinde kurallar ayrıca verilmektedir.

Bu nedenle kullanıcı olarak dosyaları ister bu siteden ya da başkakaynaklardan edinmiş olun, bu kuralları okumuş ve kabul etmiş

olmaktasınız.

4. Bu kurallar dosyalara ayrıca eklendiği için, dosyaların yer aldığıdildersleri.gen.tr sitesinin geçici ya da kalıcı olarak devre dışı kalması,siteye erişilememesi, sitenin adının değiştirilmesi gibi durumlarda dakurallar geçerliliğini koruyacaktır.

.......:::::.......

Genel Çeviri 1 kitabı elinizde yoksa, dildersleri.gen.tr adresinden temin edebilirsiniz.

http://dildersleri.gen.tr/






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Yazar iv

Giriş v

Kullanım notları vi

Kısaltma ve simgeler vi

Konular

1: Çeviri ve çevirinin aşamaları 1

2: Metin türleri ve çeviri yöntemleri 6

3: Tümce analizi 13

4: Tümce analizi ve çevirisi 43

5: Metin analizi ve çevirisi 58

6: Çeviri sınavına hazırlık ve son düzeltmeler 219

7: Çeviri sınavlarında başarı 227

Noktalama imleri 233

Çeviriler 240

Yararlanılan kaynaklar 243




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Hakan Gür Ankara Üniversitesi DTCF İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı kürsüsünden mezun oldum. Türk-

İngiliz Kültür Derneği, Bilkent Üniversitesi Hazırlık Bölümü ve Ankara Üniversitesi

TÖMER'de İngilizce okutmanlığı yaptım. ODTÜ Yabancı Diller bölümünde yüksek

lisans, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Türkçenin Öğretimi ve Eğitimi

Anabilim Dalı'nda da doktora çalışmamı tamamladım ve lisansüstü eğitim

programında Türkçenin Yabancı Dil Olarak Öğretimi dersleri verdim.

İmge, Dost ve Bilgi Yayınevleri için kitap çevirileri gerçekleştirdim; çevirmenlik yapmayı

sürdürüyorum. .

Yazar




v

Genel Çeviri 1 kitabının Giriş bölümünde, Genel Çeviri k itaplarının hazırlanmasında izlenenyaklaşım ayrıntılı olarak açıklanmakta. Modüler bir temele oturan bu yaklaşımın ilk üçmodülüne ilişkin konular Genel Çeviri 1 kitabında ele alınmaktadır.

ÇEVİRİ KURSU MODÜLÜN GENEL

HEDEFLERİ

Kitap

SÖZLÜKKULLANIMI

Çeviri için sözlük seçimi ve kullanımı

1

MODÜL 1

SÖZCÜK BİLGİSİ

Bağlamdan yararlanarak anlamın tahmin edilmesi

1

MODÜL 2

İNGİLİZCE

DİLBİLGİSİ İngilizce dilbilgisinin

niteliklerinin anlaşılması 1

MODÜL 3

METİN ve ÇEVİRİ

TÜRLERİ

Metin türlerinin ve bunlara uygun

çeviri yöntemlerinin tanınması 2

MODÜL 4

TÜMCE

ANALİZİ

Çeviri için tümce

analizinin yapılması 2

MODÜL 5

METİN

ANALİZİ

Çeviri için metinanalizinin yapılması

2

MODÜL 6

ÇEVİRİNİN KONTROLU

Yapılan çevirinin son kez gözden geçirilmesi

2

MODÜL 7

SINAVLARA

HAZIRLIK

Çeviri sınavlarında

sürenin kullanımı 2

MODÜL 8

Konular

Yine birinci kitapta olduğu gibi, Genel Çeviri 2 kitabındaki her bir konuda Giriş, Sunu,

İşleme, Üretme ve Sınama bölümleri bulunmakta. Beşinci konuda yeterince çeviri alıştırmasıyapabileceğiniz sayıda ve çeşitlilikte metin yer almakta. Bu metinlerin hemen hepsinin sonundada Böylesi de var! başlığı altında, derlenmiş ilginç yazım hataları, tutarsızlık içeren ifadeler ve

çeviri hatalarını bulabilirsiniz.

Ele alınan sıralamanın izlenmesi durumunda, Genel Çeviri 2 kitabının çok yararlı bir çevirimalzemesi haline geleceğinden eminim.

Hakan GÜR

Almanya, 2010

Giriş




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Genel Çeviri 2 kitabı, Genel Çeviri 1 kitabını işlemiş ve dolayısıyla İngilizce'nin temeldilbilgisini edinmiş çeviri öğrenenleri içindir. Ayrıca, bu kitabı kullanacak olanların sözlük

kullanma becerisini edindikleri kabul edilmekte ve birinci kitapta sözlük ile ilgili önerilermevcut olduğu için, bu kitapta bu konuya değinilmemektedir.

Genel Çeviri 2 kitabının amacı, Genel Çeviri 1 k itabını kullanarak dilbilgisi ile ilgili sorunlarını büyük ölçüde çözmüş olan öğrenenin, çeviri esnasında karşılaşacağı diğer sorunları tanıtmak veöneriler sunmaktır. Bunu yaparken de cümceden metne doğru aşamalı bir gelişmeizlenmektedir. Kitap işlenirken bu sıranın izlenmesi, konu atlanmaması öngörülmüştür.

Noktalama imlerinin İngilizce ve Türkçe'deki farklı kullanımları çeviri açısından kimi zamansorun çıkarabilmekte. Bu nedenle, kitabın sonuna noktalama imleri ile ilgili notlar eklenmiştir.

Genel Çeviri 2 kitabında kullanılan tüm kısaltma ve simgeler birer örnek ile birlikte aşağıdaaçıklanmaktadır.

Simply stated, computational linguistics is no more than the use of

electronic digital computers in linguistic research. These machines are

employed to scan texts and to produce, more rapidly and more reliably

than is possible without their aid, such reliable tools for linguistic and

stylistic research as word lists, frequency counts, and concordances. But

more interesting and theoretically much more difficult than the

compilation of lists, is the use of computers for automatic grammatical

analysis and translation.

These machines = ?

their = ? ____ such

as ?

Eşit ( = ) işareti, sözcük ya da yapının metin içinde hangi sözcük ya da yapının yerinekullanıldığını sormaktadır.

These machines = electronic digital computers

their = electronic digital computers'

Uzun düz çizgi ( ______ ), sözcükten önce ya da sonra hangi yapının geleceğini sormaktadır.

to produce such

Ok ( ) işareti, sözcük ya da yapıya dikkat edilmesi gerektiğini, bu sözcük ya da yapının birden fazla anlam taşıyabileceğini belirtir. Örnekte verilen as sözcüğü zaman, neden,

benzerl ik , yorum ya da kıyas gösterebilir (bu kullanımların her biri Genel Çeviri 1 kitabındaayrıntılı olarak işlenmekte).

as such as yapısı = gibi (such reliable tools ... as)

Diğer kısaltmalar:

Ö Özne I am a teacher.

Y Yüklem I am a teacher.

N Nesne I am a teacher.

Kullanım notları

Kısaltma ve simgeler




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1

Çeviri ve Çevirinin Aşamaları

Çeviri ............................................................................................................... 2

Çevirinin aşamaları ........................................................................................ 3

1. Sözcük tanımlama ............................................................................. 3

2. Terim tanımlama ................................................................................ 3

3. Yapısal analiz ..................................................................................... 4

4. Anlama ............................................................................................... 4

5. Dil aktarımı ......................................................................................... 4

6. Erek dilde düzenleme ........................................................................ 5

7. İfade etme .......................................................................................... 5

Sonuç .............................................................................................................. 5




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Çeviri Sözlük anlamı ile çeviri

bir dildeki (KAYNAK DİL) konuşma ya da yazının bir başka dile (EREK DİL)aktarılması işlemi, ya da bu işlemin sonucunda oluşan erek -dil versiyonudur.(Richards et al., 1989: 299)

Newmark'a (1988: 5) göre ise çeviri

bir metnin anlamını bir başka dile, o metnin yazarının amaçladığı şekildeaktarmaktır. Sağduyu bize bu işin kolay olması gerektiğini söylüyor, zira insan birdilde söyleyebildiğini diğer dilde de o kadar iyi şekilde söyleyebilmeli.

Ancak Newmark yine aynı sayfalarda, çevirinin hiç de sağduyunun bize söylediği gibi kolay bir

olay olmamasını, diller arasındaki büyük farklılıklara bağlamakta.

Yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde bilgisayar çevirisi alanında çalışmış olanların düşmüş olduğu en büyükyanılgı, yabancı dilin söz varlığının ve tümce oluşturma özelliklerinin çoğu edinildiğinde çeviri

yapmanın artık hiç de sorun olmayacağı düşüncesiydi (ayrıntı için, Goshawke, 1987). Ancak bugün çok iyi biliyoruz ki çeviride söz varlığı ve dilbilgisinden öte unsurlar devreye girmekte.Bir tür mıntıka temizliği (bu terimi Stern (1987) clearing the ground olarak kullanmakta)

amacını taşıyan bu ilk konumuzda, herhangi bir metnin çevirisini yapma görevi ile karşı karşıyakalındığında ne tür çeviri aşamalarından geçildiği incelenmekte.




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Çevirinin Aşamaları Herşeyden önce, Genel Çeviri kitaplarında amaçlanan çevirinin ne olduğunu saptamamızgerekebilir. Genel amaçlar, yapılan çevirinin orijinal metnin yansıttığı anlamı yansıtması ve

bunun yanısıra da orijinal metindeki formu yansıtmasıdır. Birinci amaçtan kasıt çeviri metin ileözgün metnin aynı uzunlukta olması gibi bir koşulun aranmaması (bu nitelik İletişimsel Çeviri adı altında Konu 2 içinde işlenmekte), ikinci amaçtan kasıt ise, özgün metindeki yazıözelliklerinin (devrik , altı çizili, koyu, tablo içinde gibi) yansıtılmasıdır. Bu amaçlar sadeceyazılı çeviri için gözetilmekte, sözel olarak yapılan çevirinin öğretilmesi hedeflenmemektedir.

Bu durumda ele alınacak sorun, kaynak dildeki yazılı bir metni erek dile yazılı olarak, anlamıve yazının formunu koruyarak aktarmaktır. Bunu yapmak isteyen bir çeviri öğrencisininçevirinin hangi aşamalarından geçtiğini saptarken, aslında kişilerin yaptığı çeviri ile değil de

bilgisayar çeviri ile ilgilenen bir bilim adamının, Walter Goshawke'ın tanımlamasının kapsamlıve titizlikle saptamalardan olduğu hemen göze çarpmaktadır. Goshawke'ın belirttiği gibi,

bilgisayarın çeviriyi yapabilmek için çözmesi gereken sorunlar, çeviri yapan insanın çözmesigereken sorunlardan farklı değil. Goshawke'a (1987: 11-13 ve 42-56) göre bu sorunlar, sırasıile:

1. Duyma

2. Sesleri Tanımlama

3. Heceleri Tanımlama

4. Sözcük Tanımlama

5. Sözcük Tanıma

6. Terim Tanıma

7. Yapısal Analiz

8. Anlama

9. Dil Aktarımı 10. Erek Dilde Düzenleme

11. İfade Etme

Goshawke'ın (1987:13) da belirttiği gibi, bu sorunlardan ilk üçü bilgisayar çevirisi konusunuilgilendirmemekte. Bunun nedeni de, açıkça görüldüğü gibi, Duyma, Sesleri Tanımlama ve

Heceleri Tanımlama aşamalarının anında çeviri yapılacağı zaman söz konusu olmasıdır.Konumuz yazılı çevirinin aşamaları olduğuna göre, Sözcük Tanımlama aşamasının da birkenara bırakılması gerekmekte çünkü bu aşama noktalama imlerinden ve sözcüklerin yanlışlıkla

bitişik yazılmasından kaynaklanan - her ikisi de yine bilgisayarı ilgilendirecek türden - sorunlarıiçermektedir.

1. Sözcük Tanımlama

Her bir sözcük yalnızca bir tek nesne ya da kavrama karşılık gelse çeviri olayı son derecekolaylaşabilirdi. Oysa sözcükler birden fazla anlam taşıyabilmekteler. Çevirmenin en iyiyardımcısı olan sözlük bile kimi durumlarda yetersiz kalabilmekte. Bu nedenle de, dikkatli

okumanın ve sözlüğü çok iyi kullanabilme önem kazanmakta. Bu arada, pek sık görülmese de,karşılaşıldığında büyük sorunlar oluşturabilecek yazım hatalarını da unutmamalı.

2. Terim Tanımlama

Goshawke'ın (1987: 46-47) deyimler ve özel isimlerin çevirisinin zorluğu olarak ele aldığıTerim Tanımlama aşaması, özellikle Baker (1992) ve Newmark (1991) gibi yazarların dadeğindikleri, yalancı dostlar konusunda karşımıza çıkmakta. İngilizce bir metindeki

sympathetic (=anlayışlı) sözcüğünün anında sempatik olarak, dramatic (=büyük, muazzam)sözcüğünün de dramatik olarak aktarılması bunun en sık rastlanılan örneklerinden. Karşımıza




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pek fazla bir sorun olarak çıkmasa da, özel isimlerin erek dile aktarılması konusunu da (örneğinJohn F. Kennedy ismi Ankara'daki sokak levhasında olduğu gibi Can F. Kenedi mi olmalı)Terim Tanımlama aşamasına ekleyebiliriz.

3. Yapısal Analiz

Bir bağlam içinde sözcük ve terimlerinin analiz ve tanımlaması yapılan tümcenin yapısalanalizinin yapılabilmesi, her şeyden önce, kaynak dilin tümce oluşturma kurallarının çok iyi

bilinmesini gerektirmektedir. Karmaşık bir tümcenin ana tümcesini, varsa yan tümcesini ya datümcelerini saptayarak bir anlamda tümcenin iskeletini bulup çıkarmak, bir sonraki Anlama

aşamasının gerçekleştirilebilmesi için kaçınılmaz olabilir.

4. Anlama

İlk üç aşamayı başarıyla geçip Anlama aşamasında bocalayan çeviri öğrencilerinin bu başarısızlığının genelde dört temel sorundan kaynaklandığı görülmekte:

Mevcut bilgiye gereğinden fazla güven. Çeviri yapan kişinin kaynak metindekikonuya yakınlığı, kimi zaman, özellikle de Yapısal Analiz aşamasında hatayapıldıysa, "olsa olsa böyledir" yaklaşımı ile sonuçlanabilmektedir. Bu da kaynakmetinde değinilmeyen anlamların ya da tamamen ters anlamların aktarımını

beraberinde getirmektedir.

Acelecilik . Gerek çeviri sınıflarında, gerek sınıf dışında çeviri genelde acele ileyapılmakta ve hemen bir sonraki tümceye geçilmektedir. Bunun nedeni zaman azlığıya da özellikle ticari amaçla çeviri yapılan durumlarda "bitse de kurtulsam" mantığı.

Gözden geçirme alışkanlığının bulunmaması. Newmark (1988) çeviri sınavlarınagirenlere örneğin üç saat sürecek bir sınavda çeviriyi yeniden gözden geçirmek için

bu sürenin 35 dakikasını ayırmalarını, ticari amaçla çeviri yapanlara ise - mümkünse- birinci okuma ile ikinci okuma arasında iki günlük bir ara bırakmalarını önermekte.

Bilgi eksikliği. Ya da dikkatsizlik ile bilgi eksikliğinin bir araya gelmesi. Buna iyi birörnek olarak yasama ve yürütme yetkilerinden söz eden bir metinde öğrencinin

yürütme sözcüğünün karşılığı olarak çalma sözcüğünün yabancı dil karşılığınıkullanması gösterilebilir.

5. Dil Aktarımı

Dil Aktarımı konusunda iletilebilecek konular çevirinin yapılış yolu ve anadilde yetkinlik

başlıkları altında derlenebilir.

Çevirinin yapılış yolu söz konu olduğunda, öncelikle, artık bir deyim haline gelmiş olan "Çevirikadına benzer. Güzel olursa sadık olmaz; sadık olursa güzel olmaz," (Oscar Wilde) sözünedeğinmeden geçilemez. Burada sadık olmaktan kastedilen, çeviri olayının kaynak dildekitümcenin yapısının ve anlamının erek dile aktarımı olarak görülmesi ise, bu terim kabuledilebilir. Ancak, çevirinin amacı tümcenin yapısını aktarmak değil tümcenin anlamınıaktarmaktır. Çeviride, kaynak dildeki tek bir tümcenin taşıdığı anlamın erek dile birden fazlatümce ile ve çok daha farklı tümce yapıları ile aktarılması gerekebilir. Kaynak tümceninyazarının iletmek istediği anlam ile erek tümcenin verdiği anlam aynı ise sadakat gerçekleşmişve güzel bir çeviri yapılmış demektir.

Dil Aktarımı aşamasında, çeviri yapan kişinin kaynak dildeki tümcenin yansıttığı mesajı tamolarak kavramasının ardından bu mesajı erek dilde, kaynak dildeki tümcenin yazarı erek dildeyazıyor olsaydı kendisinin yapacağı şekilde, aktarması gerekir. Bu da, açıkça anlaşılabileceği

gibi, her iki dilde de yetkin olmayı gerektirir. Bu nitelik çeviri için büyük önem taşımakta.




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Çeviri her iki dilde de yetkin olmayı gerektirir ve çoğu kimse anadilini doğal olarak gayet iyi

bildiği varsayımından yola çıkarak çeviri için yabancı dili öğrenmenin yeterli olduğunudüşünmektedir. Oysa aynı çeviri öğrencileri dil öğrenimleri esnasında yapılan yazmaçalışmalarında "Ben bu konuyu Türkçe bile yazamam ki!" diyebilmekte, eğitimleri esnasında vesonrasında yeterince yazma çalışması yapmadıklarını dile getirmektedirler.

6. Erek Dilde Düzenleme

Kaynak dildeki anlamı kavranan ve erek dile nasıl aktarabileceği konusundaki aşama datamamlanan tümce, Erek Dilde Düzenleme aşamasında erek dilin tümce oluşturma kurallarınauygun biçimde dile getirilecektir.

7. İfade Etme

En son aşama, Çevirinin Aşamaları ana başlığı altında da değinildiği gibi, erek dile aktarılacakmetnin kaynak dildeki formu ile aktarılması konusunu da içermektedir. Çeviri derslerinde ya dasınavlarda aranmayan bu koşul ticari ya da mesleki amaçla çeviri yapılması durumunda önem

kazanabilir.

Sonuç Çevirmenin kendisine karşı, kaynak dildeki metnin yazarına karşı ve kaynak metnin kendisineulaşabilme şansı olmayan, ulaşabilse bile anlayabilme şansı olmayan erek dildeki okuyucuyakarşı sorumlulukları bulunmakta. Tüm bu sorumlulukların yerine getirilebilmesi için,günümüzde artık bir bilim haline gelen çeviri konusunda doğuştan bazı yetenekler gerekeceğineinanmak yersiz olur. Çeviri aşamaları tam olarak incelendiğinde ortaya çıkan tablo, çeviri içingerekli olanların her iki dilde yetkinlik ve duyarlılık, dikkat, titizlik ve isteklilik olduğunu

göstermektedir. Genel Çeviri kitapları (isteklilik bölümü size ait olmak üzere), tüm buniteliklerin geliştirmesini amaçlamaktadır.




6

2

Metin Türleri ve Çeviri Yöntemleri

Giriş ................................................................................................................. 7

Sunu ................................................................................................................. 7

1. Metin tür leri ........................................................................................ 7

2. Çeviri yöntemleri ................................................................................. 8

Ġşleme .............................................................................................................. 9

Üretme - Sınama .............................................................................................. 11




7

Giriş Genel Çeviri 2 kitabının ikinci konusunda, çeviride karşılaşılan çeşitli türdemetinler ve çeviride rol oynayan farklı unsurlar ele alınmakta. Ayrıca, kullanışlı ikiçeviri yöntemi tanıtılmakta.

Konuya başlamadan önce, çeviride karşılaşabileceğiniz metin türleri hakkındaki mevcut bilginizi ölçün.

Alıştırma Aşağıda, metinlerden alınma bazı tümceler yer almakta. Bu tümcelerin ve tür metinlere aitolduklarını inceleyin. Metin türlerinin bir listesini oluşturmaya çalışın.

Wherever I travelled in Britain, there was the usually bright and busy post office, with

its red letter-box, comforting windows, and its sign waving like a big flag.

"... I hope you haven't lost any money, Herr Christoph?

" As a matter of, Frau Nowak, that's partly why I came down to see you today. ..."

This book presents a warm welcome, finally, for Carcanet's reissue, in a revised

translation, of Natalia Ginzburg's wonderful Family Savings, a fictional anthology of an

exceptional family of radical, intellectual Turin Jews.

It won't be long before we are faced with the disdainful scorn of that particular breed of

human being that feels that Christmas is beneath them. I am not in any way referring to

those who are barred from celebrating Christmas by their religious views but those who

disapprove for the mere sake of it, or so it seems.

Sunu1. Metin türleri

A Textbook of Translation başlıklı kitabında Peter Newmark (1988: 13) dört metin türüsıralamakta. Bu listeye ekleyebileceğiniz metin türleri var mı?

1. Anlatım (Narration)

2. Betimleme (Description)

3. Tartışma (Discussion)

4. Karşılıklı konuşma (Dialogue)




8

2. Çeviri yöntemleri

Metin türleri çeşitli olduğu gibi, çeviri yöntemleri de bir o kadar çeşitli. Aşağıda verilen özgün

metni ve üç farklı çeviriyi inceleyin. Kullanılan her bir çeviri yöntemini tanımlayabilir misiniz?

Özgün metin

It is a psychological commonplace for a son to feel affection for his mother and to

wish his father out of the way. The results are more interesting and more profound

when a son, who takes after his mother, dislikes her character and standards of value.

1

O bir psikolojik alışılmış şeydir bir oğul için yakınlık hissetmek annesi için veistemek babasını yolun dışında. Sonuçlar daha ilginçtir ve daha derindir ne zaman ki

bir oğul, ki o alır sonra annesini, onun kişiliğinden hoşlanmaz ve değerstandartlarından.

[ Çeviri yöntemi: ]

2

Bir oğulun annesine yakınlık duyması ve babasının yolundan çekilmesini istemesi sıkrastlanan psikolojik bir olgudur. Annesine benzeyen bir oğul onun kişiliğinden vedeğer yargılarından hoşlanmadığı zaman, sonuçlar daha ilginç ve derindir.


3

Bir erkek evladın bir yandan annesine yakınlık duyarken bir yandan da babasının"gölge etmemesini" istemesi sık rastlanan psikolojik bir olgudur. Bu evlat bir de

annesine çekmişse ve de annesinin kişiliğinden ve değer yargılarından rahatsızlıkduyuyorsa, ortaya ilginç ve çarpıcı sonuçlar çıkacaktır.


Sizce özgün metin ne tür bir yerde yayınlanmış olabilir? 2 ve 3 numaralı metinlerin de neredeyayınlanabileceğini ve çevirinin ne tür bir okuyucu için yapılmış olabileceğini inceleyin.

Günlük çalışmalarınızda ya da işinizde, yapmanız gereken çevirinin kabul edilir olabilmesi içinne tür bir okuyucuyu göz önünde bulundurmanız ve hangi çeviri yöntemini kullanmanız dahayararlı olacak?

Newmark (1988: 45-57) çeşitli çeviri yöntemleri sıralamakta ve bunlar arasında en iyilerinin İletişimsel Çeviri ve Anlamsal Çeviri olduğunu belirtmekte. Aşağıda verilen çeviri örnekleriniinceleyin. Özgün Fransızca metin De Gaulle'e ait.

Ġletişimsel Çeviri Anlamsal Çeviri

All my life I have created a certain idea ofFrance for myself. My feeling, as well as my

reason, inspires me with this idea. In mymind, I imagine France as a fairy-tale

princess or a madonna painted on frescoes,as though destined for a distinguished and

exceptional future.

All my life, I have devised for myself a cer-tain idea of France. Feeling inspires with itas well as reason. What is emotional in menaturally imagines France, like the princessin the fairy-tale or the madonna on thefrescoes on the walls, as dedicated to aneminent and exceptional destiny.




9

Örneklerde de görüldüğü gibi, İletişimsel Çeviri türünde, okuyucunun gereksinimleri gözönünde bulundurularak, çeşitli tanım ve sözcüklerin basitleştirilmesi ve ayrıntılı olarakaçıklanması yolu izlenmektedir. Bu nedenle de İletişimsel Çeviri yöntemi ile oluşturulan çevirimetni, Anlamsal Çeviri yöntemi ile oluşturulandan, genelde, biraz daha fazla yerkaplamaktadır.

Her ne kadar bu iki yöntem dışında daha bir çok çeviri yöntemi bulunsa da bunlardan sadece Bire- Bir Çeviri Yöntemi işimize yarayabilir. Bu yöntem çeviri yapmak için değil, olası sorunlarısaptamak için kullanılmaktadır. Yapılması gereken ise, çevirisi yapılacak tümcedeki her birsözcüğün altına o sözcüğün ilk anlamının yazılması

His son cannot walk, let alone run.

Onun oğul yapamaz yürü- izn ver- yalnız koş

ve ortaya çıkan tümceden mantıklı anlam taşıyan bir tümce oluşturulmaya çalışılmasıdır.

Oğlu yürüyemiyor, let alone run.???????????.

Oluşan tümcede anlamı bozan bölümün sorun oluşturacağı ve ayrıca incelenmesi gerektiğiortaya çıkar. Sözlük ve dilbilgisi kaynaklarının yardıım ile sorun çözülmeye çalışılır.

İşleme Alıştırma 1 Aşağıda verilen başlıkların ne tür metinlere ait olduklarını bulabilir misiniz?

CRETESCHOOL'S OUT

IFS OF HISTORY

VISITOR

Yanıtlarınızı kontrol için metinleri okuyun. Bu arada da başlıkları yerleştirin

1.

_________________

Crete, the largest and most important of the Greek islands, lies to the south of mainland

Greece between the Aegean and the Libyan Seas. The general aspect of the island is

diverse in character and physical features. A chain of high mountains divides the island

into four distinct regions whose alternating scenery combines to form the impressive beauty of the Cretan landscape. The high mountain ranges of Lekra Ori (The White

Mountains), Psiloritis and Dikti form, with their natural division, the island's four large

provinces: Chania, Rethymon, Heraklion and Lassithi.

2.

_________________

The setting is every child's dream. A huge, rambling, 300-year-old house, warmed by

log fires, overrun by pets, and set in acres of natural playground in the Norfolk Broads.

And no school.

That is what makes the Kirkbride household so rare. James, 18, Tamara, 14, and Hoppy,

10, have spent the last four years doing what other children enjoy only at weekends and

holidays.




10

They get up when they feel like, breakfast at leisure, and spend the rest of the day doing

what they want. They walk, swim, fish, paint, read, play musical instruments, perform

their own plays, cook or just sit around and chat.

3.

_________________

Speculating "what if ...?" is always enticing. What if Alexander Fleming's dishes of

infected jelly had been tidied up and thrown out as they should have been - would we

now be without penicillin? If James Watt had dropped off to sleep before his kettle

boiled, would there never have been any trains? When it comes to invention or

discovery, the chances are that if scientist A is hit by a falling roof-tile, scientist B will

get there pretty soon all the same; for both would have been building on the same state

of previous knowledge. Stephenson also invented the Davy lamp; a chap called Reis

very nearly invented the telephone just before Bell; there were several other maniacs

attempting powered flight just as doggedly as the Wright brothers. What's far more

problematic is the follow-up. What happens after a discovery may indeed depend on thecrucial presence of one man. If Darwin had died on the voyage [to Galapagos], then

Wallace would have been the father of evolution - but without Darwin's brilliant tenacity

in proving and presenting the thing, would the impact have been as great ?

4.

_________________

The big Town Hall clock was striking midnight when Frank began to cross the bridge.

The night air was cold and damp. A low mist hung over the river and street-lamps

gave little light. Frank was anxious to get home and his footsteps rang loudly on the

pavement. When he reached the middle of the bridge he thought he could hear

someone approaching behind him. He looked back but could see no one. However, the

sound continued and Frank began walking more quickly.

Alıştırma 2 Aşağıdaki durumlardan her birinde, hangi çeviri yönteminin daha yararlı olacağına kararverin.

1. Bir bankanın çeviri sınavına katılıyorsunuz.

2. İşyerinizde patronunuz bir faks messajını yazılı olarak çevirmenizi istiyor. 3. Komşunuzun oğlu İngilizce dil kurslarına katılmak amacı ile İngiltere'deki bir dil

okuluna başvuruda bulundu. Sizden, dil okulundan gelen mektupta neler yazılıolduğunu iletmenizi istiyor.

4. Yüksek lisans/doktora teziniz için bir kitaptan çeviri alıntı yapmanız gerekmekte. 5. Bir gazete için çalışıyorsunuz. Süper iletkenler konusunda Amerikalı bir fizikçiyle

söyleşi yaptınız. Hazırlayacağınız yazı gazetenin Pazar ekinde yayınlanacak.

Alıştırma 3 En iyi çeviri yöntemini seçerken hangi unsurları göz önünde bulundurmak gerekebilir.Bir liste oluşturun. Unsurlardan biri örnek olarak verilmekte.

1. Okuyucu

2.

3.

4.

5.

...




11

Üretme - Sınama Verilen metinlerden her birinin çeviri olduğunu varsayalım. Bu durumda her birinin

bir ansiklopedide

bir öğrencinin ders notlarında

bir öğretmenin ders sunusunda

yer almış olabileceğini inceleyin.

Çeviri için göz önünde bulundurulması gereken unsurları biz okuyucu, özgün metninyayınlandığı yer, çeviri metninin yayınlanacağı yer ve metnin kendisi olarak saptadık. Buunsurları da düşünerek, çevirisi en kolay gerçekleşecek metni Türkçeye aktarın. Diğer metinleriyardımcı olarak kullanabilirsiniz.

Metinler:

A.

Throughout history, we have tried our best to constitute a synthetic language that

would be derived from elements of natural languages, though with simpler grammar

and spelling rules. In 1880, a German bishop, Johann Martin Schleyer, invented

Volapük, and in 1887, a Polish doctor, Dr. Ludwik L. Zamenhof, invented

Esperanto. Both Volapük and Esperanto were a combination of Latin, the Romance

languages, and the Germanic languages. It was soon discovered that Volapük was

so difficult that it was impossible to learn it. However, Esperanto is still a synthetic

language which is the most popular among all synthetic languages. Esperanto is

the language of conferences; not only are there various newspapers and journals

published in Esperanto, but also a large amount of literature – the Bible and the

Koran among them – have been translated into the language. Yet, Esperanto is by

no means the official international language. Another synthetic language,

Interlingua, was created in 1951 by the International Auxiliary Language

Association, with grammar rules from English and the Romance languages and

vocabulary from the main West European languages. Because it has mainly been

used in international science and technology publications, Interlingua does awaywith high costs of multiple translations. W. Ashby and R. Clark, inventors of another

language, Glosa, a language with a 1,000 Greek and Latin-origin words, initiated

the language in 1981. However, there has been very little advancement towards the

objective of a language accepted and used globally.




12

B.

People have attempted various times to design an artificial language to be derivedfrom elements of natural languages, yet with a simpler grammar and vocabulary:

A German bishop, Johann Martin Schleyer, invented Volapük in 1880, whichsoon proved to be too difficult to learn;

In 1887, Dr. Ludwik L. Zamenhof, himself a Polish doctor, invented Esperanto

which, like Volapük, was a combination of Latin, the Romance languages, and

the Germanic languages and which is today the most widely used artificial

language. It is used in conferences; there are several newspapers and journals

published in Esperanto and and there is a large literature translated into the

languaue, including the Bible and the Koran. However, Esperanto is has failed

to become a lingua franca.

Interlingua, another artificial language, was created by the International

Auxiliary Language Association in 1951. Based on grammar rules from English

and the Romance languages and vocabulary from the main West European

languages, Interlingua has mainly been used in international scientific and

technological publications and thus eliminated high costs of translations fromand into languages.

W. Ashby and R. Clark invented Glosa, another artificial language with a 1,000

Greek and Latin-origin words, and introduced their language in 1981.

Despite all these, there has been very little progress towards the purpose of alanguage accepted and used internationally.

C.

Many attempts have been made to construct artificial universal languages, based on

elements of natural languages with simplifications of grammar and spelling. Volapük,

devised in 1880 by the German bishop Johann Martin Schleyer, and Esperanto, invented in

1887 by a Polish doctor, Dr. Ludwik L. Zamenhof, were both based on a combination of

Latin, the Romance languages, and the Germanic languages. Volapük eventually proved too

difficult to learn and to use; Esperanto is still the most widely spoken of the artificial

languages. It is used at international conferences, several newspapers and journals are

published in the language, and there is a large translated literature, including the Bible and

the Koran. Despite this, Esperanto still does not have official status as an international

language. Interlingua, created in 1951 by the International Auxiliary Language Association,

is derived from English and the Romance languages with a standardized vocabulary based

on the main West European languages; it has primarily been used in international scientific

and technological journals, thus eliminating the need for costly multiple translations. In

1981, Glosa, a language with a 1,000-word vocabulary derived from Greek and Latin roots,

was pioneered by its inventors, W. Ashby and R. Clark. Little progress has been made,

however, towards the goal of an internationally recognized and universally used language.




13

3

Tümce analizi

Giriş ................................................................................................................. 14

Sunu ................................................................................................................ 14

1. Sözcük düzeyinde sorunlar ................................................................ 15

2. Dilbilgisi düzeyinde sorunlar ............................................................... 21

3. Anlam düzeyinde sorunlar .................................................................. 30

4. Bütünlük düzeyinde sorunlar .............................................................. 30

Ġşleme .............................................................................................................. 31

Üretme ............................................................................................................. 40

Sınama ............................................................................................................. 42




14

Giriş Bu konuda, basit ve bileşik tümcelerin tanımlanması ve analiz edilmesi elealınmaktadır. Genel Çeviri 2 kitabının bu en önemli konusunu çok dikkatliincelemenizi öneririm.

Genelde, bir tümcenin çevirisini yaparken,

tümce analizi tümcenin Türkçeye aktarılması

için nasıl bir yol izlemektesiniz? Aşağıda verilen metinde koyu yazılı tümceleri Türkçeyeaktarırken kendi çeviri yaklaşımınızı saptamaya çalışın.

THE BIBLE

The Bible, also called the Holy Bible, is the sacred book or Scriptures of Judaism and of

Christianity. The Bible, while mainly a theological document written with the

purpose of explaining the nature and moral imperatives of the Christian and

Jewish God, is secondarily a book of history and geography. Selected historical

materials were included in the text for the purpose of illustrating and underlining the

religious teaching of the Bible. Historians and archaeologists have learned to rely upon

the amazing accuracy of historical memory in the Bible. The smallest references to

persons and places and events contained in the accounts of the Exodus, for

instance, or the bibliographies of such Biblical heroes as Abraham and Moses andDavid, can lead, if properly considered and pursued, to extremely important

historical discoveries. The archaeologists' efforts are not directed at "proving" the

correctness of the Bible, which is neither necessary nor possible, any more than belief in

God can be scientifically demonstrated. It is quite the opposite, in fact. The historical

clues in the Bible can lead the archaeologist to a knowledge of the civilizations of

the ancient world in which the Bible developed and with whose religious concepts

and practices the Bible so radically differed. It can be considered an almost

unfailing indicator, revealing to the experts the locations and the characteristics of

lost cities and civilizations.

SunuGenel Çeviri 1 kitabında, çeviri işleminin dört aşaması olduğu belirtilmekte. Bu dört aşama,sırası ile,

1. Sözcük düzeyinde sorunlar 2. Dilbilgisi düzeyinde sorunlar 3. Anlam düzeyinde sorunlar 4. Bütünlük düzeyinde sorunlar

şeklindedir.




15

1. Sözcük düzeyinde sorunlar

İngilizce tümcede yer alan anlamını bilmediğiniz sözcüklerin Türkçe anlamını, sözlük

kullanarak ya da sözcüğün anlamını tahmin çalışması yaparak saptayın. Bu aşamada yapmanızgerekenler:

Türkçede, İngilizcedeki anlamdan farklı olarak kullanılan sözcüklere dikkat edin. Busözcükler arasında sempatik - symphathetic (= anlayışlı), dramatik -dramatic (= büyük),mamut-mammoth (=büyük), pratik olarak -practically (= tam olarak), economik -

economic (=ekonomiye ilişkin) sayılabilir;

Anlamı çok sık karıştırılan sözcüklere dikkat edin.

Alıştırma 1 Anlamı çok sık olarak karıştırılan sözcüklerden bazıları aşağıda sıralanmakta. Sözlükyardımı ile anlamlarını inceleyin.

accept except expect

accept They didn't accept the offer.

except Everyone except the chairman is here.

expect I'm expecting a parcel.

adhesive adherent

adhesive You should use adhesive tape here.

adherent He is an adherent of the Liberal Party.

advice advise

advice I'll give you a piece od advice.

advise He advised me to leave immediately.

affect effect

affect Smoking affects health.

effect He was able to effect certain changes.

alone lone lonely

alone The house stands alone on the hill.

lone There is a lone tree in the garden.

lonely I'm feeling a bit lonely.

aloud loud

aloud Don't speak aloud.

loud I don't like loud music.

alternative alternate

alternative We are looking for alternative ways.

alternate It's been a week of alternate rain and sunshine.

at last at least

at last At last the post has arrived.

at least There are at least twenty people present.




16

channel canal

channel The Channel separates England and France.

canal Canals have been built to irrigate the desert.

classic classical

classic This film is classic western movie.

classical This is in the classical style of architecture.

comprehensive comprehensible

comprehensive It has comprehensive coverage of news.

comprehensible This report is comprehensible only to lawyers.

conscious conscientious

conscious He is badly hurt but he is still conscious.

conscientious This is a conscientious piece of work.

continual continuouscontinual They lived in continual fear.

continuous The brain needs a continuous supply of oxygen.

credible creditable

credible This is a barely credible excuse.

creditable This is a very creditable achievement.

defective deficient

defective We have bought a defective machinery!

deficient There is a deficient supply of water.

desirable anxious fordesirable It's desirable that you speak.

desirous We are desirous of better relations.

different indifferent

different We are different from them.

indifferent He is indifferent to my problems.

disinterested uninterested

disinterested He is a disinterested observer.

uninterested I'm completely uninterested in football.

easy uneasyeasy This problem is easy to solve.

uneasy I feel quite uneasy.

economical economic

economical My new car is quite economical.

economic The economic situation is terrible.

eligible illegible

eligible He is eligible to vote.

illegible His writing is almost illegible.




17

formerly formally

formerly Peru was formerly ruled by the Spanish.

formally I was invited formally.

hard hardly

hard It is hard to accept the truth.

hardly The traffic is hardly moving.

helpless helpful

helpless We are quite helpless under these situations.

helpful You have been most helpful. thank you.

historic historical

historic This is a historic moment.

historical This is a historical society.

human humanehuman They have found several human skeletons.

humane A humane way to kill animals? Nonsense!

incident accident

incident This has been an interesting incident in my life.

accident There has been an accident on the highway.

industrial industrious

industrial Industrial development causes pollution.

industrious He is very industrious.

ingenious ingenuousingenious What an ingenious gadget!

ingenuous She has such an ingenuous smile.

intelligent intelligible

intelligent He is very intelligent.

intelligible This argument was barely intelligible.

intolerant intolerable

intolerant He is intolerant of any opposition.

intolerable I have an intolerable pain.

invaluable valueless valuableinvaluable You help has been invaluable.

valueless This antique coin is valueless.

valuable This picture is very valuable.

irrational unreasonable

irrational They gave a completely irrational decision.

unreasonable It is unreasonable to expect to work all night.




18

lie lay

lie Don't lie on the grass; it is wet.

lay He is laying the table.

loose loosen lose

loose My jacket button is loose.

loosen You can loosen your tie.

lose What did you lose?

like alike likely unlike

like People like you should not do sports!

alike The two brothers are very much alike.

likely It is likely that it will rain.

unlike Unlike Tom, Peter is very athletic.

means meaning

means You can communicate by means of computers.meaning What's the meaning of this word?

most mostly

most Most people do not like this taste.

mostly Seals are found mostly in the Arctic.

official officious

official He is a government official.

officious An officious guard came and gave silly orders.

popular populous

popular This serial is very popular among housewives.populous London is the most populous area of Britain.

practice practical practically

practice You should do some practice.

practical He has found some practical solutions.

practically He is practically useless.

presumption assumption

presumption She presented a presumption of innocence.

assumption This information is purely assumption.

principle principal

principle In principle, this plane shouldn't fly.

principal What is the principal method here?

prize price priceless

prize He has received the grand prize.

price What is the price of a pair of ordinary shoes?

priceless This painting is priceless.

raise rise

raise He raised the lid of the box.

rise The sun is rising.




19

ready readily

ready Are you ready to dance?

readily He readily volunteered for the service.

regrettable regretful

regrettable His behaviour at the party was most regrettable.

regretful She looked with regretful glances.

sensitive sensible

sensitive His skin is sensitive to temperature changes.

sensible What he suggested was very sensible.

signify significant

signify He signified the importance of the experiment.

significant This point is very significant.

suit suitesuit You should wear a suit to the office.

suite They bought a pink bathroom suite.

terrible terrific

terrible This food is terrible! I can't eat it.

terrific The music was terrific! I loved it.

than then

than There are more than ten people in the queue.

then Then, he showed me his ID.

through thoroughthrough He looked through the window.

thorough They gave a thorough check to the office.

worth worthless

worth Is it worth a second try?

worthless This stamp collection is worthless.

Anlamını iyi bildiğiniz sözcükler konusunda bile kuşkucu olun (Çeviri derslerindeöğrencilere sık sık anımsattığım gibi, "Sözcüğün anlamını bilmiyorsanız sözlüğe bakın;sözcüğün anlamını biliyorsanız sözlüğe mutlaka bakın."). Anlamını iyi bildiğiniz birsözcük, o tümcede farklı bir anlamda kullanılıyor olabilir:

Dates are quite refreshing when you are in the middle of a desert.

date = hurma

Başka sözcük ya da sözcükler yerine kullanılan it, he, she, one, that, the former, the

latter gibi değinme sözcüklerini (= reference words) inceleyin. Bu sözcükler metiniçinde önceden değinilmiş ya da sonradan değinilen sözcükler yerine kullanılıyorolabilirler (değinme sözcükleri, beşinci bölümdeki Metin Analizi ve Çevirisi aşamasının

başlangıç metinlerinde, metnin sağ tarafında belirtilmekte).




20

The pyramids on the west bank of the Nile were built by the pharaohs as royal

tombs. They date from 3000 BC. The most celebrated are those at Gizza, built

during the fourth dynasty, of which the largest is the one that housed the pharaoh

Khufu, better known as Caeops. This is now called the Great Pyramid.

Böyle sözcüklerin Türkçeye çeviri esnasında nasıl aktarılmaları gerektiğini düşünün.Örneğin, yukarıdaki örneğin ikinci satırında geçen They sözcüğü çeviri esnasında Onlar

olarak mı yoksa Bu piramitler olarak mı aktarılmalı ?

Alıştırma 2 Aşağıda verilen tümcelerin herbirinde bir değinme sözcüğü bulunmakta. Bu alıştırmadakoyu yazılı olarak verilen değinme sözcüklerini inceleyin.

1. Scott Fitzgerald, who first introduced him to a publisher, was one of the few

contemporary writers that Hemingway did not turn against.

2. Catching sight of him in a supermarket one day, Archer followed the man with the

limp to an apartment in a run-down neighbourhood.

3. The award was presented to the playwright by the Chairman of the Committee, who

said of him that he brought pleasure to literally millions of theatergoers and

television viewers.

4. While Jane was persuading Mary to ask her for the keys to the car, Mrs. Jones

happened to be listening at the door and quickly went downstairs and out of the

house.

