General Items: Reading Materials: Miscellaneous

Lecture 6 / Chapter 4 COSC1300/ITSC 1401/BCIS 1405 9/27/2004

F.Farahmand 1 / 23 File: lec5chap4f04.doc

General Items: ? How are the labs coming? ? Any questions? ? Notes about review sheets – Don’t repeat it! ? Got all your grades? ? Can you download everything? ? Emails? Got my email response?

Reading Materials: ? This chapter is about hardware! ? How many people have opened their computer?

Miscellaneous:



Why do we need to learn about the hardware? - What type of software applications can be used on the computer - How to decide what to buy - What type of capacity we have available - Bottom line:

o So we will not be ripped off when we buy a new system!

Computer Components - System Unit: The entire computer unit containing PC components

o Also called chassis o Types: Desktop / Tower models / etc. o Includes: Motherboard, memory modules, processor, modem card,

sound card, video card, Power supply, etc. o In case of all-in-one computers the monitor is included in the SU

Processor(CPU)

Motherboard

System Unit

Memory

Buses

PowerSupply

Ports

StorageDevices

Expansion Slots &Cards



- Motherboard: The main circuit board in the system unit o Also called system board o Includes many chips (Small integrated circuit - IC) ? These chips come in all shapes (packages) and sizes: ? One important type of chip is the processor(CPU)

RAM

Heat sink

Extension Slots

Processor

More....

- Central Processing Unit (CPU): o Carries the basic instructions in a computer o Components of CPU: ? Control Unit and Arithmetic/Logic Unit ? Registers



o Control Unit: Interprets each instruction issued by the program and decides what to do with the instruction –

o Called the machine cycle - four operations: ? Fetching: Getting instructions/data from the memory ? Decoding: Translating instructions into the machine language ? Executing: Running commands (once in machine language) ? Storing: Putting the data back into the memory

o Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU): Performs basic math operations:

? Arithmetic: ????????????? ? Comparison: Compares the data (if A > B Then C = 1) ? Logic: AND / OR / NOT

? IF A = 1 then NOT(A) = 0 (huh?) ? IF A = 1 & B = 0 then [(A) AND (B) = ?] (Quien sabe!)

o Registers: These devices temporarily hold data and instructions when ? the data is FETCHED ? the instruction is being DECODED (by whom? CU) ? the data is being processed (by whom? ALU) ? the final result is being stored in the memory

Comparing processors: - Clock rate (Hz) - How fast the processor executes the instructions

o Does not impact peripherals o Manufacturing and package type affects the clock rate ? the smaller the better

- MIPS (Millions of instructions per second) - Architecture (superscalar)

o Executing the next instruction before the previous inst. is done! ? Pipelining (executing four instructions at a time) ? Parallel processing (having multiple processors/ sharing)



- Additional processing capacities o What is (10 / 3)? – called Integer math! o Floating-point co-processors (used for calculations!) o Processor types: Integrated CPU / Motorola / PowerPC, etc.

Memory: - Temporary storage of information

o Information types (3): ? Operating system, application programs, data being processed

o Memory devices are chips (come in different packaging) o A memory location has an associated address o Memory size (2x = 2,4, 8, 64, ..., 1024….1020 ) o Memory access time (nsec = 10-9, 1 billionth of a sec. ) ? How small is that? mmm ? In Hz or sec. (133 MHz = 7.5 nanosec.)

If A = 2 and B = 3 then where is A + B?

Address (1 KB Memory) Content (8 bits = 1 byte) 1 00001 A (2) 2 00010 B (3) 3 00011 A + B (5) ……. …… ……. 1024 (210) 1000000000

Remember the BINARY system? (Next time!)



Basic categories of memory: ? Volatile: Loses its content power is removed ? Non-volatile (NVM)

o Memory types: ? RAM (Random Access Memory) – 128, 512 MB depending

on application; faster processors need more RAM ? RAM is Volatile ? DRAM (Dynamic RAM): Small, Leak-out,

o SDRAM (Synchronous) o DDR SDRAM (Synch. & read/write per clk cycle) o Direct (Rambus DRAM) Use pipelining, popular

? SRAM (Static RAM): Faster, more reliable & expensive ? MRAM (Magnetoresistive RAM): Stores data using

magnetic charges instead of electrical charges, less power, does not have memory leakage – Way in the future!

