GENERAL INTRODUCTION

LECTURE 1-B:

INTRODUCTION

Intestinal Ca2+-binding protein!

Examples of Plant BiochemistryBiochemistry

Sex & Genetics

The traits inherited from both parents are determined by genes in DNA

Genetic Inheritance & DNA

Short segment of a DNA molecule

• Two polynucleotides associate to form a double helix

• Genetic information is • Genetic information is carried by the sequence of base pairs

Penyakit encok (gout) yang mengakibatkan radang pada persendian adalah akibat akumulasi asam urat

• Radang sendi dipicu oleh presipitasi kristal urat natrium (sodium urate crystals)crystals)

• Penyakit Ginjal dapat juga terjadi karena deposisi kristal urat dalam organ tersebu

Gugur daun• Perusakan dinding sel pada lapisan absisi oleh aktivitas enzim Cellulasedan Polygalacturonase

• Sintesis kedua enzim tersebut terhambat jika

Auxin

Ethylene

Cellulase/Polygalacturonasetersebut terhambat jika kadar hormon tumbuh auxin cukup tinggi

Cellulase/Polygalacturonase

• Transpor auxin dari tempat pembentukan pada bagian ujung daun ke lapisan absisi dihambat oleh hormon ethylene

THE NARCOTIC ANALGESICS

• Narcotics block the transmission of the nerve signal across nerve gaps, [the minor analgesics blocked prostaglandin synthesis]

• The more important ones:• The more important ones:– Morphine, codeine,– oxycodone (PERCODAN),

hydromorphone (DILAUDID), methadone, + heroin [ = not legal]

– meperidine (DEMEROL), pentazocine (TALWIN),

– fentanyl (SUBLIMAZE), buprenorphine

• Morphine:– Opium [est. ~ 10,000 tons] extracted

from the poppy Papaver somniferum, Afghanistan spring 06 6100 tons alone.

Morphine goes to receptors (opiate receptors) which control passage of Ca2+ and K + through channels, which in turn control acetylcholine (nerve transmitter) flow across synapses.DEPRESSES RESPIRATORY SYSTEM - usual overdose effect; some euphoria - plus is addictive

Cyanide Poisoning• Disrupts metabolism by inhibiting metal

containing enzymes, most notably, cytochrome oxidase.

• Cytochrome A3 catalyzes O2 → H2O• Blocks ability of mitochondria to use O2

• O saturation may be normal• O2 saturation may be normal

• Poisoning can occur through percutaneous absorption and inhalation.

• Degree of symptoms depends on severity of exposure.

Cyanide Poisoning• Antidote

– Nitrites and Sodium Thiosulfate

Sodium NitriteCYTOCHROME

Oxyhemoglobin Methemoglobin OXIDASE

CNRhodanase Cyano-methemoglobin

Sodium Thiosulfate

Thiocyanate Kidneys

What is Biodiesel?• Alternative fuel for diesel engines

• Made from vegetable oil or animal fat

• Meets health effect testing (CAA)

• Lower emissions, High flash point (>300F), Safer

• Biodegradable, Essentially non-toxic.

• Chemically, biodiesel molecules are mono-alkyl • Chemically, biodiesel molecules are mono-alkyl esters produced usually from triglyceride esters

Fatty AcidAlcoholGlycerin

Vegetable Oil

BiodieselFA

FAFA

FA

Biodiesel Samples

Chemistry of Triglycerides• Biodiesel is made from the combination of a triglyceride

with a monohydroxy alcohol (i.e. methanol, ethanol…).

• What is a triglyceride? Made from a combination of glycerol and three fatty acids:

TransesterificationWhile actually a multi-step process, the overall reaction looks like this:

CH2OOR1 catalyst CH2OH

| � |

CHOOR2 + 3CH3OH � 3CH3OORx + CHOH

| || |

CH2OOR3 CH2OH

Triglyceride 3 Methanols Biodiesel Glycerin

R1, R2, and R3 are fatty acid alkyl groups (could be different, or the same), and depend on the type of oil. The fatty acids involved determine the final properties of the biodiesel (cetane number, cold flow properties, etc.)

Individual step of TransesterificationFirst step, triglyceride turned into diglyceride, methoxide (minus Na) joins freed FA to make biodiesel, Na joins OH from water (from methoxide formation) to make NaOH. Other H joins the diglyceride.

H O H| | |

HCOR1 H HCO H O| | | | || | | | |

HCOOR2 + HCONa +H2O � CHOOR2 + HCOR1 + NaOH

| | | |HCOR3 H HCOR3 H| | | |H O H O

Triglyceride + Methoxide + H2O � Diglyceride + Biodiesel + NaOH

NOTES TO REMEMBER

Functional groups in biochemistry

• Functional groups - specific parts of molecules involved in biochemical reactions

• Figure 1.2 shows the general formulas of:

(a) Organic compounds

(b) Functional groups

(c) Linkages common in biochemistry

(R represents an alkyl group (CH3CH2)n-)

Fig 1.2 (a) General formulas

Fig 1.2(b) General Formulas

Fig 1.2 (c) General Formulas

Many Important Biomolecules are Polymers

• Biopolymers - macromolecules created by joining many smaller organic molecules (monomers)

• Condensation reactions join monomers • Condensation reactions join monomers (H2O is removed in the process)

• Residue - each monomer in a chain