5. Looking at her closely for the first time in months, Elizabeth realized sadly that the

woman was indeed beginning to grow old.

6. Violet rushed past the general's daughter, strode to the door of the drawing room,

and turned to throw her a look of withering scorn before slamming the door with

grim satisfaction.

7. Knowing them well, the Hammonds realized that the Shepherds were unlikely to be

on time to meet their guests.8. Doctors treating patients with diet pills usually warn them of the dangers of

addiction.

9. Though it is not usually difficult to understand them, stutterers often cause parents

a lot of worries.

10. Intrigued by insects of all kinds, the youngsters spent hours trapping and studying

them.

11. Its usefulness was a thing of the past, but his first bicycle continued to stand in the

corner of his bedroom.

12. The defendants insisted on addressing the members of the jury, thus disregarding

the advice of their lawyers.

13. Jean, along with her sisters Doris and May, baked cakes for the annual contest at the

country fair. Jean was sorry hers lost, but happy that Doris won a ribbon for her

entry.

14. The English surprisingly beat the French at the battle of Agincourt in 1415 because

theirs were the most disciplined archers.

15. The opportunity to sample several possible majors as well as greater career

flexibility after graduation are two reasons why students choose a liberal arts

college; these are not the only ones, however.

16. Signs of ageing are unavoidable, but those that can be disguised are of particular

interest to cosmetic companies.

17. The proposals were discussed at length by the members of the committee, with only

one of them emerging intact.

18. Note that the instructions preceding the questions encourage students to concentrate

only on the ones they feel they understand.




21

19. The NASA scientists and astronauts were equally excited by Al Shepherd's first

sub-orbital flight and by John Glenn's orbital journey, but it was the latter which

caught the attention of the American public.

20. Both the government and the private sector fund basic and applied research, but

grants for the former tend to be relatively restricted in times of economic

difficulties.

Normal kullanımları dışında kullanılmakta olan sözcüklere dikkat edin.

Metin yazarının kendisinin türettiği sözcüklere dikkat edin.

POCKETY WOMEN UNITE?

Pockets are what women need more of. The women's movement in the past decade

has made giant strides in achieving greater social justice for females, but there's a

great deal of work yet to be done. And it can't be done without pockets.

Bu örnekte, başlıkta kullanılan POCKETY sözcüğü sözlüklerde yer almayan, metnin yazarının

türettiği bir sözcük.

2. Dilbilgisi düzeyinde sorunlar

Sözcük düzeyindeki sorunları hallettikten sonra, tümcenin dilbilgisi ile ilgili sorunlarınıincelemeye başlayabilirsiniz.

Birden fazla kullanımları olan AS, FOR, SINCE, YET sözcüklerine dikkat edin.

Few people have been so influential in determining the course of the Western as

Harte, since (1) the characters he established in these, and other, stories have since

(2) become stock figures in the genre ... . (Lewis, 1997: 1. Yazar Francis Brett Harte'ın biyografisinden)

(1) -> because ; (2) -> since his writing anlamında, -dEn beri

Tümcedeki THAT, GERUND (-ing ) ve PAST PARTICIPLE (V 3 ) yapılara dikkat edin.

That sözcüğü aşağıdaki niteliklerden birini taşıyabilir.

Noun Clause It is known that he is a drunk.

Relative Clause I like books that were written by Kurt Vonnegut.

Bu Actually, I like that kind of music.

Değinme sözcüğü The population of Turkey is higher than that of Iraq.

Gerund yapının kullanılabileceği durumlar :

Relative Clause He is a man living in poverty.

Time Clause Breaking the door, they went into the office. He came in smiling.

Ad Playing football is his main hobby.

Sıfat I've found the film interesting enough.

Reason Clause Being a seaside resort, the city is beautiful.

Yüklem çekimi He's been studying.




22

Past participle yapının kullanılabileceği durumlar:

Relative Clause This is a building built before the War.

Time Clause Completed on time, the bridge looked marvellous.

Sıfat He seems to be interested in the scheme.

Reason Clause Wounded several times, he died instantly.

Yüklem çekimi He has studied

Alıştırma 3 Aşağıdaki tümcelerde gerund yapı bulunmaktadır. Tümcelerin özne ve yüklemini saptayınve gerund yapının işlevini belirleyin. İlk tümce örnek olarak yapılmıştır.

Ö Y

1. Jogging is good for health. Jogging İsim

2. I have been working too hard lately.

3. Having completed his speech, the Chairman sat down to sip his wine.

4. Animals living in zoos are, no matter how good the conditions are, actually

imprisoned.

5. To tell you the truth, I hate being laughed at.

6. Opening the subject of artificial memory, the professor sat down to a corner to

watch his colleagues express their views.

7. Speaking as a layman, I can only suggest that the Mayor should use all his initiative

to stop this construction.

8. We have been looking forward to seeing his second wife.

9. Nothing is worth having if it can be had without spending an effort.

10. Reading, writing, speaking and listening are the five basic skills in language

learning.

11. While learning a foreign language, the learner is expected to gain proficiency in all

of these five skills.

12. Providing that he is given opportunities and time to practice, anyone can learn a

foreign language.

13. The armoured-car my brother has been working on was used to carry the diamondsfrom one bank to another.

14. In most cases, avoiding dark streets will save your money and life.

15. There is definitely no point in insisting.

16. He came in murmuring.

17. The part of the plan concerning the decorating our club has been passed.

18. There is nobody paying any attention to the danger the current state of erosion has

been posing.




23

19. Living comfortably in a remote village, Arthur C. Clarke has been sharing his life

experiences with the primitives.

20. Hoping to find something to eat, he dived into the garbage bin.

Tümcenin basit tümce mi, bileşik tümce mi olduğunu belirleyin.

Man definitely overshadows the chimpanzee. The chimpanzee is, nevertheless, a

creature of immense significance to the understanding of man.

{Basit tümce}

Recently it has been proved that the chimpanzee is capable of communicating with

people in quite a sophisticated manner.

{Bileşik tümce: Noun clause}

Alıştırma 4 Aşağıdaki tümceleri inceleyin ve basit tümce mi yoksa bileşik tümce mi olduğunu saptayın.

1. To pass the test is his big dream.

2. That big office block will definitely create more jobs.

3. It is important to book in this restaurant well in advance.

4. That translation is a hard subject is accepted by everyone.

5. Those books will definitely help you in your studies.

6. Parking is strictly prohibited in this area.

7. Interesting ideas are rarely appreciated in the modern schooling system.

8. To err is human, to forgive is divine.

9. His will will be read before the closest relatives next weekend.

10. Both the old and sick have been seriously suffering from the consequences of air

pollution.

11. The United States is among the few oil-producing countries.

12. To sleep till lunch time can be quite relating, especially on a Sunday.

13. Deep down in my heart lies the love for my lovely village.

14. The late Dean used to check the time every now and then out of habit.

15. Nothing will prevent him from completing his expedition into the Amazon rain

forest.

16. Nowhere can you find a cheaper piece of furniture.

17. To the north of the desert is a surprisingly modern town.




24

18. Jogging has recently lost its initial popularity.

19. Not everyone is capable of improvising.

20. Failing in a test is definitely not the end of everything.

21. The new executive committee backs our efforts to join a union.

22. To tell the truth in all occasions is not always beneficial.

23. What will happen to those poisoned seals in the North Sea is still unknown.

24. "Why" is not the right question to ask while learning a foreign language. It is better

to ask "How?".

25. Mr. Richardson is expected to arrive in about an hour.

26. Little do we know about the dark side of the Moon.

27. Can you imagine a social outbreak in the USA in the next 25 years ?

28. There are several alternatives to take into consideration.

29. That the rate of inflation will increase is hard to deny.

30. I'd rather stay here and take a nap.

31. How many times do I have to tell you not to park your car here in front of my

window!

32. Will Ms Jo Lewis see the Manager as soon as possible please.

33. Those snakes weekly eat almost a pound of meat.

34. Held hostages by the terrorists in the building were two French journalists.

35. Tourism had always been the main source of capital input in this small Pacific

island.

36. People in remote parts of the country fail to accept the social changes so quickly.

37. Cans need to be disposed properly.

38. It can hardly move.

39. Someone watching secretly through a key-hole or a crack or something like that is

generally called a "peeping Tom".

40. It is a relief to complete all these 40 sentences with hardly a mistake.




25

Basit tümcenin Ö+Y+N unsurlarını saptayın.

A man who smiles when greeting a friend, or who inclines his head when passing an

acquittance in the street , is not necessarily acknowledging that the other has a

superior social status.

A man who ... -> Özne is acknowledging-> Yüklem

Bileşik tümcenin Ana Tümce ve Yan Tümce unsurlarını saptayın. Daha sonra buunsurları S+V+O açısından inceleyin. Tümcenin unsurlarını birbirinden ayırmak için //

ve / işaretlerini kullanın; geçici olarak bir kenara bırakılabilecek bölümleri [ ] ile

belirleyin.

Mary, [the president of the family council,] conferred upon Robert the title vice-

president, // because she thought / he would do a good job.

Alıştırma 5 Bu alıştırmada, a. Basit Tümce - Bileşik Tümce ayrımını yapın.

b. Bileşik tümce ise Ana Tümce - Yan Tümce bölümleri saptayın. c. Yüklemleri belirleyin. d. that , gerund ve past participle yapıları inceleyin.

İlk tümce örnek olarak yapılmıştır.

1. The teacher times the test.

a. Basit tümce

c. Yüklem, times

2. Those who want to relax for a few days and read book a first class cabin on thecruise liner.

3. Hardly had he caught the fish when he saw the no fishing sign a few metres away.

4. People who have very few hours for a decent sleep dream of a long, deep sleep in a

quiet place.

5. Placed on the summit of the mountain was a huge monastery.

6. He tried with all his might to save the tree in the garden, but it was in vain.

7. This group of extremists generally plant harmless bombs.

8. Finally the car hit the pavement and came to a stand.

9. This song will doubtlessly become a great hit in weeks to come.

10. So deeply rooted is my hatred that I don't think I'll ever forgive him.

11. In the formula E = mc2, what does E stand for?

12. Surprisingly, Peter's cat mothers his pet dog's puppies.

13. What he is after is a mystery to me.

14. Interrupting other people is likely to result in an argument.




26

15. Following a long travel on one of the roughest country roads on camel back is a

rather long climb down into a deep pit.

16. Down rock two large stones.

17. Tomorrow's hearing in the Central Court will be of a decisive character.

18. Surprisingly, this tiny boat houses more than a dozen people.

19. Only when he tried the new jacket on did he realize how much weight he had gained

recently.

20. Not only can she play the guitar, she is a fine singer as well.

21. The problem so far has been how we will handle the high rate of unemployment.

22. Here lies the grave of the fireman who helped save children in the Orphanage.

23. Yesterday, many crops were damaged due to a severe freeze unknown to living

memory.

24. Nicotine deposits in lungs to form cancer and other forms of lung disorder.

25. That was definitely the wrong decision to take under these circumstances.

26. Then, Tom and his closest friends head into the manager office and slam the door.

27. Under on condition will your money be refunded.

28. Pete aims to celebrate the Valentine's Day with his girlfriend out in the country.

29. Deep down in this mine lie rich deposits of titanium.

30. Students reserving a room in advance need to sign in at least 24 hours before they

move in.

31. Should you feel in need, I'm in my room.

32. There seem to be several advantages of doing exercises early in the morning.

33. Salute the flag before you step aboard a military boat.

34. Modern offices are generally equipped with micro-processors.

35. Decorated with balloons and colourful ribbons was there a beautiful Mercedes.

36. There is hardly any point in insisting on the old plan.

37. Swimming in a lake may well be dangerous.

38. The little girl mouthed the word so that her mother wouldn't hear what she was

telling.

39. We will try and reach the spot that the helicopter pilot pointed.

40. Hardly anyone actually intends to kill themselves when they attempt for suicide.




27

Bileşik tümcede Ana Tümce ile Yan Tümceyi birbirine bağlayan yapıyı (= clause

marker ) belirleyin. (Genel Çeviri 1 kitabı bu konuda size kaynak teşkil edecektir.) Kimizaman bu yapının unsurları birbirinden çeşitli sözcüklerle ayırılmış olabilir.

Mary, [the president of the family council,] conferred upon Robert the title vice-

president, // because she thought /{that} he would do a good job.

Alıştırma 6 Aşağıdaki tümcelerde tümce türünü belirleyip yanına Relative Clause (RC), Noun

Clause (NC), Comparison Clause (CC), Adverbial Clause (AC), Verbless Clause (VC)

yazın (bu yapıların her biri Genel Çeviri 1 kitabında ayrıntılı olarak işlenmekte). İlk beştümce örnek olarak yapılmıştır.

1. Do you know the tax collector operating in this town? (RC)

2. He was lying in front of the grate, unconscious. (VC)

3. Soon after the war was over, he was shot accidentally. (AC)

4. He claims that speeding on roads is not so dangerous. (NC)

5. We aren't experienced enough to teach these students. (CC)

6. As long as there is water available, I can live on any island.

7. The place where he left his car was a remote village near Kent.

8. Actually, you can't go wherever you want.

9. Hardly had he entered when he noticed the missing table.

10. Amused, they spent a minute or two outside the pub.

11. They were so terrified that they could hardly speak.

12. That counting all these paper files will take up a lot of our time is obvious.

13. Who is the youngest in this class?

14. Youngest members of the club have appealed that they are given better priority at the

election.

15. He arrived at the scene of the accident, too late.

16. They are planning to do away with the Chairman, which is to say that we are in for a

terrible chaos.

17. The sooner you complete the project, the more time you will have to revise it.

18. It is usually argued that Mexican people do not pay attention to time.

19. Now that we have come to a conclusion, we can get back to our original question.

20. The statue erected a year ago has, unfortunately, been damaged.




28

Aşağıdaki tümcelerden bazılarında birden fazla clause yapı bulunmaktadır. Bunları tanımlayın.

21. They usually argue that the closer you get to the Equator, the less likely you are to see

clocks in parks and town halls.

22. I am really sick and tired of her repeatedly asking for help for so trivial matters.

23. Swimming in the pond, the boys splashed water and threw mud at one another.

24. The thing which annoys me most is the fact that though they know nothing bout

engineering, they are the ones to decide whether or not the project is feasible.

25. Would you please return the books you borrowed as soon as possible?

26. Seeing that he was getting uneasy, we decided to leave the room silently to give him a

chance to talk to the psychiatrist in private.

27. Nowhere can you find so nasty people as those who live by the mountain peak.

28. What we intend to do here is to start a new scheme and thus provide the young with

opportunities to participate in the political system.

29. I had been working peacefully when, suddenly one day, the personnel manager invited me

into his office on the top floor to tell me something extremely important.

30. The children got so much bored with the puppet show, they started playing games right

there, in the middle of the auditorium.

31. Is it true that the woman standing over there is deaf and dumb ?

32. Under no circumstances are we authorized to give our price list as this might causecompetition.

33. Because not many people can afford to buy a car, most banks offer credit.

34. The new secretary the job office recommended is not as competent as she seems to be.

35. Provided that there is plenty of time and equipment, it is likely that anyone in your position

can learn what you have been doing so far.

36. Even though she studied as hard as she could, she failed to enter the test simply because

she went into the testing room almost an hour late.

37. The milkman, seeing that the front door had been left ajar, opened the door cautiously tosee the young woman sitting in a wooden chair, her eyes fixed on the side window.

38. How many copies do we need to have to submit to the committee?

39. Where the children have been playing used to be a shopping center almost a decade ago.

40. What I have always wanted to do is to find a person intelligent enough to understand what

I'm talking about.




29

Alıştırma 7 Aşağıdaki tümcelerin bazıları bileşik tümce, bazılarında ise bir "tümcecik " ("tümcecik"kavramı, yan tümce niteliğini taşımayan, yüklemden yoksun birim için kullanılmakta)yer almakta. Tümceleri inceleyin.

1. Not so sure, he raised his head to read the document.

2. Before the end of the concert, most of the audience had already left.

3. People living in the desert depend on dates and other fruit for water.

4. Through their electing the former Interior Minister the President, the minority group

have challenged the majority's authority.

5. Although he lived most of his life in misery, Toulouse Lautrec produced extremely

vivid and colourful works.

6. Bats are known to carry rabies from one victim to another without having to suck

blood or bite.

7. Located on the high slopes of a mountain, Katmandu attracted hundreds of

thousands of young people in the 60's and 70's.

8. King Henry VIII, notorious for his tragic marriages, is an important character in

English history.

9. Our planet, though it is not the largest in our solar system, seems to be the only

planet to have an atmosphere to provide enough oxygen for life.

10. Calling themselves members of the Red Army of Italy, these terrorists terrorized

Italy for almost a decade, killing and kidnapping various important figures.

11. As well as being a tourist site, Antalya is famous for its international harbour.

12. Australia, which is now the smallest continent, was once one part of a larger

continent.

13. Unless we have a better plan by tomorrow morning, we can have no chance of

earning our clients' trust.

14. That it rained so much, after all these dark clouds, is not surprising at all.

15. At the far end of the long corridor stood an antique coat-hanger.

16. Which class will first use the language lab is the crucial question here.

17. Whatever they claim it to be, this plan is a complete fake.

18. Count Dracula, the famous hero in horror books, originally lived centuries ago.

19. Do many people apply for the summer courses at the institute?

20. Can you repeat "Two witches are watching two watches; which witch would watch

which watch ?" without reading the sentence?




30

3. Anlam düzeyinde sorunlar

Bu aşamada tümcenin yansıttığı anlamın Türkçeye aktarılması hedeflenmektedir. Dikkat

etmeniz gereken noktalar şunlar:

Anlamı kavramak için mevcut tüm ipuçlarını (bağlam, çizim, dipnot, kıyaslama gibi)kullanın. Bu amaçla, tüm metni dikkatle okuyun.

Önemli olan, İngilizce tümcenin yapısal niteliklerinin aktarılması değil, anlamınınyansıtılmasıdır. Bu nedenle de, İngilizce tümcenin uzunluğunda bir Türkçe tümceüretmek gibi bir amaç güdülmemelidir.

İngilizce tümcedeki her bir sözcüğün Türkçeye aktarılması gerekmediği gibi, olduğugibi aktarılması da anlamsız olacaktır. Örneğin,

... make concessions ...

yapısını

.. tavizler yapmak ..

olarak Türkçeye aktarmak hiç de doğru olmayacaktır.

... tavizlerde bulunmak ../ .. taviz vermek ...

olarak aktarılması gerekir.

4. Bütünlük düzeyinde sorunlar

Bütünlük aşamasında, Türkçeye aktarılmış olan tümcenin kendisinden önceki ve sonraki

tümcelerin, içinde bulunduğu paragrafın ve en son olarak da metnin anlamı ile uyum içinde olup olmadığının incelenmesi gerekir.

Genel Çeviri 2 kitabının bu konusunda, değinilen bu aşamaların ilk ikisi ele alınmakta. Diğerikisi ise bir sonraki konuda işlenmekte.

Alıştırma 8 Tümce analizi için kimi zaman dilbilgisi ve sözcük bilgisi ile ilgili sorunlarıçözümlemek yeterli olmamakta. Örneğin, aşağıda verilen tümceyi Türkçeye aktarmayıdeneyin.

The people who live next door but one have a revolting cat.

(revolting [adj.]= iğrenç)

Tümcenin anlamını aktarmayı başaramazsanız, bir de sorunu oluşturan yapının kullanıldığıaşağıdaki tümceyi inceleyin.

Our house is the last but one on the left-hand side.

Çeviriyi yine de başaramadıysanız, bu yapı aşağıdaki kısa paragrafta da ele alınmakta.




31

I live in a quiet part of the town. My neighbours are all retired people who spend the

entire day either watching television or sitting in the veranda and knitting. Some

have interesting habits like model-ship building, and some have pet animals, mainly

cats. For example, the Bucks', living next door, own a beautiful Siamese cat. Those

who live next door but one have a revolting cat. Walk two houses further left, andyou will see the smallest dog you are ever likely to meet.

Alıştırma 9 Bir önceki alıştırmada olduğu gibi, bu alıştırmada tüm sözcüklerinin anlamını bildiğiniz bir tümcenin analizini yapmanız gerekmekte.

I didn't notice that the bus had stopped to pick up some passengers, and I went

straight into the back of it.

Sizce bu tümceyi söyleyen kişi nerede?

Tümce içinde görüşlerinizi destekleyen ipuçları neler?

İşleme Alıştırma 1 Aşağıdaki tümcelerde

1. tümcenin sözcüklerinin Türkçe karşılığını saptayın; 2. yüklem olabilecek sözcükleri belirleyin; 3. bunlardan hangisinin esas yüklem olduğunu saptayın; 4. tümce basit tümce ise unsurlarını / işareti ile birbirinden ayırın; 5. tümce bileşik tümce ise ana tümce ile yan tümceyi // işareti ile ayırın; clause yapıları

tanımlayın; 6. tümcede şimdilik bir kenara bırakılabilecek unsurları [ ] ile belirleyin; 7. tümceyi Türkçeye aktarın; 8. çevirinizde kullandığınız Türkçenin güncel, anlam bakımından özgün tümcenin

anlamına uygun olup olmadığını kontrol edin.

1. Some drugs intended to counteract insomnia are not without dangerous side effects.

2. A wild animal is more apt to be irascible when hungry than when satiated.

3. To prove a Rembrandt painting authentic is to make certain it was painted by

Rembrandt himself.

4. Papers which document the inception of a country's new government provide historicalrecords of its beginnings.

5. The law requires that gifts of eloquence be reported accurately on the owner's income

tax return.

6. A year by year increase in the number of a company's pensioners may not necessarily

reflect company growth.

7. A driver who covers a distance of 1200 kilometres in three days averages 400

kilometres per day.

8. Any statesman who opposes liberalizing immigration quotas objects to the entrance ofimmigrants into his country.




32

9. To state that ocean temperatures are fairly stable over vast areas does not rule out the

possibility of temperature differences.

10. Not everyone properly described as eccentric possesses the essential qualities of genius.

11. An agreement to increase spending for research hardly guarantees the success of the

project dependent upon that research.

12. Discrepancies in the testimony of a court witness tend to discredit his reliability.

13. The superstition that red infuriates a bull results form mistaking coincidence for cause

and effect.

14. Culture includes all the ways of behaving which an individual learns from others as a

member of society.

15. Because athlete's foot and other fungus infections depend upon individualsusceptibility, the widespread use of preventive techniques has not been adopted.

16. Notwithstanding its general acceptance, the idea that all nature exists for the direct

benefit of the human race rests on no reliable foundation.

17. The four-minute mile wouldn't amount to much were it not for the fact that the human

body is poorly adapted for running or anything else but thinking.

18. It is probable that out of any large group of top-rank scientists a fair proportion will be

neither saints nor sinners.

19. Feudal landowners, instead of pursuing the system of farming their lands by the labour

of their dependants, became landlords by receiving rent for the use of their lands.

20. Animals with backbones constitute but a relatively small proportion of living things and

are a comparatively recent group without the length of history behind them possessed

by many other types of plants and animals.

21. This comprehensive plan for a system of common schools was, in the face of the most

discouraging opposition, constantly adhered to Thomas Jefferson, although he did not

live to see universal education an accomplished fact.

22. The director agreed to whittle the entries down to about 1000 volunteered paintings

which would go into the show along with offerings from a specially invited group of

already recognized name artists.

23. The central idea of English mercantilism was that as the whole is greater than any of its

parts, the national economy should aim at the prosperity of the nation as a whole, even

when that meant the disadvantage of one segment or another.




33

Alıştırma 2 Tümce ile en yakın anlamı taşıyan tümceyi işaretleyin. Daha sonra tümceyi analiz edin.

1. Not even a genius is capable of high anger and high thinking at one and

the same time.

a. The ability to think and the habit of anger develop at different times in a person's

life.

b. Good thinking does not take place during periods of violent anger.

2. A large part of the British and American press has in effect abandoned

the pretence of dealing exclusively with facts.

a. Some British and American newspapers no longer pretend to deal only with the

facts.

b. Many British and American newspapers print only the facts.

3. A widely held myth is that the common people always applaud the

spending of public money in their behalf, but oppose the levying oftaxes.

a. It is widely believed that the common people will favour the spending of public

money on their behalf, but oppose the levying of taxes.

b. It is true that the common people will favour the spending of public money on their

behalf, but oppose the levying of taxes.

4. A genius glories in his willingness to be wrong; for probing in the dark

for the truth is bound to bring ninety-nine fruitless gropings for one

successful grasp.

a. Typically, the search for truth is marked by more mistakes than successes.

b. A true genius may experience many failures before he finds success.

5. Tourists in Canada impressed by the Frenchness or the Englishness of

the people are astonished to learn that one of every five Canadians is

other than French or British in origin.

a. Tourists in Canada are astonished to learn that the majority of the people who live

there are neither French nor English in origin.

b. Although visitors to Canada are impressed by the French or English characteristics

of the people, substantial numbers of Canadians are neither French nor British in

origin.

6. The only difference between electricity generated in an atomic plant and

electricity produced in ordinary steam generating plants is in the fuel

that heats the water for steam to spin the generator.

a. Electricity produced in an atomic plant is no more dangerous than any other

electricity.

b. Electricity produced in an atomic plant is exactly the same as electricity produced in

a steam generating plant.




34

7. In the case of a living author, an appraisal of his personal character on

the basis of what he publishes may unduly sanctify him or, on the other

hand, justify a suit for libel.

a. Any appraisal of an author's character on the basis of the writings will justify a suit

for libel. b. The evaluation of a man's character on the basis of his writings is not necessarily

valid.

8. Any substance taken into body that can be utilized for the release of

energy, for the regulation of body processes, or for the building or

repair of tissues falls into the category of food.

a. To be classified as a food, a substance must have all these properties: it must help

release energy, help regulate body processes, and build or repair body tissue.

b. A substance is food if, when taken into the body, it can be used to release energy.

9. The effects of an increasing majority of women upon our society arecertain to be formidable.

a. The effects of an increasing majority of women upon our society may prove to be

trifling.

b. The effects of an increasing majority of women upon society will be menacing.

10. Although the monastic schools were hostile to classical literature as

representing the temptations of the world, and religious beliefs

prevented the use of any work of science, they preserved for us a

considerable amount of Greek and Roman culture.

a. Today we are indebted to the monastic schools for some of our understanding of

Greek and Roman culture. b. Since the monastic schools opposed the teaching of classical literature, it is doubtful

that they performed any valuable service.

11. Patriotic sensitiveness to differences between English and American

usage of the language did not appear until after the revolution, and

sprang not from a sense of lack or fault in American English, but rather

from an unwillingness to use English textbooks.

a. After the Revolution American patriots were sensitive about their faulty use of

English.

b. Sensitiveness to differences in English and American use of the language grew out

of an unwillingness to use English textbooks.

12. Radiant energy from the sun is the source of practically all the forces

that man directs upon the earth.

a. There is no power or force under the control of man that did not have its source in

the radiant energy from the sun.

b. Most of the forces that man directs on the earth had their sources in the radiant

energy of the sun.




35

13. Any disease or injury which occurs during the course of employment

and raises out of that employment is defined by law as an industrial

injury.

a. A disease arising out of employment but developing after the termination of

employment is not legally an industrial injury. b. To be defined by law as an industrial injury a disease or injury must have two

characteristics: it must occur during employment and arise out of that employment.

14. As long as America remained overwhelmingly English, it was English

music that dominated and the music of the literate classes included

more hymns than love songs.

a. During the British period in America the music of the educated people consisted

largely of British hymns.

b. Learned people in America during the British period had little music of any kind.

15. Had the author expressed his own considered opinions as to theimportance of each thread in his story, he would have enhanced the

book so as to make it the ultimate word on the subject.

a. The book does not constitute the final word on the subject.

b. No book is valuable which does not include the author's opinions.

16. The value of collective action in providing the means of public

education - an unknown value in Europe in the seventeenth century -

was not promptly found in the New World.

a. A strong desire for public education was one of the reasons for the establishment of

the colonies of the New World.

b. The value of group action in providing the means of public education was notknown in seventeenth century Europe.

17. Animals are said to be warm-blooded or cold-blooded: the former

means that they have a constant body temperature while the latter

means that the body temperature varies with the external temperature.

a. The temperature of cold-blooded reptiles is lower in cold weather than in warm

weather.

b. The body temperature of cold-blooded animals is always lower than the body

temperature of warm-blooded animals.

18. There are savage peoples today with whom the year is a somewhat

indefinite unit, while the moon and its phases are so evident and

impressive that the calendar is for these tribes an enumeration of

moons.

a. Since the savage peoples can see the moon and its changes, they are more impressed

by it than by the year which they cannot see.

b. Savage peoples who cannot think in terms of the year as a unit of time can not keep

an accurate calendar.




36

19. Geometry has its origin in the valley of the Nile where it developed to

meet a practical need; it was used in the measurement of the earth's

surface in the restoration of boundaries obliterated by the annual

inundations of the river.

a. Originally geometry was developed to weigh and measure the dirt displaced by theoverflowing waters of the Nile.

b. The original geometry text was buried for centuries in the flooded lands beside the

Nile.

20. A school which places a premium on intellectual achievement is less

concerned with athletics than with superior academic students.

a. Superior students are rarely good athletes.

b. If a school strives chiefly for superior academic standing, it is more interested in

good students than in good athletes.

21. All told, the South produces almost half of out lumber and theproportion may well increase, for the climate encourages second-

growth timber.

a. Because of the climate, the South may in time produce fifty per cent or more of our

lumber.

b. The climate of the South encourages the growth of the finest timber in the country.

22. Prices are determined in part by the forces of demand on the buyer's

side and by supply and cost of production on the seller's side.

a. A company with the sole right to a patent can ask and get any price it wishes for the

patented product.

b. The cost of production, the size of supply, and the demand for the product are allfactors which help to determine the price.

23. We are accustomed to thinking of bacteria as omnipresent and

versatile, playing a many role in the drama of life, now helping and now

hindering.

a. We are used to the idea that some bacteria are helpful and others harmful.

b. Bacteria are all alike in that they are present everywhere and always a danger to

man.

24. An industry that is protected by the government is in dangerous

position, for the ability to improve manufacturing techniques cannot be

developed under the soft blanket of protection.

a. An industry is most apt to improve its manufacturing techniques if it enjoys freedom

from fear of competition.

b. In a sense, governmental protection serves as a hindrance rather than a help to an

industry.




37

25. The Spartans dwelt in the midst of hostile people they had subjugated,

and strength, courage, and obedience to the laws had to be developed

in their youth if they were to survive.

a. The training of Spartan youth was determined in part at least by the nearness of

unfriendly people. b. Since they lived in the midst of the conquerors, Spartan youths were forced to learn

obedience.

26. Let it not be supposed that scientific descriptions rob nature of her

beauty or that our delighted sense of colour is in any danger of being

blunted by tracing the sources of our sensations.

a. If we attempt to describe a sunset scientifically we are no longer able to appreciate

its beauty.

b. Nature itself is not changed by our efforts to describe it scientifically.

27. A diplomat who goes to a country where modes of salutation aredifferent from those he has already learned must be carefully instructed

lest he shock the expectations of the nation which he seeks to

influence.

a. If a diplomat is to influence the country to which he goes, he must not behave in any

way which is contrary to expectation.

b. A foreign country has been offended by a diplomat who failed to know and observe

its modes of salutation.

28. When primitive man evolved to the level where he practised barter,

which is one step above anything of which an animal is capable, the

range of attention was infinitely broader than it was at the stage of

robbery.

a. In the history of man the stage of stealing precedes the stage of trading.

b. Early trading was accompanied by music and group celebrations.

Alıştırma 3 Verilen tümceleri sorulara göre inceleyin. Birinci sorunun yanıtı örnek olarakverilmekte.

1. Which of the following sentences was written by a football fan?

a. Despite the fact that the game of basketball is of great appeal, it is definitely unable

to match the extraordinary individual skills of the professional players or season-

long build up of excitement that football provides. b. Football used to be a perfect game, the favourite game of whole Europe, Asia,

Africa and South America; however, times have changed and football has fallen

behind the times, its place in the media having been taken by professional

basketball.

2. Which of the following statements was written by a supporter of drug-

control laws?

a. In fact, it is not our wish to limit individual freedoms, but we cannot allow the use

of even mild drugs as the situation currently is.

b. Much as we understand the fear that widespread use of drugs leads to increased

social problems, we still insist on the fundamental right of our citizens to freely use

anything they choose to do so.




38

3. Which of the following statements was written by a person who likes

Venice?

a. For all its lovers' claims that Venice has once again become a beautiful city to be

proud of, there is a great deal to be said for the jokes you hear about the city onradio and television.

b. Thanks to recent nation-wide efforts, it has once again become a city to be proud of,

despite the jokes you hear on radio and television about Venice and its slow sinking

into the waters of the Aegean,

4. Which of the following statements was written by a language learner

who prefers native speaker teachers to non-native

speaker teachers?

a. Their outstanding tolerance and even their almost perfect knowledge of foreign

language notwithstanding, non-native language teachers simply cannot fill the gap

that native speakers obviously is unaware of. b. They may obviously lack some of the cultural and even the linguistic advantages

that non-native speaker teachers seem to have, but native speaker teachers more

than make up for this with their excellent knowledge of the language that they teach.

5. Which of the following statements was written by an opponent of

hunting?

a. Hunting may have its opponents but they are usually people who either have never

had the experience of hunting or are unable to feel the great excitement of this

lovely activity.

b. Hunters and some other people may well say anything they want about the

excitement of the hunting, or the idea that the hunter is in a way an

environmentalist, but that does nothing to hide the fact that it is the wild animalsthat suffer.

6. Which of the following statements was written by a proponent of the

idea that circus is dying?

a. In our modern age, with its freely available entertainment, accessible at the turn of a

television or radio switch, the circus is simply an artificial activity, although it used

to be quite popular in the past.

b. Of course the circus has suffered a lot from the sort of competition that takes

advantage of modern technology; yet, there is a vast qualitative difference in being

present at a live performance which, however luxurious it may be, can never be

replaced by video-recorded performances.

7. Which of the following statements by written by a vegetarian?

a. The argument is sometimes put forward that man is not naturally a vegetarian

because he was originally omnivorous; although such a claim may contain a grain of

truth, it ignores the obvious fact that there are many aspects of the original human

condition that we have seen fit to improve.

b. Despite of the insistence of those who exclude meat and fish from their diet that

such a course is both spiritually and physically beneficial, there is no evidence that

fighting is less prevalent or exceptional longevity more likely in areas where

vegetarianism is the rule.




39

8. Which of the following statements was written by a detractor of the

Prime Minister?

a. The Prime Minister has certainly achieved a number of minor improvements and

there is no denying that thus far, the country has not quite gone to rack and ruin

under his leadership; nevertheless, one searches in vain for the great attitudinal andeconomic breakthroughs we were so lavishly promised during the course of his

campaign.

b. Though the great breakthroughs the Prime Minister has promised obviously take

some time to engineer, he can nonetheless already point to significant improvements

in the nation's standard of living, which are portents of the exciting changes soon to

be implemented.

9. Which of the following statements was written by a person in favour of

small-town life?

a. Possibly there are those who get pleasure from turning back the clock and seeking

out the virtues we fondly imagine to have been associated with life in small towns in bygone days. Yet the most superficial perusal of contemporary accounts dealing

with such an existence makes it quite clear that sterile deprivation of life's true

pleasures would be a much more accurate assessment.

b. It is true that city-dwellers and suburbanites have access to certain facilities that

may be denied to the inhabitants of small towns. However, what they miss far

outweighs such advantages, which, in any case, the vast majority rarely has the time

or energy to take advantage of.

10. Which of the following statements was written by someone who opposes a

particular job applicant?

a. Peter certainly has a number of qualities that would appeal to my colleagues on the

selection panel; however, it should be noted that he has a history of flirting fromone job to another that is hardly consistent with this company's management

approach.

b. Although Peter has shown perhaps a regrettable tendency in the past to move rather

quickly from one job to another, he is clearly the best-qualified candidate and

would undoubtedly respond to our town brand of company loyalty.

11. Which of following statements by written by a tour operator?

a. The cost of the tour is admittedly high. Against this, though, consideration must be

given to the fact that it offers a unique opportunity to visit one of the world's most

extraordinary tourist attractions in the company of congenial fellow-explorers and

expert guides. b. However unusual the opportunity or expert the accompanying personnel, these can

hardly be a justification for charging an amount that appears to fall not far short of

the Gross National Product in some of the world's less developed nations, including

that which is the destination of this "extraordinary" tour.




40

Üretme

Alıştırma 1 Metinlerin içinde koyu yazılı tümceleri inceleyin.

1.

Like any theory of importance, that of social or cultural anthropology was the

work of many minds and took on many forms. Some, the best known of its

opponents, worked on broad areas and attempted to describe and account for the

development of human civilization in its totality. Others restricted their efforts to

specific aspects of the culture, taking up the evolution of art, or the state, or religion.

2.

In recent years there have been many reports of a growing impatience with

psychiatry, with its seeming foreverness, its high cost, its debatable results, and itsvague, esoteric terms. To many people it is like a blind man in a dark room

looking for a black cat that is not there. The magazines and mental health

associations say psychiatric treatment is a good thing, but what it is or what it

accomplishes has not been made clear.

Alıştırma 2 Tümceleri analiz edin ve Türkçeye aktarın.

1.

As a result of the Ice Age, which evolved about 1 million years into the Palaeolithic

Age, people were forced to seek shelter in caves, wear clothing, and develop new

tools.

2.

It is true that that that that I used in the sentence is not that that that we saw in the

relative clause structures.

3.

The Greeks attached so much importance to the Olympic Games that they calculated

time in four-year cycles called "Olympiads" dating from 776 B.C.

4.

On the other hand, the heterotrophic fungus, which depends on other elements to

provide its food, not only absorbs and stores water for the plant, but also helps

protect it.

5.

The lichen's strong resistance to its hostile environment and its ability to live in

harmony with such environment is one example that humanity should consider in

trying to solve its own problems.




41

6.

Years after discovery of the Rosetta stone, Jean François Champollion, a French philologist, fluent in several languages, was able to decipher the first word - Ptolemy

- name of an Egyptian ruler.

7.

The combination of carbon and hydrogen forms many thousands of compounds

which are possible because of the various positions and joinings of these two atoms

in the hydrocarbon molecule.

8.

As brutal as the human sacrifice ceremonies were, the victims (usually taken from

among captives from battles) accepted their fate passively, having been previously

indoctrinated and heavily sedated.

9.

The residue remaining after the light oils are distilled is known as heavy or residual

fuel oil and is used mostly for burning under boilers.

10.

What "Pete" the groundhog does next, many believe, will indicate whether spring is

just around the corner or a long way off.

11.

Children reared in poverty tend, on the average, to do poorly on tests of intelligence.

12.

Probably the most lasting of the Roman heritage to the world can be found in laws

based on Roman legal principles as found in England, Latin America, and the United

States, as well as the Roman alphabet which forms the basis of many languages

among which are English, Spanish, and German.

13.

Article II of the United States Constitution states that only natural-born citizens of

the United States who have attained the age of 35 years and who have resided in the

United States for 14 years may become president.




42

Sınama

Alıştırma Verilen süre içinde, metinle ilgili soruyu yanıtlayın ve tümceleri analiz edin.

1.

45 dakika

The Inca were originally a small warlike tribe inhabiting the south highland region of

the Cordillera Central in Peru. The Incas had never acquired the art of writing, but

they had developed a complicated system of knotted cords called quipus. These were

made of the wool of the alpaca or llama, dyed in various colors, the significance of

which was known to the officials. The cords were knotted in such a way as to

represent the decimal system. Thus an important message relating to the progress of

crops, the amount of taxes collected, or the advance of an enemy could be speedily

sent by trained runners along the post roads.

a) Yazıları olmadığı için, İnkalar basit, az gelişmiş bir toplum olarak görülürler. b) İnkalar düğümlü ip sistemini düşmanlarından aldılar. c) Hem iplerin rengi hem de düğümlenme biçimleri quipus'ın yansıttığı anlamın bir

bölümüdür. d) İpler koşucular yolu ile gönderildiği için, İnkaların vergileri de bu koşucular yolu ile

topladıklarını da rahatlıkla ileri sürebiliriz.

2.

45 dakika

There was a time when scholars held that early man lived in a kind of beneficent

anarchy, in which each person was granted his rights by his fellows and there wasno governing or being governed. Various early writers looked back to this

Golden Age but the point of view that man was originally a child of nature is

best known to us in the writings of Rousseau, Locke, and Hobbes. These men

described the concept of social contract , which they said had put an end to the

state of nature in which earliest man is supposed to have lived.

a) Rousseau, Locke ve Hobbes'a göre, sosyal ilişki kavramı ilk insanların yaşadığımenfaate dayalı anarşi dönemine bir son verdi.

b) Bu metnin yazarının, yönetim kavramının insan tarihinde her zaman için var olduğudüşüncesinde olduğu sonucunu çıkarabiliriz.

c) Bu metinde değinilen yazarlar, insanın Altın Dönem'inde yaşadılar.

d) Yazara göre, bilimadamları bugün de ilk insanın bir tür anarşi dönemi geçirdiğidüşüncesini taşımaktadırlar.




43

4

Tümce analizi ve çevirisi

Giriş ................................................................................................................. 44

Sunu ................................................................................................................ 44

Ġşleme .............................................................................................................. 45

Üretme ............................................................................................................. 48

Sınama ............................................................................................................. 49




44

Giriş

Bir önceki konu ile bağlantılı olan bu konuda, tümce analizinin ardından tümceçevirisi işlenmekte.

Dördüncü konuya başlamadan önce, tümce analizinin incelendiği üçüncü konuyu ayrıntılı bir biçimde incelediğinizden emin olun. Üçüncü konuda, tümcenin analizi için önerilen temelnoktaları unutmayın:

1. Sözcük düzeyinde sorunlar. 2. Dilbilgisi düzeyinde sorunlar.

Tümcenin türü (basit ya da bileşik) Tümcenin unsurları (Ö+Y+N)

as, for, since, yet sözcükleri Değinme sözcükleri that, -ing, V 3 yapıları

3. Anlam düzeyinde sorunlar 4. Bütünlük düzeyinde sorunlar

SunuGenel Çeviri 2 kitabının üçüncü konusunda tümcenin analizine ilişkin notlar ele alındı. Bukonuda ise tümcelerin Türkçeye aktarımı konusunda öneriler sunulmakta.

Anlamı zihninizde yapılandırmaya çalışın. Bunu mevcut bilgilerinizle kıyaslayın. Buyaklaşım bazı dilbilgisi ve sözcük bilgisi sorunları çözümlemenizde yardımcı olacaktır.Anlamı tam olarak kavrayamadıysanız, tümceyi çevirmeye kalkışmayın.

Sözlü ya da yazılı olarak tümceyi çevirin. Tümce çok uzunsaÖZNE+NESNE+YÜKLEM yapısını kullanarak tümceyi inceleyin ve tümceyiunsurlarına ayırarak yazılı çeviri yapın. Örneğin,

The great advance in rocket theory 40 years ago showed that liquid-fuelrockets were far superior in every respect to the skyrocket with its weak solidfuel, the only kind of rockets then known.

tümcesi incelendiğinde

The great advance in rocket theory 40 years ago showed / that liquid-fuelrockets were far superior in every respect to the skyrocket with its(=skyrocket's) weak solid fuel, / the only kind of rocket (which was) thenknown.

yapısı ortaya çıkmakta. Bu da Türkçeye ilk aşamada

Roket teorisindeki büyük gelişme 40 yıl önce gösterdi ki sıvı yakıtlı roketler heraçıdan zayıf katı yakıtlı uzay roketlerine çok daha üstün; o zamanlar bilinen tekroket türü.

olarak aktarılabilir.




45

Çevirinizin Türkçesini inceleyin.

Roket teorisindeki büyük ilerleme, 40 yıl önce, sıvı yakıtlı roketlerin ozamanlar bilinen tek roket türü olan ve zayıf bir yakıt türü olan katı yakıtları

kullanan uzay roketlerinden her açıdan çok daha üstün olduklarını gösterdi.