? Typically RAMS reside in a Memory Modules sitting in Memory Slot o SIMM (single inline memory module - SDRAM) o DIMM (Dual inline memory module - SDRAM) o RIMM (Rambus inline memory module - RDRAM)

? Cache ? Two types: memory or disk cache ? Memory cache types

o Help the processor to operate faster by storing the most frequently used data

o Three types: ? L1: Level 1 (internal to the processor, small

KB) ? L2: (External/Internal, about 64 KB)



? L3: (Separate from the processor) ? ROM: Read-only-Memory

? stores the type of data that can only be read o BIOS = Instructions to load the OS & other files to

start the system o Firmware = Contains permanent instructions

(BIOS) o Types: PROM (programmable), EEPROM

(Electrically Erasable) ? CMOS (Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor memory)

? Works on battery ? High-speed and low power ? Its information can be changed (time, day, etc.) ? Contains information about HW devices in the computer

? Flash (Special kind of RAM)

? Non-volatile memory ? Flash BIOS (startup information) ? Stores data and programs ? Calculators, toys, etc.



? Memory

Volatile Non-Volatile

CMOS RAM Cache Flash ROM

DRAM SRAM

SDRAM

Direct RDRAM

DDR SDRAM PROM ROM EEPROM

Do MEMORY devices FORGET and LOSE IT?

Remember: Smaller, Closer -> Faster!



So how fast are memory devices? What are their sizes?

Processor

RAM Cache

L2

L3

L1

RAM

HD

CD/ Disk

Fastest Access Time (read from the mem.)

10 nsec

ROM 100 nsec

1000 nsec

10 msec

1 nsec

Write Operation:

Processor MEMORY

Read Operation:

Processor MEMORY

Memory Modules:

- SIMM - DIMM - RIMM

Sizes: 128 MB, 512 MB, …. (220 = 1 MB)



Registers / Memory

CPU

Clk

Storage Devices

I N P U T

Co process

or

O U T P U T

Demonstrating CPU’s functionality

? Machine cycles (how data is handled) ? Different operations ALU perfumes (Fetch, Decode, Execute,

Store) ? The main function of the Control Unit ? Function of coprocessor ? Pipelining (how much faster?) ? Fast clocking (2.4 GHz) ? Access time (nsec or MHz, How fast data is read from a device) ? Synchronous system - Multi-clocking ? Clock free systems (asynchronous system: faster, low power) ? Parallel Processing!



Processor types and the date they were introduced

Processor Year Speed Itanium 2 2002 1.3–1.5 GHZ

Xeon 2001 1.4–3.06 GHZ Itanium 2001 733–800 MHZ

Pentium 4 2000 1.4–3.2 GHZ Pentium III Xeon 1999 500–900 MHZ

Pentium III 1999 400 MHZ–1.4 GHZ Celeron 1998 266 MHZ–2.6 GHZ Operon 2003 2–2.4 GHZ

Athlon MP 2002 1.53–2.25 GHZ Athlon XP 2001 1.33–2.26 GHZ

Athlon 1999 500 MHZ–1.4 GHZ

Future chips: Asynchronous (clock free) ; Less Power;

No Memory Leakage



Data Representation – the big idea:

-

- So what is the machine language? o Representing everything in Binary System ? A number system that only has two values: “1”, “0”

? 1=ON State = Signal present ? 0=OFF State = No Signal

? These states are called BITS (short for Binary Digit) ? 8 bits constitute a BYTE ? 16 bits make a WORD

o All numbers can be represented in the binary system:

- We can represent 0-1 with a single BIT: 0,1 - We can represent 0-3 with TWO BITS: 00,01, 10, 11 (22 - 1)

Decimal System (1-9): 1,2,3,4,5, …..

Binary System (0-1): 0, 1, 10, 11, 100, 101,…..

Programming Language

Machine Language

Results

Idea / Logic Analog World

Digital World

Spoken Language (Communication)

Binary System (Interface)



- We can represent 0-7 with THREE BITS: 000, 001, …, 111 (23 - 1) - We can represent 0-255 with 8 BITS (or a BYTE):

o 00000000, 00000001, …., 11111111 (28 - 1)

- Different CODING system can be used to represent characters/symbols in a computer:

- Characters in other languages can be represented by UNICODE (16-bit -> 65000 characters):

- Examples:

Symbols

ASCII (American Standard Code for

Information Interchange)

0 1 2 … A B C

00110000 (48) 00110001 00110010 ….. 01000001(65) 01000010 01000011

11110000 (240) 11110001 11110010 ….. 11000001 (193) 11000010 11000011

EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) - Used in main frames)



Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

-

???????�????�? ???�?�? ????�? ???�??�?�??????�?????�????�?? ?�?????�???? ? ??�? ?? ?�????�?�??? ????�? ????�?�???�? ????�????????�?????�? ?????�???�??�???

- Todos los seres humanos nacen libres e iguales en dignidad y derechos y, dotados como están de razón y conciencia, deben comportarse fraternalmente los unos con los otros.

- All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with

reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

-

What is ASCII? What is a BIT? What is a BYTE? What is a Kilobyte (KB)?



