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General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005Dr. Frisby
Slide 1
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides forEssential Biology, Second Edition & Essential Biology with Physiology
Neil Campbell, Jane Reece, and Eric Simon
Presentation prepared by Chris C. Romero
CHAPTER 16CHAPTER 16Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land
Slide 2
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Coniferous forests are highly productive
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY:THE BALANCING ACT OF FOREST CONSERVATION
Slide 3
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Our demand for wood and paper is so great that clear-cut areas have become commonplace
Figure 16.1
General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005Dr. Frisby
Slide 4
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The loss of coniferous forests
Slide 5
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Plants
COLONIZING LAND
Slide 6
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Living on land poses different problems from living in water
Terrestrial Adaptations of PlantsStructural Adaptations
General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005Dr. Frisby
Slide 7
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 16.2
PlantLeafperforms photosynthesis
Cuticlereduces water loss; stomata allow gas exchange
Shootsupports plant (and may perform photosynthesis)
Alga Surrounding water supports the alga
Whole algaperformsPhoto-synthesis;
absorbswater, CO2,
and minerals from the water
Rootsanchor plant;absorb water and mineralsfrom the soil (aided by fungi)
Slide 8
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Most plants have mycorrhizae, symbiotic fungi associated with their roots
Figure 16.3
Slide 9
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Leaves
Figure 16.4
General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005Dr. Frisby
Slide 10
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Other types of vascular tissue are found in the roots and shoots of plants
Slide 11
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Plants produce their gametes in protective structures called gametangia
Reproductive Adaptations
Slide 12
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• In plants, but not algae, the zygote develops into an embryo while still contained within the female parent
General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005Dr. Frisby
Slide 13
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 16.5
Ovary of flower
Embryo
Maternal tissue
Slide 14
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Origin of Plants from Green Algae
• The move onto land and the spread of plants to diverse terrestrial environments were incremental
Slide 15
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Molecular comparisons and other evidence place a group of green algae called charophyceans closest to plants
Figure 16.6
General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005Dr. Frisby
Slide 16
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The history of the plant kingdom is a story of adaptation to diverse terrestrial habitats
PLANT DIVERSITY
Slide 17
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Highlights of Plant Evolution
• The fossil record chronicles four major periods of plant evolution
Slide 18
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 16.7
Cen
ozoi
cM
esoz
oic
Pale
ozoi
c Cha
roph
ycea
ns(a
gro
up o
f gre
en a
lgae
)
Bry
ophy
tes
(e.g
., m
osse
s)
Seed
less
vas
cula
r pla
nts
(e.g
., fe
rns)
Gym
nosp
erm
s (e
.g.,
coni
fers
)
Ang
io-
sper
ms
Origin of plants
Early vascular plants
First seed plants
Diversification of flowering plants
General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005Dr. Frisby
Slide 19
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The first period
• The second period
Slide 20
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The third period
• The fourth period
Slide 21
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bryophytes
• Mosses
Figure 16.8
General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005Dr. Frisby
Slide 22
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Mosses display two key terrestrial adaptations
Slide 23
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Mosses have two distinct versions of the plant
Figure 16.9
Slide 24
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The life cycle of a moss exhibits an alternation of generations
General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005Dr. Frisby
Slide 25
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 16.10
Sporesn Mito
sis
Sporophyte2n
Mitosis
Gametes (sperm and
eggs)n
Fertilization
Zygote2n
Mitosis
Spore capsule
Meiosis
Gametophyten
Haploid
Diploid
Slide 26
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Ferns
• Ferns
Figure 16.11
Slide 27
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• During the Carboniferous period, about 290–360 million years ago, ferns formed swampy forests that covered much of what is now Eurasia and North America
Figure 16.12
General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005Dr. Frisby
Slide 28
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Gymnosperms
• A drier, colder climate at the end of the Carboniferous period favored the evolution of gymnosperms, the first seed plants
Slide 29
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Conifers
Conifers
Figure 16.13
Slide 30
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Conifers and most other gymnosperms have three terrestrial adaptations
Terrestrial Adaptations of Seed Plants
General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005Dr. Frisby
Slide 31
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The first adaptation is a greater development of the diploid sporophyte compared to the haploid gametophyte generation
Slide 32
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 16.14
Gametophyte (n)
Sporophyte (2n)
(a) Sporophytedependent on gametophyte (e.g., mosses)
Sporophyte (2n)
Gametophyte (n)
(b) Large sporophyte and small, independent gametophyte (e.g., ferns)
Sporophyte (2n)
Gametophyte (n)
(c) Reduced gametophyte dependent on sporophyte(seed plants)
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Slide 33
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• A pine tree of other conifer is actually a sporophyte with tiny gametophytes living in cones
Figure 16.15
General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005Dr. Frisby
Slide 34
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• A second adaptation of seed plants to dry land was the evolution of pollen