Yaptığınız çevirinin özgün tümcenin anlamını yansıtıp yansıtmadığını kontrol edin. Kimizaman, aslında tümcenin anlattığı şeyi değil, sizin tümcenin anlattığına inandığınız şeyiçevirmekte olduğunuzu farkedeceksiniz. Bu da sizi çok hatalı çevirilere götürebilir.

İşleme Alıştırma Aşağıda verilen tümcelerin tümü üçüncü konuda ele alındı. Bu tümceleri Türkçeye aktarın.

1.

Not even a genius is capable of high anger and high thinking at one and the same

time.

2.

A large part of the British and American press has in effect abandoned the pretence

of dealing exclusively with facts.

3.

A widely held myth is that the common people always applaud the spending of

public money in their behalf, but oppose the levying of taxes.

4.

A genius glories in his willingness to be wrong; for probing in the dark for the truth

is bound to bring ninety-nine fruitless gropings for one successful grasp.

5.

Tourists in Montreal impressed by the Frenchness or the Englishness of the people

are astonished to learn that one of every five Canadians is other than French or

British in origin.

6.

The only difference between electricity generated in an atomic plant and electricity

produced in ordinary steam generating plants is in the fuel that heats the water for

steam to spin the generator.

7.

In the case of a living author, an appraisal of his personal character on the basis of

what he publishes may unduly sanctify him or, on the other hand, justify a suit for

libel.




46

8.

Any substance taken into body that can be utilized for the release of energy, for the

regulation of body processes, or for the building or repair of tissues falls into the

category of food.

9.

Although the monastic schools were hostile to classical literature as representing the

temptations of the world, and religious beliefs prevented the use of any work of

science, they preserved for us a considerable amount of Greek and Roman culture.

10.

Patriotic sensitiveness to differences between English and American usage of the

language did not appear until after the revolution, and sprang not from a sense of

lack or fault in American English, but rather from an unwillingness to use English

textbooks.

11.

The effects of an increasing majority of women upon our society are certain to be

formidable.

12.

Radiant energy from the sun is the source of practically all the forces that man

directs upon the earth.

13.

Any disease or injury which occurs during the course of employment and raises out

of that employment is defined by law as an industrial injury.

14.

As long as America remained overwhelmingly English, it was English music that

dominated and the music of the literate classes included more hymns than love

songs.

15.

The value of collective action in providing the means of public education - an

unknown value in Europe in the seventeenth century - was not promptly found in the New World.




47

16.

Animals are said to be warm-blooded or cold-blooded: the former means that they

have a constant body temperature while the latter means that the body temperature

varies with the external temperature.

17.

Had the author expressed his own considered opinions as to the importance of each

thread in his story, he would have enhanced the book so as to make it the ultimate

word on the subject.

18.

There are savage peoples today with whom the year is a somewhat indefinite unit,

while the moon and its phases are so evident and impressive that the calendar is for

these tribes an enumeration of moons.

19.

Geometry has its origin in the valley of the Nile where it developed to meet a

practical need; it was used in the measurement of the earth's surface in the restoration

of boundaries obliterated by the annual inundations of the river.

20.

A school which places a premium on intellectual achievement is less concerned with

athletics than with superior academic students.

21.

All told, the South produces almost half of out lumber and the proportion may well

increase, for the climate encourages second-growth timber.

22.

Prices are determined in part by the forces of demand on the buyer's side and by

supply and cost of production on the seller's side.

23.

We are accustomed to thinking of bacteria as omnipresent and versatile, playing a

many role in the drama of life, now helping and now hindering.

24.

An industry that is protected by the government is in dangerous position, for the

ability to improve manufacturing techniques cannot be developed under the soft

blanket of protection.

25.

The Spartans dwelt in the midst of hostile people they had subjugated, and strength,

courage, and obedience to the laws had to be developed in their youth if they were to

survive.




48

26.

Let it not be supposed that scientific descriptions rob nature of her beauty or that our

delighted sense of colour is in any danger of being blunted by tracing the sources of

our sensations.

27.

A diplomat who goes to a country where modes of salutation are different from those

he has already learned must be carefully instructed lest he shock the expectations of

the nation which he seeks to influence.

28.

When primitive man evolved to the level where he practiced barter, which is one

step above anything of which an animal is capable, the range of attention was

infinitely broader than it was at the stage of robbery.

Üretme Alıştırma Metni dikkatle okuyun, 3. konuda verilen bilgilere göre koyu yazılı tümceleri inceleyin ve

Türkçeye aktarın.

TEACHING

Teaching is supposed to be a professional activity requiring long and complicated

training as well as official certification. The act of teaching is looked upon as a flowof knowledge from a higher source to an empty one. The student's role is one of

receiving information; the teacher's is one of sending it. There is a clear distinction

assumed between one who is supposed to know (and therefore not capable of being

wrong) and another, usually a younger person, who is supposed not to know.

However, teaching need not be the province of a special group of people nor need

it be looked upon as a technical skill. Teaching can be more like guiding and assisting

than forcing information into a supposedly empty head. If you have a certain skill you

should be able to share it with someone. You do not have to get certified to convey

what you know to someone else or to help them in their attempt to teach

themselves. All of us, from the very youngest children to the oldest members of our

cultures, should come to realize our own potential as teachers. We can share what we

know, however little it might be, with someone who has need of that knowledge orskill.

"Teaching" başlıklı bu metin, çeviri derslerime malzeme olarak almamdan çok sonraları,Eylül 1995 tarihinde, metin Türkiye İş Bankası Uzman Yardımcılığı Dil Sınavı'ndaİngilizceden Türkçeye çeviri metni olarak kullanıldı.




49

Sınama

Alıştırma 1 Bu alıştırmada, verilen boşluğu en uygun seçenek ile tamamlayın. Daha sonra tümcelerianaliz ederek Türkçeye aktarın (bu alıştırmadaki metinlerin tümü değerli meslektaşım,İngilizce öğretmeni Sahir Köksoy tarafından sağlanmıştır).

1.

In youth, most people maintain that black is black, white is white, and gray does not

exist. It is only gradually that experience teaches us that there is no absolute evil, so

there is no absolute good. Until this lesson is learned, children react either

completely for or against everything they face, and tolerance is something which

they _______________.

a) respect in their parents b) wish they possessed

c) cannot comprehend d) have wholly lost

2.

Copper is a fairly soft metal and it is easily moulded even when it is cold. It was the

first metal that primitive man learned to use in making tools. Copper relics have been

found that are older then recorded history. Copper is a lot more extensively used

than any other metal except iron. This positive aspect is further supported by the fact

that copper is not _______________.

a) expensive b) available

c) soft d) plentiful

3.

Ancient astronomers recognized that the planets were different from the stars. The

name planet was given to those heavenly bodies which constantly change their

positions with reference to the stars, because planet comes from the Greek word that

means _______________.

a) bright b) astronomical

c) wandering d) reflecting

4.

The power of propaganda lies largely in the swiftness of its action. Like an odourless

but deadly cloud, it seeps into the atmosphere until it has _______________.

a) overpowered all who are exposed to it

b) blended harmlessly with the air

c) been recognised and counteracted

c) created the opposite of its intended effect




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5.

Scarcely any create that lives and breathes is as universally hated as the rat. Rats are

carriers of many diseases. They give some service as scavengers, but this is

overbalanced by their _______________.

a) harmful activities b) popularity as pets

c) odd appearance d) sanitary value

6.

One factor which affects the rate of chemical change is temperature. With few

exceptions, an increase in temperature increases the rate of a chemical reaction. Most

reactions at the temperature of boiling water are hundreds of times as fast as at room

temperature. To slow down changes in foods, our kitchens are equipped with

______________.

a) thermometers b) refrigerators

c) ventilators d) fire alarms

7.

Most solids expand when their temperature rises. Because of this, concrete highways

are made in sections that do not touch. The spaces between the sections are filled

with tar, which oozes from the cracks in hot weather. If the road were not made in

sections, the expansion of the solid concrete in hot weather would cause it to

______________.

a) expand b) meet

c) buckle d) contract

8.

Ideas are essential in the diet of business. A business gets hungry just as a man does.

A man cannot live without food, and a business cannot advance without

_______________.

a) ideas b) influence

c) tradition d) budgeting

9.

Coal formation began millions of years ago when giant plants died and formed a

decayed vegetable matter called peat. Mud and sand covered the peat when largeareas of earth sank below the ocean. Pressure and heat from water, sand, and mud

caused the peat to form coal. The greater the depth of the earth above the peat, the

greater the pressure of the peat and harder the coal. Anthracite, the hardest grade of

coal, usually lies in the coal beds that are ______________.

a) easiest to mine b) in greatest demand

c) most plentiful d) deepest




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10.

Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833-96) was a Swedish chemist who invented dynamite

and some other chemicals. He became very wealthy and in his will set up a large

fund to pay annual awards in the five fields of physics, chemistry, physiology of

medicine, literature, and international peace. The prizes average about $40,000, andaside from this it is a great honour to receive _______________.

a) $40,000 b) such a legacy

c) the Nobel professorship d) a Nobel prize

11.

Of all the lawbreakers in the thirties, only about 15 percent were ever arrested, 2

percent convicted, and 1 percent actually punished. One of the most pressing social

problems was _______________.

a) lax law enforcement b) overcrowded prisons

c) ambiguous laws d) prohibition violators

12.

The total volume of long-distance trade during the Middle Ages was relatively small.

Most areas where people lived were self-sufficient in the matter of the necessities of

life. Transport was expensive and slow, whether by land or by sea. Goods that were

carried in international trade were, for the most part, _______________.

a) breadstuffs b) luxury items

c) woollen cloth d) oriental imports

13.

It is an obvious and familiar fact that the younger a child, the less individually

differentiated he is. Physically, all newborn children are _______________.

a) extremely active b) difficult to manage

c) very much like their parents d) very much alike

14.

The climate in equatorial regions is uniform throughout the year. There is nothing

that can be called _______________.

a) a tropical climate b) a change of season

c) the beginning of the year d) the heat of the noonday

15.

Clothes keep us warm by keeping heat from escaping from the body. Wool keeps us

especially warm because its fibers hold a layer of still air that is an excellent

_______________.

a) source of heat b) cooling system for the body

c) conductor of heat d) shield against heat loss




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16.

Scientists are constantly working to refine man's accuracy in the measurement of

time. The most accurate method so far is a cesium clock that is accurate to two parts

in a billion. Your watch would not be more than one second off 330 years from now

if it ran with this accuracy. Polaris submarines and satellites in orbit many milesabove the earth are dependent upon accuracy in estimating their location. This in

turn depends upon _______________.

a) discovery of new metals b) rapid calculations

c) ultimate accuracy in timing d) skilled navigation

17.

During the last half of the nineteenth century, the United States and Germany made

rapid progress in industrialization. Their deposits of coal and iron - essential factors

in developing industry - aided them in becoming _______________.

a) self-sufficient b) cultural centersc) manufacturing centers d) democracies

18.

Zoos spend a lot of money duplicating natural conditions for the keeping of captive

animals. Much success has been achieved in this area, as exemplified by the case of

three magpies. A storm blew open the door to the magpie cage and three of the blue

Himalayan birds escaped. Reports from all over the big city told of the birds roosting

on buildings, statues, and so forth. The day after the escape the magpies returned to

their cage at the zoo, indicating that they _______________.

a) feared harm b) relished harm b) felt at home d) disliked captivity

19.

The stimulus given to us by challenging tasks is necessary for the survival of our

civilization. When we are no longer forced by necessity to work, unless we stir

ourselves to activity we will perish. Deterioration began in the civilizations of

Greece and Rome when the people became _______________.

a) barbaric b) participators

c) spectators d) professionals

20.

One generation often finds itself trying to protect its laws against the next generation,

which would change the laws. Youth often thinks the previous generation resists

change, and the older generation sometimes criticizes youth as being too

_______________.

a) conforming b) indifferent

c) energetic d) rebellious




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21.

Elephant hunting may not be so dangerous as some men have thought. A herd of

elephants will usually flee from a hunter but, if the hunter comes upon a herd of

elephants at close range, they may charge. Since the elephant has very poor eyes, the

hunter's best protection is to get out range of the elephant's _______________.

a) tusks b) hearing

c) herd d) vision

22.

One of the pleasantest things in the world is going on a journey, but I like to go by

myself. I can enjoy society in a room; but outdoors, nature is _______________.

a) best when seen by a friend b) company enough for me

c) best enjoyed by a group d) not as pleasant as a book

23.

Aristotle, a philosopher of ancient Greece was the first person we know of to write

down descriptions of animals. His observations and classifications are extremely

accurate to have been written over two thousand years ago. Aristotle is often credited

with being the first _______________.

a) zoologist b) anthropologist

c) philosopher d) botanist

24.

An ocean-bottom seismograph has been designed to record natural earth tremors and

remote nuclear explosions at a great distance under the surface of the ocean. Thedevice operates unattended. It senses, gathers, and stores information on magnetic

tape for later recovery and _______________.

a) construction b) defence

c) interpretation d) recording

25.

Rome and Carthage were great rivals for many years. For more than a century these

two powers _______________.

a) traded with smaller powers b) struggled for supremacyc) protected each other d) lived peacefully together




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26.

Researchers are studying a popular Japanese rose that can be cultivated into a matted

hedge. When a car runs off the road into a large tree, the shock of the impact is

absorbed by the tree abruptly, endangering the car's occupants. In contrast, a hedge

of these roses absorbs the shock of a collision gently. It is thought that this Japaneserose, planted in hedges along highways, could reduce _______________.

a) destruction of trees b) driving speeds

c) traffic deaths d) careless driving

27.

Although broken-down rock provides the basic material from which soil is formed, it

is not soil. True soil in which plants will grow contains organic matter, that is,

decayed animal and vegetable matter. Without this organic matter, broken rock, no

matter how finely-broken it may be, is still only _______________.

a) organic rock b) top soil

c) mountain soil d) rock

28.

For many years the Chinese carefully guarded the secret of their method of raising

silkworms and making silk. Anyone caught carrying silk worms or their eggs out of

China was _______________.

a) considered a foreigner b) rewarded by the government

c) punished by death d) automatically made a prince

29.

The "cow war" occurred in 1934 between Minnesota and the Dakotas. A severe

drought had dried up all grazing land in the area except for a small part of north-

western Minnesota. Farmers from North and South Dakota drove their cattle to this

small area to graze. The governor of Minnesota, fearing that Minnesota cattle would

not have enough grazing land, instructed National Guardsmen to prevent any Dakota

cattle from crossing the line into Minnesota. The states involved, however, remained

on friendly terms throughout the incident. Actually the "cow war"

_______________.

a) involved no cows b) was not a war

c) created ill feelings d) attracted more cows

30.

The people of the Netherlands, popularly called Hollanders or Dutch, have increased

the land area of their country for cultivation by building dikes around a lake, marsh,

or sea area to keep it from flooding. The water within the diked area is drained off

into canals. The newly drained, dike-protected land is called a polder. Most of the

land in the western part of the Netherlands is reclaimed land. This land is flat and

_______________.

a) is of little use b) is flooded during ocean storms

c) is good fishing ground d) lies below sea level




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Alıştırma 2 Bu bölüme kadar sunulan bilgilere göre, aşağıdaki paragraflarda koyu yazılı bölümleriTürkçeye aktarın.

1.

In childhood, showing-off takes simple direct forms. A child asking you to look at

him as he stands on his head expects (and usually gets) immediate praise. As we

grow older we seem to get more cunning in our efforts to draw the attention of

others to ourselves. Only a professional acrobat has to go to the lengths of

standing on his head to win a round of applause. Adults are capable of the

subtlest forms of self-dispraise when they want to boast their achievements.

2.

Today young people seem to be anxious to acquire useful knowledge to the

exclusion of everything else. They seek knowledge not for its own sake, but so

that they will learn how to do a job. But knowledge and education are not one and

the same thing. A man may be in command of any number of facts and be

brilliant at his job without necessarily being an educated person. Those who

measure knowledge solely in terms of its usefulness often deliberately ignore the

immense cultural heritage of the past when they regard the study of Latin and

Greek as a "waste of time".

3.

Nothing worth having is free in the sense that it can be had without effort. If we

wish to acquire something, something else must be given in exchange for it. What

we give cannot be always measured in terms of money. It can take many forms

like time, effort, hard work, or concentration, for only by giving is it possible to

receive. In fact, it is doubtful whether anything which appears to be "free" is

really worth having.

4.

It is not difficult to understand why an eclipse of the sun or moon instilled

terror into the hearts of primitive peoples. Natural phenomena like rain, storms,

and wind were once inexplicable, and god-like powers were attributed to them.

Under such conditions, the blotting-out of the sun, the giver of light, the sudden

fall of darkness at noon, could only be interpreted as the most evil of omens.

Thousands of years passed before it proved possible to explain why such things

happened. But even though science has taken the magic (and fortunately, the

terror) out of eclipses, they still figure among the most impressive of all natural

occurrences.




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5.

It took nothing less than two world wars for women to prove conclusively that

they are capable of doing any kind of job, from serving as Minister of Health to

driving steam-roller. Yet men are reluctant to acknowledge that women are as

capable as they are, and not a few must wish that they had never been given the

vote at all. It is fortunate for women, these days, that they do not have to chain

themselves to lamp-posts or starve themselves to death to prove a simple point.

If they go about the right way, they might even beat men to the moon.

6.

The critic, then, has a twofold function: he must illuminate and evaluate. The first of

these is quite straightforward. Acting as an intermediary between the artist and

the public, a critic should be able to explain the intentions behind a book, a

film, a play, or whatever it is he is criticizing. If the critic is reliable we should

be better equipped to enjoy, say, a new novel, after we have read what he has to

say. The second is far more difficult. When attempting to evaluate a work of

art, the critic should be able to see it in relation to all that has gone before and

to give his readers some indication of its possible worth. What he gives us, in

effect, is his opinion; and more often than not, there are as many opinions as

critics.




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3. ve 4. konularda işlenen notlar şu şekilde özetlenebilir:

ÖZCÜK ve terimlerle ilgili

sorunlara yönelik olarakyapılması gereken çalışma:

Sözlük çalışması Sözlük kullanarak sözcüklerin Türkçesini bulun.

Değinme sözcükleri Metin içindeki kullanımlarını anlam ve çeviri açısından inceleyin.

İLBİLGİSİ ile ilgili sorunlara

yönelik olarak yapılmasıgereken çalışma:

As, for, since, yet Ne anlam taşıdıklarını saptayın.

That,gerund,past participle Ne anlam taşıdıklarını saptayın.

Basit-Bileşik Tümce Tümce türünü saptayın.

Clause Marker Bileşik tümcede bağlantı yapısını bulun.

Ana-Yan Tümce // işaretini kullanın.

Ö+Y+N Tümcenin unsurlarını belirleyin.

NLAM ile ilgili sorunlara yönelikolarak yapılması gerekençalışma

Bağlam Tümceyi, metnin bütününün anlamına göre Türkçeye aktarın.

Taslak çeviri Bu aşamada, çevirinizin Türkçesi konusunda fazla titizlenmeyin.

ÜTÜNLÜK ile ilgili sorunlara

yönelik olarak yapılmasıgereken çalışma

Türkçe Çevirinizi, İngilizce metni hiç kullanmadan okuyup düzeltin.

S

D

B




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5

Metin Analizi ve Çevirisi

Giriş ................................................................................................................. 60

Sunu ................................................................................................................. 60

Ġşleme-Üretme-Sınama ................................................................................... 64

Çeviri için 50 metin

1. Heart ........................................................................................................ 69

2. Growing vegetables ................................................................................. 72

3. Grounds for divorce ................................................................................. 75

4. Galaxy ..................................................................................................... 78

5. Language ................................................................................................ 82

6. Man's future ............................................................................................. 87

7. Ifs of history ............................................................................................. 92

8. Lake Turkana .......................................................................................... 97

9. Garbology ................................................................................................ 101

10. Explain ................................................................................................... 104

11. The 800th life .......................................................................................... 107

12. Desertification ........................................................................................ 112

13. Women .................................................................................................. 115

14. Who's afraid of the silicon chip .............................................................. 118

15. Education .............................................................................................. 123

16. The secret few people could guess ....................................................... 126

17. United Nations ....................................................................................... 129

18. The fountain and the water-jar .............................................................. 13219. Lightning ................................................................................................ 135

20. The way up to heaven ........................................................................... 138

21. Political parties ...................................................................................... 143

22. Women and space ................................................................................ 145

23. Common sense about smoking ............................................................ 147

24. Intelligence ............................................................................................ 149

25. The sacred rac ...................................................................................... 151

26. Amber .................................................................................................... 155




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27. Levophobia ............................................................................................ 157

28. Self-confidence ..................................................................................... 159

29. Magnetism ............................................................................................. 160

30. The death penalty .................................................................................. 161

31. Slipper animalcule ................................................................................. 165

32. Tighten you belt ..................................................................................... 167

33. Arranged marriages: an alternative to love marriages .......................... 172

34. Nuclear energy ...................................................................................... 175

35. Lie detector ........................................................................................... 178

36. Barter .................................................................................................... 181

37. Art .......................................................................................................... 184

38. New policy debate ................................................................................. 186

39. Investment ............................................................................................. 189

40. Modern constitutions ............................................................................. 193

41. Television .............................................................................................. 197

42. Economics and history .......................................................................... 199

43. The Rolling Stones ................................................................................ 201

44. Pioneer 10 pushes forward beyond goals, into the unknown ................. 204

45. California's germinal brains bank .......................................................... 205

46. The manager's authority ....................................................................... 208

47. Ethical and legal considerations of public relations practice ................. 211

48. Human behaviour and social practice ................................................. 213

49. Democracy and adult education in Tanzania ....................................... 215

50. The twelve bottles of whisky .................................................................. 217




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Giriş

Genel Çeviri 2 kitabının beşinci konusunda, metin analizi ve çevirisi konusu elealınmakta.

Bu konuda, çeşitli metinler çeviri amacı ile incelenmekte. Metin analizinin aşamalarınıtanıtabilmek için her bir metin için çeşitli okuma ve çeviri alıştırmaları verilmekte. Kullanılansimge ve kısaltmaların anlamları ayrıca sayfa 6'da bulunabilir.

Konunun bu ilk sayfalarında, metin analizi ve çevirisi konusunda mevcut bilginiz ölçülmekte.Bunun ardından, konularına ve sundukları çeviri sorunlarına göre sınıflandırılmış metinler ve

bunlara ait alıştırmalar verilmekte.

SunuAşağıda, metin analizinin aşamaları örneklerle anlatılmakta. Öncelikle metnin tümünü okuyun.

5

10

The Germany of today has two very different recent pasts. In the

aftermath of World War II, the victorious Allies divided up the defeated,

devastated country and took away its sovereignty. What happened

thereafter reads like a fairy tale in which the west was blessed and the

east was cursed. Certainly, the rags-to-riches story of the German

Federal Republic is in sharp contrast to the exploitation, repression and

corruption story of the German Democratic Republic. Fairy stories have

happy endings ... and so it was that after 40 years of sun in the west anddarkness in the east, the twain finally met - on the sunny side, of course -

and became one.

Meet United Germany: Perspectives (1992: 24)

1. Sözcük düzeyinde

Bu bölümde, sol sütunda sözcükler metindeki haliyle verilmekte ve sizden bu sözcüklerin metin

içindeki anlamlarını bulmanız istenmekte. Aşağıdaki tablo örnek vermek amacı ile tamamlandı.Parantez içindeki sayı satır numarasını göstermekte.

Metin içinde Yalın hali Sözcük türü Anlamı

recent (1) recent sıfat yakın zamana ait aftermath (1) aftermath ad sonrası victorious (2) victorious sıfat zafer kazanmış, galip

Al li es (2) Allies çoğul ad Müttefikler defeated (2) defeated sıfat yenik

devastated (2) devastated sıfat yıkılmış, harap

sovereignty (3) sovereignty ad hükümranlık thereafter (3) thereafter zarf ondan sonra




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fair y (4) fairy ad, sıfat peri

blessed (4) bless yüklem kutsamak

Tümcede blessed sözcüğü the west was blessed olarak edilgen biçimdekullanılmakta. Blessed (kutsanmış) sözcüğünü kullanmak da bu bağlam

içinde mümkün.

cursed (4) curse yüklem lanetlemek

Bless eyleminde olduğu gibi, burada da bir edilgen yapı söz konusu.

rags-to-r iches (5) rags-to-riches sıfat yoksulluktan varsıllığa

sharp (6) sharp sıfat keskin

contrast (6) contrast ad zıtlık exploi tation (6) exploitation ad sömürü

repression (6) repression ad gerileme

corruption (6) corruption ad çürüme, bozulma

twain (9) twain ad ikili

Ayrıca 3. tümcedeki read yüklemine dikkat etmek gerekecek. Bunun nedenini aşağıdakiaşamalar esnasında farkedeceksiniz.

2. Dilbilgisi düzeyinde

Bu aşamada, çeşitli alıştırmalar yolu ile, metinde dikkat edilmesi gereken dilbilgisi yapılarınadikkatinizi çekmek amaçlanmakta. İleri aşamalarda, alıştırmalar seyrekleşmekte.

Aşağıda, örnek metnin her bir tümcesinin analizini bulabilirsiniz.

The Germany of today has two very different recent pasts.

Ö Y N

In the aftermath of World War I, the victorious Allies divided up the defeated,

(Zaman anlatan yapı) Ö Y N

devastated country and (the victorious Allies) took away its sovereignty.

Ö Y N

What happened

thereafter

reads like a fairy tale in which the west was blessed

Ö Y N () Ö Y

which sözcüğü a fairy tale'i

nitelendirmekte.

and the east was cursed.

Ö Y




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Certainly, the rags-to-riches story of the German Federal Republic is in sharp contrast to

Ö Y

the exploitation, repression and corruption story of the German Democratic Republic.

N

Fairy stories have happy endings ...

Ö Y N

and so it was that after 40 years of sun in the west and darkness in the

east,

öyle oldu () Yan Tümce

So it is / So it was

türü yapılarsözlüklerdeverilmekte.

that sözcüğü, was yüklemini açıklayan bölüme girişi yapan bir :

görevi yapmakta. ( Noun Clause yapı)

the twain finally met [-on the sunny side, of course-] and (they) became one.

Ö Y Ö Y N

3. Anlam düzeyinde

Örnek metnin tümcelerinin Türkçeye aktarımını aşağıda bulabilirsiniz.

The Germany of today has two very different recent pasts.Bugünün Almanyası iki çok farklı yakın geçmişe sahiptir.

In the aftermath of World War II, the victorious Allies divided up the

defeated, devastated country and took away its sovereignty.

İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nın sonrasında, galip Müttefikler yenilmiş, yıkılmış ülkeyi böldüler ve hükümranlığını elinden aldılar.

What happened thereafter reads like a fairy tale in which the west was

blessed and the east was cursed.

Bundan sonra nelerin olduğu, bir peri hikayesi gibi okunur; bu hikayede batı

kutsanmakta ve doğu lanetlenmekteydi.

Certainly, the rags-to-riches story of the German Federal Republic is in

sharp contrast to the exploitation, repression and corruption story of

the German Democratic Republic.

Elbette, Federal Almanya Cumhuriyeti'nin yoksulluktan varsıllığa uzanan hikayesiDemokratik Cumhuriyeti'nin sömürülme, gerileme ve bozuşma hikayesi ile keskin

bir tezat oluşturur.

Fairy stories have happy endings ...

Peri hikayelerinin mutlu sonu vardır.




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and so it was that after 40 years of sun in the west and darkness in the

east, the twain finally met - on the sunny side, of course - and became

one.

ve öyle oldu ki batıda güneşli ve doğuda karanlık geçen 40 yılın ardından bu ikilisonunda birleşti - elbette güneşli tarafta - ve bir oldu.

4. Bütünlük düzeyinde

Bu aşamada, tümcelerin hem yapısal hem de anlamsal olarak bir bütün oluşturmasına özengöstermek gerekmektedir. Sizden istenilen, metnin orijinaline bakmadan, çevirinizi anlam veTürkçeye uygunluk açısından kontrol etmeniz.

Bugünün Almanyası iki çok farklı yakın geçmişe sahiptir.

Günümüz Almanya'sının iki çok farklı yakın geçmişi vardır.

Ġkinci Dünya Savaşı'nın sonrasında, galip Müttefikler yenilmiş, yıkılmışülkeyi böldüler ve hükümranlığını elinden aldılar.

İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nın sonrasında galip Müttefik ülkeler yenilmiş ve yakılmışülkeyi ikiye böldüler ve hükümranlığını elinden aldılar.

Bundan sonra nelerin olduğu, bir peri hikayesi gibi okunur; buhikayede batı kutsanmakta ve doğu lanetlenmekteydi.

Bunun ardından gerçekleşenler, batı Almanya'nın kutsandığı ve doğu Almanya'nın dalanetlendiği bir peri hikayesine benzer.

Elbette, Federal Almanya Cumhuriyeti'nin yoksulluktan varsıllığa uzananhikayesi Demokratik Cumhuriyeti'nin sömürülme, gerileme ve bozuşmahikayesi ile keskin bir tezat oluşturur.

Peri hikayelerinin mutlu sonu vardır.

Peri hikayeleri mutlu sonla biter;

ve öyle oldu ki batıda güneşli ve doğuda karanlık geçen 40 yılınardından bu ikili sonunda birleşti - elbette güneşli tarafta - ve bir oldu.

bu hikayede de batıda güneşli ve doğuda karanlık geçen 40 yılın ardından bu ikilisonunda birleşti - elbette güneşli tarafta - ve tek bir devlet oldu.




64

İşleme-Üretme-Sınama Alıştırma Bu bölümde ele alınan metnin incelenmesi esnasında, anlamın kavranmasında genelden

ayrıntıya doğru bir sıralama izlenmekte. Ardından, tümcelerin analizini yapmanız veTürkçeye aktarmanız gerekiyor.

YOU AND YOUR BODY

The imagery that we use for reconstructing our own insides seems to vary from country

to country. For example, the French seem to have an obsession with the liver, while in

Germany, they explain all their peculiar feelings in terms of an organ which they call

"the circulation" - whatever that is. I remember, when I was producing an opera in

Frankfurt about six months ago, that whenever singers arrived late for rehearsal they

would apologize for it by saying they had had "ze circulation collapse" which had

somehow reduced their efficiency.

It is very easy to get the impression that everyone outside the English-speaking world is

a hypochondriacal loony, or a visceral fantasist. This is not altogether so, because,

although I have not been able to find, so far, an American "national organ" among the

British, the last four feet of the intestine seem to loom larger than they ought to. The

word "constipation" is used so often that it is very hard to know what is being referred to

- regularity of the bowel, headaches or lassitude. A vast laxative industry is based on our

national fantasy, and even the medical profession has sometimes fallen victim to the

same obsession. In the early 1900s, there was a surgical craze for removing yards and

yards of intestine at the slightest excuse.

220 Sözcük

Metnin tümünü okuyun ve anlamını bilmediğiniz sözcüklerin altını tek çizgiile, dilbilgisi yapılarının altını ise çift çizgi ile çizin. Sözcüklerin anlamı ileilgili sorunları çözerken 3. konuda verilen notlardan yararlanın.

Metinde koyu yazılı olarak verilen sözcüklerin metin içinde hangi sözcük veyapıların yerine geçtiklerini ve Türkçeye nasıl aktarılmaları gerektiğinisaptayın.

Sözcük düzeyinde sorunlarla ilgilenirken aşağıdaki tabloyu kullanabilirsiniz.





65

Metindeki her bir tümcenin dilbilgisi açısından incelemesini yapın. Tümce analizini3. konuda verilen notlara göre gerçekleştirin. Size yardımcı olması amacı ile birincitümce örnek olarak incelenmekte.

The imagery that we use for reconstructing our own insides (Relative Clause)

seems to vary Y

from country to country N

For example, the French seem to have an obsession with the liver, while in Germany,

they explain all their peculiar feelings in terms of an organ which they call "the

circulation" - whatever that is.

I remember, when I was producing an opera in Frankfurt about six months ago, that

whenever singers arrived late for rehearsal they would apologize for it by saying they

had had "ze circulation collapse" which had somehow reduced their efficiency.

It is very easy to get the impression that everyone outside the English-speaking world is

a hypochondriacal loony, or a visceral fantasist.

This is not altogether so, because, although I have not been able to find, so far, an

American "national organ" among the British, the last four feet of the intestine seem to

loom larger than they ought to.

The word "constipation" is used so often that it is very hard to know what is being

referred to - regularity of the bowel, headaches or lassitude.

A vast laxative industry is based on our national fantasy, and even the medical

profession has sometimes fallen victim to the same obsession.

In the early 1900s, there was a surgical craze for removing yards and yards of intestine

at the slightest excuse.




66

Metnin anlamını anladığınızdan emin olmak için, aşağıdaki alıştırmayı tamamlayın. Bualıştırmada, metinden alınan tümceyi izleyen ifadenin doğru olup olmadığını saptamanızgerekiyor.

The imagery that we use for reconstructing our own insides seems to vary fromcountry to country.

Each country has its own way of describing internal organs.

..., while in Germany, they explain all their peculiar feelings in terms of an organ

which they call "the circulation" - whatever that is.

According to the writer, it is not at all definite what is meant by "the circulation".

I remember, when I was producing an opera in Frankfurt about six months ago,

that whenever singers arrived late for rehearsal they would apologize for it bysaying they had had "ze circulation collapse" which had somehow reduced their

efficiency.

The singers' complaint is that rehearsals reduce their efficiency.

It is very easy to get the impression that everyone outside the English-speaking

world is a hypochondriacal loony, or a visceral fantasist. This is not altogether so,

because, although I have not been able to find, so far, an American "national

organ" among the British, the last four feet of the intestine seem to loom larger

than they ought to.

According to the writer, anyone except those living in those countries whereEnglish is spoken has an obsession related to their internal organs.

Because of unknown reasons, American people have intestine that is longer than

that of other people.

The word "constipation" is used so often that it is very hard to know what is being

referred to - regularity of the bowel, headaches or lassitude.

"Constipation" may mean very different things.

A vast laxative industry is based on our national fantasy, and even the medical

profession has sometimes fallen victim to the same obsession.

Every obsessed individual has been a victim of the medical profession.

In the early 1900s, there was a surgical craze for removing yards and yards of

intestine at the slightest excuse.

In the early 1900s, surgeons removed a large part of the intestine without getting

people's permission.






68

Bunu izleyen sayfalarda, analiz ve çeviri amacı ile verilmiş çeşitlimetinler bulunmakta.

Metinleri verilen sıralamada incelemenizi öneririm.

Verilen metinleri,

1. Sözcük düzeyinde sorunlar 2. Di lbilgisi düzeyinde sorunlar 3. Anlam düzeyinde sorunlar 4. Bütünlük düzeyinde sorunlar

ile ilgili alıştırmaların ardından Türkçeye aktarın.




69

1. Heart

5

10

The heart has long been considered to be where feelings of love dwell. In lovesongs throughout the ages love almost always goes together with the heart. The

heart has continually been viewed as the place where love begins and grows. Even

the Bible gives numerous references to love and the heart.

The role of the heart in love must come from what happens to it when a person

feels strongly attracted to someone else. The strong feelings for the other person,

especially in the early stages of relationship, have the results that the heart starts

beating faster and breathing starts speeding up.

According to psychologists, a love relationship is a situation that involves a lot of

stress and the body reacts to this by getting ready to face the unknown. This has

been called the "fight or flight" reaction, meeting danger by battling it or running

away. So, with love, the heart accelerates and breathing becomes quick.

as ?

it =?

this =?

it =?

Macmillan

158 sözcük

A. SÖZCÜK

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri

Metnin sağ kenarındaki sözcükleri inceleyin. Daha sonra, metinden alınmış aşağıdakisözcüklerin tümce içinde Türkçeye nasıl aktarılmaları gerektiğini inceleyin.

Metin içinde Yalın hali Sözcük türü Anlamı long

dwell

viewed

numerous

references

attractedstages

beating

flight

reaction

battling




70

B. DİLBİLGİSİ As, for, since, yet

That, gerund, past participle

Basit-Bileşik Tümce

Clause Marker

Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

Basit tümceleri ve bileşik tümcelerdeki ana tümceleri örneklere göre saptayın.

Ö Y N where = place where

The heart has long been considered to be where feelings of love dwell.

Ö Y N

In love songs throughout the ages love almost always goes together with the heart.

Ö Y N Relative Clause

The heart has continually been viewed as the place where love begins and grows.

Even the Bible gives numerous references to love and the heart.

The role of the heart in love must come from what happens to it when a person

feels strongly attracted to someone else.

The strong feelings for the other person, especially in the early stages of

relationship, have the results that the heart starts beating faster and breathing

starts speeding up.

According to psychologists, a love relationship is a situation that involves a lot of

stress and the body reacts to this by getting ready to face the unknown.

This has been called the "fight or flight" reaction, meeting danger by battling it or

running away.

So, with love, the heart accelerates and breathing becomes quick.




71

C. ANLAM Bağlam Taslak çeviri

Bırakılan boşlukları tamamlayın.

Kalbin ____________________________________ düşünülmüştür. Çağlar boyunca ________________. Kalp sürekli olarak ___________________________. İncil bile __________________________________.

Kalbin aşktaki rolü _________________________. Diğer kişiye yönelik güçlüduygular, _____________________________________________________.

Psikologlara göre _____________________________________________________Buna "___ ___________________________" _______________________. Böylece,

____________________________ hızlanır.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK Türkçe

İngilizce metne bakmadan çevirinizi okuyun ve düzgün bir Türkçe kullanıp kullanmadığınızısaptayın.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

An 18-year-old girl accused of stealing vanishing cream has since

disappeared, Huddersfield Magistrates were told yesterday. (What the

Papers Say)




72

2. Growing Vegetables

5

10

15

If you grow your own vegetables, they are bound to be fresher than those you buy in the shops; and the chances are that you will find they taste better, too.

You can also grow things it is difficult to find in the shops. And you may save

money - a family of four could have saved around £70 l ast year by growing all

their vegetables. All of this, by doing something that many people regard as a

healthy leisure activity.

In the first part of this report, we tell you what is involved in growing your own

vegetables and how to plan a vegetable garden. In the second, we tell you how to

get the best value for money when buying seeds and plants.

Much of the report is based on the experiences of our members - nearly 1,500

filled in a mammoth questionnaire. We are very grateful indeed for the help they

gave us.

One thing is clear from our members' experience: growing vegetables can be

hard work. Routine jobs like weeding and clearing take up a lot of time, quite

apart from the exhausting chore of digging. However, nearly all our vegetable-

growing members thought the results were definitely worth all the effort.

those =?they =?

this =?

1,500 ___

they =?

203 sözcük

A. SÖZCÜK Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri

a) Aşağıdaki sözcüklerin ve metin içindeki bilmediğiniz diğer sözcüklerin tümce içindekiTürkçe karşılıklarını sözlük yardımı ile inceleyin.

Metin içinde Yalın hali Sözcük türü Anlamı chances

healthy

leisure

involved

value

seeds

mammoth

questionnaire

grateful




73

weeding

exhausting

chore

b) Metnin sağ kenarında verilen sözcükleri inceleyin.




Clause Marker

Ana-Yan Tümce

Ö+Y+N

a) Metinden alınan aşağıdaki tümcelerde birer relative clause yapı mevcut. Tümcede hangisözcükler arasında gizli bir which bulunduğunu saptayın.

If you grow your own vegetables, they are bound to be fresher than those you

buy in the shops; and the chances are that you will find they taste better, too.

You can also grow things it is difficult to find in the shops.

We are very grateful indeed for the help they gave us.

b) Aşağıdaki tümcelerde bir noun clause yapı bulunmakta. Bu tümcelerde de hangi

sözcükler arasında gizli bir that (birinci tümcedeki "the chances are that " bölümüne ekolarak) bulunduğunu inceleyin.

If you grow your own vegetables, they are bound to be fresher than those you

buy in the shops; and the chances are that you will find they taste better, too.

However, nearly all our vegetable-growing members thought the results were

definitely worth all the effort.

c) Metnin bir tümcesinde esas yüklem bulunmamakta. Hangi tümce?

d) Bu metinde relative clause ve noun clause yapılar sık olarak kullanılmakta. Bu yapılaradikkat ederek tümcelerin analizini tamamlayın.


Öncelikle aşağıdaki bölümleri çözümleyerek, metnin tümünü Türkçeye aktarın.




74

Birinci paragrafta ...

..... and the chances are ...

..... it is difficult to find in the shops.

All of this, by doing something that many people regard as a healthy leisureactivity.

İkinci paragrafta ...

..... how to get the best value for money ...

Dördüncü paragrafta ...

One thing is clear ...

..... quite apart from the exhausting chore of digging.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK

Türkçe

İngilizce metne bakmadan çevirinizi okuyun ve düzgün bir Türkçe kullanıp kullanmadığınızı

saptayın. Tümcelerin birbirleri ile zaman (= tense

) ve anlam açısından uyumlu olmasınısağlayın.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

Traffic report on Radio Wales: A cow is loose on the M5; the

police ask motorists not to use their horns.




75

3. Grounds for Divorce

5

10

15

The grounds which make divorce are of two kinds. There are those due to thedefects of one partner, such as insanity, dipsomania, and crime; and there are

those based upon the relations of the husband and wife. It may happen that,

without blame to either party, it is impossible for a married couple to live

together amicably, or without some very grave sacrifice. It may happen that one

of them, without disliking the other, becomes deeply attached to some other

person, so deeply as to feel the marriage an intolerable tie. In that case, if there is

no legal redress, hatred is sure to spring up. Indeed, such cases, as everyone

knows, are quite capable of leading to murder. Where a marriage breaks down

owing to incompatibility or to an overwhelming passion on the part of one

partner for some other person, there should not be, as there is at present, a

determination to attach blame. For this reason, much the best ground of divorce

in all such cases is mutual consent. Grounds other than mutual consent ought

only to be required where the marriage has failed through some definite defect in

one partner.

those =?

those =?

them =?

as?

as?

Marriage and Morals Bertrand Russell

195 sözcük


a) Metnin sağ kenarında verilen sözcükleri inceleyin.

b) Bu metinde, birden çok fazla anlam taşıdıkları için rahatlıkla karıştırılabilen sözcükleryer almakta. Bu sözcükleri tümcenin anlamına göre sözlük yardımı ile inceleyin (Genel

Çeviri 1 kitabının ikinci konusunda, bu metnin sözcükleri ile ilgili çalışma yapıldı).

Metin içinde Yalın hali Sözcük türü Anlamı grounds

party

grave

sacrifice

tie

spring up

determination




76

c) Sözlük anlamları rahatlıkla bulunabilecek diğer sözcükleri inceleyin.

Metin içinde Yalın hali Sözcük türü Anlamı insanity

dipsomania

blame

amicably

intolerable

redress

hatred

incompatibility

overwhelming

passion

mutual

consent

defect

B. DİLBİLGİSİ As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce

Clause Marker

Ana-Yan Tümce

Ö+Y+N

a) Birinci tümceyi yeniden yapılandırın.

The grounds which make divorce are of two kinds.There are ____________________________________

b) Tümcelerde şimdilik [ ] içine alınabilecek bölümleri saptayın.

It may happen that, without blame to either party, it is impossible for a marriedcouple to live together amicably, or without some very grave sacrifice.

It may happen that one of them, without disliking the other, becomes deeplyattached to some other person, so deeply as to feel the marriage an intolerabletie.

Indeed, such cases, as everyone knows, are quite capable of leading to murder.

Where a marriage breaks down owing to incompatibility or to an overwhelmingpassion on the part of one partner for some other person, there should not be,as there is at present, a determination to attach blame.

b) Tümcenin "or to an overwhelming ..." bölümündeki to tümce içinde hangi sözcüğe bağlanabilir?

Where a marriage breaks down owing to incompatibility or to an overwhelmingpassion on the part of one partner for some other person, there should not be,as there is at present, a determination to attach blame.