Expansion Slots and Adaptor Cards: - A Slot: A SOCKET where a circuit board can be installed - Adaptor Card (or Expansion Card) resides in the expansion slot - Expansion cards are used to connect the system unit to Peripherals

(printers, scanners, modems, etc.) - Some expansion cards provide additional functionalities (video card,

sound card, modem card, etc.) - Some Expansion cards come with Plug and Play support:

o The computer recognizes these cards and configures itself - Another example of expansion card is Flash Memory Card

o Examples of Flash Cards: PC Cards, Fax/Modem Card, Memory Cards, etc. ? Reside in PC Card Slot ? thin looking cards – used in notebook computers

o Support Hot Plugging and Plug and Play



Types of Adapter Cards



Ports: - Interface external devices to the computer - Come in all kinds of shapes and sizes

- - Port characteristics include: Number of pins, Type, parallel or serial - Different ports can be connected using gender connectors - Examples: Serial Port, Parallel Port, Universal Serial Bus Port, Special

Purpose Ports o Serial Ports: ? Data is transferred one bit at a time ? Slow data transfer: Keyboard, Mouse, Modems? ? Examples: COM port

o Parallel Ports: ? Data is transferred ONE BUNCH at a time (typically a byte) ? Faster data transfer: Printers ? Examples: PARALLEL port

o USB Ports: ? Fast transfer of data: 480 Mbits per second!

? Different versions such as USB 2.0 ? Many interesting features:

? Providing POWER (5V) ? Connecting several devices on a single line ? Interfacing with cables as long as 5-30 meter ? Disabling capacity

COMPUTER Connector

External Device

Port



? Can be connected to multiple devices: ? Scanners, Printers, External Drivers ? As many as 127 devices can be connected together ? Devices can be Daisy chained together or connected

by a hub ? Supports Hot Plugging and Plug and Plug

o Special Purpose Ports: ? FireWire (IEEE 1394 Port)

? Similar to USB ? Used for scanners, DVDs, etc. ? Can connect up to 63 devices together

? MIDI Port ? Musical Instrument Digital Interface ? Used for musical instruments such as keyboards ? Typically all sound cards have MIDI interface

? SCSI Port ? Small Computer System Interface ? A high-speed parallel port connecting up to 15 devices ? Used for interfacing with some printers and drivers

? IrDA ? Infrared Data Association ? Uses Infrared Light Wave (wireless) ? Point-to-point interface (needs alignment)

? Bluetooth Ports ? Alternative to IrDA using Radio Waves ? Wireless port but not point-to-point ? Can be supported by Bluetooth PC Cards ? Converters are required for changing from USB/Serial to

Bluetooth



BASIC IDEA:

Slots

Motherboard Expansion Cards

Buses

Connectors

System Unit External Devices

Ports

Internal Devices



Buses: - Connecting internal devices together in the system

o Transferring BITS between one module to another - Bus Design - They different based on their characteristics - Bus characteristics: Type, Size, and Speed

o BUS SIZE: How many BITS at a time? – (Bus Width) ? 32-bit bus, 64-bit bus – most personal computers ? Larger bus width -> more data can be transferred at a time ? Kind of like the number of lanes in a highway

o BUS SPEED: Clock rate, how fast can you transfer the data ? Examples: 100, 133, 400, 800 MHz.

o BUS TYPE: System bus and expansion bus ? System Bus: Part of the motherboard, Processor -> Memory –

very fast ? Expansion Bus:

? Processor -> Peripherals (such as sound cards, hard disks, etc.) – Slower kind of bus

? Different types of expansion busses: PCI, AGP, USB, PC Card, FireWire (1394 Bus

UsingPORTS

Processor

MEMORYMODULES

UsingBUSES

System Unit



- ISA Bus: Industry Standard Architecture o Very slow – used for low speed devices ? Mouse, keyboard, sound card

- PCI Bus: Peripheral Component Interconnect o Resides on the motherboard o High-speed bus (4 times faster than ISA) o Used for hard disks, video cards(16 or 32 bit)

- AGP Bus: Accelerator Graphic Port o Dedicated interface between memory and video card o Used for AGP video cards

- USB and 1394 bus: o Connects multiple devices to each other and then to the USB or

1394

ExpansionCard

Interfaces

AGP- Black thin slots- Used for graphicinterface- Invented by Intel- Very fast

PCI- White slots (16/32)with fine pin-out-Sound cards, videocards- Slower than AGP

ISA- Black bulky slots- very slow- used for old modemsand sound cards (forlow-speed devices)

Memory

Fast Bus(system Bus)





Quiz What is ASCII Code? What does it mean when we say “My computer has 256Meg RAM”? What is the fastest BUS type? How many BITs are in one BYTE? What kind of port is the MOUSE interface to the computer?

Documents

General Items: Reading Materials: Miscellaneous