• A pollen grain
Slide 35
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The third terrestrial adaptation was the development of the seed
• A seed consists of a plant embryo packaged along with a food supply within a protective coat
Figure 16.16
Integuments
Spore
(a) Ovule
Haploid ( n)Diploid (2n)
Pollen tube
Pollen grain(male gametophyte)
Female gametophyte
Egg nucleus
Discharged sperm nucleus
(b) Fertilized ovule
Seed coat (derived from integuments)
Food supply (derived from female gametophyte tissue)
Spore case
Embryo(new sporophyte)
(c) Seed
Slide 36
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Angiosperms
• Angiosperms
• More efficient water transport and the evolution of the flower help account for the success of the angiosperms
General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005Dr. Frisby
Slide 37
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The dominant stage of the angiosperms is a sporophyte with gametophytes in its flowers
Flowers, Fruits, and the Angiosperm Life Cycle
Slide 38
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 16.17
Stamen
Anther
Filament
Ovule
Petal
CarpelStigma
Style
Ovary
Sepal
Slide 39
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The life cycle of an angiosperm
General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005Dr. Frisby
Slide 40
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Mature sporophyteplant with flowers
Germinated pollen grain (male gametophyte) on stigma of carpel
Anther at tip of stamen
Pollen tube growing down style of carpel
Ovary (base of carpel)
Embryo sac (female gametophyte)
Egg
Sperm nuclei
Fertilization
Endosperm
Zygote
Embryo (sporophyte )
Fruit (develops from ovary)
Seed (develops from ovule)
Seed
Germinating seed
Sporophyteseedling
Haploid ( n )
Diploid (2 n )
Ovule
Figure 16.18
Slide 41
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The seed being enclosed within an ovary distinguishes angiosperms from gymnosperms
Slide 42
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• A fruit
Figure 16.19
General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005Dr. Frisby
Slide 43
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Angiosperms
Angiosperms and Agriculture
• Agriculture
Slide 44
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Plant Diversity as a Nonrenewable Resource
• The exploding human population is extinguishing plant species at an unprecedented rate
Slide 45
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Humans depend on plants for thousands of products including food, building materials, and medicines
General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005Dr. Frisby
Slide 46
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Table 16.1
Slide 47
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Preserving plant diversity is important to many ecosystems as well as humans
Slide 48
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Fungi are extremely important to ecosystems because they decompose and recycle organic materials
FUNGI
General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005Dr. Frisby
Slide 49
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Fungi
Slide 50
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• A gallery of diverse fungi
Figure 16.20
Slide 51
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Characteristics of Fungi
• In this section, the structure and function of fungi are described
General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005Dr. Frisby
Slide 52
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Fungi are heterotrophs
Fungal Nutrition
Slide 53
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The bodies of most fungi are constructed of structures called hyphae
Fungal Structure
Slide 54
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The hyphae
General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005Dr. Frisby
Slide 55
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 16.21
Hyphae
Reproductive structure
Spore-producing structures
Mycelium
Slide 56
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Fungi reproduce by releasing spores that are produced either sexually or asexually
Fungal Reproduction
Slide 57
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Ecological Impact of Fungi
• Fungi
General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005Dr. Frisby
Slide 58
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Fungi and bacteria
Fungi as Decomposers
Slide 59
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Molds
Slide 60
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Of the 100,000 known species of fungi, about 30% make their living as parasites
Parasitic Fungi
Figure 16.22
General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005Dr. Frisby
Slide 61
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• About 50 species of fungi are known to be parasitic in humans and other animals
Slide 62
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Fungi are commercially important
Commercial Uses of Fungi
Figure 16.23
Slide 63
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Some fungi produce antibiotics
Figure 16.24
General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005Dr. Frisby
Slide 64
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Interdependence between species, or symbiosis, is an evolutionary product
EVOLUTION CONNECTION:MUTUAL SYMBIOSIS
Slide 65
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Lichens
Figure 16.25
General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005Dr. Frisby
Chapter 16 Study Objectives
1. Describe the value, uses of, and threats to coniferous forests.2. Distinguish between algae and plants. Describe the functions of the following terrestrial
adaptations: stomata, cuticle, lignin, vascular tissue, and gametangia.3. Describe the process by which algae likely evolved onto land.4. Describe the four major periods of plant evolution.5. Describe the life cycle and two key terrestrial adaptations of mosses.6. Explain how ferns differ from and are similar to mosses. Describe how ancient ferns
became today’s fossil fuels.7. Describe the environmental conditions that favored the evolution of gymnosperms.
Describe the three additional adaptations to life on land that first appeared ingymnosperms.
8. Describe the parts and functions of a flower. Explain how flowers are adapted to attractpllinators.
9. Describe the reasons for the ongoing loss of plant diversity and its likely cost to humans.10. Describe the structure, feeding, reproduction, and ecological roles of fungi.11. Distinguish between parasitic and mutualisitic relationships, and give examples of each
involving a fungus.