77

c) Tümcedeki through yerine hangi clause marker kullanılabilir?

I) despite II) due to III) while

Grounds other than mutual consent ought only to be required where the

marriage has failedth rough

some definite defect in one partner.

d) Tüm tümcelerin analizini yapın.


a) Metnin sağ kenarında verilen sözcüklerin Türkçeye nasıl aktarılmalarının daha iyiolacağına karar verin.

b) Birinci tümcedeki make yüklemi Türkçeye nasıl aktarılmalı?

c) Yedinci tümcedeki on the part of one partner bölümü Türkçeye nasıl aktarılmalı?

d) Sekizinci tümcedeki much the best ground bölümü Türkçeye nasıl aktarılmalı? e) Dokuzuncu tümcedeki other than yapısı Türkçeye nasıl aktarılmalı?

f) Tüm tümceleri Türkçeye aktarın.


İngilizce metne bakmadan çevirinizi okuyun ve düzgün bir Türkçe kullanıp kullanmadığınızısaptayın. Tümcelerin birbirleri ile zaman (= tense) ve anlam açısından uyumlu olmasınısağlayın.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

Microsoft Windows 3.1 Türkçe programı içinde, ekran duvar kağıdıolarak önerilen şekillerden biri "Mısır"dır ve şeklin mısır bitkisi ileuzaktan yakından alakası yoktur. Ġngilizce Windows 3.1'de bu duvar

kağıdı "Maze" olarak geçmekte.




78

4. Galaxy

Galaxy is a vast ensemble of hundreds or thousands ofmillions of stars, all gravitationally interacting, and

orbiting about a common centre. All the stars visible to the

unaided eye from earth belong to the earth's galaxy, the

Milky Way. The sun with its associated planets is just one

star in this galaxy. For centuries man believed the Earth to

be the centre of Creation. The true picture is far more awe-

inspiring. We live on a small planet revolving round a star

of only average size, which is itself revolving, with thousands of millions of other stars, in one galaxy among

millions in a Universe that may well be boundless.

Scientific observation has so far probed only a fraction of it. Yet to travel to the frontiers of that observed

fraction, even at 186,300 miles per second (the speed of light) would take 6,000 million years, about 20,000

times the total period that human life is estimated to have existed on Earth. The different bodies and

structures in the universe, all of which appear to be receding from us, range from single galaxies to mammoth

clusters containing as many as 500 galaxies.

Although the cluster of galaxies to which our galaxy belongs is comparatively small (it has only 25 members),

our galaxy itself, the Milky Way System, ranks among the larger of the known stellar systems. Counting its

almost 100,000 million stars (of which the Sun with its family of planets is one) at the rate of one star a

second would take about 2,500 years.

255 sözcük


Genel Çeviri 1 kitabının ikinci konusunda, bu metnin sözcükleri ile ilgili çalışmayapıldı.

Metin içinde Yalın hali Sözcük türü Anlamı ensemble

Creation

awe-inspiring

revolving

boundless

probed

fraction

frontiers




79

receding

range

mammoth 2. Metin'de incelendi.

clusters

stellar


Clause Marker

Ana-Yan Tümce

Ö+Y+N

Verilen tümceleri inceleyin.

We live on a small planet revolving round a star of only average size, which isitself revolving, with thousands of millions of other stars, in one galaxy among

millions in a Universe that may well be boundless.

which = ?millions ________

Scientific observation has so far probed only a fraction of it.

it = ?

Yet to travel to the frontiers of that observed fraction, even at 186,300 milesper second (the speed of light) would take 6,000 million years, about 20,000times the total period that human life is estimated to have existed on Earth.

Yet = ?Tümcenin temel yüklemi ne?

The different bodies and structures in the universe, all of which appear to bereceding from us, range from single galaxies to mammoth clusters containingas many as 500 galaxies.

all of which = ?

Although the cluster of galaxies to which our galaxy belongs is comparatively

small (it has only 25 members), our galaxy itself, the Milky Way System, ranksamong the larger of the known stellar systems.

it = ? Ana tümce-yan tümceyi belirleyin.




80

Counting its almost 100,000 million stars (of which the Sun with its family of

planets is one) at the rate of one star a second would take about 2,500 years.

its = ?which = ?one = ?


Tümceleri tamamlayın.

Galaxy is a vast ensemble of hundreds or thousands of millions of stars, all

gravitationally interacting, and orbiting about a common centre.

Galaksi, hepsi de yerçekimsel olarak karşılıklı etkileşen ve ortak bir merkezin __________ _________________________________________________.

All the stars visible to the unaided eye from earth belong to the earth's

galaxy, the Milky Way.

Dünyadan araçsız bakıldığında görünne yıldızların ________________________ ______________________________.

The sun with its associated planets is just one star in this galaxy.

Bağlantılı gezegenleriyle birlikte Güneş ______________________________.

For centuries man believed the Earth to be the centre of Creation.

Yüzyıllar boyunca, insanoğlu dünyanın ___________________________.

The true picture is far more awe-inspiring.

Gerçek ____________ çok daha _________.

We live on a small planet revolving round a star of only average size, which is

itself revolving, with thousands of millions of other stars, in one galaxy

among millions in a Universe that may well be boundless.

Bizler ________ sınırsız olabilecek bir evrendeki __________________ arasındakibir galakside, milyarlarca diğer yıldız ile _ ___________ , sadece _____________bir yıldızın çevresinde _______________ ufak bir gezegen üzerinde yaşamaktayız.




81

Scientific observation has so far probed only a fraction of it.

Bilimsel gözlem _________ onun sadece bir parçasını _______________.

Yet to travel to the frontiers of that observed fraction, even at 186,300

miles per second (the speed of light) would take 6,000 million years,

about 20,000 times the total period that human life is estimated to have

existed on Earth.

_________, saniyede 186,000 mil (ışık hızı) hızıyla _______ bu __________kısmın ______________________________ yolculuk etmek 6 milyar yıl, yani _______________________, alırdı.

The different bodies and structures in the universe, all of which appear

to be receding from us, range from single galaxies to mammoth clusterscontaining as many as 500 galaxies.

Tümü de bizden _______________________ evrendeki farklı _____________tek tek galaksilerden _____________________ kadar farklılık gösterir.

Although the cluster of galaxies to which our galaxy belongs is

comparatively small (it has only 25 members), our galaxy itself, the Milky

Way System, ranks among the larger of the known stellar systems.

Her ne kadar _________________________ oldukça ufak ise de (sadece 25üyesi var), galaksimizin kendisi, _______________, bilinen

________________.

Counting its almost 100,000 million stars (of which the Sun with its

family of planets is one) at the rate of one star a second would take

about 2,500 years.

Yaklaşık 100 milyar yıldızını (____________________________________) ________________________ aşağı yukarı 2,500 yıl ______________.


Çevirinizi özgün metne bakmadan, Türkçe tümce yapısına uygunluk ve akıcılık açısındandeğerlendirin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

Kalkan-Patara (Antalya) ile kumsal arasındaki dolmuşların şoförleri, yolkenarında yürüyen yabancı turistleri görünce yavaşlayıp penceredenuzanmakta ve o şahane (!) Ġngilizceleriyle "Bitch?", "Bitch?" diye

sormaktalar. Turistler de her nedense "Yes, yes" dedikten sonra

dolmuşa binmekteler.




82

5. Language

That language is highly complex is shown by the fact that up to now it has not proved possible to translate

mechanically from one language to another, with really satisfactory results. The best programmed computer

still cannot consistently translate from, say, Russian into English. The fault lies not in the computer but in the

failure to provide it with sufficiently accurate instructions, because we are still unable to handle this vastly

complex system. It has been calculated that if the brain used any of the known methods of computing

language, it would take several minutes to produce or to understand a single short sentence.

Secondly, language is productive. We can produce myriads of sentences that we have never heard or uttered

before. Many of the sentences in this book have been produced for the first time, yet they are intelligible tothe reader. It is clear that we have some kind of sentence-producing mechanism - that sentences are produced

anew each time and not merely imitated. One task of grammatical theory is to explain this quite remarkable

fact.

Thirdly, language is arbitrary. There is no one-to-one relation between sound and meaning. This accounts for

the fact that languages differ, and they differ most of all in their grammatical structure. But how far are these

differences only superficial, in the shape of words and their overt patterns? Some scholars would maintain

that "deep down" there are strong similarities - even "universal" characteristics - disguised by the superficial

features of sound (and perhaps of meaning). It is not clear how we can find the answer to this problem.

266 sözcük

A. SÖZCÜK

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri

Metnin tamamını okuyun ve aşağıda sıralanan sözcükler ile anlamını bilmediğiniz diğer sözcükleri sözlük kullanarak inceleyin.

a) Birinci paragrafta

Metin içinde Yalın hali Sözcük türü Anlamı proved

satisfactory

consistently

failure

sufficiently

instructions

handle

vastly

computing




83

b) İkinci paragrafta

Metin içinde Yalın hali Sözcük türü Anlamı productive

myriads

uttered

intelligible

anew

merely

imitated

task

remarkable

c) Üçüncü paragrafta

Metin içinde Yalın hali Sözcük türü Anlamı arbitrary

differ

structure

superficial

overt

patterns

scholars

maintain

similarities

disguised

features




Clause Marker


Metinde relative ve noun clause sık kullanılmakta. Öncelikle aşağıda belirtilen

yapıları çözümleyerek tüm tümceleri inceleyin.

a) Tümcenin Ö+Y+(N) unsurlarını saptayın.

That language is highly complex is shown by the fact that up to now it has notproved possible to translate mechanically from one language to another, withreally satisfactory results.




84

b) say sözcüğünün işlevini inceleyin.

The best programmed computer still cannot consistently translate from, say,Russian into English.

c) Yapıyı inceleyin ve Türkçede nasıl ifade edileceğini saptayın.

The fault lies not in the computer but in the failure to provide it with sufficientlyaccurate instructions, because we are still unable to handle this vastly complexsystem.

d) yet sözcüğüne dikkat!

Many of the sentences in this book have been produced for the first time, yetthey are intelligible to the reader.

e) Kısa çizgiden sonraki that nereye bağlanabilir?

It is clear that we have some kind of sentence-producing mechanism - thatsentences are produced anew each time and not merely imitated.

C. ANLAM

Bağlam

Taslak çeviri

a) Tümcelerden sonra verilen seçeneklerden hangisinin tümcenin çevirisi olduğunu bulun.

That language is highly complex is shown by the fact that up to now it has notproved possible to translate mechanically from one language to another, withreally satisfactory results.

a) Bu dil oldukça karmaşık ve bu gerçek de bu güne kadar bir dilden diğer bir dilegerçekten tatmin edici sonuçlarla mekanik olarak çevirinin mümkün olmamasınık anıtlamakta.

b) Dilin oldukça karmaşık olması, bir dilden diğer bir dile, gerçekten tatmin edicisonuçlarla, mekanik olarak çevirinin mümkün olduğunun bu güne kadar kanıtlanmışolmaması gerçeği tarafından gösterilmekte.

c) Bu dilin oldukça karmaşık olduğu gerçeğini, bu güne kadar bir dilden diğer bir dilegerçekten tatmin edici sonuçlarla mekanik olarak çevirinin mümkün olduğununkanıtlanmaması göstermekte.

The best programmed computer still cannot consistently translate from, say,Russian into English.

a) En iyi programlanmış bilgisayarın bile hâlâ Rusça'dan İngilizceye bile tutarlı bir biçimde çeviri yapamadığı söylenir.

b) En iyi programlanmış bilgisayar bile hâlâ, diyelim ki, Rusça'dan İngilizceye tutarlı bir biçimde çeviri yapamamakta.

c) En iyi progr amlanmış bilgisayar bile hâlâ Rusça'dan İngilizceden sözlü olarak tutarlı

bir biçimde çeviri yapamamakta.




85

It has been calculated that if the brain used any of the known methods ofcomputing language, it would take several minutes to produce or to understand asingle short sentence.

a) Hesaplara göre, beyin bilinen bilgi işlem yöntemlerinden birini kullansa, tek bir kısatümceyi anlamak ya da üretmek birkaç dakika sürerdi.

b) Beyin bilinen bilgi işlem yöntemlerinden herhangi birini kullansa, tek bir kısa tümceyianlaması ve üretmesi birkaç dakikada hesaplanmıştır.

c) Beynin bilinen bilgi işlem yöntemlerinden herhangi birini kullanması hesaplandığında,tek bir kısa tümcenin anlaşılması ya da üretilmesi birkaç dakika alırdı.

The fault lies not in the computer but in the failure to provide it with sufficientlyaccurate instructions, because we are still unable to handle this vastly complexsystem.

a) Bilgisayar hata yapmamakta fakat bize yeterince düzgün bilgi sağlayamamaktadır;zira, hâlâ bu karmaşık bilgisayar sistemini çözebilmiş değiliz. b) Hata bilgisayarda yatmamakta, biz bilgisayara yeterince bilgi sağlayamamaktayız;

çünkü, hâlâ bu karmaşık bilgisayar sistemini çözebilmiş değiliz. c) Hata bilgisayarda değil, bizim ona yeterince düzgün bilgi sağlayamamızda yatmakta;

zira, hâlâ dil denen bu karmaşık sistemi çözebilmiş değiliz.

We can produce myriads of sentences that we have never heard or utteredbefore.

a) Daha önce ürettiğimiz birçok tümce duyulmamış ya da söylenmemiş olabilir. b) Duyduğumuz ya da söylediğimiz birçok tümceyi daha önce hiç üretmemiş olabiliriz.

c) Daha önce hiç duymadığımız ya da söylemediğimiz birçok tümceyi üretebiliriz.

Many of the sentences in this book have been produced for the first time, yet theyare intelligible to the reader.

a) Bu kitaptaki tümcelerden çoğu ilk kez olarak üretilmiştir; okuyucu bunları hâlâanlayabilmektedir.

b) Bu kitaptaki tümcelerden çoğu ilk kez olarak üretilmiştir; yine de, bu tümcelerokuyucu tarafından anlaşılabilir.

c) Bu kitaptaki tümcelerden çoğu ilk kez olarak üretilmiştir; yine de okuyucu bunlarıanlayabilecek kadar akıllıdır.

It is clear that we have some kind of sentence-producing mechanism - thatsentences are produced anew each time and not merely imitated.

a) Bir tür tümce üretme mekanizmasına sahip olduğumuz, tümcelerin basitçe taklitedilmeyip her seferinde yeniden üretildikleri açıktır.

b) Bir tür tümce üretme mekanizmasına sahip olduğumuz açıktır; bu tümceler her birseferinde yeniden üretilirler ve yalnızca taklit edilmezler.

c) Şurası açıktır ki bir tümce üretme mekanizmasına sahibiz; bu tümceler her birseferinde sadece taklit edilmeyip yeniden üretilmekteler.




86

This accounts for the fact that languages differ, and they differ most of all in theirgrammatical structure.

a) Bu, dillerin birbirlerinden farklılıkları için hesaplanmaktadır ve diller en çok dilbilgisiaçısından birbirinden farklıdır.

b) Bu dillerin birbirinden farklılıklarını hesaplamaktadır ve diller en çok dilbilgisiaçısından birbirinden farklıdır.

c) Bu, dillerin birbirinden farklı olmaları ve herşeyden önce dilbilgisi yapıları açısındanfarklı olmaları gerçeğini açıklar.

But how far are these differences only superficial, in the shape of words and theirovert patterns?

a) Fakat bu farklılıklar nereye kadar yüzeyseldir - sözcüklerin şeklinde ve görünüryapısında?

b) Fakat bu farklılıkların yüzeyselliği sözcüklerin şekli ve görünür yapısı içinde ne kadaruzaktır?

c) Fakat bu farklılıklar, sözcüklerin şekli ve görünür yapısı açısından ne ölçüdeyüzeyseldir?

Some scholars would maintain that "deep down" there are strong similarities -even "universal" characteristics - disguised by the superficial features of sound(and perhaps of meaning). It is not clear how we can find the answer to thisproblem.

a) Bazı bilimadamları "derinlerde" sesin (ve belki de anlamın) yüzeysel özellikleriningizlediği güçlü benzerlikler - hatta "evrensel" özellikler - bulunduğunu öne sürerler.

b) Bazı bilimadamları sesin (ve belki de anlamın) yüzeysel özelliklerin şekline bürünmüşgüçlü benzerlikler - hatta "evrensel" kişilikler - olduğunu ileri sürerler. c) Bazı bilimadamları güçlü benzerlikler - hatta "evrensel" nitelikler - olduğunu ileri

sürüp sesin (ve belki de anlamın) yüzeysel özelliklerini gizlemişlerdir.

b) Diğer tümceleri Türkçeye aktarın.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK

Türkçe

Tümceleri daha düzgün bir Türkçe ile ifade ederek bir bütünlük oluşturmaya

çalışın.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

One day at lunch we saw a cat with something in its mouth climb over

the wall. The cat was carrying a kitchen.




87

6. Man's Future

A pessimist might argue: why seek to preserve the human species? Should we not rather rejoice in the

prospect of an end to the immense load of suffering and hate and fear which has hitherto darkened the life of

Man? Should we not contemplate with rejoicing a new future for our planet, peaceful at last, sleeping quietly

at last after coming to an end of the long nightmare of pain and horror?

To any student of history contemplating the dreadful record of folly and cruelty and misery that has

constituted most of human life hitherto, such questions must come in moments of imaginative sympathy.

Perhaps our survey may tempt us to acquiesce in an end, however tragic and however final, to a species so

incapable of joy.

But the pessimist has only half the truth, and to my mind the less important half. Man has not only the

correlative capacities for cruelty and suffering, but also potentialities of greatness and splendour, realized, as

yet, very partially, but showing what life might be in a freer and happier world. If Man will allow himself to

grow to his full stature, what he may achieve is beyond our present capacity to imagine. Poverty, illness, and

loneliness could become rare misfortunes. Reasonable expectation of happiness could dispel the night of fear

in which too many now wander lost. And with the progress of evolution, what is now the shining genius of an

eminent few might become a common possession of the many. All this is possible, indeed, probable, in the

thousands of centuries that lie before us, if we do not rashly and madly destroy ourselves before we have

reached the maturity that should be our goal. No, let us not listen to the pessimist, for, if we do, we are traitors

to Man's future.

Has Man a Future (1961) Bertrand Russell

302 sözcük.


Metin içinde Yalın hali Sözcük türü Anlamı seek

preserve

species

rejoice

prospect

immense

load

hitherto

contemplate

nightmare

dreadful




88

folly

cruelty

misery

constituted

tempt

acquiesce

correlative

splendour

stature

misfortunes

dispel

wander

eminent

rashly

maturity

traitors

B. DİLBİLGİSİ As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce

Ö+Y+N

a) Tümcede seek yükleminin öznesinin ne olabileceğini araştırın.

A pessimist might argue: why seek to preserve the human species?

b) Peaceful olan ne?

Should we not contemplate with rejoicing a new future for our planet, peaceful at last, sleeping quietly at last after coming to an end of the long nightmare ofpain and horror?

c) Koyu yazılı bölümün tümcenin geri kalanı ile olan ilişkisini inceleyin.

To any student of history contemplating the dreadful record of folly and

cruelty and misery that has constituted most of human life hitherto, such

questions must come in moments of imaginative sympathy.

d) Koyu yazılı bölümü inceleyin.

Perhaps our survey may tempt us to acquiesce in an end, however tragic and

however final, to a species so incapable of joy.




89

e) Tümcede realize ve show yüklemleri koyu olarak işaretlendi. Bu yüklemlerin öznesinin neolduğunu bulun.

Man has not only the correlative capacities for cruelty and suffering, but also

potentialities of greatness and splendour, realized, as yet, very partially, butshowing what life might be in a freer and happier world.

f) First Conditional yapılarda yan tümcede will kullanılmamaktadır. Aşağıda verilen tümcedeyazarın neden will kullanmış olabileceğini inceleyin.

If Man will allow himself to grow to his full stature, what he may achieve isbeyond our present capacity to imagine.

g) Tümcedeki relative clause yapıyı inceleyin; too many sözcükleri ile neyin/kiminkastedildiğini bulun.

Reasonable expectation of happiness could dispel the night of fear in which

too many now wander lost.

h) Tümcede what sözcüğünü çeviri açısından inceleyin; an eminent few sözcükleri ve the

many sözcükleri ile neyin/kimin kastedildiğini bulun.

And with the progress of evolution, what is now the shining genius of an

eminent few might become a common possession of the many.

i) Tümcedeki relative clause yapıları inceleyin.

All this is possible, indeed, probable, in the thousands of centuries that liebefore us, if we do not rashly and madly destroy ourselves before we havereached the maturity that should be our goal.

j) Koyu yazılı sözcüğü inceleyin.

No, let us not listen to the pessimist, for , if we do, we are traitors to Man'sfuture.

C. ANLAM

Bağlam Taslak çeviri

Metnin tümünü Türkçeye aktarın.

A pessimist might argue: why seek to preserve the human species?

Karamsar biri _________________________: ne diye ________________________?




90

Should we not rather rejoice in the prospect of an end to the immense

load of suffering and hate and fear which has hitherto darkened the life

of Man?

İnsanın yaşamını şu ana kadar karartan ___________________________________ __________________________________________ gerekmez mi?

Should we not contemplate with rejoicing a new future for our planet,

peaceful at last, sleeping quietly at last after coming to an end of the

long nightmare of pain and horror?

O uzun acı ve korku kabusunun sonuna gelişinin ardından

_________________________________________________________________

___________________________ gerekmez mi?

To any student of history contemplating the dreadful record of folly and

cruelty and misery that has constituted most of human life hitherto, suchquestions must come in moments of imaginative sympathy.

____________________________________________________________________,

bu türden sorular _____________________________________________________ ____________________________.

Perhaps our survey may tempt us to acquiesce in an end, however tragic

and however final, to a species so incapable of joy.

Belki de araştırmamız bizi _______________________________________________ __________________________________________.

But the pessimist has only half the truth, and to my mind the lessimportant half.

Fakat karamsar kişi gerçeğin sadece yarısına sahip, _ __________________________.

Man has not only the correlative capacities for cruelty and suffering, but

also potentialities of greatness and splendour, realized, as yet, very

partially, but showing what life might be in a freer and happier world.

İnsan hem zalimlik ve acı çekme kapasitesine hem de _________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________.

If Man will allow himself to grow to his full stature, what he may achieve

is beyond our present capacity to imagine.

İnsanoğlu kendi kendisinin _____________________, _________________________ _________________.

Poverty, illness, and loneliness could become rare misfortunes.

Yoksulluk, hastalık ve yalnızlık _________________________________________.




91

Reasonable expectation of happiness could dispel the night of fear in

which too many now wander lost.

Makul ölçülerde mutluluk beklentisinin __________________________ __________

______________________________.

And with the progress of evolution, what is now the shining genius of an

eminent few might become a common possession of the many.

Ve, evrimin ilerleyişi ile, ______________________________________________ _________________________________________.

All this is possible, indeed, probable, in the thousands of centuries that

lie before us, if we do not rashly and madly destroy ourselves before we

have reached the maturity that should be our goal.

___________________ _______________________ içinde tüm bunlar olası, ______

______________________________________________________________.

No, let us not listen to the pessimist, for, if we do, we are traitors to

Man's future.

Hayır, karamsarı dinlemeyelim, _______________ ____________________________

_____________________________________.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK

Türkçe

Çevirinizi İngilizce metne bakmadan kontrol edin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

A very enjoyable affair was the Children's Hallowe'en Party. Added

to the beauty of it all was the fact that few of the children could be

recognised as they all wore masks.




92

7. Ifs of History

Speculating "what if ...?" is always enticing. What if Alexander Fleming's dishes of infected jelly had beentidied up and thrown out as they should have been then - would we now be without penicillin? If James Watt

had dropped off to sleep before his kettle boiled, would there never have been any trains? When it comes to

invention or discovery, the chances are that if scientist A is hit by a falling roof-tile, scientist B will get there

pretty soon all the same; for both would have been building on the same state of previous knowledge - like the

test-tube doctors. Stephenson also invented the Davy lamp; a chap called Reis very nearly invented the

telephone just before Bell; there were several other maniacs attempting powered flight just as doggedly as the

Wright brothers.

What's far more problematic is the follow-up. What happens after a discovery may indeed depend on the

crucial presence of one man. If Darwin had died on the voyage [to Galapagos], then Wallace would have been

the father of evolution - but without Darwin's brilliant tenacity in proving and presenting the thing, would the

impact have been as great?

"What if ...?" in history is even more fun. In the eighth century the Moors in Spain sent out a reconnaissance

party along the Roman road into France, got ambushed, and decided that France was no go. There's a theory

that if they'd had stirrups, they could have ridden down the ambush (without stirrups, you can too readily be

pushed off your horse by anyone with a pike). Then the Moors might have gone ahead and invaded France.

Here's another. When Leo Szilard, Weizman and Polyani were experimenting with chain reaction in Britain in

the thirties, they tried to raise £2,000 to continue the work; they failed, and so took the research to America.

Szilard was convinced that if they had succeeded in doing their work in Britain, German intelligence would

certainly have got hold of it; he may well have been right, for when they offered one of their patents to the

War Office, they were told "there appears to be no reason to keep the specification secret so far as the War

Department is concerned." And why were they so certain that they must keep such stuff secret? Because

Szilard had read H. G. Wells's The World Set Free and could thus envisage atomic war - you might almost

say that H. G. Wells won the war.

To my mind, you have to believe that things might all have been different - or simply believe in

predestination, which is boring. "It will be all the same in 100 years" is the most dispiriting consolation I

know; but it is not, fortunately, true.

456 sözcük






94

b) Metnin özelliği, çoğu tümcenin olasılık ifadeleri içermesi. Tümcelerde hangi conditional

(First, Second, Third) yapının kullanıldığını saptayın (bu yapılar Genel Çeviri 1 kitabındaele alınmakta).

c) Metnin tüm tümcelerini analiz ettikten sonra, aşağıdaki alıştırmaya geçin. Burada, metinden

sonra verilen ifadenin doğru olup olmadığını bulmanız isteniyor.

What if Alexander Fleming's dishes of infected jelly had been tidied up and thrownout as they should have been - would we now be without penicillin?

Alexander Fleming'in muhtemelen jöle kabını atması gerekti.

When it comes to invention or discovery, the chances are that if scientist A is hitby a falling roof-tile, scientist B will get there pretty soon all the same; for bothwould have been building on the same state of previous knowledge. Stephensonalso invented the Davy lamp; a chap called Reis very nearly invented the

telephone just before Bell; there were several other maniacs attempting poweredflight just as doggedly as the Wright brothers.

Bu tümcelere göre, bütün bilimadamlarının (Bilimadamı A) üzerinde çalıştıkları projeyi tamamlayacak bir ortakları (Bilimadamı B) bulunmakta. Yazar, dolaylı olarak, Wright kardeşler için "manyak" sözcüğünü kullanmakta.

What's far more problematic is the follow-up. What happens after a discoverymay indeed depend on the crucial presence of one man. If Darwin had died onthe voyage [to Galapagos], then Wallace would have been the father of evolution -but without Darwin's brilliant tenacity in proving and presenting the thing, wouldthe impact have been as great ?

İcadı izleyen süre, icadın kendisinden daha önemli. Büyük olasılıkla, Wallace evrim teorisini asla bu kadar ünlü yapamazdı.

In the eighth century the Moors in Spain sent out a reconnaissance party alongthe Roman road into France, got ambushed, and decided that France was no go.

Araplar Fransa'ya barış getirmek istedilerse de insanlar onlara güvenmediler.

There's a theory that if they'd had stirrups, they could have ridden down theambush (without stirrups, you can too readily be pushed off your horse by anyonewith a pike). Then the Moors might have gone ahead and invaded France.

Araplar çok ağır mızrakları olduğu için atlarından düştüler. Bu nedenle de Fransa'yıistilayı başaramadılar.

And why were they so certain that they must keep such stuff secret? BecauseSzilard had read H. G. Wells's The World Set Free and could thus envisageatomic war - you might almost say that H. G. Wells won the war.

Szilard kitabı okumamış olsaydı, Almanya İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nı kazanabilirdi.




95

To my mind, you have to believe that things might all have been different - orsimply believe in predestination, which is boring. "It will be all the same in 100years" is the most dispiriting consolation I know; but it is not, fortunately, true.

Yazara göre, geçmiş konusunda "şöyle olsaydı" türünden fikirler yürütmek hiç defena olmaz.

C. ANLAM Bağlam

Taslak çeviri

a) Aşağıda verilen alıştırmayı tamamlayın.

When it comes to invention or discovery, the chances are that if scientist A is hit

by a falling roof-tile, scientist B will get there (nereye?) pretty soon (pretty soon?)

all the same (all the same?); for both (her iki ne?) would have been building on the

same state of previous knowledge - like the test-tube doctors.

If Darwin had died on the voyage [to Galapagos], then Wallace would have beenthe father of evolution - but without Darwin's brilliant tenacity in proving and

presenting the thing (kastedilen ne?), would the impact have been as great?

In the eighth century the Moors in Spain sent out a reconnaissance party along

the Roman road into France, (özne?) got ambushed, and (özne?) decided thatFrance was no go.

Here's another (bir diğer ne?). When Leo Szilard, Weizman and Polyani wereexperimenting with chain reaction in Britain in the Thirties, they tried to raise

£2,000 to continue the work; they failed (başaramadıkları ne?), and so took the

research to America. ... And why were they so certain that they must keep such

stuff (kastedilen ne?) secret?

To my mind, you have to believe that things (Türkçeye nasıl aktarılmalı?) might all

have been different - or simply believe in predestination, which is boring.

b) Öncelikle aşağıda koyu yazılı verilen yapıları inceleyerek metnin tümünü Türkçeye aktarın.

Başlığın tümü:

IFS OF HISTORY

Birinci paragrafta:

Speculating "what if ...?" is always enticing. What if Alexander Fleming's dishes

of infected jelly had been tidied up and thrown out as they should have been -would we now be without penicillin?






97

8. Lake Turkana

5

10

15

Suppose now, we are back on the eastern shores of Lake Turkana 2½ million years

ago. Standing by the shores we would be aware of crocodiles basking in the

tropical heat on sand-spits pointing finger-like into the shallow water. A little more

than five miles away to the east savannah-covered hills rise up from the lake basin,

sliced here and there by forest-filled valleys. At one point the hills are breached by

what is obviously a large river that snakes its way down from the Ethiopian

mountains. Where the river reaches the flood-plain of the lake it shatters into a

delta of countless streams, some small, some large, but each fringed by a line of

trees and bushes.

As we walk up one of the stream beds - dry now because there has been no rain for

months - we might hear the rustle of a pig in search of roots and vegetation in the

undergrowth. As the tree-cover thickens we catch a glimpse of a colobus monkey

retreating through the tree tops. Lower down, mangobeys feed on ripening figs. In

the seclusion of the surrounding bushes small groups of impala and water-buck

move cautiously. From the top of a tree we could see out into the open, where

herds of gazelle graze.

After going about a mile up the stream we come across a scene that is strangely

familiar. Before us is a group of eight creatures - definitely human-like, but

definitely not truly human - some on the stream bed and some on its sandy bank.

it=?

some =?

some =?

some =?

some =?

its =?

R. Leakey ve R. Lewin, People of the Lake

260 sözcük


a) Sözcükleri inceleyin

Metin içinde Yalın hali Sözcük türü Anlamı basking

sand-spits

shallow

basin

sliced

breached




98

flood-plain

shatter

countless

fringed

rustle

glimpse

colobus monkey

retreating

mangobeys

ripening

figs

seclusion

water-buck

cautiously

herds

gazelle

graze

b) Metnin sağ kenarındaki sözcükleri inceleyin.



Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

Tümceleri analiz edin.


Aşağıda verilen tümce çevirilerinin her birinde hata bulunmakta. Bu hataları düzeltin. Birincitümcedeki hata örnek olarak gösterilmekte.

Suppose now, we are back on the eastern shores of Lake Turkana 2½ millionyears ago.

Şimdi 2½ milyon yıl önce, Turkana Gölü'nün doğu kıyılarının arkasında olduğumuzu

varsayalım.( ... kıyılarına geri döndüğümüzü varsayalım.)

Standing by the shores we would be aware of crocodiles basking in the tropicalheat on sand-spits pointing finger-like into the shallow water.

Kıyıda dikildiğimizde, kumluklarda, tropik sıcakta sığ suya parmak gibi uzanıptimsahların farkına varırız.




99

A little more than five miles away to the east savannah-covered hills rise up fromthe lake basin, sliced here and there by forest-filled valleys.

Savan örtüsüyle kaplı tepelerin doğusunda, beş milden biraz daha ötede, orada ve buradaormanla örtülü vadiler göl tabanından yükselmekte.

At one point the hills are breached by what is obviously a large river that snakesits way down from the Ethiopian mountains.

Bir noktada, tepeler Eto pya dağlarından aşağı kıvrılarak akan geniş bir ırmak tarafındangörünür bir şekilde bölünmekteler.

Where the river reaches the flood-plain of the lake it shatters into a delta ofcountless streams, some small, some large, but each fringed by a line of trees

and bushes.

Gölün kenarına eriştiğinde nehir, herbiri irili ufaklı ağaç ve çalılarla sıralı sayısız derelerhalinde bir delta oluşturmakta.

As we walk up one of the stream beds - dry now because there has been no rainfor months - we might hear the rustle of a pig in search of roots and vegetation inthe undergrowth.

Aylardır yağmur yağmadığı için şimdi kuru olan dere yataklarından birinde yukarı doğruyürüyüp bitki örtüsünde gelişmemiş kökleri ve bitkileri ararken, bir domuzun hışırtısınıduyabiliriz.

As the tree-cover thickens we catch a glimpse of a colobus monkey retreatingthrough the tree tops.

Ağaç örtüsü kalınlaştığı için, ağaç tepelerine doğru kaçan bir kolobus maymunu gözümüze

çarpar.

Lower down, mangobeys feed on ripening figs.

Onun biraz altında, mangolar olgunlaşan incirlerle beslenmekte.

In the seclusion of the surrounding bushes small groups of impala and water-buckmove cautiously.

Küçük impala ve geyik grupları dikkatli dolaşarak tenha çalıları çevrelemekteler.

From the top of a tree we could see out into the open, where herds of gazellegraze.

Bir ağacın tepesinden, gazel sürülerinin otladığı yerler açıkça görülebilir.




100

After going about a mile up the stream we come across a scene that is strangelyfamiliar.

Dere boyunca bir mil kadar yukarı gidince, garip ve yabancı olmayan bir yere geliriz.

Before us is a group of eight creatures - definitely human-like, but definitely nottruly human - some on the stream bed and some on its sandy bank.

Bizden önce bazı dere yataklarında ve bazı kumlu kıyılarında sekiz yaratıktan oluşan birgrup var - kesinlikle insan benzeri, ama kesinlikle tam olarak insan değil.


Yaptığınız düzeltmeleri, özgün metne bakmadan, Türkçe tümce yapısına uygunluk ve akıcılıkaçısından değerlendirin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

On the evening of May 13th, at about 7 o'clock, travelling north and

giving off a roaring sound, my husband and I both saw clearly some

silver coloured objects in the sky.




101

9. Garbology

5

10

A professor of anthropology at the University of Tuscon has created an entirely

new field of science called garbology. William Rathje and his students have been

studying the garbage left for collection in front of Tuscon homes since 1973. With

the help of the local sanitation company, they have inspected and categorized some

120 tons of garbage and have arrived at some interesting conclusions.

One result is that middle-income families waste more food than lower- or upper-

income families. Another fact is that poor families pay more for their food and

household items than wealthy families because they cannot afford to buy it in bulk.Finally, the overall waste figure is down to 15 percent, about half the figure from

the first quarter of this century. This can be attributed to modern methods of

refrigeration, transportation, processing, and packaging.

they =?

it =?

This =?

138 sözcük


Tabloda, sözcüklerden bazıları verilmekte. Sözcüklerin anlamlarını sözlük kullanarak bulun.Bunu yaparken de, sözcüğün metin içinde tek başına mı yoksa başka sözcüklerle t erim

oluşturarak mı kullanıldığına dikkat edin.

Metin içinde Yalın hali Sözcük türü Anlamı Garbology

entirely

sanitation

inspected

conclusions

household

bulk

overall

attributed

refrigeration

processing







102


A professor of anthropology at the University of Tuscon has created an entirelynew field of science called garbology.

William Rathje and his students have been studying the garbage left for collectionin front of Tuscon homes since 1973.

With the help of the local sanitation company, they have inspected andcategorized some 120 tons of garbage and have arrived at some interestingconclusions.

One result is that middle-income families waste more food than lower- or upper-income families.

Another fact is that poor families pay more for their food and household itemsthan wealthy families because they cannot afford to buy it in bulk.

Finally, the overall waste figure is down to 15 percent, about half the figure fromthe first quarter of this century.

This can be attributed to modern methods of refrigeration, transportation,processing, and packaging.


Türkçe tümceleri tamamlayın.

A professor of anthropology at the University of Tuscon has created an entirelynew field of science called garbology.

Tuscon Üniversitesi'nde bir antropoloji profesörü _____________________________ ___________________________________________________.

William Rathje and his students have been studying the garbage left for collectionin front of Tuscon homes since 1973.

William Rathje ve öğrencileri ______ ________________________________________

__________________________________________.




103

With the help of the local sanitation company, they have inspected andcategorized some 120 tons of garbage and have arrived at some interestingconclusions.

Yerel temizlik şirketinin yardımı ile, _______________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________

__________________.

One result is that middle-income families waste more food than lower- or upper-income families.

Sonuçlardan biri, _______________________________________________________ _______________________.

Another fact is that poor families pay more for their food and household itemsthan wealthy families because they cannot afford to buy it in bulk.

Bir diğer gerçek ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________.

Finally, the overall waste figure is down to 15 percent, about half the figure fromthe first quarter of this century.

Sonuçta, toplam israf miktarı ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________.

This can be attributed to modern methods of refrigeration, transportation,processing, and packaging.

Bu, ________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________.


Çevirinizi metnin aslına bakmadan, yapı ve anlam açısından denetleyin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

Temel düzey İngilizce dersinde bir öğrencinin ev ödevi metninden birtümce:

I take an aspir in when I have an ararat.




104

10. Explain

5

10

15

In science the meaning of the word "explain" suffers with civilization's every stepin search of reality. Science cannot really explain electricity, magnetism, and

gravitation; their effects can be measured and predicted, but of their nature no more

is known to the modern scientist than to Thales who first speculated on the

electrification of amber. Most contemporary physicists reject the notion that man

can ever discover what these mysterious forces "really" are. Electricity, Bertrand

Russell says, "is not a thing, like the St. Paul's Cathedral; it is a way in which

things behave. When we have told how things behave when they are electrified, we

have told all there is to tell." Until recently scientists would have disapproved of

such an idea. Aristotle, for example, whose natural science dominated Western

thought for two thousand years, believed that man could arrive at an understanding

of reality by reasoning from self-evident principles. He felt, for example, that it is a

self-evident principle that everything in the universe has its proper place, hence one

can deduce that objects fall to the ground because that's where they belong, and

smoke goes up because that's where it belongs. The goal of Aristotelian science

was to explain why things happen. Modern science was born when Galileo began

trying to explain how things happen and thus originated the method of controlled

experiment which now forms the basis of scientific investigation.

it =?

that =?

233 sözcük

Metinle ilgili çeviri çalışmalarına başlamadan önce, aşağıdaki soruları yanıtlayın.

1. The aim of controlled scientific experiments is to __________

a) explain why things happen.

b) explain how things happen.

c) describe self-evident principles.

d) support Aristotelian science.

2. What principles most influenced scientific thought for two thousand years?

a) The speculations of Thales.

b) The forces of electricity, magnetism, and gravity.

c) Aristotle's natural science.

d) Galileo's discoveries.




105

3. Bertrand Russell's notion about electricity is __________

a) disapproved of by most modern scientists.

b) in agreement with Aristotle's theory of self-evident principles.

c) in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward "how" things happen.

d) in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward "why" things happen.

4. The passage says that until recently scientists disagreed with the idea that __________

a) there are mysterious forces in the universe.

b) man cannot discover what forces "really" are.

c) there are self-evident principles.

d) we can discover why things behave as they do.


Metin içinde Yalın hali Sözcük türü Anlamı gravitation

amber

reject

notion

dominated

reasoning

hence


That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

Tümcelerde koyu yazılı bölümleri inceleyin.

Science cannot really explain electricity, magnetism, and gravitation; their effectscan be measured and predicted, but of their nature no more is known to themodern scientist than to Thales who first speculated on the electrification ofamber.

When we have told how things behave when they are electrified, we have told all

there is to tell."

Until recently scientists would have disapproved of such an idea.

Aristotle, for example, whose natural science dominated Western thought for two

thousand years, believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality byreasoning from self-evident principles.




106

He felt, for example, that it is a self-evident principle that everything in the

universe has its proper place, hence one can deduce that objects fall to theground because that's where belong, and smoke goes up because that's where itbelongs.


Tümcelerde koyu yazılı bölümlerin Türkçeye nasıl aktarılabileceğini inceleyin.

In science the meaning of the word "explain" suffers with civilization's every stepin search of reality.

Most contemporary physicists reject the notion that man can ever discover what

these mysterious forces "really" are.

Electricity, Bertrand Russell says, "is not a thing, like the St. Paul's Cathedral; it is

a way in which things behave.



Çevirinizi anlam ve bütünlük açısından, özgün metne bakmadan kontrol edin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

James Jackson wishes to thank the 600 odd people who voted for him

in the recent Urban District Council Election.




107

11. The 800th Life

5

10

15

20

25

In the time between now and the twenty-first century, millions of ordinary, psychologically normal people will face a sudden confrontation with the future.

Many of the citizens of the world's richest and most technologically advanced

nations will find it increasingly painful to keep up with incessant demand for

change that is a characteristic of our time. For them, the future will have arrived

too soon. This book is about change and how we adapt to it. It is about those

who seem to thrive on change, as well as those multitudes of others who resist it

or seek flight from it. It is about our capacity to adapt. It is about the future and

the shock that its arrival brings.

Western society for the past 300 years has been caught up in a storm of change.

This storm, far from abating, now appears to be gathering force. Change moves

through the highly industrialized countries with waves of ever-accelerating speed

and unprecedented impact. It brings with it all sorts of curious social phenomena

- from psychedelic churches and "free universities" to science cities in the Arctic

and wife-swap clubs in California.

It breeds odd personalities, too: children who are at twelve are no longer

children; adults who are at fifty are children of twelve. There are rich men who

playact poverty, computer programmers who turn on with LSD. There are

married priests and atheist ministers and Jewish Zen Buddhists. A strange new

society is apparently developing in our midst. Is there a way to understand it, to

shape its development?

Much that now seems incomprehensible would be far less so if we took a fresh

look at today's rapid rate of change, for the acceleration of change does not

merely affect industries or nations. It is a force that reaches deep into one's

personal life, compels him to act out new roles, and confronts him with the

danger of a new and powerfully upsetting psychological disease. This new

disease can be called "future shock", and a knowledge of its sources and

symptoms helps explain many things that otherwise resist rational analysis.

them =?

It =?

it =?

It =?

it =?

so?

It =?

347 sözcük




108


Metin içinde Yalın hali Sözcük türü Anlamı confrontation

incessant

thrive

multitudes

seek 6. Metin'de işlendi. abating

ever-accelerating

unprecedented

impact

phenomena

psychedelic

wife-swap

breeds

playact

priests

midst

incomprehensible

acceleration

merely 5. Metin'de işlendi. compels

confronts

symptoms

rational


Clause Marker

Ana-Yan Tümce

Ö+Y+N

a) Tümcenin analizini yapın:

Many of the citizens of the world's richest and most technologically advanced

nations will find it increasingly painful to keep up with incessant demand forchange that is a characteristic of our time.

b) Tümcede those sözcükleri ile neyin/kimin kasdedildiğini inceleyin:

It is about those who seem to thrive on change, as well as those multitudes ofothers who resist it or seek flight from it.




109

c) Tümcede from ... to yapısını inceleyin:

It brings with it all sorts of curious social phenomena - from psychedelic

churches and "free universities" to science cities in the Arctic and wife-swap

clubs in California.

d) Tümcede koyu yazılı bölümleri inceleyin:

It breeds odd personalities, too: children who are at twelve are no longer

children; adults who at fifty are children of twelve .

e) Tümcede koyu yazılı Much that bölümünü dikkatle inceleyin; for sözcüğünü inceleyin:

Much that now seems incomprehensible would be far less so if we took afresh look at today's rapid rate of change, for the acceleration of change does

not merely affect industries or nations.

f) Tümcede compel ve confront yüklemlerinin nereye bağlı olduğunu inceleyin:

It is a force that reaches deep into one's personal life, compels him to act out

new roles, and confronts him with the danger of a new and powerfullyupsetting psychological disease.

C. ANLAM Bağlam

Taslak çeviri


In the time between now and the twenty-first century, millions of ordinary,psychologically normal people will face a sudden confrontation with the future.

Günümüz ile yirmibirinci yüzyıl arasında, ______________ _____________________

________________________________________.

Many of the citizens of the world's richest and most technologically advancednations will find it increasingly painful to keep up with incessant demand forchange that is a characteristic of our time.

Dünyanın en zengin ve teknolojik açıdan gelişmiş ülkelerinin vatandaşlarının pek çoğu ____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

__________________.

For them, the future will have arrived too soon.

Onlar için, ____________________________________________.




110

This book is about change and how we adapt to it.

Bu kitap _______________________________________________.

It is about those who seem to thrive on change, as well as those multitudes ofothers who resist it or seek flight from it.

Kitap ________________________________________________________________

____________________________________.

It is about our capacity to adapt. It is about the future and the shock that itsarrival brings.

Kitap ________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________.

Western society for the past 300 years has been caught up in a storm ofchange.

Son 300 yıldır batı toplumu _____________________________________________.

This storm, far from abating, now appears to be gathering force.

Bu fırtına ________________________________________________________.

Change moves through the highly industrialized countries with waves of ever-accelerating speed and unprecedented impact.

Değişiklik ___________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________

_______________________.

It brings with it all sorts of curious social phenomena - from psychedelicchurches and "free universities" to science cities in the Arctic and wife-swapclubs in California.

Beraberinde her türden garip toplumsal olguyu getirmektedir - ___________________ ____________________________________________________________________

___________________________________.

It breeds odd personalities, too: children who at twelve are no longer children;adults who at fifty are children of twelve.

İlginç kişilikler de türetmekte: ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________.




111

Much that now seems incomprehensible would be far less so if we took a freshlook at today's rapid rate of change, for the acceleration of change does notmerely affect industries or nations.

Günümüzde kavranamaz görünen _________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________.

It is a force that reaches deep into one's personal life, compels him to act outnew roles, and confronts him with the danger of a new and powerfullyupsetting psychological disease.

Bu, insanın kişisel yaşamının derinlerine işleyen, _____________________________ ____________________________________________________________________

________________________________________.

This new disease can be called "future shock", and a knowledge of its sourcesand symptoms helps explain many things that otherwise resist rationalanalysis.

Bu yeni hastalık _______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________.


Çevirinizin Türkçesini özgün metne bakmadan kontrol edin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

Deaths: Edgeworth. On March 16th

, Margaret, mother of Tom (by

accident). Funeral 3.30 pm Thursday.




112

12. Desertification

5

10

Desertification, the loss of the soil's biological productivity, occurs naturally to a

limited extent. The pace at which the process has spread recently, however, is

largely man's own doing. This fact was highlighted by the great Sahel drought of

1968-73. The worst effects of this drought were caused by nomadic peoples who

had earlier been forced by national governments to adopt agricultural and

grazing practices that were not in accord with their traditions. In common with

those of other nomads around the world, such traditions involved never staying

in one place so long as to exhaust the earth that provided them with sustenance.

When these people were not allowed to follow this tradition, the process ofdesertification moved ahead quickly.

those =?

them =?

120 sözcük


Aşağıdaki tabloda, metindeki sözcüklerden bazıları verilmekte. Bu sözcüklerin anlamlarınısözlük kullanarak bulun. Bunu yaparken de, sözcüğün metin içinde tek başına mı yoksa başkasözcüklerle terim oluşturarak mı kullanıldığına dikkat edin.

Metin içinde Yalın hali Sözcük türü Anlamı Desertification

pace

process 9. Metin'de başka bir anlamı işlendi. spread

highlighted

Sahel

drought

nomadic

adopt

grazing 8. Metin'de işlendi. accord

exhaust

sustenance

Metnin sağ kenarında verilen sözcüklerin metin içinde hangi sözcüğün/sözcüklerin yerinekullanıldığını bulun.




113




Clause Marker


Tümcelerin herbirinin Ö+Y+(N) gibi temel unsurlarını, bileşik tümcelerin de ana tümcesi ileyan tümcesini belirleyin.

Desertification, the loss of the soil's biological productivity, occurs naturally to alimited extent.

The pace at which the process has spread recently, however, is largely man'sown doing.

This fact was highlighted by the great Sahel drought of 1968-73.

The worst effects of this drought were caused by nomadic peoples who hadearlier been forced by national governments to adopt agricultural and grazingpractices that were not in accord with their traditions.

In common with those of other nomads around the world, such traditionsinvolved never staying in one place so long as to exhaust the earth thatprovided them with sustenance.


C. ANLAM Bağlam

Taslak çeviri

Bu aşamada metnin çevirisini yapmaya başlayabilirsiniz.

Desertification, the loss of the soil's biological productivity, occurs naturally to a

limited extent.

Toprağın biyolojik üretkenliğinin __________________________________________.

The pace at which the process has spread recently, however, is largely man'sown doing.

Ancak, yakın zamanlarda ________________________________________________ ________________.




114

This fact was highlighted by the great Sahel drought of 1968-73.

Bu gerçek ____________________________________ _____________________.

The worst effects of this drought were caused by nomadic peoples who hadearlier been forced by national governments to adopt agricultural and grazingpractices that were not in accord with their traditions.

Kuraklığın en kötü etkileri ______________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________.

In common with those of other nomads around the world, such traditionsinvolved never staying in one place so long as to exhaust the earth thatprovided them with sustenance.

Dünyadaki diğer göçebelerin _____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________.


Bu insanların geleneklerini ____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________.


Çevirinizi metnin aslına bakmadan, yapı ve anlam açısından denetleyin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

There will be a procession next Saturday afternoon in the grounds

of the Monastery; but if it rains in the afternoon, the procession will

take place in the morning.




115

13. Women

5

10

15

20

It is not often realized that women held a high place in southern European societiesin the 10

th and 11

th centuries. As a wife, the woman was protected by the setting up

of a dowry or decimum. Admittedly, the purpose of this was to protect her against

the risk of desertion, but in reality its function in the social and family life of the

time was much more important. The decimum was the wife's right to receive a

tenth of her husband's property. The wife had the right to withhold consent, in all

transactions the husband would make. And more than just a right: the documents

show that she enjoyed a real power of decision, equal to that of her husband. In no

case do the documents indicate any degree of difference in the legal status of

husband and wife.

The wife shared in the management of her husband's personal property, but the

opposite was not always true. Women seemed perfectly prepared to defend their

own inheritance against husbands who tried to exceed their rights, and on occasion

they showed a fine fighting spirit. A case in point is that of María Vivas, a Catalan

woman of Barcelona. Having agreed with her husband to sell a field she had

inherited, for the needs of the household, she insisted on compensation. None

being offered, she succeeded in dragging her husband to the scribe to have a

contract duly drawn up assigning her a piece of land from Miró's personal

inheritance. The unfortunate husband was obliged to agree, as the contract says,

"for the sake of peace". Either through dowry or through being hot-tempered, the

Catalan wife knew how to win herself, within the context of the family, a powerful

economic position.

that =?

they =?

that =?

None =?

290 sözcük

Metinle ilgili çeviri alıştırmalarına başlamadan önce, aşağıdaki alıştırmayı tamamlayın.

1. A decimum was __________

a) the wife's inheritance from her father.

b) a gift of money to the new husband.

c) a written contract.

d) the wife's right to receive one-tenth of her husband's property.




116

2. In the society described in the passage, the legal standing of the wife in marriage was

__________

a) higher that that of her husband. b) lower than that of her husband.

c) the same as that of her husband. d) higher than that of a single woman.

3. What compensation did María Vivas get for the field?

a) Some of the land Miró had inherited. b) A tenth of Miró's land. c) Money for household expenses.

d) Money for Miró's inheritance.

4. Could a husband sell his wife's inheritance?

a) No, under no circumstances.

b) Yes, whenever he wished to.

c) Yes, if she agreed.

d) Yes, if his father-in-law agreed.

5. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an effect of the dowry system?

a) The husband had to share the power of decision in marriage.

b) The wife was protected from desertion.

c) The wife gained a powerful economic position.

d) The husband was given control over his wife's property.


Metin içinde Yalın hali Sözcük türü Anlamı dowry

desertion

withhold

consent 3. Metin'de işlendi transactions

inheritance

exceed

household 9. Metin'de işlendi. compensation

scribe

dulyassigning



Metindeki tümceleri dilbilgisi açısından inceleyin.




117

C. ANLAM Bağlam

Taslak çeviri

a) Koyu yazılı bölümün Türkçeye nasıl aktarılacağını inceleyin.

And more than just a right: the documents show that she enjoyed a real

power of decision, equal to that of her husband.

b) Devrik yapıya dikkat edin.

In no case do the documents indicate any degree of difference in the legalstatus of husband and wife.

c) Koyu yazılı bölümlerin Türkçeye nasıl aktarılacağını inceleyin.

Women seemed perfectly prepared to defend their own inheritance against

husbands who tried to exceed their rights, and on occasion they showed a

fine fighting spirit.

d) Koyu yazılı bölümü inceleyin.

A case in point is that of María Vivas, a Catalan woman of Barcelona.


Çevirinizi anlam ve bütünlük açısından, özgün metne bakmadan inceleyin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

Mr. and Mrs. John Beverlin are rejoicing over an eight-pound

daughter, their sixth child since last Saturday.




118

14. Who's Afraid of The Silicon Chip

The one thing that got talked about non-stop throughout 1990s is about as big as this

.

For the electro-technologically minded, it's a miracle of micro-processing wizardry with the mind-boggling

potential to revolutionise the whole of life. For the uninitiated, it's a source of bafflement, unease, and a

vaguely sci-fi fascination. It represents the major challenge of the past century's last twenty years, so all the

expert futurologists claim, yet sounds to most of us like some newly-fanged substitute for fried potato.

It's the silicon chip.

Not surprisingly, most non-scientists find that the effort of trying to grasp what a silicon is turns out to be just

as bewildering as the struggle to comprehend what a silicon chip does.

Forty years ago, the world's first electronic digital computers weighed about thirty tons and filled a room.

Today silicon chip equivalent weighs a fraction of gramme and would disappear on your fingernail. Once

designed, a silicon chip can be ludicrously cheap to manufacture in bulk. That is why everyone can now buy

for peanuts such sophisticated gadgets as pocket calculators or complex TV games. Desk-top computers are

as familiar as desk-top typewriters .

Not only is the silicon chip small and ever more inexpensive, it is also reliable and immensely versatile.

Already the world market is estimated at £3 billion a year. By the mid -2010s, one chip-maker predicts, every

person in the world may need to own at least one microprocessing toy just to have an outlet for the industry's

burgeoning supply.

Such talk is typical of the increasingly extravagant claims being made on behalf of the silicon chip. It has

been called the most significant invention since wheel. A single chip can far outstrip the mathematical speed

and capacity of any man. Multi-chip computers can perform a million error-free calculations in the time it

takes to blink and they're getting faster all the time. All that is holding them back is the speed at which data

can be programmed in, or applications for them found.

More and more small firms take advantage of small, purpose-programmed computers to keep the books.

Instrumentation on cars gets neater and more comprehensive. Telephones have increased international

capability, telephone and television-linked information systems are more comprehensive and more wide-

spread. Cameras get smaller and more automated, fun toys like talking calculators and programmable video

gadgets fight for the home entertainment market. Money continues to give way to computerised accounting




119

and debiting systems, all kinds of security systems are rapidly advanced. Shops keep track of their stock with

micro-processing systems, all kinds of traffic control has become more efficient, less energy is wasted by

better power systems.

Mid-1990s, in short, certainly saw a gathering pace in the applied use of silicon ships but there is not the

remotest chance that applications will keep pace with theoretical development. The long-term effects of the

micro-processing revolution are incalculable - even for a silicon chip. The most talked-about social

implication is, of course, the effect of ever more sophisticated automation on employment. Here, too, there

has been a marked tendency to take off into scare mongering with exaggerated claims that silicon chips will

cause overnight disruption, making millions redundant. A study by the UK Central Policy Review Staff is

characteristically sober: "Reports suggesting large-scale loss of jobs from micro-processing applications

overestimate the speed at which these applications could be introduced and underestimate the new markets

created in the process."

568 sözcük


Metin içinde Yalın hali Sözcük türü Anlamı wizardy

mind-bogglinguninitiated

bafflement

newly-fanged

ludicrous

gadgets

versatile

outlet

burgeoning

extravagant

outstrip

blink

debitingincalculable

scare

mongering

disruption

redundant

sober

overestimate

underestimate




120




Clause Marker;


a) Tümcede esas yüklemi bulun.

The one thing that got talked about non-stop throughout mid 1990s is about asbig as this .

b) Koyu yazılı bölümleri dikkatle inceleyin.

For the electro-technologically minded, it's a miracle of micro-processing

wizardry with the mind-boggling potential to revolutionise the whole of life. Forthe uninitiated, it's a source of bafflement, unease, and a vaguely sci-fifascination.

c) Koyu yazılı bölümü inceleyin.

It represents the major challenge of the past century's last twenty years, so all

the expert futurologists claim, yet sounds to most of us like some newly-fanged substitute for fried potato.

d) Tümcedeki noun clause ve comparative clause yapıları saptayın.

Not surprisingly, most non-scientists find that the effort of trying to grasp whata silicon is turns out to be just as bewildering as the struggle to comprehendwhat a silicon chip does.

e) Tümcedeki devrik yapıya dikkat edin.

Not only is the silicon chip small and ever more inexpensive, it is also reliableand immensely versatile.

f) Tümcedeki -ing yapıyı inceleyin.

Here, too, there has been a marked tendency to take off into scare mongeringwith exaggerated claims that silicon chips will cause overnight disruption,

making millions redundant.

g) Tümcede ana yüklemi saptayın.

"Reports suggesting large-scale loss of jobs from micro-processingapplications overestimate the speed at which these applications could beintroduced and underestimate the new markets created in the process."




121

C. ANLAM Bağlam

Taslak çeviri

Tümcelerde koyu yazılı bölümleri çeviri açısından inceleyin. Sonra metnin tümünü Türkçeyeaktarın.

For the electro-technologically minded, it's a miracle of micro-processing

wizardry with the mind-boggling potential to revolutionise the whole of

life.

It represents the major challenge of the past century's last twenty years, so all

the expert futurologists claim, yet sounds to most of us like some newly-

fanged substitute for fried potato.

That is why everyone can now buy for peanuts such sophisticated gadgetsas pocket calculators or complex TV games.

Such talk is typical of the increasingly extravagant claims being made on

behalf of the silicon chip.

Multi-chip computers can perform a million error-free calculations in the time

it takes to blink and they're getting faster all the time.

All that is holding them back is the speed at which data can be

programmed in, or applications for them found.

More and more small firms take advantage of small, purpose-programmed

computers to keep the books.

Cameras get smaller and more automated, fun toys like talking calculators

and programmable video gadgets fight for the home entertainment

market.

Money continues to give way to computerised accounting and debiting

systems, all kinds of security systems are rapidly advanced.

The long-term effects of the micro-processing revolution are incalculable -

even for a silicon chip.

Here, too, there has been a marked tendency to take off into scare

mongering with exaggerated claims that silicon chips will cause

overnight disruption, making millions redundant.




122

A study by the UK Central Policy Review Staff is characteristically sober:"Reports suggesting large-scale loss of jobs from micro-processing

applications overestimate the speed at which these applications could be

introduced and underestimate the new markets created in the process."



BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

Would any friendly older couple with hours to spare like to help bury

family in house and garden?




123

15. Education

Albert Einstein once attributed the creativity of a famous scientist to the fact that he "never went to school,

and therefore preserved the rare gift of thinking freely." There is undoubtedly truth in Einstein's observation;

many artists and geniuses seem to view their schooling as a disadvantage. But such a truth is not a criticism of

schools. It is the function of schools to civilize, not to train explorers. The explorer is always a lonely

individual whether his or her pioneering be in art, music, science, or technology. The creative explorer of

unmapped lands shares with the genius what William James described as the "faculty of perceiving in an

unhabitual way." Insofar as schools teach perceptual patterns they tend to destroy creativity and genius. But if

schools could somehow exist solely to cultivate genius, then society would break down. For the social order

demands unity and widespread agreement, both traits that are destructive to creativity. There will always be

conflict between the demands of society and the impulses of creativity and genius.

172 sözcük

Metnin ana fikrini ifade eden tümceyi bulun.

a) Albert Einstein and other geniuses and artists have said that schools limit creativity and

genius.

b) Schools should be designed to encourage creativity.

c) Explorers can be compared to geniuses because both groups look at the world differently

from the way most people do.d) Schools can never satisfy the needs of both geniuses and society as a whole.


Metin içinde Yalın hali Sözcük türü Anlamı attributed 9. Metin'de işlendi. gift

civilize

pioneering

faculty perceiving

perceptual

patterns 5. Metin'de işlendi. solely

cultivate

widespread

traits

conflict

impulses




124

Aşağıdaki tümcelerde koyu yazılı bölümleri ayrıca inceleyin.

Albert Einstein once attributed the creativity of a famous scientist to the fact that

he "never went to school, ...

he

a) Einstein

b) a famous scientist

The creative explorer of unmapped lands shares with the genius what WilliamJames described as the "faculty of perceiving in an unhabitual way."

The creative explorer of unmapped lands

a) yalnızca gezginler kastedilmekte

b) tüm mucitler kastedilmekte

what

a) Türkçeye olan şey olarak aktarılabilir b) Türkçeye ne olarak aktarılabilir

Insofar as schools teach perceptual patterns they tend to destroy creativity andgenius.

they

a) schools

b) perceptual patterns

For the social order demands unity and widespread agreement, both traits that

are destructive to creativity.

For

a) - den dolayı b) - den beri

c) için

both traits

a) 1= social order, 2= unity and widespread agreement

b) 1= unity, 2= widespread agreement



Albert Einstein once attributed the creativity of a famous scientist to the fact thathe "never went to school, ... ."

to hangi yüklem ya da sıfata bağlı?




125

It is the function of schools to civilize, not to train explorers.

Tümceyi yeniden oluşturun: The function _______________________________.

The explorer is always a lonely individual whether his or her pioneering be in art,music, science, or technology.

Asıl yüklem olan be neden is olarak değil de yalın olarak kullanılmakta? Bunun çeviriye bir etkisi olur mu?

The creative explorer of unmapped lands shares with the genius what WilliamJames described as the "faculty of perceiving in an unhabitual way."

Tümcede esas yüklem share . Buna göre: Kim paylaşmakta?

Kiminle paylaşmakta?

Neyi paylaşmakta?


Sözcük ve dilbilgisi alıştırmalarını gözönünde bulundurarak metnin tümünü Türkçeye aktarın.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK

Türkçe

Yaptığınız çeviriyi, özgün metne bakmadan, Türkçe tümce yapısına uygunluk ve akıcılıkaçısından değerlendirin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

The American Women's Club of Brussels invites donations of clean

undamaged babies and pre-school children's clothing.




126

16. The Secret Few People Could Guess

5

10

15

20

25

Brenda Linson never goes anywhere without an empty spectacles case. It is asvital to her as her purse. Yet, she doesn't wear glasses. The reason she can't do

without it is because she can't read and she can't write. If ever she gets into any

situation where she might be expected to do either of these things, she fishes in

her bag for the specs case, finds it empty, and asks the person concerned to do

the reading for her. Brenda is now in her late thirties. She's capable and articulate

and until a few months ago hardly anybody knew she was illiterate. Her husband

didn't know and her children didn't know. Her children still don't.

She had any number of tactics for concealing her difficulty - for example, never

lingering near a phone at work, in case she had to answer it and might be

required to write something down. But, in fact, it is easier for illiterates to

conceal the truth than the rest of us might imagine. Literacy is taken so much

for granted that people simply don't spot the give-away signs.

It has never occurred to the children that their mother cannot read. She doesn't read

them stories, but then their father doesn't either, so they find nothing surprising in

the fact. Similarly they just accept that Dad is the one who writes sick notes and

reads the school reports. Now that the elder boy Tom is a quite proficient

reader, Brenda can skilfully get him to read any notes brought home from school

simply by asking, "What's that all about, then?"

Brenda's husband never guessed the truth in 10 years of marriage. For one thing he

insists on handling all domestic correspondence and bills himself. An importer of

Persian carpets, he travels a great deal and so is not around so much to spot the

truth. While he's away Brenda copes with any situations by explaining that she

can't do anything until she's discussed it with her husband.

Brenda was very successful in her job until very recently. For the last five years

she had worked as a waitress at an exclusive private club, and had eventually

been promoted to head waitress. She kept the thing a secret there too, and got

over the practical difficulties somehow.

It =?Yet?

it =?

these things =?

it =?

don't ___

the truth =?

doesn't __

they =?

the truth =?

it =?

the thing =?

382 sözcük




127


Metnin tümünü okuyun ve bilmediğiniz sözcüklerin altını çizin. kimi sözcükler tümce içindekendi başlarına değil de başka sözcükler ile kullanılıyor olabilirler. Bu nedenle, sözlükte osözcüğü incelerken, sözcüğün tüm kullanımlarını inceleyin ve tümcedeki kullanım ilekıyaslayın.

Bunun ardından, metnin sağ yanında verilen sözcükleri inceleyin ve metin içindeki işlevlerinisaptayın. Ayrıca, bu metinde, sözcük ve dilbilgisi düzeyinde, sık kullanılan any yapılarınınayrıca incelenmesi ve Türkçeye nasıl aktarılacaklarının saptanması gerekir.

anywhere Birinci paragrafta

hardly anybody Birinci paragrafta

any number İkinci paragrafta

any notes Üçüncü paragrafta

any situations Dördüncü paragrafta

anything Dördüncü paragrafta

B. DİLBİLGİSİ As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle

Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker

Ana-Yan Tümce

Ö+Y+N

Tümcelerin basit mi yoksa bileşik mi olduklarını saptadıktan ve Ö+Y+N yapılarını belirledikten

sonra, aşağıda verilen yapıları belirtilen paragraflarda bulun.

a) Birinci paragrafta

as __________ as

The reason (why) __________ because

b) İkinci paragrafta

Comparison clause

so __________ that




128

c) Üçüncü paragrafta

Reason clause

C. ANLAM Bağlam

Taslak çeviri

Tümceleri Türkçeye aktarın. Önce kolay olan tümcelerle başlayın. Böylece zor tümcelerinanlamını çıkarmanız kolaylaşacaktır. Bu aşamada, çeviriyi yaparken bileşik tümceleri şimdilikkarmaşık bir yapı halinde aktarmanız gerekmemekte.

Örneğin, üçüncü paragrafın birinci tümcesi

It has never occurred to the children that their mother cannot read.

bu aşamada Türkçeye

Çocuklar asla farkına varmadılar, annelerinin okuyamadığının

şeklinde aktarılabilir.


Tümceleri düzgün bir Türkçe ile oluşturun

Çocuklar annelerinin okuyamadığının farkına asla varmadılar

ve tümcelerin anlamlarının birbirleri ile ve metnin tümünün anlamı ile uyumluluğunu kontroledin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

The many friends of Mrs. Barrett will be sorry to learn that she injured

her foot on Sunday. It will probably be six weeks before the fool can be

released from a plaster cast.




129

17. United Nations

In one very long sentence, the introduction to the UN Charter expresses the ideals and the common aims of all

the peoples whose governments joined together to form the UN.

"We the peoples of the UN determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which

twice in our lifetime has brought untold suffering to mankind, and to reaffirm faith in fundamental

rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of

nations large and small, and to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations

arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and to promote social

progress and better standards of life in larger freedom, and for these ends, to practice tolerance and

live together in peace with one another as good neighbours, and to unite our strength to maintain peace

and security, and to ensure, by the acceptance of principles and the institution of methods, that armed

force shall not be used, save in the common interest, and to employ international machinery for the

promotion of economic and social advancement of all peoples, have resolved to combine our efforts to

accomplish these aims."

The name United Nations is accredited to UN President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and the first group of

representatives of member states met and signed a declaration of common intent on New Year's Day in 1942.

Representatives of five powers worked together to draw up proposals, completed at Dumbarton Oaks in 1944.

These proposals, modified after deliberation at the conference on International Organization in San Francisco

which began in April 1945, were finally agreed on and signed as the UN Charter by 50 countries on 26 June

1945. Poland, not represented at the conference, signed the Charter later and was added to the list of original

members. It was not until that autumn, however, after the Charter had been ratified by China, France, the

U.S.S.R., the UK. and the UN and by a majority of the other participants that the UN officially came into

existence. The date was 24 October, now universally celebrated as United Nations day.

The essential functions of the UN are to maintain peace and security, to develop friendly relations among

nations, to co-operate internationally economic, social, cultural and human problems, promoting respect for

human rights and fundamental freedoms and to be centre for co-ordinating the actions of nations in attainingthese common ends.

No country takes precedence over another in the UN Each member's rights and obligations are the same. All

must contribute to the peaceful settlement of international disputes, and members have pledged to refrain

from the threat or use of force against other states. Though the UN has no right to intervene any state's

internal affairs, it tries to ensure that non-member states act according to its principles of international peace

and security. UN members must offer every assistance in an approved UN action and in no way assist states

against which the UN is taking preventive or enforcement action.

508 sözcük




130


Metin içinde Yalın hali Sözcük türü Anlamı Charter

succeeding

scourge

untold

suffering

reaffirm

faith

fundamental

dignity

obligations

treatiesmaintained 5. Metin'de farklı anlamı işlendi. promote

ensure

machinery

resolved

accomplish

accredited

intent

proposals

deliberation

ratified

participants precedence

contribute

settlement

disputes

pledged

refrain

threat

intervene

approved

preventive

enforcement

B. DİLBİLGİSİ As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

İkinci paragrafı bir tek tümce oluşturmakta. Bu tümcenin esas yüklemini saptayın. Bunuyaparken, ikinci paragrafın bir özeti niteliğinde olan dördüncü paragrafı incelemeniz yararlıolabilir.




131

The essential functions of the UN are to maintain peace and security, to develop friendly

relations among nations, to co-operate internationally economic, social, cultural and

human problems, promoting respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms and to be

centre for co-ordinating the actions of nations in attaining these common ends.


Metni Türkçeye aktarın. İkinci paragrafı Türkçeye aktarırken, aşağıda verilen şemadanyararlanabilirsiniz.

We the peoples of the UN (who are) determined ...[A] to _______________________________________,

and [B] to _____________ [a] in _________________,[b] in __________________________________,

[c] in ______________ [1] of ________________and [2] of _______________,

and [C] to __________________________________________________,and [D] to __________________________________________________,

and for these ends,[E] to __________________

and [F] (to) _________________________________________________,and [G] to __________________________________________________,and [H] to ______, ____________, _____________, ________________,and [I] to ___________________________________________________,

... have resolved to combine our efforts to accomplish these aims (A-I).


Çevirinizin Türkçesini kontrol edin.




132

18. The Fountain and The Water-Jar

5

10

15

20

He who can go to the fountain does not go to the water-jar.

Leonardo da Vinci, Notebooks

Leonardo da Vinci was talking, of course, of composition. His advice to painters

was "go to the objects of nature rather than those which are imitated from nature":

paint from life, not from a copy of life.

The translator, if he is honest with himself, knows that his readers are those who

cannot go to the fountain. Those who are free to choose, will prefer the original;

those who are not, will "make do" with the translation. This is hard for the

translator to admit, for it implies that translation is always second-best; but second-

best does not necessarily imply second-rate. Translation need not be a poor

substitute for the original.

Translation does, certainly, have a bad reputation with the general public:

Torture and translation are, in fact, amongst the

few fates that can be worse than death. Strictly

speaking, translation is a subtle form of torture.

(The Spectator, 24 September 1977)

even though the words above may be more extreme than most people would care to

use.

It is unfortunate that translation is perhaps more often criticized for its defects than

praised for its merits. The faults of a bad translation are immediately apparent, the

virtues of a good one may easily pass unnoticed. The reader, generally, cannot

compare: his "original" is the translation; this is what he judges. And in his

judgement, he has only his own native ear to go by, for what he is reacting to is a

piece of writing in his own language. It is not surprising, then, that one of the

vaguest - but commonest - criticisms of translation should be "it sounds wrong".

those =?

those =?

Those =?

it =?

one =?

this =?

25

What the reader means when he says "it sounds wrong" is that although the words

may be familiar to him, they are combined in an unfamiliar way. He may

understand the face value of these words, he may see no evident flaw in the

structure of the sentence, he may find nothing wrong with the punctuation or word-

order, with the idioms or figures of speech - yet still he may feel uneasy.

they =?

Translation

355 sözcük




133


a) Sözcükleri inceleyin

Metin içinde Yalın hali Sözcük türü Anlamı Fountain

Water-jar

imitated

make do

second-best

substitute

reputation

Torture

fates

subtle

defects

praised

merits

virtues

vaguest

evident

flaw

punctuation

b) Metnin sağ kenarında verilen sözcükleri inceleyin. c) Koyu verilen yapıların nasıl aktarılacağını inceleyin.

Leonardo da Vinci was talking, of course, of composition

The translator, if he is honest with himself , knows that his readers are those who cannot go to the fountain.

Those who are free to choose, will prefer the original; those who are not, will"make do" with the translation.

This is hard for the translator to admit, for it implies that translation is always

second-best; but second-best does not necessarily imply second-rate.

And in his judgement, he has only his own native ear to go by, for what he isreacting to is a piece of writing in his own language.

It is not surprising, then, that one of the vaguest - but commonest - criticisms of

translation should be "it sounds wrong".

He may understand the face value of these words, he may see no evident flaw inthe structure of the sentence, he may find nothing wrong with the punctuation or

word-order, with the idioms or figures of speech - yet still he may feel uneasy.




134




Clause Marker


Tümcelerin dilbilgisi açısından analizini yapın. 6. tümcedeki ve 12. tümcedeki for sözcüklerineve 15. tümcedeki yet sözcüğüne dikkat edin.

C. ANLAM Bağlam

Taslak çeviri

Tümceleri Türkçeye aktarın.


İngilizce metne bakmadan çevirinizi okuyun ve Türkçesini düzeltin.




135

19. Lightning

The phenomenon of lightning has been a source of danger and mystery through the centuries, and onlyrecently have scientists begun to understand its true nature. We know now that lightning is a huge electrical

spark caused by the interaction of electrically charged particles in the atmosphere. During a thunderstorm,

heavy particles holding a positive charge rise to the top. Lightning results when energy flows between the two

types of charges.

What is still not understood is the process by which particles become electrically charged. Most scientists

believe that a cloud's light, rising moisture and tiny pieces of ice collide with hail and other heavy, falling

particles. The collision may cause these elements to take on either a positive or negative charge.

The most feared form of lightning is that which strikes the ground in one or more electrical discharges called

strokes. Any one of these strokes is capable of causing death, destroying property, or igniting fires. It is

interesting to note that the bright flash of light produced by a stroke actually occurs as the discharge returns to

the sky and not as it descends towards the ground. This return stroke heats surrounding air and causes it to

expand, thus producing a wave of pressure called thunder.

208 sözcük


Metin içinde Yalın hali Sözcük türü Anlamı Lightning

phenomenon

source

mystery

spark

interaction

charged particles

thunderstorm

flows

process 12. Metin'de işlendi. moisture

tiny

collide

collision

feared

strikes

discharges

strokes




136

property

igniting

flash

occurs

descends

surrounding

expand

wave

pressure

thunder


That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce

Ö+Y+N

a) Metinden alınan aşağıdaki tümcelerin her birinde birer -ing relative clause ya da past

participle relative clause yapı bulunmakta. Bu yapıları saptayın. (Her iki yapı da Genel

Çeviri 1 kitabının 8. konusunda ele alınmakta: I like the girl sitting over there. [= who is sitting]

I like macaroni flavoured with Italian sauce. [=which is flavoured])

We know now that lightning is a huge electrical spark caused by the interaction ofelectrically charged particles in the atmosphere.

During a thunderstorm, heavy particles holding a positive charge rise to the top.

The most feared form of lightning is that which strikes the ground in one or moreelectrical discharges called strokes.

It is interesting to note that the bright flash of light produced by a stroke actuallyoccurs as the discharge returns to the sky and not as it descends towards theground.

This return stroke heats surrounding air and causes it to expand, thus producing a

wave of pressure called thunder.

b) Aşağıdaki tümcede, and sözcüğünden sonra gelen tümcenin yapısını inceleyin ve öznesini bulun.

The phenomenon of lightning has been a source of danger and mystery throughthe centuries, and only recently have scientists begun to understand its truenature.




137

c) Aşağıda verilen tümcede

Most scientists believe that a cloud's light, rising moisture and tiny pieces of icecollide with hail and other heavy, falling particles.

bir noun clause yer almakta.

Most scientists believe that ...

Bu durumda da

a cloud's light, rising moisture and tiny pieces of ice collide with hail and otherheavy, falling particles.

bölümü kendi içinde bir tümce özelliği taşımakta. Bu bölümün özne, yüklem ve nesnesini

saptayın.

C. ANLAM Bağlam

Taslak çeviri

Tümceleri Türkçeye aktarın. Özellikle

Most scientists believe that a cloud's light, rising moisture and tiny pieces of icecollide with hail and other heavy, falling particles

tümcesinde hem isim hem de sıfat olarak kullanılan bazı sözcükler yer aldığı için yanlış çeviriyapma olasılığınız bulunmakta. Bu tümceyi Türkçeye aktardıktan sonra Türkçe anlamın kendiiçinde ve diğer tümcelerin anlamı ile tutarlı olup olmadığını inceleyin.


İngilizce metne bakmadan çevirinizi okuyun. İngilizce metni hiç okumamış biri, çevirinizikullanarak şimşek olgusunu, sizin "yani demek istiyorum ki ..." şeklindeki sözlüaçıklamalarınıza gerek olmadan, anlayabilir mi?




138

20. The Way Up To Heaven

5

10

15

20

25

All her life, Mrs. Foster had had an almost pathological fear of missing a train, a

plane, a boat, or even a theatre curtain. In other respects, she was not a

particularly nervous woman, but the mere thought of being late on occasions like

these would throw her into such a state of nerves that she would begin to twitch.

It was nothing much - just a tiny vellicating muscle in the corner of the left eye,

like a secret wink - but the annoying thing was that it refused to disappear until

an hour or so after the train or plane or whatever it was had been safely caught. It

was really extraordinary how in some people a simple apprehension about a

thing like catching a train can grow into a serious obsession. At least half an hour

before it was time to leave the house for the station, Mrs. Foster would step out

of the elevator all ready to go, with hat and coat, gloves, and then, being quite

unable to sit down, she would flutter and fidget about from room to room until

her husband, who must have been well aware of her state, finally emerged from

his privacy and suggested in a cool dry voice that perhaps they had better get

going now, had they not?

Mr. Foster may possibly have had a right to be irritated by this foolishness of his

wife's, but he could have had no excuse for increasing her misery by keeping her

waiting unnecessarily. Mind you, it is by no means certain that this is what

he did, yet whenever they were to go somewhere, his timing was so accurate -

just a minute or two late, you understand - and his manner so bland that it was

hard to believe he wasn't purposefully inflicting a nasty little torture of his own

on the unhappy woman. And one thing he must have known - that she would

never dare to call out and tell him to hurry. He had disciplined her too well for

that. He must also have known that if he was prepared to wait even beyond the

last moment of safety, he could drive her nearly into hysterics. On one or two

special occasions in the later years of their married life, it seemed almost as

though he had wanted to miss the train simply in order to intensify the poor

woman's suffering.

these =?

It =?

this ?

yet?

that =?




139

30

Assuming (though one cannot be sure) that the husband was guilty, what made

his attitude doubly unreasonable was the fact that, with the exception of this one

small irrepressible foible, Mrs. Foster was and always had been a good andloving wife. For over thirty years, she had served him loyally and well. There

was no doubt about this. Even she, a very modest woman, was aware of it, and

although she had for years refused to let herself believe that Mr. Foster would

ever consciously torment her, there had been times recently when she had caught

herself beginning to wonder.

it = ?

Roald Dahl: Kiss Kiss

501 sözcük


Metin içinde Yalın hali Sözcük türü Anlamı mere

nerves

twitch

vellicating

wink

apprehension

obsession

flutter

fidget

emerged

bland

inflicting

torture 18. Metin'de işlendi. intensify

doubly

irrepressible

foible

loyally

torment

B. DİLBİLGİSİ As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker

Ana-Yan Tümce

Ö+Y+N

Metnin tümünü dilbilgisi açısından inceleyin.




140

C. ANLAM Bağlam

Taslak çeviri

Çeviri alıştırmalarına geçmeden önce, aşağıdaki alıştırmayı tamamlayın. Metinden alınantümcenin ardından verilen ifadenin doğru olup olmadığını saptayın.

All her life, Mrs. Foster had had an almost pathological fear of missing a train, aplane, a boat, or even a theatre curtain.

Bu tümceye göre Mrs. Foster bir tiyatro oyuncusu.

It was nothing much - just a tiny vellicating muscle in the corner of the left eye, likea secret wink - but the annoying thing was that it refused to disappear until anhour or so after the train or plane or whatever it was had been safely caught.

Mrs. Foster tren vs.ye yetiştikten sonra bile gözündeki tik bir süre devam etmekte.

At least half an hour before it was time to leave the house for the station, Mrs.Foster would step out of the elevator all ready to go, with hat and coat, gloves,and then, being quite unable to sit down, she would flutter and fidget about fromroom to room until her husband, who must have been well aware of her state,finally emerged from his privacy and suggested in a cool dry voice that perhapsthey had better get going now, had they not?

Mrs. Foster kocasını caddede beklemekte. Tümcedeki "who must have been well aware of her state" bölümü Mr. Foster'ın

bilerek oyalandığını göstermekte.

Mr. Foster may possibly have had a right to be irritated by this foolishness of hiswife's, but he could have had no excuse for increasing her misery by keeping herwaiting unnecessarily. Mind you, it is by no means certain that this is what he did,yet whenever they were to go somewhere, his timing was so accurate - just aminute or two late, you understand - and his manner so bland that it was hard tobelieve he wasn't purposefully inflicting a nasty little torture of his own on theunhappy woman.

Mr. Foster'ın karısına bilerek işkence yaptığına ilişkin kesin deliller var. Tümcedeki "just a minute or two late, you understand" bölümü Mr. Foster'ın bir -iki

dakika geç kaldığını göstermekte.

He must also have known that if he was prepared to wait even beyond the lastmoment of safety, he could drive her nearly into hysterics.

Mr. Foster çoğu zaman en son anın da geçmesini beklemekte.




141

Assuming (though one cannot be sure) that the husband was guilty, what madehis attitude doubly unreasonable was the fact that, with the exception of this onesmall irrepressible foible, Mrs. Foster was and always had been a good and lovingwife. For over thirty years, she had served him loyally and well. There was nodoubt about this.

Mrs. Foster iyi bir eş olmasına rağmen kötü bir saplantısı olduğu için, Mr. Fosteraffedilebilir.

Even she, a very modest woman, was aware of it, and although she had for yearshad refused to let herself believe that Mr. Foster would ever consciously tormenther, there had been times recently when she had caught herself beginning towonder.

Mrs. Foster, ara sıra, kocasının kendisine bilerek işkence yaptığını düşünmekte.

Metni Türkçeye aktarın. Özellikle de aşağıda ele alınan tümcelerdeki koyu bölümleri çokdikkatle inceleyerek.

At least half an hour before it was time to leave the house for the station, Mrs.

Foster would step out of the elevator all ready to go, with hat and coat,gloves, and then, being quite unable to sit down, she would flutter and fidgetabout from room to room until her husband, who must have been well aware ofher state, finally emerged from his privacy and suggested in a cool dry voice

that perhaps they had better get going now, had they not?

Mind you, it is by no means certain that this is what he did , yet wheneverthey were to go somewhere, his timing was so accurate - just a minute or

two late, you understand - and his manner so bland that it was hard tobelieve he wasn't purposefully inflicting a nasty little torture of his own on theunhappy woman. And one thing he must have known - that she would neverdare to call out and tell him to hurry.


Çevirinizi özgün metne bakmadan kontrol edin. Metin kısa hikaye türü olduğu için,kullandığınız Türkçenin de buna uygun olmasına özen göstermeniz gerekmekte.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

The Fitzgeralds came to South Africa in the sixties. At that time he

was forty and she was twenty-seven. He is now fifty and she is

twenty-nine.




142

21. Political Parties

5

10

15

In countries having democratic forms of government, political parties compete in

open elections for the right to run the government. The primary functions of

parties include nominating suitable candidates for public office, selecting issues

for public debate and persuading persons who have registered to vote to elect its

slate. Party leaders are also responsible for raising money to finance costly

political campaigns.

Once elected, party officials try to implement the policies of their party in the

operation of government. If the party has just taken over control of the

government, smooth operation of the system and implementation of policy might

take months to achieve. In the case of a party that retains its hold on the

government through re-election, the clear mandate of the people normally results

in a flurry of new laws that can influence the social and economic climate of a

country for years.

The primary function of the party or parties not elected is to question the policies

of the party in control. The minority parties publicize what they consider

deficiencies in the majority party's program and offer voters an alternative. This

healthy opposition serves as a check against the excesses of power seen in one-

party systems.

its =?

what?

200 sözcük



compete primary

nominating

candidates

issues

debate

persuading

slate

costly

implement

smooth

achieve

retains




143

mandate

flurry

minority

publicize

deficiencies

majority

opposition

excesses

Bu metinde, ilk anlamından farklı anlamlar taşıyan bazı sözcükler de bulunmakta. Bu açıdançeviri esnasında anlam açısından oturmayan her yapıyı sözlük yardımı ile inceleyin.




Clause Marker


a) Verilen tümcelerde gerund ( -ing) yapıları inceleyin.

In countries having democratic forms of government, political parties competein open elections for the right to run the government.

The primary functions of parties include nominating suitable candidates forpublic office, selecting issues for public debate and persuading persons whohave registered to vote to elect its slate.

Party leaders are also responsible for raising money to finance costly politicalcampaigns.

b) Verilen tümcelerde infinitive (to +yuklem) yapıları inceleyin.

If the party has just taken over control of the government, smooth operation ofthe system and implementation of policy might take months to achieve.

The primary function of the party or parties not elected is to question thepolicies of the party in control.




144

c) Tümcede koyu yazılı olarak verilen to yapılarından hangisinin persuading yüklemi ile ilişkiliolduğunu saptayın.

The primary functions of parties include nominating suitable candidates forpublic office, selecting issues for public debate and persuading persons who

have registered to vote to elect its slate.




Çevirinizi bütünlük açısından inceleyin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

Mr. Andreotti [former Italian Prime-minister ] said his goats were to

reduce Italy's 7% unemployment and its 13% inflation.




145

22. Women and Space

Between 1977 and 1981, three groups of American women, numbering 27 in all, between the ages of 35 and

65, were given month-long tests to determine how they would respond to conditions resembling those aboard

the space shuttle. Though carefully selected from among many applicants, the women were volunteers and

pay was barely above minimum wage. They were not allowed to smoke or drink alcohol during the tests, and

they were expected to tolerate each others' company at close quarters for the entire period. Among other

things, they had to stand pressure three times the force of gravity and carry out both physical and mental tasks

while exhausted from strenuous physical exercise. At the end of ten days, they had to spend a further twenty

days absolutely confined to bed, during which time they suffered backaches and other discomforts, and when

they were finally allowed up, the more physically active women were especially subject to pains due to a

slight calcium loss.

Results of the tests suggest that women will have significant advantages over men in space. They need less

food and less oxygen and they stand up to radiation better. Men's advantages in terms of strength and stamina,

meanwhile, are virtually wiped out by the zero-gravity condition in space.

210 sözcük


Metin içinde Yalın hali Sözcük türü Anlamı shuttle

volunteers

gravity

strenuous

confined

stamina

virtually




Clause Marker





146

a) Tümcedeki -ing yapıları inceleyin.

Between 1977 and 1981, three groups of American women, numbering 27 inall, between the ages of 35 and 65, were given month-long tests to determinehow they would respond to conditions resembling those aboard the spaceshuttle.

b) Koyu yazılı bölümü inceleyin.

Among other things, they had to stand pressure three times the force of

gravity and carry out both physical and mental tasks while exhausted fromstrenuous physical exercise.

C. ANLAM Bağlam

Taslak çeviri

Koyu yazılı bölümlerin anlamını ve Türkçeye nasıl aktarılmaları gerektiğini inceleyin.

They were not allowed to smoke or drink alcohol during the tests, and they

were expected to tolerate each others' company at close quarters for theentire period.

At the end of ten days, they had to spend a further twenty days absolutelyconfined to bed, during which time they suffered backaches and other

discomforts, and when they were finally allowed up, the more physicallyactive women were especially subject to pains due to a slight calcium loss.

Metnin tümünü Türkçeye çevirin.








148

appreciated

analogy

boarded

appeal

revolver

chamber

insert

live bullet

spin

trigger

epidemic

b) Metnin sağ kenarında verilen sözcükleri inceleyin.




Clause Marker

Ana-Yan Tümce

Ö+Y+N

a) Örneğe bakarak, verilen tümcelerde esas yüklemi bulun.

It is often said, "I know all about the risk to my health, but I think the risk is worth it."

The one-in-eight risk of dying of lung cancer for the man who smokes twenty-five ormore cigarettes a day may be better appreciated if an analogy is used.

The man smoking twenty-five or more a day runs the same risk between the ages ofthirty and sixty as another who buys a revolver with 250 chambers and inserts a livebullet and on each of his birthdays spins the chamber, points the revolver at hishead, and pulls the trigger.

One of the difficulties in impressing these facts on people, is that, despite the currentepidemic of lung cancer, because it is a disease which kills relatively quickly, thereare many who have as yet no experience of it among their family or friends.

b) Diğer tümceleri de analiz edin.

C. ANLAM Bağlam

Taslak çeviri



İngilizce metne bakmadan çevirinizi okuyun.




149

24. Intelligence

5

10

Recent research into whether people who are good at solving brain twisters aremore intelligent than those who are not suggests that the "experts" make use of

a special type of insight. However, not only do they appear to be good at this

(choosing which elements to process, to combine, or to compare from the

information given), but they are also clever at making use of "general" or prior

knowledge and at monitoring their own progress with a particular problem. In

addition, they appear capable of adopting appropriate cognitive style consisting

of a combination of impulse and reflection. Just what this combination is still

mystifies the researchers, and so does the original question, to which their

answer is a somewhat frustrating possibly.

those =? not __

they =?

does ___

which =?

their =?

123 sözcük


Sözcüklerin metin içindeki anlamını inceleyin.

Metin içinde Yalın hali Sözcük türü Anlamı twisters

insight

prior

monitoring

appropriate

cognitive

impulse

reflection

mystifies

frustrating







150

a) İşaretli olan sözcüklerden hangisinin tümcenin esas yüklemi olduğunu bulun.

Recent research into whether people who are [1] good at solving brain twisters

are [2] more intelligent than those who are [3] not suggests [4] that the

"experts" make [5] use of a special type of insight.

b) Tümcede not only ... but yapısına dikkat edin.

However, not only do they appear to be good at this (choosing whichelements to process, to combine, or to compare from the information given),

but they are also clever at making use of "general" or prior knowledge and atmonitoring their own progress with a particular problem.

c) Consist yüklemini inceleyin ve nereye bağlı olduğunu bulun.

In addition, they appear capable of adopting as appropriate cognitive styleconsisting of a combination of impulse and reflection.

d) Bu tümceye dikkat! Özellikle de tümcenin sonundaki possibly sözcüğüne. Bu sözcüğün biradjective ( possible) değil adverb olduğuna dikkatinizi çekerim.

Just what this combination is still mystifies the researchers, and so does the

original question, to which their answer is a somewhat frustrating possibly.

C. ANLAM Bağlam

Taslak çeviri

Metnin tümünü Türkçeye aktarın. Bunu yaparken de metnin sonundaki possibly sözcüğünüdoğru olarak yorumlayıp yorumlayamadığınız ortaya çıkacaktır.


Metnin çevirisini özgün metne bakmadan anlam ve yapı bakımından inceleyin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

PARKINS - to the memory of Mr Parkins, passed away September

10th. Peace at last. From all the neighbours of Princes Avenue.




151

25. The Sacred Rac

An Indian anthropologist, Chandra Thapar, made a study of foreign cultures which had customs similar tothose of his native land. One culture in particular fascinated him because it reveres one animal as sacred,

much as the people in India revere the cow.

The tribe Dr. Thapar studied is called the Asu and is found on the American continent north of the

Tarahumara of Mexico. Though it seems to be a highly developed society of its type, it has an overwhelming

preoccupation with the care and feeding of the rac - an animal much like a bull in size, strength and

temperament. In the Asu tribe, it is almost a social obligation to own at least one if not more racs. Anyone not

possessing at least one is held in low esteem by the community because he is too poor to maintain one of

these beasts properly. Some members of the tribe, to display their wealth and social prestige, even own herds

of racs.

Unfortunately the rac breed is not very healthy and usually does not live more than five to seven years. Each

family invests large sums of money each year to keep its rac healthy and shod, for it has a tendency to throw

its shoes often. There are rac specialists in each community, perhaps more than one if the community is

particularly wealthy. These specialists, however, due to the long period of ritual training they must undergo

and to the difficulty of obtaining the right selection of charms to treat the rac, demand costly offerings

whenever a tribesman must treat his ailing rac.

At the age of sixteen in many Asu communities, many youths undergo a puberty rite in which the rac figures

prominently. The youth must petition a high priest in a grand temple. He is then initiated into the ceremonies

that surround the care of the rac and is permitted to keep a rac.

Although the rac may be used as a beast of burden, it has many habits which would be considered by other

cultures as detrimental to the life of the society. In the first place the rac breed is increasing at a very high rate

and the Asu tribesmen have given no thought to curbing the rac population. As a consequence the Asu must

build more and more paths for the rac to travel on since its delicate health and its love of racing other racs at

high speeds necessitates that special areas be set aside for its use. The cost of smoothing the earth is too

costly for any one individual to undertake; so it has become a community project and each tribesmen must

pay an annual tax to build new paths and maintain the old. There are so many paths needed that some people

move their homes because the rac paths must be as straight as possible to keep the animal from injuring itself.

Dr. Thapar also noted that unlike the cow, which many people in his country hold sacred, the excrement of

the rac cannot be used as either fuel or fertilizer. On the contrary, its excrement is exceptionally foul and

totally useless. Worst of all, the rac is prone to rampages in which it runs down anything in its path, much like

stampeding cattle. Estimates are that the rac kills thousands of the Asu in a year.




152

Despite the high cost of upkeep, the damage it does to the land, and its habit of destructive rampages, the Asu

still regard it as being essential to the survival of their culture.

593 sözcük


Metin içinde Yalın hali Sözcük türü Anlamı reveres

sacred

tribe

overwhelming

preoccupation

temperamentesteem

beasts

display

herds

breed

shod

ritual

undergo

charms

treat

offerings

ailing puberty

rite

prominently

petition

initiated

burden

detrimental

curbing

undertake

excrement

foul

prone

rampages

stampeding







153

a) Tümcedeki much as yapısını inceleyin.

One culture in particular fascinated him because it reveres one animal assacred, much as the people in India revere the cow.

b) Tümcenin unsurlarını - özellikle de asıl tümcenin yüklemini - saptayın.

Anyone not possessing at least one is held in low esteem by the communitybecause he is too poor to maintain one of these beasts properly.

c) Tümcenin yüklemini saptayın.

Some members of the tribe, to display their wealth and social prestige, evenown herds of racs.

d) Tümcedeki for yapısına dikkat edin.

Each family invests large sums of money each year to keep its rac healthy and

shod, for it has a tendency to throw its shoes often.

e) Tümcenin unsurlarını saptayın.

These specialists, however, due to the long period of ritual training they mustundergo and to the difficulty of obtaining the right selection of charms to treatthe rac, demand costly offerings whenever a tribesman must treat his ailingrac.

f) Her zaman olduğu gibi, tümcedeki as, for ve since yapılarına dikkat edin.

As a consequence the Asu must build more and more paths for the rac to

travel on since its delicate health and its love of racing other racs at high

speeds necessitates that special areas be set aside for its use.


Metnin tümünü Türkçeye aktarmadan önce aşağıdaki tümceleri inceleyin.

Tümcelerde koyu yazılı kısımlar Türkçeye nasıl aktarılabilir?

Each family invests large sums of money each year to keep its rac healthy and

shod, for it has a tendency to throw its shoes often.

The youth must petition a high priest in a grand temple.

He is then initiated into the ceremonies that surround the care of the rac andis permitted to keep a rac.




154

Although the rac may be used as a beast of burden, it has many habits whichwould be considered by other cultures as detrimental to the life of the society.

In the first place the rac breed is increasing at a very rate and the Asu

tribesmen have given no thought to curbing the rac population.

There are so many paths needed that some people move their homes

because the rac paths must be as straight as possible to keep the animalfrom injuring itself.


Çevirinizi özgün metne bakmadan okuyarak kontrol edin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

The millinery department will be on the second floor, and the

proprietor states that their aim will be always to have the latest and

last word to women's hats at appalling prices.








157

27. Levophobia

Handedness is a preference for the use of either the right hand or the left hand. Although most animals have

a preferred paw or hand, only humans have a species-typical preference for the right hand. Approximately

75 per cent of the human population is strongly right-handed, and

approximately 90 per cent is predominantly right-handed. Among the

remaining 10 per cent, a great deal of variability exists. Some people are

strongly left-handed, and others, called ambidextrous, are left-handed for

some activities and right-handed for others.

The fact that some naturally left-handed children are forced into becoming

right-handed may even result in levophobia, an irrational fear of the left. Sufferers from this rare conditionfind their hearts pound as if a heart attack were coming on a result of their brains releasing adrenaline at the

mere prospect of a left-oriented maneuver. They refuse to stand on the left side of an elevator, make left-hand

turns when driving, sometimes even to look to the left.

Psychologists believe levophobia will only disappear entirely when left-handed children - a minority in all

known societies - are fully accepted.

184 sözcük


Aşağıdaki tabloda, metindeki sözcüklerden bazıları verilmekte. Bu sözcüklerinanlamlarını sözlük kullanarak bulun. Bunu yaparken de, sözcüğün metin içindetek başına mı yoksa başka sözcüklerle terim oluşturarak mı kullanıldığınadikkat edin.

Metin içinde Yalın hali Sözcük türü Anlamı Levophobia

ambidextrous

irrationalSufferers

pound

releasing

mere

prospect

left-oriented

maneuver

elevator




158




Clause Marker



Handedness is a preference for the use of either the right hand or the left hand.

Although most animals have a preferred paw or hand, only humans have a species-typical preference for the right hand.

Approximately 75 per cent of the human population is strongly right-handed, andapproximately 90 per cent is predominantly right-handed.

Among the remaining 10 per cent, a great deal of variability exists.

Some people are strongly left-handed, and others, called ambidextrous, are left-handed for some activities and right-handed for others.

The fact that some naturally left-handed children are forced into becoming right-

handed may even result in levophobia, an irrational fear of the left.

Sufferers from this rare condition find their hearts pound as if a heart attack were

coming on a result of their brains releasing adrenaline at the mere prospect of a

left-oriented maneuver.

They refuse to stand on the left side of an elevator, make left-hand turns when

driving, sometimes even to look to the left.

Psychologists believe levophobia will only disappear entirely when left-handed

children - a minority in all known societies - are fully accepted.

C. ANLAM Bağlam

Taslak çeviri

Metnin tümünü Türkçe'ye aktarın.


Çevirinizi özgün metne bakmadan anlam ve yapı açısından inceleyin.




159

28. Self-Confidence

Often people who hold higher positions in a given group overestimate their performance, while people in the

lowest levels of the group underestimate theirs. While this may not always be true, it does not indicate that

often the actual position in the group has much to do with the feeling of personal confidence a person may

have. Thus, if a member holds a high position in a group or if he feels that he has an important part in the

group, he will probably have more confidence in his own performance.

91 sözcük

A. SÖZCÜK Sözlük çalışması

Değinme sözcükleri

Metindeki yeni sözcükleri ve değinme sözcüklerini inceleyin.


Clause Marker

Ana-Yan Tümce

Ö+Y+N





Çevirinizi anlam ve yapı açısından inceleyin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

Wanted, maid for mousework, two in the family.




160

+ -

29. Magnetism

An aspect of electromagnetism, magnetism is one of the fundamental forces of nature. Magnetism is an

important force of nature acting between objects called magnets. Magnets are most commonly known for

their ability to attract metallic substances. The Earth itself behaves as if a large magnet runs through its

center, with the strongest areas being at the north and south poles. Surprisingly, the magnetic field

surrounding the Earth is a million times weaker than the field surrounding an atom, yet it is a million times

stronger than that surrounding our own galaxy. Magnetism plays an essential role in creating large amounts

of electricity, without which complex industrial techniques would be infeasible. In more recent times, the

development of new magnetic materials has been important in the computer

revolution.

127 sözcük


Metindeki yeni sözcükleri ve değinme sözcüklerini inceleyin.




C. ANLAM Bağlam

Taslak çeviri




BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

“Yüzde yüz şampiyon olacağız – bir terslik olmazsa.”Beşiktaş futbol takımının kazandığı bir maçtan sonra bir yöneticininsözleri. 24 Mart 2002




161

30. The Death Penalty

I want to organize under five simple verbs my own reasons for thinking that the death penalty is a bad thing.If we catch a man who has committed a murder, try him and convict him, we have to do something

more with him than punish him, because, although he must be punished, there are several other

things that ought to happen to him. I think that the whole theory of what ought to be done to a

convicted murderer can be summed up in the five verbs: prevent, reform, research, deter and

avenge. Let me take these five things in turn and see how the death penalty now looks as a means of

achieving them.

The first is "prevent". By this I mean preventing the same man from doing it again, to check him in his career

- though, of course, nobody makes a career of being a murderer, except the insane, who are not at issue in the

question of the death penalty. I believe that I am right in saying that in the course of a century there is only

one doubtful case of a convicted murderer, after his release at the end of a normal life sentence, committing

another murder. I think that that means, statistically, that the released murderer is no more likely to murder

again than anybody else is. The question of long sentences comes in here. If the sane convicted murderer is

not to be hanged, should he be imprisoned, and should the length of his service be determined in a way not

the usual one for the actual sentence served? I think this question can be answered only by looking at the

statistics of how likely a man is to do it again. In other words, how likely a prison sentence for a given

number of years, 15, 20 or 30 years, is to prevent him from doing it again. There is a wealth of statistics

available to us on that. I do not think they suggest that the convicted murderer who is not hanged should have

his prison sentence dealt with in any way differently from that in which prison sentences are usually dealt

with.

To turn to the second verb on my list, "reform". That is rather a nineteenth century word, and perhaps we

should now say "rehabilitate", stressing more the helping of a man with his social functions rather than

adjusting his internal character; but that is a minor point. It is clear that, whatever we may think about what is

able to be achieved in our prison system by treatment in the reformatory and rehabilitatory way - and it is

open to criticism for lack of funds and so on - it is obvious that less can be achieved if you hang a man. One

man who is utterly unreformable is a corpse; and hanging is out of the question, because you cannot achieve

any form of reform or rehabilitation by it.

The next word is "research". This is not part of the traditional idea of what to do with a convicted murderer. It

is rather a new notion that it may be an appropriate purpose in detaining a criminal and inflicting punishment

and other thing on him so that research should be conducted into the criminal personality and the causes of

the crime. At the moment we hang only the sanest criminals.

We can get all the research we want into the motives, characters and personality structures of those with

diminished responsibility, the insane and those under an age to be hanged. But the one we cannot research

into is the man who is sane and who commits capital murder in cold blood on purpose. It might be that if we




162

were to keep this man alive and turn psychiatrists and other qualified persons on to talking to him for twenty

years during his prison sentence we should find things that would enable us to take measures which should

reduce the murder rate and save the lives of the victims. But in hanging these men we cut ourselves off from

this possible source of knowledge of help to the victims of murder.

The fourth word, "deter", is the crux of the whole thing. Abolitionists, as we all know, have held for many

years that evidence from abroad has for long been conclusive that the capital penalty is not a uniquely

effective deterrent against murder. Retentionists of the death penalty have been saying for years that we are

not like those abroad: we are a different country economically: our national temperament is different; and

there is this and that about us which is not so about those in Italy, Norway or certain States of United States,

New Zealand, India, or wherever it may be. Now we have this remarkable pamphlet* which in effect closes

that gap in the abolitionists' argument. It shows within mortal certitude that we are exactly like those abroad,

and that in this country the death penalty is not a uniquely effective deterrent against murder.

The last on the list of my five verbs is "avenge". Here the death penalty is uniquely effective. If a man has

taken life, the most effective, obvious and satisfying form of avenge is to take his life. I have no argument

against that. I think it is true that if one accepts vengeance as a purpose for the State in its handling of

convicted criminals, then the death penalty should stay for the convicted murderers. For myself - and it is only

a personal matter - I utterly reject the idea that vengeance is a proper motive for the State in dealing with

convicted criminals; and I hope that, from the date of publication of this pamphlet onwards, those who wish to

retain the death penalty will admit that its merit is precisely that of vengeance.

Lord KennetLordlar Kamarası 9 Kasım 1961.

1002 sözcük

Metnin tümünü okurken şu sorulara yanıt bulmaya çalışın:

1. Bu metnin yazarı olan Lord Kennet idam cezasına karşı mı yoksa taraftar mı?

2. Lord Kennet görüşlerini beş temel başlık altında sunmakta. Bunlar neler?

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.3. Lord Kennet bu beş unsurdan her birini ayrı birer paragrafta ele almakta . Bu

paragraflarda, tartışmanın sonucunu belirleyen tümcenin altını çizin.


Metinde anlamını bilmediğiniz sözcüklerin anlamını araştırın. Metinde geçenterimlerden pek çoğu hukuk terimi olduğu için, yanlış anlamı almamayaözellikle dikkat edin.

* Bakanlık tarafından, Lord Kennett'in konuşmasını yaptığı sıralarda yayınlanmış bir rapor.




163




Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

Tümcelerin unsurlarını belirleyin. Bunu yaparken, özellikle aşağıdaki tümcelere dikkat edin.

PARAGRAF 1

If we catch a man who has committed a murder, try him and convict him, wehave to do something more with him than punish him, because, although hemust be punished, there are several other things that ought to happen to him.

I think that the whole theory of what ought to be done to a convicted murderercan be summed up in the five verbs ... .

PARAGRAF 2

By this I mean preventing the same man from doing it again, to check him inhis career - though, of course, nobody makes a career of being a murderer,except the insane, who are not at issue in the question of the death penalty.

I believe that I am right in saying that in the course of a century there is only

one doubtful case of a convicted murderer, after his release at the end of anormal life sentence, committing another murder.

I think that that means, statistically, that the released murderer is no morelikely to murder again than anybody else is.

I do not think they suggest that the convicted murderer who is not hangedshould have his prison sentence dealt with in any way differently from that inwhich prison sentences are usually dealt with.

PARAGRAF 3

It is clear that, whatever we may think about what is able to be achieved in ourprison system by treatment in the reformatory and rehabilitatory way - and it isopen to criticism for lack of funds and so on - it is obvious that less can beachieved if you hang a man.




164

PARAGRAF 4

It is rather a new notion that it may be an appropriate purpose in detaining acriminal and inflicting punishment and other thing on him that research shouldbe conducted into the criminal personality and the causes of the crime.

It might be that if we were to keep this man alive and turn psychiatrists andother qualified persons on to talking to him for twenty years during his prisonsentence we should find things that would enable us to take measures whichshould reduce the murder rate and save the lives of the victims.


Metnin tümünü Türkçeye çevirin.


İngilizce metne bakmadan çevirinizi okuyun ve düzgün bir Türkçe kullanıpkullanmadığınızı saptayın. Tümcelerin birbirleri ile zaman (= tense) ve anlam

açısından uyumlu olmasını sağlayın.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

"Heavens, I am thirty!" she said. "Please get me a drink."




165

31. Slipper Animalcule

5

10

Paramecia are single-celled organisms usually less than 0.25 mm in length. Theminiscule paramecium is another well-known member of the protozoan family.

This one-celled animal, which is hardly detectable without the aid of a

microscope, thrives in bodies of fresh water. Like the amoeba, it is composed of

a watery substance called protoplasm, which is clear on the surface and granular

in the interior.

The term "slipper animalcule" is often used to describe the paramecium because its

shape resembles that of a shoe. Fine hairs called cilia cover its surface, adding to

the appearance of a slipper. The paramecium moves rapidly through water by

beating its cilia. An interesting feature of the paramecium is its method of

reproduction. It divides in two at the middle of its body, and the nucleus in each

section divides as well. It then separates into two animals, which may later come

together to exchange parts of the nuclei. This process of conjugation demonstrates

the beginning stages of sexual reproduction.

that =? its =?

165 sözcük


Metin içinde Yalın hali Sözcük türü Anlamı Slipper Animalcule

miniscule paramecium

protozoan

one-celled

detectable

aid

thrives

amoebawatery

substance

protoplasm

granular

interior

cilia

beating

reproduction

nucleus

nuclei

conjugation




166




Clause Marker


a) Tümcelerde relative clause yapıları inceleyin.

Paramecia are single-celled organisms usually less than 0.25 mm in length.

This one-celled animal, which is hardly detectable without the aid of amicroscope, thrives in bodies of fresh water.

Like the amoeba, it is composed of a watery substance called protoplasm,which is clear on the surface and granular in the interior.

It then separates into two animals, which may later come together to exchangeparts of the nuclei.

b) Tümcede gerund yapıları inceleyin.

Fine hairs called cilia cover its surface, adding to the appearance of a slipper.

The paramecium moves rapidly through water by beating its cilia.

C. ANLAM Bağlam

Taslak çeviri



İngilizce metne bakmadan çevirinizi kontrol edin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

Arthur Kitchener was seriously burned Saturday afternoon when he

came into contact with a high voltage wife.






168

A decline in per-capita energy use will make it necessary to resort to human muscle again, so that the delivery

man will make a comeback (his price added to that of the food, of course). Since energy shortages will cause

unemployment in many sectors of the economy, there will be idle hands to do the manual work that will

become necessary.

To be sure, it will not be retrogression. Even assuming that Earth is in a desperate battle of survival through a

crisis of still-rising population and dwindling energy reserves, there should still continue to be technological

advances in those directions that don't depend on wasteful bulk-use of energy. There will be continuing

advances in the direction of "sophistication", in other words. Most noticeably, this will mean a continuing

computerization and, where possible, automation of the economy.

The Beginning and The End Isaac Asimov

691 sözcük


Metin içinde Yalın hali Sözcük türü Anlamı fragile

whim

copious

trend

fertilizer

pesticides

flavouring

artificiality

slaughtered

devoted

dictates

pasture

fodder

recede

ladled

resortidle

retrogression

dwindling

B. DİLBİLGİSİ As, for, since, yet; That, gerund, past participle


Clause Marker

Ana-Yan Tümce

Ö+Y+N




169

Koyu yazılı yapıları dilbilgisi açısından inceleyin; bunlardan bir kısmıreference word .

Whether Arab oil flows freely or not, it is clear to everyone that world industry

cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base.

New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is notlikely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap andcopious energy we have had in the times past.

To make the situation worse, there is as yet no sign that any slowing of theworld's population is in sight.

The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means

that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketingfood.

It is not a wave of the future.

In fact, as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety,there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives.

Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the pointwhere the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to

accept more artificiality.

Yet, land devoted to plant food will support ten times as many human beingsas land devoted to animal food.

It is this (far more than food preferences or religious dictates) that forcesovercrowded populations into vegetarianism.

This will come about because our herds will decrease as the food demand

causes more and more pasture land to be turned to farmland, and as land

producing corn and other animal fodder is diverted to providing food directly forman.

A decline in per-capita energy use will make it necessary to resort to humanmuscle again, so that the delivery man will make a comeback (his price added

to that of the food, of course).





170

Öncelikle koyu yazılı bölümleri gözönünde bulundurarak tümceleri Türkçeyeaktarın.

The fact is that the energy crisis, which has suddenly been officially

announced, has been with us for a long time now, and will be with us for aneven longer time.

Whether Arab oil flows freely or not, it is clear to everyone that world industry

cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base.

The supply of oil can be shut off at whim at any time, and in any case, the oil

wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.

New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not

likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap

and copious energy we have had in the times past.

To make the situation worse, there is as yet no sign that any slowing of

the world's population is in sight.

The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means

that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing

food.

Taking all this into account, what might we reasonably estimate

supermarkets to be like in the year 2001?

All the "unnatural" things we do to food are required to produce more of the

food in the first place, and to make it last longer afterward.

Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the

point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, peoplewill have to accept more artificiality.

A given quantity of ground can provide plant food for man or it can provide

plant food for animals which are then slaughtered for meat.

It is this (far more than food preferences or religious dictates) that forcesovercrowded populations into vegetarianism.

This will come about because our herds will decrease as the food demand

causes more and more pasture land to be turned to farmland, and as

land producing corn and other animal fodder is diverted to providing

food directly for man.

Another point is that it is not only energy that is in short supply.




171

This means that, for one thing, our generosity in wrapping, bagging andpackaging will have to recede.

There will have to be at least a partial return in supermarkets to the old dayswhere goods were supplied in bulk and ladled out in bags to order .

A decline in per-capita energy use will make it necessary to resort to human

muscle again, so that the delivery man will make a comeback (his price

added to that of the food, of course) .

Even assuming that Earth is in a desperate battle of survival through a crisis

of still-rising population and dwindling energy reserves, there should still

continue to be technological advances in those directions that don't

depend on wasteful bulk-use of energy.

Most noticeably, this will mean a continuing computerization and, where

possible, automation of the economy.

Metnin diğer tümcelerini de Türkçeye aktarın.



BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

Domestic help wanted: 2 adults, boy at school; modern flat; own

bedroom; centrally heated foreign girl not objected to.




172

33. Arranged Marriages: An Alternative to Love Marriages

Based on Hindu scriptures, the system of arranged marriage in India was well established during the Vedic

period (4000-1000 B.C.) and has been closely adhered to by the vast majority of the population since that

period. Marriage is seen as an indispensable event in the life of a Hindu and the unmarried person is viewed

as incomplete and ineligible for participation in certain social and religious activities. (Rao & Rao, 1977)

The practice of arranged marriage cuts across all caste lines, regional boundaries and language barriers in

India. Marriage is treated as an alliance between the two families rather than two individuals. In the common

joint family agreement where several families are living together, the prospective bride is evaluated on her

suitability as part on the entire family environment rather than only as a wife to her husband. Love is notviewed as an important element in mate selection nor is courtship thought to be necessary for testing the

relationship. In fact, romantic love is regarded as an uncontrollable and explosive emotion which interferes

with the use of reason and logic in decision making. Love is thought to be a disruptive element since it

implies a transference of loyalty from the family of orientation to another individual. Thus, mate selection by

self-choice is seen as endangering the stability of the entire joint family since it could lead to the selection of

a mate of unsuitable temperament or background. Gupta (1976) has estimated that Indian marriages based on

love occur among less than one percent of the population. Critical life decisions, such as choosing a mate, are

generally determined by responsible members of the family or kin group, thus reflecting the cultural emphasis

of familism as opposed to freedom of the individual and pursuance of personal goals. However, it is

anticipated that close ties and feelings of affection will develop between the couple following marriage

(Gupta, 1976; Rao & Rao, 1977; Ross, 1961).

In urban areas of India, newspaper ads have become a convenient and acceptable method of finding a suitable

spouse. In 1960 Cormack noted that the practice of using matrimonial advertisements was growing in most

Indian cities. Eleven years later, Kurian (1977) observed that it had become an established "go between" for

arranging marriages. These advertisements typically list the characteristics of the young men and women that

are considered desirable. Studies by Kurian (1974) and Ross (1961) show strong sex differences in preferred

qualities for males and females. In the Indian culture, a male is highly valued for the social and economic

status of his family, his educational level and potential earning power. Personal qualities such as appearance

and personality are not considered very important. In women the following qualities are emphasized: moral

character, beauty, ability to cook well and manage a home, and education.




173

Most recent research on modern family life in India suggests that there has been little change in the views of

Indians toward marriage. However in their 1976 study of college students, Rao and Rao found that an

increasing number of young adults in India wish to have more choice in the selection of their future mate,

although they still prefer their parents to arrange their marriages. Cormack (1961) also states that the custom

of prohibiting a prospective couple from seeing each other until their wedding is becoming obsolete in most

urban areas and among college-educated youth.

559 sözcük


Genel Çeviri 1 kitabının üçüncü konusunda bu metnin sözcükleri ile ilgili çalışma yapıldı.

Metin içinde Yalın hali Sözcük türü Anlamı scriptures

adhered

indispensable

ineligible

caste

prospective

courtship

interferes

transference

loyalty

orientation

kin pursuance

spouse

matrimonial

obsolete

B. DİLBİLGİSİ As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce

Ö+Y+N

a) Aşağıdaki tümcelerin tümünde as sözcüğü kullanılmakta. Bu tümceleri inceleyin.

Marriage is seen as an indispensable event in the life of a Hindu and the

unmarried person is viewed as incomplete and ineligible for participation incertain social and religious activities.

Marriage is treated as an alliance between the two families rather than twoindividuals.




174

In the common joint family agreement where several families are living

together, the prospective bride is evaluated on her suitability as part on the

entire family environment rather than only as a wife to her husband.

Love is not viewed as an important element in mate selection nor is courtshipthought to be necessary for testing the relationship.

In fact, romantic love is regarded as an uncontrollable and explosive emotionwhich interferes with the use of reason and logic in decision making.

Thus, mate selection by self-choice is seen as endangering the stability of theentire joint family since it could lead to the selection of a mate of unsuitabletemperament or background.

Critical life decisions, such as choosing a mate, are generally determined byresponsible members of the family or kin group, thus reflecting the cultural

emphasis of familism as opposed to freedom of the individual and pursuanceof personal goals.

Personal qualities such as appearance and personality are not consideredvery important.

b) Metnin diğer tümcelerini de inceleyin.

C. ANLAM Bağlam

Taslak çeviri



Çevirinizi özgün metne bakmadan kontrol edin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

The greatest objection to the schemes of both the socialists and the

liberals was that they involved increases in the cost of loving.




175

34. Nuclear Energy

Of all the changes introduced by man into the household of nature, large-scale nuclear fission is undoubtedlythe most dangerous and profound. As a result, ionising radiation has become the most serious agent of

pollution of the environment and the greatest threat to man's survival on earth. The attention of the

layman, not surprisingly, has been captured by the atom bomb, although there is at least a chance that it may

never be used again. The danger to humanity created by the so-called peaceful uses of atomic energy may be

much greater. There could indeed be no clearer example of the prevailing dictatorship of economics. Whether

to build conventional power stations, based on coal or oil, or nuclear stations, is being decided on economic

grounds, with perhaps a small element of regard for the "social consequences" that might arise from the

over-speedy curtailment of the coal industry. But that nuclear fission represents an incredible, incomparable,

and unique hazard for human life does not enter any calculation and is never mentioned. People whose

business it is to judge hazards, the insurance companies, are reluctant to insure nuclear power stations

anywhere in the world for third party risk, with the result that special legislation has had to be passed

whereby the State accepts big liabilities. Yet, insured or not, the hazard remains, and such is the thraldom of

the religion of economics that the only question that appears to interest either governments or the public is

whether "it pays".

The most massive wastes are, of course, the nuclear reactors themselves after they have become

unserviceable. There is a lot of discussion on the trivial economic question of whether they will last for

twenty, twenty-five, or thirty years. No-one discusses the humanly vital point that they cannot be dismantled

and cannot be shifted but have to be left standing where they are, probably for centuries, perhaps for

thousands of years, an active menace to life, silently leaking radioactivity into air, water, and soil. No-one has

considered the number and location of these satanic mills which will relentlessly accumulate. Earthquakes, of

course, are not supposed to happen, nor wars, nor civil disturbances, nor riots like those that infested

American cities. Disused nuclear power stations will stand as unsightly monuments to unquiet man's

assumption that nothing but tranquillity, from now on, stretches before him, or else - that the future counts as

nothing compared with the slightest economic gain now.

404 sözcük




176


Metin içinde Yalın hali Sözcük türü Anlamı fission

profound

layman

prevailing

curtailment

unique

hazard

reluctant

legislation

liabilities

thraldom

dismantled

menace

satanic

relentlessly

riots

unsightly

unquiet

tranquillity


Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce

Ö+Y+N

Tümcelerin dilbilgisi yapısını inceleyin. Özellikle aşağıdaki tümcelere dikkat

edin.

a) the most dangerous and profound _______?

Of all the changes introduced by man into the household of nature, large-scalenuclear fission is undoubtedly the most dangerous and profound.

b) Tümcenin yüklemini bulun.

Whether to build conventional power stations, based on coal or oil, or nuclearstations, is being decided on economic grounds, with perhaps a smallelement of regard for the "social consequences" that might arise from theover-speedy curtailment of the coal industry.

c) Tümcenin yüklemini bulun.

But that nuclear fission represents an incredible, incomparable, and uniquehazard for human life does not enter any calculation and is never mentioned.




177

d) Ana tümceyi ve yan tümceyi saptayın.

People whose business it is to judge hazards, the insurance companies, arereluctant to insure nuclear power stations anywhere in the world for thirdparty risk, with the result that special legislation has had to be passedwhereby the State accepts big liabilities.

e) insured or not yapısını inceleyin; whether "it pays" bölümünü incelerken, yapının soru halini("________ pay?" ) düşünün ve mutlaka iyi bir sözlük kullanarak bu yapının Türkçekarşılığını saptayın.

Yet, insured or not, the hazard remains, and such is the thraldom of thereligion of economics that the only question that appears to interest eithergovernments or the public is whether "it pays".

f) Sürekli "Kim?/Ne?" sorusuna yanıt arayın.

No-one discusses the humanly vital point that they cannot be dismantled andcannot be shifted but have to be left standing where they are, probably forcenturies, perhaps for thousands of years, an active menace to life, silentlyleaking radioactivity into air, water, and soil.

g) Tümcede öncelikle before sözcüğüne dikkat! Ardından noun clause yapıları çözümleyin.

Disused nuclear power stations will stand as unsightly monuments to unquietman's assumption that nothing but tranquillity, from now on, stretches beforehim, or else - that the future counts as nothing compared with the slightest

economic gain now.

C. ANLAM Bağlam

Taslak çeviri




BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

Well-built modern house in 2 excellent self-contained flats. An

opportunity not to be missed. Bath vacant in the early spring.




178

35. Lie Detector

On February morning in 1966 Cleve Backster made a discovery that changed his life and could have far-reaching effects on ours. Backster was at that time an interrogation specialist who left the CIA to operate a

New York school for training policemen in the techniques of using the polygraph, or "lie detector". This

instrument normally measures the electrical resistance of the human skin, but on that morning he extended its

possibilities. Immediately after watering an office plant, he wondered if it would be possible to measure the

rate at which water rose in the plant from the root to the leaf by recording the increase in leaf-moisture

content on a polygraph tape. Backster placed the two pscyhogalvanic-reflex (PGR) electrodes on either side

of a leaf of Dracaena massangeana, a potted rubber plant, and balanced the leaf into the circuitry before

watering the plant again. There was no marked reaction to this stimulus, so Backster decided to try what he

calls "the threat-to-well-being principle, a well-established method of triggering emotionality in humans." In

other words he decided to torture the plant.

First he dipped one of its leaves into a cup of hot coffee, but there was no reaction, so he decided to get a

match and burn the leaf properly. "At the instant of this decision, at 13 minutes and 55 seconds of chart time,

there was a dramatic change in the PGR tracing pattern in the form of an abrupt and prolonged upward sweep

of the recording pen. I had not moved, or touched the plant, so the timing of the PGR pen activity suggested

to me that the tracing might have been triggered by the mere thought of the harm I intended to inflict on the

plant."

Backster went on to explore the possibility of such perception in the plant by bringing some live brine shrimp

into his office and dropping them one by one into boiling water. Every time he killed a shrimp, the polygraph

recording needle attached to the plant jumped violently. To eliminate the possibility of his own emotions

producing this reaction, he completely automated the whole experiment so that an electronic randomizer

chose odd moments to dump the shrimp into hot water when no human was in the laboratory at all. The plant

continued to respond in sympathy to the death of every shrimp and failed to register any change when the

machine dropped already dead shrimp into the water.

406 sözcük


Metin içinde Yalın hali Sözcük türü Anlamı far-reaching

interrogation

leaf-moisture

stimulus

triggering




179

emotionality

dipped

abrupt

prolonged

sweep

inflict 20. Metin'de işlendi. perception

brine shrimp

randomizer



Clause Marker

Ana-Yan Tümce

Ö+Y+N

a) Tümcede time clause, noun clause ve relative clause yapı bulunmakta. Tümceyi dikkatle

inceleyin.

Immediately after watering an office plant, he wondered if it would be possibleto measure the rate at which water rose in the plant from the root to the leaf byrecording the increase in leaf-moisture content on a polygraph tape.

b) Relative clause yapıyı inceleyin.

There was no marked reaction to this stimulus, so Backster decided to try whathe calls "the threat-to-well-being principle, a well-established method oftriggering emotionality in humans."

c) Tümcede iki virgül arasında verilen bölüm neyi açıklamakta?

"At the instant of this decision, at 13 minutes and 55 seconds of chart time,there was a dramatic change in the PGR tracing pattern in the form of anabrupt and prolonged upward sweep of the recording pen.

d) Relative clause yapıyı saptayın.

I had not moved, or touched the plant, so the timing of the PGR pen activitysuggested to me that the tracing might have been triggered by the merethought of the harm I intended to inflict on the plant."

e) Tümcenin analizini ayrıntılı olarak yapın.

To eliminate the possibility of his own emotions producing this reaction, hecompletely automated the whole experiment so that an electronic randomizerchose odd moments to dump the shrimp into hot water when no human was inthe laboratory at all.

f) Diğer tümcelerin dilbilgisi yapısını inceleyin.




180

C. ANLAM Bağlam

Taslak çeviri




BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

Uzay Yolu (Startrek) dizisi. Bir gezegenin yüzeyinde kaybolan

personeline, tüm gereçleri bozulduğu için yardım edemeyen KaptanKirk sitem etmekte:

We are helpless up here.

Türkçe seslendirme:

Burada yardımsız kaldık.




181

36. Barter

The existence of pure barter does not necessarily indicate a very primitive form of civilization. Often the

system survives long after the community has progressed considerably in other respects. This may be due to

conservatism, since primitive peoples are reluctant to change their trading methods, even though they be

sufficiently intelligent and advanced to adopt more convenient methods. In some cases there is prejudice

against the adaptation of a monetary economy, though such prejudice is usually directed against the use of

coins rather than primitive money. In many cases barter continues to be the principal method of trading long

after the adoption of some form of money, for the simple reason that there is not enough money to go round.

And a decline in the supply of money often causes a relapse into barter. Distrust in money has been

responsible for reversion to the barter system; such distrust may have been caused by debasement or inflation.

In the light of the stock phrases used by many economists about the inconvenience of barter it may appeal puzzling to the student that any community which was sufficiently advanced to realize the possibilities of a

monetary system should continue to practise such an inconvenient method. The explanation is that in a

primitive community barter is not nearly as inconvenient as it appears through modern eyes. Economists are

inclined to exaggerate its inconvenience because they look at it from the point of view of modern man. The

instances - real or imaginary - they quote are calculated to make the readers wonder how any community

could possibly have existed under barter except in extremely primitive conditions. Some of them seek to

demonstrate the absurdity of barter by describing the difficulties that would arise if our modern communities

were to attempt to practise it. It is, of course, easy for a lecturer to earn the laughter of his audience by telling

them about the pathetic efforts of some gardener who has to find a barber in need of radishes before he can

have his hair cut. What the lecturer and his audience do not realize is that in a primitive community the

grower of radishes usually cuts his own hair, or has it cut by a member of his family or household; and that

even in primitive communities with barbers as an independent profession the barber and the gardener have a

fair idea about each other's requirements, and have no difficulty in suiting each other. If the barber does not

happen to require to-day any of the products the gardener is in a position to offer, he simply performs his

service in turn for the future delivery of products he is expected to need sooner or later.

Even the genuine instances quoted by economists to illustrate the absurdity of barter are apt to be misleading

in their implication. There is, for instance, the well-known experience of Mlle. Zelie, singer at the Theatre

Lyrique in Paris, who, in the course of a tour round the world, gave a concert on one of the Society Islands,and received the fee of three pigs, five thousand coconuts and considerable quantities of bananas, lemons and

oranges, representing one-third of the box office takings.

In a letter published by Wolowski and quoted to boredom by economists ever since, she says that, although

this amount of livestock and vegetables would have been worth for about four thousand francs in Paris, in the

Society Islands it was very little use to her. Another much-quoted experience is that of Cameron in

Tanganyika, when in order to buy an urgently needed boat he first had to swap brass against cloth, then cloth

against ivory and finally ivory against the boat. What the economists quoting these and other similar instances

do not appear to realize is that the difficulties complained of are not inherent in the system of barter. They are

largely anomalies arising from sudden contact between two different civilizations. A native singer in the




182

Society Islands would not have been embarrassed at receiving payment in kind, since she would have known

ways in which to dispose of her takings, or store them for future use. Nor would a native of Tanganyika have

found the system of barter prevailing there at the time of Cameron's visit nearly so difficult as Cameron did.

Knowing local conditions, he would have been prepared for the difficulties, and, before embarking on a

major capital transaction such as the purchase of a boat, he would have made arrangements accordingly. In

any case, the fact that the goods required could not be obtained by a single transaction would not have

worried him unduly. The majority of primitive peoples enjoy bartering and bargaining, and the time lost in

putting through three transactions instead of one would not matter to them nearly as much as to modern man

living at high speed, especially to an explorer in a hurry to proceed on his journey. And while Cameron must

have suffered a loss in each of the three transactions, a local man with adequate time at his disposal and with a

thorough knowledge of his market would have chosen the right moment for effecting the necessary exchanges

on terms reasonably advantageous to him.

Paul Heinzig. Primitive Money

869 sözcük


Metin içinde Yalın hali Sözcük türü Anlamı prejudice

relapse

Distrust

reversion

debasement

puzzling

inconvenience

pathetic

radishes

genuine

quoted

livestock

swap

brass

inherent

dispose

transaction

unduly


Ana-Yan Tümce

Ö+Y+N




183

a) Öncelikle aşağıdaki tümceleri inceleyin.

This may be due to conservatism, since primitive peoples are reluctant tochange their trading methods, even though they be sufficiently intelligent andadvanced to adopt more convenient methods.

In the light of the stock phrases used by many economists about theinconvenience of barter it may appeal puzzling to the student that anycommunity which was sufficiently advanced to realize the possibilities of amonetary system should continue to practise such an inconvenient method.

The instances - real or imaginary - they quote are calculated to make thereaders wonder how any community could possibly have existed under barterexcept in extremely primitive conditions.

What the lecturer and his audience do not realize is that in a primitivecommunity the grower of radishes usually cuts his own hair, or has it cut by amember of his family or household; and that even in primitive communitieswith barbers as an independent profession the barber and the gardener have afair idea about each other's requirements, and have no difficulty in suiting eachother.

In a letter published by Wolowski and quoted to boredom by economists eversince, she says that, although this amount of livestock and vegetables wouldhave been worth for about four thousand francs in Paris, in the Society Islandsit was very little use to her.

In any case, the fact that the goods required could not be obtained by a singletransaction would not have worried him unduly.

And while Cameron must have suffered a loss in each of the threetransactions, a local man with adequate time at his disposal and with athorough knowledge of his market would have chosen the right moment foreffecting the necessary exchanges on terms reasonably advantageous to him.

b) Diğer tümcelerin dilbilgisi yapısını inceleyin.








184

37. Art

There is no denying that in the last hundred years the condition of civilised man has changed more radicallythan at any previous time. Inventions and discoveries, from the steam engine to internal combustion engine,

from electricity to atomic power, have led to the mechanisation of industry, which in turn has basically

affected the social, economic and political structure of our society. A society of the masses has come into

existence and is being buttressed by such mass means as the press, the cinema, radio and - latterly - television.

It is hardly surprising that these rapidly changing circumstances should have had their effect on the arts, too.

Art has always been a highly sensitive instrument for registering any changes in the social order or in the

ideas, beliefs and activities of man. One might ask whether it is possible for the creative faculty to exist at all

in a mass-society, whether our mechanised world is the proper place for the production and enjoyment of a

work of art. If it is true that calm contemplation is vital to the artist, does it not also follow that his whole

being will protest most violently against an epoch in which machine sets the pace, a pace which, in its ruthless

precision, is the very opposite of that rhythm of life out of which art has hitherto grown?

The Picture encyclopaedia of art , Thames and Hudson

224 sözcük


Metin içinde Yalın hali Sözcük türü Anlamı combustion

masses

buttressed

latterly

contemplation

vital

epoch

ruthless

precision

hitherto


That,gerund,past participle






185


Inventions and discoveries, from the steam engine to internal combustionengine, from electricity to atomic power, have led to the mechanisation ofindustry, which in turn has basically affected the social, economic and politicalstructure of our society.

One might ask whether it is possible for the creative faculty to exist at all in amass-society, whether our mechanised world is the proper place for theproduction and enjoyment of a work of art.

If it is true that calm contemplation is vital to the artist, does it not also followthat his whole being will protest most violently against an epoch in whichmachine sets the pace, a pace which, in its ruthless precision, is the veryopposite of that rhythm of life out of which art has hitherto grown ?

b) Diğer tümceleri dilbilgisi açısından inceleyin.

C. ANLAM Bağlam

Taslak çeviri




BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

If you want my booklet on "How To Improve Your Memory", send a

self-addressed envelope, plus a dame.




186

38. New Policy Debate

For nearly two decades technical and financial assistance to third World population and family planning

programs has been an important component of foreign aid programs. Support for these activities by the

United States and other industrialized donors has been justified in part by the long-standing belief that rapid

population growth in the developing world dilutes and in some cases impedes economic development.

But in the last several years this contention has been sharply challenged by a small group of Western

economists who argue that population growth is often the driving force behind economic expansion and

technological change. Citing historical precedents in Western countries and post-war economic successes in

Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea and elsewhere, they make three general points: first, that population growthis the natural result of improvements in the human condition, especially improved health; second, that an

expanding labor force, an expanding market, and other consequences of population spur economic growth;

and third, that economic progress, in and of itself, will lead to population stabilization through changes in

desired family size. Direct interventions to reduce birth-rates are unnecessary or even counterproductive.

In the United States this "anti-Malthusian" view, as it is called by its proponents, has recently gained support

in some government circles and among political pressure groups (most prominently anti-abortion groups) who

oppose assistance to population programs on other grounds. Their attack on US. population assistance peaked

in the summer of 1984, during preparations for US. participation in the UN. International Population

Conference. It precipitated the first major public debate in the 20-year history of US. foreign aid for family

planning. Although public and media attention declined after the Conference, the policy debate has continued.

At the heart of the debate is a singularly important but highly complex question. In today's less developed

countries, where 90 per cent of world population growth is occurring, does the need to adapt to population

pressures contribute to greater economic innovation, increased investment, and more efficient exploitation of

natural and human resources? Or do population pressures more often overload fragile economic and political

institutions, impede capital formation just when more is needed, add to a pool of unproductive or unemployed

labor, and contribute to the over-exploitation of scarce natural resources? Do demographic trends (up or

down) influence economic performance in positive ways, in negative ways or not at all?

389 sözcük




187


Metin içinde Yalın hali Sözcük türü Anlamı component

donors

justified

dilutes

impedes

contention

challenged

Citing

precedents

consequences

spur

interventions

counterproductive

proponents

prominently 25. Metin'de işlendi. anti-abortion

peaked

precipitated

debate 21. Metin'de işlendi. innovation

exploitation

fragile 32. Metin'de işlendi. impede

scarce




Support for these activities by the United States and other industrializeddonors has been justified in part by the long-standing belief that rapidpopulation growth in the developing world dilutes and in some cases impedeseconomic development.

Citing historical precedents in Western countries and post-war economicsuccesses in Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea and elsewhere, they makethree general points: first, that population growth is the natural result ofimprovements in the human condition, especially improved health; second,that an expanding labor force, an expanding market, and other consequencesof population spur economic growth; and third, that economic progress, in andof itself, will lead to population stabilization through changes in desired family

size.




188

In today's less developed countries, where 90 per cent of world populationgrowth is occurring, does the need to adapt to population pressures contributeto greater economic innovation, increased investment, and more efficientexploitation of natural and human resources?

Or do population pressures more often overload fragile economic and politicalinstitutions, impede capital formation just when more is needed, add to a poolof unproductive or unemployed labor, and contribute to the over-exploitation ofscarce natural resources?

b) Diğer tümcelerin dilbilgisi yapısını inceleyin.

C. ANLAM Bağlam

Taslak çeviri




BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

I think the words "never" or "ever" should be avoided by politicians,

because you can never foresee what's going to happen. (Bu tümce birpolitikacı tarafından söylenmiştir.)




189

39. Investment

Of the various purposes which money serves, some essentially depend upon the assumption that its real valueis really constant over a period of time. The chief of these are those connected, in a wide sense, with contracts

for the investment of money.

Such contracts - namely those which provide for the payment of fixed sums of money over a long period of

time - are the characteristics of what it is convenient to call the Investment System, as distinct from the

property system generally.

Under this phase of capitalism, as developed during the nineteenth century, many arrangements were devised

for separating the management of property from its ownership. These managements were of three leadingtypes: (1) those in which the proprietor, while parting with the management of his property, retained his

ownership of it - i.e. of the actual land, buildings, and machinery, or of whatever else it consisted in, this

mode of tenure being typified by a holding of ordinary shares in joint-stock company; (2) those in which he

parted with the property temporarily, receiving a fixed sum of money annually in the meantime, but regained

his property eventually, as typified by a lease; and (3) those in which he parted with his real property

permanently, in return either for a perpetual annuity fixed in terms of money, or for a terminable annuity and

the repayment of the principal money at the end of the term, as typified by mortgages, bonds, debentures, and

preference shares. This third type represents the full development of Investment .

Contrasts to receive fixed sums of money at future dates (made without provision for possible changes in the

real value of money at those dates) must have existed as long as money has been lent and borrowed. In the

form of leases and mortgages, and also of permanent loans to Governments and to a few private bodies, such

as the East India Company, they were already frequent in the eighteenth century. But during the nineteenth

century they developed a new and increasing importance, and had, by the beginning of the twentieth, divided

the propertied classes into two groups - the "business men" and the "investors" - with partly divergent

interests. The division was not sharp as between individuals; for business men might be investors also,

investors might hold ordinary shares; but the division was nevertheless real, and not the less important

because it was seldom noticed.

By the aid of this system the active business class could call to the aid of their enterprises not only their own

wealth but the savings of the whole community; and the professional and propertied classes, on the other

hand, could find an employment for their resources, which involved them in little trouble, no responsibility,

and (it was believed) small risk.

For a hundred years the system worked, throughout Europe, with an extraordinary success and facilitated the

growth of wealth on an unprecedented scale. To save and to invest became at once the duty and the delight of




190

a large class. The savings were seldom drawn on, and, accumulating at compound interest, made possible the

material triumphs which we now all take for granted. The morals, the politics, the literature, and the religion

of the age joined in the grand conspiracy for the promotion of savings. God and Mammon were reconciled.

Peace on earth to men of good means. A rich man could, after all, enter into the Kingdom of Heaven - if

only he saved. A new harmony sounded from the celestial spheres. It is curious to observe how, through the

wise and beneficent arrangement of Providence, "men thus do the greatest service to the public, when they are

thinking of nothing but their own gain": so sang the angels.

The atmosphere thus created well harmonized the demands of expanding business and the needs of an

expanding population with the growth of a comfortable non-business class. But amidst the general enjoyment

of ease and progress, the extent to which the system depended on the stability of the money to which the

investing classes had committed their fortunes was generally overlooked; and an unquestioning confidence

was apparently felt that this matter would look after itself. Investments spread and multiplied, until, for the

middle classes of the world, the gilt-edged bond came to typify all that was most permanent and most secure.

So rooted in our day has been the conventional belief in the stability and safety of a money contract that,

according to English law, trustees have been encouraged to embark their trust funds exclusively in such

transactions, and are indeed forbidden, except in the case of real estate (an exception which is itself a survival

of the conditions of an earlier age) to employ them otherwise.

As in other respects, so also in this, the nineteenth century relied on the future permanence of its own happy

experiences and disregarded the warning of the past misfortunes. It chose to forget that there is no historical

warrant for expecting money to be represented even by constant quality of a particular metal, far less by a

constant purchasing power. Yet Money is simply that which the State declares from time to time to be a good

legal discharge of money contracts. In 1914 gold had not been the English standard for a century or the sole

standard of any other country for half a century. There is no record of a prolonged war or a great social

upheaval which has not been accompanied by a change in the legal tender, but an almost unbroken chronicle

in every country which has a history, back to the earliest dawn of economic record, of a progressive

deterioration in the real value of the successive legal tenders which have represented money.

J. M. Keynes A Tract on Monetary Reform 957 sözcük


Metin içinde Yalın hali Sözcük türü Anlamı distinct

proprietor

retained 21. Metin'de işlendi. tenure

typified




191

joint-stock

lease

annuity

terminable

debentures

provision

divergent

facilitated

compound

triumphs

conspiracy

Mammon

reconciled

celestial

overlooked

gilt-edged

trustees

embark

exclusively

prolonged 35. Metin'de işlendi. tender

deterioration




Clause Marker

Ana-Yan Tümce

Ö+Y+N

a) Tümcede koyu yazılı bölümü inceleyin.

Such contracts - namely those which provide for the payment of fixed sums ofmoney over a long period of time - are the characteristics of what it is

convenient to call the Investment System, as distinct from the property

system generally.

b) Koyu yazılı bölümü inceleyin.

(1) those in which the proprietor, while parting with the management of hisproperty, retained his ownership of it - i.e. of the actual land, buildings, and

machinery, or of whatever else it consisted in, this mode of tenure being

typified by a holding of ordinary shares in joint-stock company;

c) Tümcede koyu yazılı bölümü inceleyin.

The division was not sharp as between individuals; for business men might beinvestors also, investors might hold ordinary shares; but the division was

nevertheless real, and not the less important because it was seldom

noticed.




192

d) Yüklemi bulun.

The atmosphere thus created well harmonized the demands of expandingbusiness and the needs of an expanding population with the growth of acomfortable non-business class.

e) Tümceyi inceleyin.

But amidst the general enjoyment of ease and progress, the extent to whichthe system depended on the stability of the money to which the investingclasses had committed their fortunes was generally overlooked; and anunquestioning confidence was apparently felt that this matter would look afteritself.

f) Tümcede koyu yazılı bölümü inceleyin.

Yet Money is simply that which the State declares from time to time to be a

good legal discharge of money contracts.

g) Metnin diğer tümcelerini inceleyin.








193

40. Modern Constitutions

It is natural to ask, in the light of this discussion, why it is that countries have Constitutions, and why most ofthem make the constitution superior to the ordinary law. If we investigate the origins of modern Constitutions,

we find that, practically without exception, they were drawn up and adopted because people wished to make a

fresh start, so far as the statement of their system of government was concerned. The desire or need for a

fresh start arose either because, as in the United States, some neighbouring communities wished to unite

together under a new government, or because, as in Austria or Hungary or Czechoslovakia after 1918,

communities had been released from an empire as the result of a war and were now free to govern themselves;

or because, as in France in 1789 or the U.S.S.R. in 1917, a revolution had made a break with the past and a

new form of government on new principles was desired; or because, as in Germany after 1918 or in France

1875 or in 1946, defeat in war had broken the continuity of government and a fresh start was needed after the

war. The circumstances in which a break with the past and the need for a fresh start come about vary from

country to country, but in almost every case in modern times, countries have a Constitution for a very simple

and elementary reason that they wanted, for some reason, to begin again and so they put down in writing the

main outline, at least, of their proposed system of government. This has been the practice certainly since 1781

when the American constitution was drafted, and as the years passed no doubt imitation and the force of

example have led all countries to think it necessary to have a Constitution.

This does not explain, however, why many countries think it necessary to give the Constitution a higher status

in law than other rules of law. The short explanation of this phenomenon is that in many countries a

Constitution is thought of as an instrument by which government can be controlled. Constitutions spring from

a belief in limited government. Countries differ however in the extent to which they wish to impose

limitations. Sometimes the Constitution limits the executive or subordinate local bodies; sometimes it limits

the legislature also, but only so far as amendment of the Constitution itself is concerned; and sometimes it

imposes restrictions upon the legislature which go far beyond this point and forbid it to make laws upon

certain subjects or in a certain way or with certain effects. Whatever the nature and the extent of the

restrictions, however, they are based upon a belief in limited government and in the use of a Constitution to

impose these limitations.

The nature of the limitations to be imposed on a government, and therefore the degree to which a Constitution

will be supreme over a government, depends upon the objects which the framers of the Constitution wish to

safeguard. In the first place they may want to do no more than ensure that the Constitution is not altered

casually or carelessly or by subterfuge or by implication; they may want to secure that this important

document is not lightly tampered with, but solemnly, with due notice and deliberation, consciously amended.

In that case it is legitimate to require some special process of constitutional amendment to say, that the




194

legislature may amend the Constitution only by a two/thirds majority or after a general election or perhaps

upon three months notice.

The framers of Constitutions have more than this in mind. They may feel that a certain kind of relationship between legislature and the executive is important, or that the judicature should have a certain guaranteed

degree of independence of the legislature and executive. They may feel that there are certain rights which

citizens have and which the legislature or the executive must not invade or remove. They may feel that

certain laws should not be made at all. The framers of the American Constitution, for example, forbade

Congress to pass any ex-post facto law, that is, a law made after the occurrence of the action or the situation

which it seeks to regulate - a type of law which may render a man guilty of an offence through an action

which, when he committed it, was innocent. The framers of the Irish Constitution of 1937 forbade the

legislature to pass any law permitting divorce.

Further safeguards may be called for when distinct and different communities decide to join together under a

common government but are anxious to retain certain rights for themselves. If these communities differ in

language, race, and religion, safeguards may be needed to guarantee to them a free exercise of these national

characteristics. Those who framed the Swiss, the Canadian, and the South African Constitutions, to name a

few only, had to consider these questions. Even when communities do not differ in language, race, or religion,

they may still be unwilling to unite unless they are guaranteed a measure of independence inside the nation.

To meet this demand the Constitution must not only divide powers between the government of the Union and

the governments of the individual, component parts, but it must also be supreme in so far at any rate as it

enshrines and safeguards this division of powers.

In some countries only one of the considerations mentioned above may operate, in others some, and in some,

all. Thus, in the Irish Constitution, the framers were anxious that amendment should be a deliberate process,

that the right of citizens should be safeguarded and that certain types of laws should not be passed at all, and

therefore they made the Constitution supreme and imposed restrictions upon the legislature to achieve these

ends. The framers of the American Constitution also had these objects in mind, but on top of that they had to

provide for the desire of the thirteen colonies to be united for some purposes only and to remain independent

for others. This was an additional reason for giving supremacy to the Constitution and for introducing certain

extra safeguards into it.

K. C. Wheare. Modern Constitutions.

1024 sözcük.




195


Metin içinde Yalın hali Sözcük türü Anlamı released

defeat

drafted

subordinate

legislature

amendment

supreme

safeguard

altered

casually

subterfuge

implication

tampered

solemnly

deliberation

amended

judicature

invade

render

retain 21 ve 39. Metin'de işlendi.

enshrines

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle


Clause Marker

Ana-Yan Tümce

Ö+Y+N

a) Tümce uzun olduğu için dikkatle incelenerek toparlanması gerekebilir.

The desire or need for a fresh start arose either because, as in the UnitedStates, some neighbouring communities wished to unite together under a newgovernment, or because, as in Austria or Hungary or Czechoslovakia after

1918, communities had been released from an empire as the result of a warand were now free to govern themselves; or because, as in France in 1789 orthe U.S.S.R. in 1917, a revolution had made a break with the past and a newform of government on new principles was desired; or because, as in Germanyafter 1918 or in France 1875 or in 1946, defeat in war had broken thecontinuity of government and a fresh start was needed after the war.

b) Yan tümceyi inceleyin.

Whatever the nature and the extent of the restrictions, however, they arebased upon a belief in limited government and in the use of a Constitution toimpose these limitations.




196

c) Tümcenin yüklemini bulun.

The nature of the limitations to be imposed on a government, and therefore thedegree to which a Constitution will be supreme over a government, dependsupon the objects which the framers of the Constitution wish to safeguard.

d) Koyu yazılı bölümü analiz edin.

In the first place they may want to do no more than ensure that theConstitution is not altered casually or carelessly or by subterfuge or by

implication; they may want to secure that this important document is not

lightly tampered with, but solemnly, with due notice and deliberation,

consciously amended.

e) Koyu yazılı bölümü inceleyin.

To meet this demand the Constitution must not only divide powers betweenthe government of the Union and the governments of the individual,

component parts, but it must also be supreme in so far at any rate as itenshrines and safeguards this division of powers.





BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

As I strolled through the car park I was depressed by the condition of

the vehicles. Some of the owners did not appear to have washed their

ears for weeks.




197

41. Television

A continuous commentary of mirror of "real" life had been created on television. To switch on the set whenthe day's viewing started, with one's mind slightly turned down, or in a bit of a fever, or very tired, and to

watch, steadily, through the hours, as little dressed figures, diminished people, dressed up like cowboys or

like bus drivers or like Victorians, with this or that accent, in this or that setting, sometimes a hospital,

sometimes an office or an aircraft, sometimes "real" or sometimes imaginary (that is to say, the product of

somebody's, or some team's, imagination), it was exactly like what could be seen when one turned one's

vision outwards again towards life: it was as if an extreme of variety had created a sameness, a nothingness,

as if humanity had said yes to becoming a meaningless flicker of people dressed in varying kinds of clothes

to kill each other ("real" or imaginary) or play various kinds of sport, or discuss art, love, sex, ethics (in

"plays" or in "life") for after an hour or so, it was impossible to tell the difference between news, plays,

reality, imagination, truth, falsehood. If someone - from a year's exile in a place without television, let alone

a visitor from Mars - had dropped in for an evening's "viewing", then he might well have believed that this

steady stream of little pictures, all so consistent in tone or feel, were part of some continuous single

programme written or at least "devised" by some boss director who had arranged, to break monotony, slight

variations in costume, or setting (office, park, ballet, school, aircraft, war), and with a limited team of actors

- for the same people had to play dozens of different roles. It was all as bland and meaningless as steamed

white bread; yet composed of the extremes of nastiness in a frenzy of dislocation, as if one stood on a street

corner and watched half a dozen variations of human animal pass in a dozen different styles of dress and

face.

339 sözcük


Metin içinde Yalın hali Sözcük türü Anlamı fever

steadilydiminished

setting

vision

flicker

exile

consistent

devised

bland 20. Metin’de işlendi. nastiness

frenzy

dislocation




198




Clause Marker


a) Bu noktaya kadar olan metinlerdeki tümcelerden çok daha zor olanaşağıdaki tümceyi çok dikkatli bir şekilde inceleyin.

To switch on the set when the day's viewing started, with one's mind slightly turned

down, or in a bit of a fever, or very tired, and to watch, steadily, through the hours, as

little dressed figures, diminished people, dressed up like cowboys or like bus drivers

or like Victorians, with this or that accent, in this or that setting, sometimes a

hospital, sometimes an office or an aircraft, sometimes "real" or sometimes imaginary

(that is to say, the product of somebody's, or some team's, imagination), it was exactly

like what could be seen when one turned one's vision outwards again towards life: itwas as if an extreme of variety had created a sameness, a nothingness, as if humanity

had said yes to becoming a meaningless flicker of people dressed in varying kinds of

clothes to kill each other ("real" or imaginary) or play various kinds of sport, or

discuss art, love, sex, ethics (in "plays" or in "life") for after an hour or so, it was

impossible to tell the difference between news, plays, reality, imagination, truth,

falsehood.

b) En az yukarıdaki tümce kadar zor olan diğer tümceyi inceleyin.

If someone - from a year's exile in a place without television, let alone a visitor

from Mars - had dropped in for an evening's "viewing", then he might well havebelieved that this steady stream of little pictures, all so consistent in tone or

feel, were part of some continuous single programme written or at least

"devised" by some boss director who had arranged, to break monotony, slight

variations in costume, or setting (office, park, ballet, school, aircraft, war), and

with a limited team of actors - for the same people had to play dozens of

different roles.

c) Tümcede composed yükleminin öznesi ne olabilir?

It was all as bland and meaningless as steamed white bread; yet composed of

the extremes of nastiness in a frenzy of dislocation, as if one stood on a street

corner and watched half a dozen variations of human animal pass in a dozendifferent styles of dress and face.








199

42. Economics and History

5

10

The relationship of economics to history is rather different from that of the othersocial sciences; curious as it may sound, this relationship in many respects comes

close to that between history and literature. Economics, after all, is the science

(in the broad meaning of the term) of something which men actually do: even if

the science did not exist, men would still make economic decisions, economic

predictions and participate in the various forms of economic organization which,

in part, it is the economist's function to describe.

Similarly the disciplined study of literature is concerned with something which

men would also do anyway even if the disciplined study did not exist: compose

poems, act out dramas, write novels and read them. Political science, or the

discipline of politics, has, it is true, many similarities to economics, particularly

where it is concerned with generalization about political structures.

that =?

that =?

it =?

146 sözcük


Metnin sözcüklerini ve sağ kenarda verilen sözcükleri inceleyin.


Ana-Yan Tümce

Ö+Y+N

a) Tümcede koyu yazılı bölümü inceleyin.

The relationship of economics to history is rather different from that of the

other social sciences; curious as it may sound, this relationship in manyrespects comes close to that between history and literature.

b) Tümcede koyu yazılı bölümü inceleyin.

Economics, after all, is the science (in the broad meaning of the term) ofsomething which men actually do: even if the science did not exist, men would

still make economic decisions, economic predictions and participate in the

various forms of economic organization which, in part, it is the

economist's function to describe.




200

c) Tümcede koyu yazılı bölümü inceleyin.

Political science, or the discipline of politics, has, it is true, many similarities to

economics, particularly where it is concerned with generalization aboutpolitical structures.

d) Diğer tümcelerin dilbilgisi yapısını inceleyin.



D. BÜTÜNLÜK

Türkçe





201

43. The Rolling Stones

The Rolling Stones made their first record only a few months after being discovered playing tooverflow teenage audiences at an obscure rhythm and blues club in Richmond. Their story is typical of

that of many contemporary groups.

Mick Jagger (the singer) and Keith Richard (lead-guitar) met in 1961, whilst they were both studying in

the Dartford area. They discovered they had common interests in music, and began listening records

together, an activity that soon developed into live music-making. Brian Jones (harmonica and guitar)

met Keith and Mick in a Soho pub called the Bricklayer's Arms. Mick had come to the London

School of Economics, Keith was an advertising designer, and Brian a destitute wanderer who

had not long returned from tramping round the Continent. Their now notorious hair was already

long and, becoming aware of certain shared preoccupations and ambitions, they began meeting

regularly and working out their own versions of Muddy Waters, Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley

numbers. They began visiting the rhythm and blues clubs in Ealing, and the Marquee in

Wardour Street, where the resident group was led by Alexis Korner, then the most respected

artist on the British rhythm and blues scene. Brian, Keith and Mick sent some tapes of their

music to Alexis, who was sufficiently impressed to allow them to sit in occasionally at his sessions.

Playing with Alexis at this time was Charlie Watts, who was later to become the Stones' drummer. Charlie

had a successful full-time job in an advertising agency, and as his friendship with the other Stones developed,

his income helped to supplement their living allowance. The only other source of finance was the grant Mick

received towards his studies at the L.S.E. Mick and Keith occasionally did odd jobs, but were frequently

sacked because of their appearance. All of them at this time were becoming progressively more involved with

their music, and more determined to put rhythm and blues on popular music map. They were also, because of

their reluctance to settle in any extra-musical careers, living off chips, stolen eggs, and occasional meat-pies

from a stall by the Embarkment.

Their original strategy was to infiltrate not the commercial pop scene but the traditional jazz scene. Many

jazz clubs were losing members, and were in any case manned by older musicians. This latter fact was to

prove a significant barrier to the Stones' progress, for the older jazz musicians shared not only the widespread

prejudice against the Stones' appearance, but also a professional resentment against the efforts of these

teenage novices to push their raucous music into the sanctums of jazz. In spite of this opposition, the Rolling

Stones were soon invited to stand in for Alexis Korner at the Marquee.

453 sözcük




202

Metni Türkçeye aktarmadan önce, aşağıdaki soruları yanıtlayın.

1. The Rolling Stones were discovered playing to _________.

a) a few young people at a famous club.

b) many young people at a little-known club.c) many older people at a little-known club.

d) a few young people at a dark club.

e) many young people at a famous club.

2. Brian Jones ________________________ .

a) had more money than Richard and Jagger.

b) had no interest in studying.

c) had a pub in Soho.

d) had just returned from Britain

e) had almost no money.

3. Jagger, Richard and Jones realized ______________ .

a) they should grow hair to be famous.

b) they had many problems.

c) they had things in common.

d) they had to find work.

e) they could play famous pieces.


Metnin sözcüklerini inceleyin.


Ana-Yan Tümce

Ö+Y+N

a) Tümcelerde koyu yazılı bölümleri inceleyin.

They discovered they had common interests in music, and beganlistening records together, an activity that soon developed into live

music-making.

Mick had come to the London School of Economics, Keith was an

advertising designer, and Brian a destitute wanderer who had not long

returned from tramping round the Continent.




203

They began visiting the rhythm and blues clubs in Ealing, and theMarquee in Wardour Street, where the resident group was led by Alexis

Korner, then the most respected artist on the British rhythm and

blues scene.





BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

Çeviri dersinde verilen İngilizce metinden bir tümce:

The Queen Mary was so fast that almost all American businessmen

liked to be on her.

Öğrenci çevirisi:

Kraliçe Mary o kadar hızlıydı ki Amerikalı işadamlarının neredeyse tümüonun tepesinde olmaktan hoşlanırdı.

İng. Okutmanı İlknur Akıntürk tarafından sağlanmıştır.




204

44. Pioneer 10 pushes beyond goals, into the unknown

Out there, far, far away where the Earth is a mere pinpoint of light and the Sun is a pale disk of diminishing

consequence, a hardy little aircraft cruises on and on into the unexplored. No machine of human design has

ever gone so far. Pioneer 10 was the first deep-space probe, launched on March 10, 1972 by the UnitedStates.

Pioneer 10 has traveled to the reaches of Pluto, a distance it achieved April 25, and is advancing toward the

edge of the solar system.

From out there, now 2.7 billion miles away, Pioneer's eight-watt radio transmitter sends faint messages back

to Earth every day.

Scientists with the patience to extract the signals out of the background noise and to decipher their messages

are learning for the first time what it is like in outermost solar system.

145 sözcük


Metnin sözcüklerini inceleyin.





Ö+Y+N

a) Tümcenin yüklemini saptayın..

Scientists with the patience to extract the signals out of the background noise andto decipher their messages are learning for the first time what it is like inoutermost solar system.

b) Diğer tümceleri inceleyin.

C. ANLAM Bağlam

Taslak çeviri Metnin tümünü Türkçeye aktarın.






205

45. California's Germinal Brains Bank

The project to breed a race of intellectual giants out of a lead-lined box in California need not fill mankind

with any very extreme hopes or fears. The idea forms an obvious starting-point for a variety of science fiction

fantasies, but in practice it is unlikely to add greatly to the world supply of brain-power, nor shed much light

on the vexed question of intellectual inheritance. Most Nobel prizewinners and their equivalents already make

their own private arrangements for passing their genes to posterity, and since like tends to attract like in such

matters, they must often choose partners of high intelligence. But the mechanism of inheritance is such that

their offspring are likely on average to be less intelligent their parents, though more so than the average. The

same rules will apply to the Nobel mothers too.

The appearance of really exceptional powers remains unpredictable and highly improbable in any given

instance. The successful application of such powers to the advancement of human knowledge or welfare is

even more a matter of chance and temperament. It is possible to cite extraordinary cases of talent being

passed from generation to generation (the Bach family is one), but easy to cite many other instances where it

has not.

It would be pleasing if we could look to the experiment to illuminate the old "nature versus nurture"

controversy, but so many imponderable factors creep in that the conclusions are never likely to be at all clear.

Even strong proponents of the "nature" doctrine usually concede that environmental factors can affect

measured intelligence by as much as one-fifth - and 20 or 30 points on the IQ scale span the difference

between genius and mediocrity.

But if the scheme affords no promise of a team of infant sages to solve the world's problems, it appears, on

the information so far made public, to present no special ethical problems. Genetics is a field where academic

passions run high, but it would be wrong to oppose the procedure out of opposition to the views on heredity

of some of those associated with it. The scheme is freely entered into by participants who know what they are

doing. The expectant mothers are married and able to offer their children the benefits of a secure home.

The plan does raise some questions, however, which do not apply to artificial insemination by donor

generally. Success in the Nobel stakes is as closely associated with advancing years as it is with

intellectual eminence, and this may involve a very slight extra risk of miscarriage or congenital abnormality -

a point which should be made in preliminary counselling. The children would represent an interesting object

of study, and care would be taken to ensure they did not become afflicted with a sense of obligation to

succeed, and cry with Aldous Huxley, "Shame on you, Homunculus!"

It seems that the mothers in this case have not been told the identities of the donors, though they know some

details about them. That is right: it would be distasteful if a market - especially a commercial one - ever




206

established itself in the genes of famous individuals (pop stars, perhaps, as well as professors). Not one donor

should be used too often, however eminent, because of the risk of marriages between unwitting half-brothers

and sisters. AID today is widely practices and causes little controversy, because there is reason to suppose

that the medical profession handles it responsibly. The California experiment, though not seriously

objectionable in itself, indicates the kind of developments which might lead to increased concern and

demands for regulation by law.

600 sözcük Bu yazı, The Times'da yer alan, Nobel sahibi insanlardan yararlanarak sperm bankasıoluşturmaya yönelik bir çalışma hakkındaki yazının ardından yayınlanmıştır.


Anlamını bilmediğiniz ve çeviri esnasında sorun çıkarabileceğinizidüşündüğünüz tüm sözcükleri inceleyin.



Clause Marker

Ana-Yan Tümce

Ö+Y+N

a) Tümcelerde koyu yazılı bölümleri inceleyin.

Most Nobel prizewinners and their equivalents already make their own private

arrangements for passing their genes to posterity, and since like tends to

attract like in such matters, they must often choose partners of highintelligence.

But the mechanism of inheritance is such that their offspring are likely on

average to be less intelligent their parents, though more so than the

average.

It is possible to cite extraordinary cases of talent being passed from generationto generation (the Bach family is one), but easy to cite many other

instances where it has not.

Even strong proponents of the "nature" doctrine usually concede thatenvironmental factors can affect measured intelligence by as much as one-fifth

- and 20 or 30 points on the IQ scale span the difference between genius

and mediocrity.

Genetics is a field where academic passions run high , but it would bewrong to oppose the procedure out of opposition to the views on heredity of

some of those associated with it.




207

Success in the Nobel stakes is as closely associated with

advancing years as it is with intellectual eminence, and this may involvea very slight extra risk of miscarriage or congenital abnormality - a point which

should be mad in preliminary counselling.

Not one donor should be used too often, however eminent, because of therisk of marriages between unwitting half-brothers and sisters.

b) Diğer tümceleri de inceleyin.





BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

FOR SALE

KUŞADASI

The triplex house that is in Kuşadası Soğucak area 450 sqm private swimming

pool, car garage, sea view not completed DM 200.000

0.256.XXX XX XX

The Turkish Daily News 20 Şubat 2000, s. 5




208

46. The Manager's Authority

That each manager's job be given the broadest possible scope and authority is nothing but a rephrasing of therule that decisions be pushed down the line as far as possible and be taken as close as possible to the action to

which they apply. In its effects, however, this requirement leads to sharp deviations from the traditional

concept of delegation from above.

What activities and tasks the enterprise requires is worked out at the top. The analysis begins with the desired

end product: the objectives of business performance and business results. From these the analysis determines

step by step what work has to be performed.

But in organizing the manager’s job we have to work from bottom up. We have to begin with the activities onthe “firing-line” - the jobs responsible for the actual output of goods and services, for the final sale to the

customer, for the production of blueprints and engineering drawings.

The managers on the firing line have the basic management jobs - the ones on whose performance everything

else ultimately rests. Seen this way, the jobs of higher management are derivative, are, in the last analysis,

aimed at helping the firing-line manager do his job. Viewed structurally and organically, it is the firing-line

manager in whom all authority and responsibility center; only what he cannot do himself passes up to higher

management. He is, so to speak, the gene of organization in which all higher organs are prefigured and out of

which they are developed.

Quite obviously there are real limits to the decisions the firing-line manager can or should make, and to the

authority and responsibility he should have.

He is limited as to the extent of his authority. A production foreman has no business changing a salesman’s

compensation. A regional sales manager has no authority in somebody else’s region, etc.. A manager is also

limited with respect to the kind of decision he can make. Clearly, he should not make decisions that affect

other managers. He should not alone make decisions that affect the whole business and its spirit. It is only

elementary prudence, for instance, not to allow any manager to make by himself and without review a

decision on the career and future of one of his subordinates.

The firing-line manager should not be expected to make decisions he cannot make. A man responsible for

immediate performance does not have the time, for instance, to make long-range decisions. A production man

lacks the knowledge and competence to work out a pension plan or a medical program. These decisions

certainly affect him and his operations; he should know them, understand them, indeed participate as much as

is humanly possible in their operations and formulation. But he cannot make them. Hence he cannot have the




209

authority and responsibility for them; for authority and responsibility should always be task-focused. This

applies all through the management hierarchy up to the chief executive himself.

There is one simple rule for setting limitations on the decisions a manager is authorized to make. Themanagement charter of General Electric Lamp Division, in paraphrasing the U.S. Constitution, expresses it by

saying: “All authority not expressly and in writing reserved to higher management is granted to lower

management.”

This is the opposite of the old Prussian idea of a citizen’s rights: “Everything that is not expressly ordered is

forbidden.” In other words, the decisions which a manager is not entitled to make within the extent of his task

should always be spelled out; for all others he should be supposed to have authority and responsibility.

597 sözcük




That,gerund,past participle



a) Tümceleri inceleyin.

That each manager’s job be given the broadest possible scope and authority isnothing but a rephrasing of the rule that decisions be pushed down the line asfar as possible and be taken as close as possible to the action to which theyapply.

What activities and tasks the enterprise requires is worked out at the top.

Seen this way, the jobs of higher management are derivative, are, in the lastanalysis, aimed at helping the firing-line manager do his job.




210

There is one simple rule for setting limitations on the decisions a manager isauthorized to make.


C. ANLAM

Bağlam

Taslak çeviri




BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

Çeviri derslerinden bir tümce:

Elinde olanağı olmayanlar bir araya gelerek mallarını sebze halindenşehre taşırlar.


Those who do n ot have pos sib i l i t ies . ..




211

47. Ethical and Legal Considerations of Public Relations

Practice

The contribution of public relations to decision making is constrained by ethical and legal as well as tactical

considerations. Professional standards of public relations, and legal matters pertaining to sensitive aspects of

the communication process, affect the practitioner’s role and counsel.

Ethics

Ethics is an area of particular concern for public relations for three reasons: practitioners are aware that public

relations has a reputation for unethical behaviour; practitioners have struggled to create a suitable code of

ethics for themselves; and public relations is often considered a source of ethical standards within anorganization.

Public relations practitioners are very sensitive, even defensive, about allegations of unethical behavior. The

term public relations is sometimes used as a synonym for lying, distortion, selective disclosure, or cover-ups.

A recent Wall Street Journal article points to the ethical shortcomings of public relations, quoting the former

public relations vice president for United Brands. “The more I thought about it, and the more I looked at

events around me, the more certain I became that PR was helping to screw up the world,” he said. “I could

see the hand of the PR man pulling the strings, making things happen, covering things up. Everywhere I

looked it seemed as if image and style had taken the place of substance.”

212 sözcük

Bu metin 30 Ocak 1995 tarihinde Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Halkla

İlişkiler ve Tanıtım Anabilim Dalı, Doktora Yabancı Dil Sınavı olarak kullanılmıştır. Sınavsüresi iki saat olarak belirtilmiş ve İngilizceden İngilizceye sözlük kullanılmasına izinverilmiştir.




Clause Marker

Ana-Yan Tümce

Ö+Y+N




212

a) Tümcenin yüklemini saptayın.

Professional standards of public relations, and legal matters pertaining tosensitive aspects of the communication process, affect the practitioner’s roleand counsel.


C. ANLAM Bağlam

Taslak çeviri







213

48. Human behaviour and social practice

In itself a material object is inanimate. What breathes life into an object by giving it certain properties are

human beings, in that the work which is their life’s activity forces a particular relationship with it, a process

which starts with the act of classifying it as an object - and as a specific type of object - through the operation

of their own “sentient human activity” (Marx, first thesis on Feuerbach; see also Perlini 1974). Note that

already implicit in this Marxist notion are both the biological dimension (“sentient”) and the socio-historical

one (“human activity”). We will make a brief reference to the first component later, but it is obviously on the

second one that we must focus our attention. If we leave out of account or underestimate the degree to which

human beings determine the nature of the object - it is always worth spelling out the error involved in this

alternative, given the tenacity of the philosophical myth which sustains it - then the object becomes imbuedwith specific social properties in its own right dating from before the dawn of human history. In this way,

history would turn into the mysterious uncovering of the properties of the material world by their biological

make-up. There would already exist, before the beginning of history, on the one hand a natural world entirely

adapted to conform to the social needs of human beings, and on the other a homo sapiens already fully

formed as a social-historical product: at this point history would completely lose its essential character as the

progressive self-construction of our species.

265 sözcük







Ö+Y+N

a) Tümceleri inceleyin.

What breathes life into an object by giving it certain properties are humanbeings, in that the work which is their life’s activity forces a particularrelationship with it, a process which starts with the act of classifying it as anobject - and as a specific type of object - through the operation of their own“sentient human activity” (Marx, fir st thesis on Feuerbach; see also Perlini1974).




214

If we leave out of account or underestimate the degree to which human beingsdetermine the nature of the object - it is always worth spelling out the errorinvolved in this alternative, given the tenacity of the philosophical myth whichsustains it - then the object becomes imbued with specific social properties inits own right dating from before the dawn of human history .

There would already exist, before the beginning of history, on the one hand anatural world entirely adapted to conform to the social needs of human beings,and on the other a homo sapiens already fully formed as a social-historicalproduct: at this point history would completely lose its essential character asthe progressive self-construction of our species.





BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

Televizyonda (Kanal D) Balıkçı Kral (The Fisher King )

filminde video kaset kiralanan bir dükkanı işleten bayan

oyuncunun (Whoopi Goldberg) bir müşteriye önerdiğikaset:

Kremci Kremciye Karşı

Filmin özgün adı:

Kramer versus Kramer




215

49. Democracy and adult education in Tanzania

IntroductionAfter independence, the Tanzanian leadership rejected the idea of multi-party democracy for a number of

reasons. First, a new society required the combined effort of all the people in building a unified nation. Multi-

party systems were described as artificial "luxuries" which sought to disrupt such efforts and encouraged class

divisions. Second, opposition parties were considered unnecessary, since "opposition" implied

"disagreement" on how to do things; such disagreements could be expressed through a one-party system

provided a broad two-way channel of ideas and education was maintained through the party, between the

people and the government. The establishment and the maintenance of this channel was seen as the real

challenge of democracy and not the establishment of an opposition party.

Although the party leadership under Julius Nyerere rejected the idea of multi-party democracy in the 1960s, it

made it plain, that opposition parties might grow in the country in the future if the one-party democracy

failed. After almost two and a half decades of one-party democracy, Nyerere, the former party chairman now

seems to be in favour of multi-party democracy. In his message to the people about the need for multi-party

democracy in 1990, Nyerere called upon the people to think seriously in terms of multi-party democracy

because the time was now ripe. In his opinion, the people should not find themselves in a position where

forming an opposition party was considered as an act of treason. His main criticisms against the ruling party

(CCM) in 1990 was that it was too bureaucratic and protective and in the absence of an opposition party it

tended to move very slowly in its development programmes and alienate itself from the people in the process.

Coupled with the demand for multi-party democracy within the country and political changes taking place the

world over, Tanzania became a multi-party state in 1992. More than 10 opposition parties have been

established with policies differing from those of the ruling party (CCM).

The purpose of this paper is, therefore, to analyse the role played by adult education in facilitating one-party

democracy in Tanzania along with its potential limitations; and on the basis of this, delineate the new role that

adult education should play to meet challenges of multi-party democracy in the country.

Adult education and one-party democracy

In the mid-1960s, Tanzania became a one-party state and "socialism" her strategy of development. One of the

essential features of this strategy was democracy. This was thought to be necessary for "socialism" could not

be achieved without consensus and moreover, it involved people living together and working together on a

cooperative basis. Democracy was therefore seen as an integral part of "socialism" and a means by which the

people could carry out the affairs of the one-party state and control their own development initiatives.




216

Clearly, this involved people's participation in policy and political discussions, making and executing

decisions which were of concern to them and taking part in electing a government. It was wrong for the

leaders and experts to usurp the people's right to participate in these activities simply because they had

"expert" knowledge. In fact, the political role of the leaders was defined in educational terms; they were

required to educate, lead and guide the people in all these activities, the idea being to sharpen their

consciousness and to increase their capacity to deal with them. As stated earlier, this was seen as the real

problem of democracy under the one-party state as it involved a lot of adult education initiative to create a

two-way communication channel between the leadership and the people.

An active adult education system was considered necessary not only to enable the people to exercise their

power and to protect their rights but also to be aware of those people who were against the one-party

policies. Various programmes such as functional literacy, mass education campaign and workers' education

were introduced, the objective being to help people to think for themselves.

Adult Education and Development , Herbert Hinzen, 1994

"Democracy and adult education in Tanzania" Philemon A. K. Mushi

(Burada koyu yazılı sözcükler özgün metinde de koyu olarak verilmektedir.)

656 sözcük.




Ana-Yan Tümce

Ö+Y+N

Metnin bütününü dilbilgisi açısından inceleyin.








217

50. The Twelve Bottles of Whisky

I had twelve bottles of whisky in my cellar and my wife told me to empty the contents of every bottledown the sink - or else! So I said I would, and proceeded with the unpleasant task. I withdrew the cork

from the first bottle and poured the contents down the sink, with the exception of one glass, which I

drank. I extracted the cork from the second bottle and did likewise, with the exception of one glass, which I

drank. I withdrew the cork from the third bottle and emptied the good old booze down the sink, except a glass

which I drank. I pulled the cork from the fourth sink and poured the bottle down the glass, which I drank. I

pulled the bottle from the cork of the next and drank one sink out of it and poured the rest down the glass. I

pulled the sink out of the next glass and poured the cork down the bottle. I pulled the next cork out of my

throat, poured the sink down the bottle and drank the glass, then I corked the sink in the glass, bottled the sink

and drank the pour.

When I had emptied everything I steadied the house with one hand and counted the bottles and corks and

glasses with the other, which were twenty-nine. To make sure I counted them again, when they came to

seventy-four. And as the house came by, and finally I had all the bottles and corks and glasses counted, except

one house and one cork, which I drank.

261 sözcük





Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker


Metnin bütününü dilbilgisi açısından inceleyin. Metnin anlamını tam olarakkavradığınızdan emin olmak için aşağıdaki alıştırmayı tamamlayın.

Verilen ifade doğru mu yanlış mı?

[ ] 1. This man is afraid of his wife.

[ ] 2. He is a whisky-lover.

[ ] 3. He lives in a house that is quite unbalanced.

[ ] 4. After a while, he stopped drinking.

[ ] 5. When he is emptying the bottles, he is happy with what he is doing.




218

Soruları yanıtlayın.

1. What does the man use the expression “or else!”?

2. What does would refer to in "So I said I would"?

3. What does did likewise refer to in "I extracted the cork from the second bottle and did

likewise"?

4. Which words does the man use instead of "whisky"?

5. Why did the number of bottles change between the first and second counts?

C. ANLAM Bağlam

Taslak çeviri

Metnin tümünü Türkçeye aktarın. Özellikle yüklem olmadığı halde yüklem gibikullanılan sözcüklere ve aşağıda koyu yazılı bölüme dikkat edin.

When I had emptied everything I steadied the house with one hand andcounted the bottles and corks and glasses with the other, which were twenty-nine.



BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

Çeviri dersinde verilen Türkçe metinden bir tümce:

Bu durumda şu üçünden söz edebiliriz: yargı, yasama ve yürütme.


In this case, we can mention the following three forces: jurisdiction,

legislature and stealing.




219

6

Çeviri Sınavlarına Hazırlık ve SonDüzeltmeler

Giriş ................................................................................................................. 220

Sunu ................................................................................................................ 221

Ġşleme .............................................................................................................. 222

Üretme ............................................................................................................. 224

Sınama ............................................................................................................. 225




220

Giriş Bu ve bunu izleyen konuda, çeviri sınavlarına hazırlık ve bu sınavlarda başarı içinöneriler verilmekte.

Aşağıda verilen tümce çevirilerinin her birinde hata(lar) bulunmakta. Söz konusu hata ya da

hatalar

a) sözcüklerin yanlış aktarılması b) dilbilgisi yapısının yanlış aktarılması c) tümcenin Türkçesinin hatalı olması

gibi nedenlerden kaynaklanmakta.

Türkçe tümceleri inceleyerek çeviri hatalarını saptamaya ve bu hataların anlamın aktarılmasınıne ölçüde etkilediğini incelemeye çalışın.

1.

Only in colleges where teaching is the dominant concern of the faculty is one

likely to find a large number of professors making a sustained effort to connect

different field of learning.

Yalnızca öğretim üyelerinin daha çok eğitimle uğraştıkları kolejlerde değişiköğretim alanlarını birleştirme çabası içinde bulunan profesörler bulunmaktadır.

2.

In a world of "multiple and conflicting perspectives", better that students come

from the widest range of backgrounds and bring the greatest variety of

experiences with them so that they have more to share with each other.

"Çoğul ve çatışan perspektifler" dünyasında, iyi öğrenciler en geniş geri plandangelmektedir ve beraberlerinde de çok farklı deneyimler getirdikleri için paylaşacakdaha çok şeyleri vardır.

3.

Such a policy will not interest the faculty, let alone the abler students, and hencewill not encourage a broad-based effort to enhance the quality of education.

Böyle bir politika öğretim üyelerinin dikkatini çekmez, yetenekli öğrencileri yalnızbırakır ve eğitimin niteliğini yükseltmek için geniş ölçekli çabaları desteklemez.




221

4.

Although the larger schools have been slow to follow the suit, Harvard has now

introduced a radically new pilot program following proposals recently made by a

blue-ribbon panel of experts convened by the Association of American Medical

Colleges.

Daha büyük okullar takımı izlemekte yavaş hareket etmektelerse de bugünHarvard, Amerikan Tıp Kolejleri Derneği tarafından bir araya getirilen uzmanlarmavi kurdeleli panelde yaptıkları son önerileri izleyen radikal bir yeni pilotprogram hazırladı.

5.

Measured against the need of their profession, however, performance fails

noticeably short of the ideal, even after due allowance is made for the effects of

cost constraints and intellectual barriers.

Yine de mesleğin gereksinimleri ile ölçüldüğünde, maliyet sınırlılıklarının vezihinsel engellerin etkileri gidermek için yapılan tahsislerden sonra dahi, başarıidealin çok gerisinde kalmaktadır.

6.

The decade of the 1960s produced dramatic changes in the feeling of

Americans toward their government and what it could accomplish.

1960larda başlayan on yıl Amerikalıların duygularında hükümet ve onunbaşarabilecekleri konusunda dramatik değişimler yarattı.

SunuGenelde, dil ve çeviri sınavlarında şu not sistemi kullanılmakta.

ZAYIF

ORTA

İYİ ÇOK İYİ

Ancak, verilen notlarda bir birliğin sağlanabilmesi için, elimizde bir ölçüt olması gerekir. Birdil kurumunun sınav komitesinde görev aldığınızı varsayın. Ölçütleriniz ne olurdu? 100

üzerinden not verilen bir sınavda, yukarıda verilen ORTA, İYİ ve ÇOK İYİ kavramlarından her biri için not dilimini nasıl belirlerdiniz? Birinci ölçütü örnek olarak verilen aşağıdaki listeyi busorulara göre tamamlamaya çalışın.

1. Sözcük seçimi_ _____ __ puan

2. _________________ __ puan

3. _________________ __ puan

4. _________________ __ puan

5. _________________ __ puan

Toplam 100 puan

Çeviri sınavları için bizim saptadığımız ölçüt, aşağıdak i İşleme bölümünde verilmekte.Dilerseniz kendi saptadığınız liste ile kıyaslayabilirsiniz.




222

İşleme Bu bölümde çeviri sınavlarında kullandığım bir metin ve bir öğrencinin sınav kağıdıverilmekte. Sınavda süre olarak 3 saat verildi ve İngilizce-İngilizce sözlük kullanmak serbestti.

Öğrencinin kağıdının hemen ardından, bizim saptadığımız sınav değerlendirme ölçüt tablosugelmekte. Bu listeyi ya da yukarıda hazırladığınız kendi ölçüt tablonuzu kullanarak bu öğrencikağıdını değerlendirin.

İngilizce metin çeviriden sonra verilmekte.

Bazı profesyonel çevirmenler, çevirinin herşeyden önce yetenek, pratik ve genel bilgiyi içeren bir sanat olduğunu savunurlar. Onlar, çeviri yeteneğinin bir tanrı vergisi olduğunu söylerler. Yao yeteneğe sahipsinizdir ya da değilsinizdir, ve (hemen hemen bazı çeviri çevrelerinde iyi bir

kelime olarak algılanmaz) bundan dolayı teoride bir çeviri çalışmasının yapılması gereksizdir.

Çoğu çevirmen çalışmalarında (işlerinde) bir profesyonel olarak düşünülmeyi (anılmayı) tercihederler ve diğer insanların kendilerinin yarı becerikli veya başarılı işgörenler olarakgörmelerinden (tanınmaktan) çok kendilerinin bir profesyonel olarak görülmesini (muameleedilmesini) isterler. Ancak bunu başarmaları için, çevirmenlerin kabiliyetlerini geliştirmek içindirenmeleri ihtiyacı ve ne yapmak istediklerini ifade edebilmeleri gerekmektedir (ihtiyaçlarıvardır). Tıpkı doktorlar ve mühendisler gibi, Onların kendi kendilerini ispatlama gerekliliğivardır, ayrıca, yaptıkları işin ne olduğunun kontrolünü yapmalıdırlar; Onlar sadece iyi çeviriyapmazlar çünkü çeviri için bir yeteneğe sahiptirler, ancak daha önemlisi, diğer profesyonellergibi, onların (çevirmenler) mesleklerinin değişik yönlerini anlamak için bilinçli bir çabasarfetmeleri gerekecektir.

Tıp ve mühendisliğin tersine, çeviri akademik yönden oldukça yeni bir bilim dalıdır. Çeviri,kendi doğrularıyla birlikte çalışma konusu olarak daha yeni ortaya çıkmıştır (başlamıştır), ancak sadece bu değil (kendi içinde değil), ayrıca dünyanın her tarafındaki kolej ve üniversitelerinüyeliğinde sayıları fazlalaşmaktadır (çevirmenlerin sayıları). Herhangi bir yeni disiplin gibi,kendi metodlarına biçim vermek ve geliştirmek için ilgili disiplinlerin teorileri ve bulgularındanyararlanmak ihtiyaçları vardır; Ancak çevirinin hangi ilgili disiplinlerle doğal olarak ve verimliolarak bağlı olduğu hala bir tartışma konusudur. Hemen hemen genel olarak hayatın heryönünde ve belirli dil toplulukları arasındaki etkileşimlerin çeviriye olan etkisi (ilgisi)düşünülmelidir; çeşitli kültürel oluşumların içindeki çeşitli insan toplulukları arasında ve içindemeydana gelmektedir bu disiplin. Bu, araştırma yapmak için bir seferde yapılamayacak kadar

büyük bir alandır. Dolayısıyla, sadece söze başlamak istersek, eğer çeviri kelimenin tam

anlamıyla bir meslek haline gelecekse, çevirmenler diğerlerinden daha çok sezgiye ve ne

yapacakları ve onu (çeviriyi) nasıl yapacaklarına dair bir yeteneği mümkün kılabilmek için(elde edebilmek için) pratik yapmaya ihtiyaç duyacaktır. Onların herşeyden önce çalışmalarındaişleriyle ilgili hammadde hakkında bilgi elde etmeye ihtiyaçları olacaktır: Dilin ne olduğunuanlamak ve fonksiyonlarının ne anlama geldiğini anlamaya ihtiyaçları vardır.




223

Some professional translators suggest that translation is an art which requires aptitude, practice

and general knowledge - nothing more. The ability to translate is a gift, they say: you either

have it or you do not, and theory (almost a dirty word in some translation circles) is therefore

irrelevant to the work of a translation.

Most translators prefer to think of their work as a profession and would like to see others treat

them as professional rather than as skilled or semi-skilled workers. But to achieve this,

translators need to develop an ability to stand back and reflect on what they do and how they do

it. Like doctors and engineers, they have to prove themselves as well as others that they are in

control of what they do; that they do not just translate well because they have a "flair" for

translation, but rather because, like other professionals, they have made a conscious effort to

understand various aspects of their work.

Unlike medicine and engineering, translation is a very young discipline in academic terms. It is

only just starting to feature as a subject of study in its own right, not yet in all but in an

increasing number of universities and colleges around the world. Like any young discipline, it

needs to draw on the findings and theories of other related disciplines in order to develop and

formalize its own methods; but which disciplines it can naturally and fruitfully related to is still

a matter of some controversy. Almost every aspect of life in general and of the interaction

between speech communities in particular can be considered relevant to translation, a discipline

which has to concern itself with how meaning is generated within and between various groups

of people in various cultural settings. This is clearly too big an area to investigate in one go. So,

let us just start by saying that, if translation is ever to become a profession in full sense of the

word, translators will need something other than the current mixture of intuition and practice to

enable them to reflect on what they do and how they do it. They will need, above all, to acquire

a sound knowledge of the raw material with which the work: to understand what language is

and how it comes to function for its users.

Verilen sınavın ardından kullanılan ölçüt ise:

Sözcük seçimi (Uygun Türkçe sözcüklerin seçimi) 25

Anlamın kavranması ve aktarılması (İngilizce tümcenin anlamının anlaşılması) 20

Çevirinin düzgünlüğü (Sayfa düzeni, yazım hataları) 10

Hedef dilde yeniden yapılandırma (Tümcenin Türkçe tümce yapılanma

kurallarına uygun oluşturulması) 25

Akıcılık/Bütünlük (Tümceler arası bağlantı) 20

TOPLAM 100




224

Üretme Metinlerin her birini belirtilen süre içinde Türkçeye aktarın. İngilizceden-İngilizceye sözlükkullanabilirsiniz. Süre bittiğinde çevirinizi bir kenara bırakın.

A. (40 dakika)

Clock

Our passion for erecting huge clocks in public places is one expression of our slavery to

the idea of punctuality. Immense clocks embedded in the towers of town halls and

churches frown down on a hurrying populace perpetually reminding them that they must

be on time. It is said that the nearer man gets to the equator, the less inclination he has to

be punctual. If one can judge from the comparative dearth of public clocks in warm

countries, this statement must be true. In these places, the world goes by in a leisurely

way: there is no unseen enemy lurking in the background, timing the lives of the

inhabitants with a stop-watch.

113 sözcük

B. (45 dakika)

Mountaineering

Only in fairly recent times has the idea of climbing a mountain for its own sake become

general. In the past, mountains were regarded as nothing but ugly, disordered heaps of

stone which it would be folly to climb. The successful and dramatic ascent of the

Matterhorn in the nineteenth century, did much to change this attitude. Equipped with

huge stores of food and barrels of wine to sustain them on their arduous journey, early

climbers scaled a great number of peaks in the Alps. Modern mountaineering gear is less

bulky but far more complicated. The need for wind-proof clothing, pressure cookers,

vacuum packed foods, medical supplies, and nylon ropes has made climbing a

formidable undertaking. This often tempts people to ask mountaineers why they go to all

this trouble just to climb mountains. Mallory's famous answer, "Because they're there,"

leaves them more puzzled than before.

146 sözcük

Bu metinlerin çevirileri 240. sayfada verilmekte. Kendi çevirinizi bunlarla karşılaştırınve yaptığınız çevirilere not verin. En çok hatayı hangi ölçüt üzerinden yaptığınızısaptamaya çalışın.




225

Sınama Verilen her bir metni belirtilen sürede, sözlük kullanarak Türkçeye aktarın. Çeviriyitamamladıktan sonra bir süre dinlenin payı ayırın. Daha sonra, 240-241. sayfalardaki

çevirilerle karşılaştırarak kendi çevirilerinize not verin.

1.

Let loose in a supermarket, the bewildered housewife must find it impossible to choose

wisely. If she sets out to buy a packet of soap-powder she is faced with an astonishing

range of makes and brand-names. One announces that a free gift-voucher goes with each

packet; another that there is a free gift inside; another that the buyer is offered a twenty-

per-cent discount if she buys three packets at once; another declares that a new "easy-to-

pour" gadget is attached to the packet. Words, too, do not always mean what they say.

Who would guess that "giant size" often means the smallest size available, or that

"super-economy size" the largest? The way things are at present, it is becoming

increasingly impossible for the housewife to assess whether she is getting true value formoney.

2.

Money also acts as a common measure of value. If we had to rely on the barter system,

it would be impossible, for instance, to calculate how many loaves of bread we should

have to offer our dentist for taking care of our teeth. Furthermore, payment in kind does

not allow freedom of choice: the dentist would be obliged to accept far more bread than

he could use. Money enables us to buy exactly what we need and acts as a measure for

quantity and quality.

3.

Though people are much less superstitious than they used to be, they do sometimes give

way to illogical fears. The desire to believe in the supernatural lurks in the background

and occasionally breaks to the surface. Because superstition is infectious, popular

imagination, once fired, needs little encouragement to turn fancy into fact. Some time

ago, people claimed to have seen saucer-shaped objects which were supposed to have

come from outer space. One writer went so far as to claim that one of these objects

landed in a field and that he was able to communicate with diminutive "people" people

from Venus. In time, so any of these "saucers" were seen, that one was led to believe

that the earth was threatened with imminent invasion.




226

4.

Islanders are used to living in small, compact communities where self-sufficiency and

isolation are valued. The risk of being cut off from the mainland for weeks at a time, is

one they are willing to take. They become as much a part of the islands on which they

live as the surrounding sea. Just as the wind carves fissures in the rocks, it cuts deeplines in their faces and hardens their features. A stranger, alien to their way of life, is

often viewed with suspicion; but once accepted, friendship is lasting.

5.

In this way, mass-production has brought with it a sharp division between work and

pleasure. The modern worker cannot, like the craftsman before him, enjoy what he is

doing. On the other hand, shorter working-hours coupled with secure employment, leave

him an amount of free time that his predecessors never enjoyed. And modern industry

has so revolutionized methods of transport and entertainment, that it provides the worker

with numerous activities he can devote his leisure time to. If he uses his spare time

wisely and not just as a means for "letting off steam" after a dull day's work, he can be

more than compensated for this dissociation of work and pleasure.

6.

The cultivation of a hobby not only allows us to relax properly, but it gives us a true

sense of proportion. People in quite minor positions, as well as those who have many

responsibilities to bear, often have an exaggerated idea of their own importance and

consider themselves to be indispensable. They regard anything unconnected with their

work with suspicion and are afraid even to take a holiday. "Who will take care of things

when I'm gone?" they ask, unaware that things will go on just the same when they have

really gone for good and there will always be someone else to take care of them.

Hobbies redress the balance by helping us to understand how full life is. The man who

really works well is he who can completely forget his work in the intervening hours

when he is left to himself.




227

7

Çeviri sınavlarında başarı

Giriş ................................................................................................................. 228

Sunu ................................................................................................................ 228

Ġşleme .............................................................................................................. 230

Üretme ............................................................................................................. 230

Sınama ............................................................................................................. 231




228

Giriş

Bir metni verilen sürede Türkçeye aktarmanız istense, aşağıdaki sorularayanıtlarınız neler olurdu?

1. Kurşunkalem mi tükenmez kalem mi kullanırdınız?

2. Müsvedde yapar mıydınız?3. Metnin tümünü okumadan önce sözcük çalışması yapar mıydınız?

4. Toplam sürenin yüzde kaçını metnin analizi, kaçını metnin çevirisi ve kaçınıçevirinin son kontrolu için ayırırdınız?

Sunu

A Textbook of Translation adlı kitabında Newmark (1988: 221-223) örneğin 3saatlik bir çeviri sınavında, 15 dakikanın analiz, 2 saat 10 dakikanın çeviri ve35 dakikanın yapılan çevirinin kontrol edilmesi için gerektiğinisavunmakta.Yani:

ANALİZ: %10

ÇEVİRİ: %70

KONTROL: %20

TOPLAM: %100

Bu süreleri yukarıda Giriş bölümünde 4. soruya verdiğiniz yanıtla karşılaştırın.İki listeden tek bir liste oluşturmaya çalışın.

Newmark (1988: 221-223) ayrıca çeviri sınavları için önerilerde de bulunmakta. Bu öneriler aşağıda özetlenmekte; bu önerilere uyup uymamakelbette size kalmış (özellikle de 2. ve 16. maddeler e):

1. Çift aralık yazın ve paragraflar arasında boşluklar bırakın. Metin çok zor olmadığısürece müsvedde yapmayın.

2. Sözlükten kontrol etmeyi düşündüğünüz bütün sözcüklerin altını çizin. Hepsine biranda bakın.

3. Aşina olmadığınız sözcüklerin tümünü sözlükten kontrol edin.

4. Anlamını çıkaramadığınız sözcüklerle aşırı zaman harcamayın. Bağlam içinde enmantıklı anlamı verecek şekilde sözcüğü yuvarlayın.

5. Önce kolay tümceleri ve paragrafları, özellikle de - mümkünse - son paragrafıçevirin. Kağıdını çevirinin yarısı tamamlanmamış olarak vermeyin.

6. Doğru olarak çözme şansınızın daha yüksek olduğunu düşündüğünüz tümcelerüzerinde biraz daha fazla zaman harcayın.






230

İşleme Aşağıda verilen metnin çevirisini yapmanız için herhangi bir zaman sınırlamasıgetirilmemekte. Ancak, metni sanki bir sınavda çeviri yapıyormuş gibi ele alınve her bir aşamanın sonunda (analiz, çeviri ve kontrol) o aşamayı kaç dakikadatamamladığınızı kaydedin. Daha sonra, bu sürelerin toplam süreye göreyüzdelerini hesaplayın. Böylece kendi çeviri yapma hızınızı saptamışolacaksınız. Dileğiniz sözlüğü kullanabilirsiniz.

Surveys reveal that most adults consider themselves "well informed about the

affairs of the nation and the world." Yet a regularly taken Roper poll that asks,

"From where do you obtain most of your information about the world ?" has

found the percentage of people who reply, "Television" has been increasing

steadily over the past decade. The latest questionnaire found that well over 60

percent of the respondents chose television over other media as their major

source of information. These two facts are difficult to reconcile since even a

casual study of television news reveals that it is only a headline service and not a

source of information enabling one to shape a world view.

Reader's Choice

Yaptığınız çevirinin doğruluğunu kitabın 242. sayfasında verilen çeviriye bakarak inceleyin ve çevirinize bir önceki konudaki ölçütlere göre bir not verin.

Üretme Bu bölümde verilen metni 60 dakika içinde Türkçeye aktarmanız isteniyor. Birönceki İşleme aşamasında kendi çeviri hızınızı saptamıştınız. Orada

belirlediğiniz zaman dilimlerine göre, analiz, çeviri ve kontrol işlemlerine nekadar süre ayırmanız gerektiğini hesaplayarak aşağıdaki tabloya yazın.

Toplam 60 dakika

Analiz __ dakika

Çeviri __ dakika

Kontrol __ dakika

Metnin çevirisine başlayın. Her bir aşamanın bitiminde süreyi kaydederekyukarıdaki tablodaki sürelere uyup uyamadığınızı belirleyin. Dilediğinizsözlüğü kullanabilirsiniz.




231

How divided twins grew up alike

The odds across the human race of producing identical twins are 20 to one

against. John Stroud is a social worker who deals in still longer odds: finding

pairs of twins separated at birth or soon after and re-uniting them in middle age,

often to the earth-shaking astonishment of at least one of the parties concerned.

Since 1960 Stroud has, by patient and painstaking detective work, reunited 26

pairs of twins, and in many cases one of the parties had not the faintest idea they

were one of a pair. The discovery has usually, but not always, been a joy.

Framework for Proficiency

106 sözcük

Aynı çalışmayı aşağıdaki metin için de yapın.

No self-respecting newspaper these days contents itself with the mere

presentation of news. For a small amount of money each day, we are not simply

informed of affairs of national and international importance. We are given

photographs of people and places; the famous and notorious unfold their best-

kept secrets, side by side with the not-so-famous who, for one reason or another,

have "hit the headlines". This is not all we get for our money. There is always

plenty of advice about what plays or films to see; what books to read; how we

should dress; what we should eat; and where we should spend our holidays. And

in case we have nothing better to do, we are provided with the most effective

time-killers: quizzes and crossword-puzzles.

Essay and Letter Writing

Sınama Verilen metni, dileğiniz sözlüğü kullanarak, 2 saat içinde Türkçeye aktarın.

Newmark'ın verdiği sürelere göre analiz için 12 dakika, çeviri için 84 dakika,kontrol için de 24 dakika ayırmanız gerekir. Bu süreleri kendi çeviri hızınızagöre düzenleyin ve çevirinizi yapın.

What is translation? Often, though not by any means always, it is rendering the

meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text.

Common sense tells us that this ought to be simple, as one ought to be able to say

something as well in one language as in another. On the other hand, you may see

it as complicated, artificial and fraudulent, since by using another language you

are pretending to be someone you are not. Hence in many types of text (legal,




232

administrative, dialect, local, cultural) the temptation is to transfer as many SL

(Source Language) words to the TL (Target Language) as possible. The pity is,

as Mounin wrote, that the translation cannot simply reproduce, or be, the original.

And since this is so, the first business of the translator is to translate. ...

Danila Seleskovitch, a brilliant interpreter and translator, has said: "Everything

said in one language can be expressed in another - on condition that the two

languages belong to the cultures that have reached a comparable degree of

development." The condition she makes is false and misleading. Translation is an

instrument of education as well as of truth precisely because it has to reach

readers whose cultural and educational level is different from, and often "lower"

or earlier than, that of the readers of the original ... . "Foreign" communities have

their own language structures and their own cultures, "foreign" individuals have

their own way of thinking and therefore of expressing themselves, but all these

can be explained, and as a last resort the explanation is translation. No language,

no culture is so "primitive" that it cannot embrace the terms and concepts of, say,

computer technology or plainsong. But such a translation is a longer process if it

is in a language whose culture does not include computer technology. If it is to

cover all the points in the source language text, it requires greater space in the

target language text. Therefore, whilst translation is always possible, it may for

various reasons not have the same impact as the original. ...

That translation is not merely a transmitter of culture, but also of truth, a force of

progress, could be instanced by following the course of resistance to Bible

translation and preservation of Latin as a superior language of the elect ... .

A Textbook of Translation

Yaptığınız çeviriyi 242. sayfada verilen çeviri ile karşılaştırın ve ne kadar başarılı olduğunuzu saptayın.




233

Noktalama İmleri

. , : ; ? ! ' - - - / ( ) [ ]Noktalama imlerinin İngilizcede ve Türkçede kimi zaman farklı biçimdekullanılmaları, İngilizce bir metnin okunması esnasında zorluk çıkarabilmektedir.Bu bölümde, noktalama imlerinin bazılarının İngilizcede kullanımları örneklerleverilmektedir.

Nokta . 1. Bir tümceyi sona erdirmek için.

I am a teacher.

2. Bazı kısaltmalarda.

a.m.

3. Bir sayının küsurlu bölümü için.

6.30 %(Virgül kullanmak da olası : 6,30 %)

4. Saatlerde.

06.30

(Ayrıca: 06:30 <AmE>)

5. Tarihlerde.

14.3.199514.iii.1995

(Ayrıca: 14/3/95 ya da 14-3-95 ya da 14:3:95)

Virgül , 1. Tümce içinde yakından ilişkili tümcecikleri ayırır. Bir " coordinator" tarafından bağlanmayanbağımsız tümcecikleri normalde virgül ayırmaz.

Schoolchildren have adopted the fund as one of their favouritecharities, and their small contributions have enabled the fund toreach its target.

Schoolchildren have adopted the fund as one of their favourite

charities; their small ...




234

2. Ardarda sıralanan unsurlar arasında virgül gelebilir.

He walked with long, slow strides.long and slow strides.

3. Bir seri unsur sıralanırken " and" ya da " or " en sondakinden önce yerleştirilir.

Dogs, cats(,) and other animals can recognize friends by smell alone.

He wrote down 73, 12, 44, 9, 7(,) and 13, and added them up.

4. Alıntıda.

"I heard 'Keep out' being shouted," he said.

5. " Non-defin ing relative clause" ve benzeri kullanımlarda, "-" yerine.

Captain Madison, a company commander, assembled his men andannounced their mission.

6. Mektupların başlangıcında.

Dear Mr Wilson,

7. Seslenme durumunda.

John, I think you're right.

Soru İşareti ?

1. Soruda.

What can be done to help these people?(Ayrıca: Would the gentleman who left a silk scarf on the manager's desk care to retrieve itfrom the porters' office.)

2. Soru niteliği taşıyan tümcede.

You are leaving already?

Ünlem İşareti ! 1. Duygu.

How silly they are! Aren't they tall!

2. Emir

Get out!




235

İki Nokta :

1. Tümcecikleri, virgülden daha keskin biçimde ayırır.

I've just had some good news: I've been offered a job in a law firm.

2. " For example, eg, namely, ie, as follows" ya da " the like" yerine.

There remained one thing she wanted above all else: a room of herown; but she didn't acquire her own room until she was eighteen.

Please send the stipulated items(, namely):(i) birth certificate(ii) passport(iii) correct fee

3. Mektupların başlangıcında.

Dear Mr Wilson: <AmE>(Ayrıca: Dear Mr Wilson, <BrE> <resmi olmayan AmE>)

Noktalı Virgül ; 1. Ö+Y+N; (and) (then) Ö+Y+N yapısında.

Taylor was, as usual, a consummate actor; with a few telling

strokes he characterized King Lear magnificently.

2. Resmi kullanımda, zaten birkaç virgül kullanılmışsa ve tümce karmaşıksa.

I had been aware that they sometimes disagreed violently,particularly over how to raise their children, and that there werealso periods when they would not speak to each other; but I had notrealized that they were seriously contemplating divorce.

3. " That is, namely" , vs. öncesinde.

In one respect, government policy has been firmly decided; that is,there will be no conscription.

Kesme İşareti ' 1. İyelik durumunda.

the girl'sthe girls'




236

2. Yüklem kısaltmada

I'm, He's, won't, ...

3. Ender olarak, bazı kısaltmalarda.

'flu (= influenza)

4. Saatte.

o'clock (= of the clock)

5. Şiirde kısaltmalarda.

e'er (= ever)o'er (= over)

6. Standart dışı dilde.

goin' (= going)'cause (= because)

7. Seneyi gösteren sayının kısaltmasında.

'95

8. Yanlış anlamayı önlemek amacı ile.

There are three i's in that word.

Kısa Çizgi - 1. Satır sonunda bölünme durumunda

Schoolchildren have adopted thefund as oneof their favourite charities, andsmall contribut-ions have enabled the fund toreach its target.

2. Bileşik sözcüklerde.

a) Ad - Belirteç

runner-upbreak-in

b) Sıfat - Ad+-ed

cold-bloodedbrown-eyed




237

c) Sıfat-Ad + -ing/-ed

far-fetchedhabit-forming

d) Sıfat yerine geçen kısaltmalar

Russian-English [dictionary]student-teacher [interaction]

e) Sayılar

twenty-fivethree-fifths

f) Büyük harf - Ad

U-turn

H-bomb

g) -in-law(s) ile bitenler

mother-in-law

h) great ile başlayanlar

great-unclegreat-grandchildren

i) Büyük harfle başlayan bir kökten önceki takıda kullanılabilir.

un-French

j) ex-, half-, quasi-, self-, post- gibi yapılarda

post-1990

k) Diğerleri

on-the-spotface-to-faceup-to-datedo-it-yourself

3. Ortada ya da sonda belirtilen, ilintili birim için.

The other man - David Johnson - refused to make a statement.= (David Johnson) refused to ...

4. Kesintiyi göstermek için.

"I hoped that you -" His voice broke.




238

5. Bir ismi ya da küfürü gizlemek için.

Mr B-F- off

6. Kekeleme

"P-p-p-please t-t-try," his teeth chattered through fear and cold."He-e-elp!" she cried.

7. İki sayının arası için.

pages 15-36

Parantez

( )1. Referans numarası ve doğum-ölüm tarihleri için.

We shall see below (p. 63) that Eleanor's first love was WilliamBevan (1812-73).

2. Tümce içinde, bağımsız bir tümcecik için.

Enterprising businessmen sell earthworms and their castings (theyare one of the best soil conditioners) in hundreds of retail storesacross the US and Canada.

3. Dipnot niteliği taşıyan bölümlerde.

They decided that it was impossible to recreate Vietnam battlescenes, since the war was still on and they felt that the Philippineswere an unacceptable substitute. ( Apocalypse Now , made in thePhilippines, did not change their feeling.) So they set on to work ona home front drama.

Köşeli Parantez [ ] 1. Parantez içinde parantez.

... the other man (David Johnson [alias Wilson])

2. Yazar ya da yayımcının form üzerinde yorumu.

He said that Thursday was his normal visiting day [italics mine].

3. Açıklamada. Martin Luther claimed that she [the Prime Minister] was chieflyresponsible for the crisis.




239

4. Alıntılarda, atlanmış bölümlerin yerine.

The author claims that "[Jonathan Swift] advocated theestablishment of a Language Academy to purity the Englishlanguage and prevent its further deterioration."

Ayırma İşareti / 1. Altbirimleri göstermek için.

the academic year 1994/5c/o (adreslerde, care of [eliyle] anlamında) Rule A/32

2. Alternatif

students and/or staff

Tırnak “ ” 1. Alıntıda.

“ I heard 'Keep out' being shouted," he said.

2. Belirlemek için.

He couldn't spell "mnemonic", and therefore failed to reach thefinals.

3. Hikaye/Makale/Bölüm adı için.

He felt that the report's third chapter, "The Critical Need for Additional Personnel", overstated the problem.




240

Çeviriler

Bu bölümde, 6. ve 7. konudaki bazı metinlerin çevirileri verilmekte.

Konu 6

"Üretme" bölümündeki metinlerin çevirisi (sayfa 224)

Saat

Halka açık yerlere dev saatler dikmemiz, dakiklik fikrine olan köleliğimizin bir

ifadesidir. Belediye meclisi binalarının ve kiliselerin kulelerine gömülü devasa saatleraşağıdaki telaşlı kalabalığa dik dik bakarak onlara vaktinde olmaları gerektiğinihatırlatırlar. Ekvatora yaklaştıkça dakik olma eğiliminin azaldığı söylenir. Ilımanülkelerde meydan saatlerinin nispeten az olmasından yola çıkarsak, bu yorumun doğruolması gerekir. Bu yerlerde yaşam sakin bir biçimde geçer; akra planda gizlenen,insanların yaşamını bir kronometre ile hesaplayan görünmeyen bir düşman

bulunmamaktadır.

Dağcılık Sırf tırmanmış olmak için dağa tırmanma fikrinin yaygınlık göstermesi çok yakınzamanlara rastlar. Geçmişte dağlar yalnızca tırmanmanın aptallık olacağı çirkin,düzensiz taş yığınları olarak görülürlerdi. Ondokuzuncu yüzyıldaki başarılı ve eşsiz

Matterhorn tırmanışı bu tutumun değişmesine büyük katkıda bulundu. Zor yolculuklarıesnasında kendilerini besleyecek olan büyük miktarda gıda ve fıçılarca şarap iledonanmış olan ilk dağcılar Alplerde pek çok zirveyi fethettiler. Modern dağcılıkmalzemesi daha az yüklü ama daha karmaşık. Rüzgar geçirmez giysilere, basınçlı gazısıtıcılara, havası alınarak paketlenmiş yiyeceklere, tıp malzemelerine ve naylonhalatlara olan gereksinim tırmanmayı zor bir uğraş haline getirdi. Bu da sık sık insanlarıdağlara tırmanmak için bunca zahmete neden katlandıklarını sormaya yöneltir.Mallory'nin "Çünkü onlar oradalar" şeklindeki ünlü yanıtı kafalarını öncekinden de çokkarıştırır.

"Sınama" bölümündeki metinlerin çevirisi (sayfa 225)

1.

Süpermarkete dalan ev kadınının, akıllıca seçim yapmayı olanaksız buluyor olmasıgerekir. Eğer bir paket sabun tozu almaya kalkışırsa şaşırtıcı sayıda marka ve çeşitlekarşılaşır. Paketlerden biri her bir pakette bir bedava hediye çeki olduğunu anlatırken birdiğeri de içinde bedava hediye olduğunu anlatır; bir diğeri de üç paket birdenalındığında yüzde yirmilik bir indirim olacağını; başka biri, pakete "dökmeyikolaylaştıran gereç" eklendiğini. Sözcükler de söyledikleri anlamı taşımayabilir. "Dev

boyut"un genelde mevcut en küçük paket olacağını ya da "süper ekonomi boyut"un en büyük paket olacağını kim tahmin edebilir? Durum böyle olunca, ev kadınının parasınıntam karşılığını alıp almadığını değerlendirmek gitgide güçleşmekte.




241

2.

Para ayrıca ortak bir değer ölçütü görevini de yapmaktadır. Takas sistemine güvenmekzorunda kalsaydık, örneğin dişçimize dişlerimize baktığı için kaç somun ekmekvereceğimizi hesaplamak olanaksız olurdu. Dahası, bu türden bir ödeme seçme

özgürlüğü tanımaz: dişçi, kullanabileceğinden çok daha fazla ekmeği kabul etmekzorunda kalırdı. Para istediğimizin tam kendisini satın almamızı sağlar ve bir nitelik venitelik ölçütü görevi üstlenir.

3.

İnsanlar, eskiye oranla daha az batıl inançlı olmalarına karşın, bazan akıldışı korkularakapılırlar. Doğaüstü olana inanma isteği geride saklanır ve arasıra yüzeye çıkar. Batılinanç bulaşıcı olduğu için, ortak hayal gücü bir kez ateşlendi mi hayali gerçeğedönüştürmek için pek az cesaretlendirmeye gerek gösterir. Bir süre önce, insanlaruzaydan geldiğine inanılan tabak şekilli nesneler gördüklerini iddia ettiler. Bir yazar, bunesnelerin bir tarlaya indiğini ve kendisinin Venüs'ten gelen minicik "insan"larla iletişimkurabildiğini ileri sürecek kadar ileri gitti. Zamanla bu "tabak"lardan o kadar fazlası

görüldü ki insan dünyanın yaklaşan bir istila tehdidinde olduğuna inanır hale geldi.

4.

Adalılar, kendi kendine yeterliliğin ve yalnızlığın değerli olduğu küçük, kapalıtoplumlarda yaşamaya alışkındır. Anakaradan haftalarca ayrı kalma riski, almakisteyecekleri bir risktir. Üstünde yaşadıkları adanın, en az adayı çevreleyen deniz kadar

parçası haline gelirler. Nasıl ki rüzgar kayalarda yarıklar açarsa, adalıların yüzlerinde dederin çizgiler oluşturur ve çehrelerini sertleştirir. Onların yaşam şekillerini bilmeyen biryabancı çoğu kez kuşkuyla karşılanır; ama bir kez kabullenildi mi dostluk kalıcıdır.

5.

Bu şekilde, toplu üretim iş ile eğlence arasında keskin bir ayırım da getirdi. Modern işçiyapmakta olduğu işten kendisinden önceki işçiler gibi tat alamaz. Diğer yandan, güvenliistihdam ile birleşen daha kısa çalışma saatleri çalışan kişiye kendisinden öncekilerin hiçsahip olamadıkları miktarda boş vakit bırakmakta. Ve modern endüstrinin öylesine

evrimleşmiş ulaşım ve eğlence yöntemleri bulunmakta ki çalışan kişiye boş zamanınıadayabileceği sayısız aktivite sağlamakta. Boş vaktini sırf bir "rahatlama" yolu olarakdeğil de akıllıca kullanırsa, çalışan kişi iş ile eğlenceyi birbirinden ayırmasınınkarşılığını fazlasıyla alabilir.

6.

Bir hobi geliştirmek yalnızca iyice dinlenmemize izin vermekle kalmaz, aynı zamanda

bizlere gerçek bir oranlama hissi de verir. Taşıyacak pek çok sorumlulukları olanlarınyanısıra ufak konumlarda olanlar da kendi önemleri konusunda abartılı bir fikresahiptirler ve kendilerini yeri doldurulamaz olarak görürler. İşle ilişkili olmayan herşeyikuşkuyla karşılarlar ve tatile çıkmaya bile korkarlar. "Ben gidince işlerle kimilgilenecek?" diye sorarken gerçekten de dönmemek üzere gittiklerinde işlerin aynı

biçimde süreceğinden ve işlerle ilgilenecek birilerinin mutlaka olacağındanhabersizdirler. Hobiler, yaşamın ne kadar dolu olduğunu anlamamıza yardımcı olarakdengeyi sağlarlar. Gerçekten de iyi çalışabilen kişi, kendi başına kaldığı boş vakitlerdeişini unutabilen kişidir.




242

Konu 7

"İşleme" bölümündeki metnin çevirisi (sayfa 230)

Araştırmalar, çoğu yetişkinin kendilerini "ülke ve dünya olayları hakkında iyi bilgili"gördüklerini ortaya koymakta. Ancak, düzenli olarak yapılan Roper araştırması, "Dünyahakkındaki bilgilerinizin çoğunu nereden alıyorsunuz?" sorusuna "Televizyon" yanıtınıverenlerin sayısının son on yıl içinde düzenli bir biçimde artmakta olduğunu bulmuştur.En son yapılan anket, katılımcıların yüzde altmıştan fazlasının temel bilgi kaynağı olaraktelevizyonu diğer yayın organlarına seçtiğini bulmuştur. Bu iki gerçeği bağdaştırmakgüç, zira, televizyon konusunda yapılan sıradan bir araştırma bile onun kişinin bir dünyagörüşü oluşturmasını sağlayacak bir bilgi kaynağı olmayıp yalnızca bir haber başlığıhizmeti olduğunu göstermekte.

"Sınama" bölümündeki metnin çevirisi (sayfa 231-232)

Çeviri nedir? Her zaman olmasa da çoğu zaman, bir metnin anlamını yazarın kasdettiğişekilde bir başka dile aktarmaktır. Sağduyu bize bunun basit olması gerektiğinisöylemekte, zira, insanın bir dilde söyleyebildiğini diğer dilde de söyleyebilmesi gerekir.Diğer yandan, diğer bir dili kullanarak olmadığınız gibi davrandığınız için çeviriyikarmaşık, yapay ve iki yüzlülük olarak görebilirsiniz. Bundan ötürü, pek çok metintüründe (yasal, idari, diyalekt, yerel, kültürel) gerekli görülen olabildiğince fazla kaynakdil sözcüğü hedef dile aktarmaktır. Ne yazık ki, Mounin'in dediği gibi, çeviri basitçeorijinali kopyalayamaz ya da orijinalin kendi olamaz. Durum böyle olunca da,çevirmenin ilk görevi çeviri yapmaktır.

İyi bir sözlü ve yazılı çevirmen olan Danila Seleskovitch "Her iki dilin de kıyaslanabilir

bir gelişme düzeyine ulaşmış kültürlere ait olması koşulu ile, bir dilde söylenen herşey bir diğer dilde ifade edilebilir" demiştir. İleri sürdüğü koşul yanlış ve yanıltıcı. Kültürelve eğitsel düzeyleri orijinal metnin okuyucularının kültürel ve eğitsel seviyesinden dahafarklı ve genelde daha "düşük" ya da erken dönemde olan okuyuculara ulaşmak zorundaolduğu için, çeviri hem gerçeği hem de eğitimi iletmenin bir yoludur. ... "Yabancı"toplumların kendi dil yapıları ve kendi kültürleri vardır, "yabancı" fertlerin kendidüşünme yolları ve buna bağlı olarak da kendilerini ifade etme yolları vardır; fakat

bunların tümü de açıklanabilir ve en son çare açıklama çaresi de çeviridir. Hiçbir dil,hiçbir kültür örneğin bilgisayar teknolojisinin ya da şarkının terim ya da kavramlarınıiçeremeyecek kadar "ilkel" değildir. Ancak, eğer bilgisayar teknolojisini içermeyen birdilde ise, böyle bir çeviri daha uzun bir süreçtir. Hedef dildeki metindeki tüm noktalarıiçerecekse hedef dildeki metinde daha geniş yer gerekecektir. Bu nedenle, her ne kadar

çeviri her zaman mümkünse de, çeşitli nedenlerle orijinal ile aynı etkiye sahipolmayabilir. ...

Çevirinin yalnızca kültürü değil aynı zamanda gerçeği de aktardığı ve gelişmenin birgücü olduğuna, İncil çevirisine olan direnç ve Latincenin üstün sınıfın üstün bir diliolarak korunma tarihi örnek olarak gösterilebilir.




243

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TOEFL. Singapore: Macmillan.

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Translation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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Matbaası.

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Jordan, R.R. 1986. Academic Writing Course. London and Glasgow:

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King, C., ve Stanley, N. 1989. Building Skills for the TOEFL. (İkinci

basım) Hong Kong: Nelson.

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Lewis, J. E. (yay. haz.) 1997. The Giant Book of the Western. London:

Magpie.

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Newbury House Publishers.

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