Upload
others
View
0
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
ANGELS’ ACADEMY SR. SEC. SCHOOL
2019
GENERAL
KNOWLEDGE
CLASS: VII
A COMPLETE BOOK
Sr. No. Contents Page No.
1. Uttarakhand G.K (Popular fairs &Festivals, Dances,
Highest Peaks, Major Rivers).
1-5
2. Sources of Nutrients and Deficiency Diseases. 6
3. Indian States on International Boundaries. 7
4. List of Important National Highways Of india. 7
5. Important National Movements in India. 8
6. List of Countries and Their Parliaments. 9-10
7. The Constitution Of India 10
8. Important Awards In India. 11
9. List Of First In India (Male and Female) 12-13
10. List of Indian States, Their Capitals, Governors and Chief
Ministers.
14
11. Popular Sports 15
12. Important Crops Of India 16-17
INDEX
Uttarakhand
Popular Fairs and Festivals in Uttarakhand 1. Nanda Devi Mela:
Nanda Devi Fair is organized for 5 or 7 days in Chamoli, Nauti, Dandidhara, Mussoorie, Ranikhet, Kichha,
Nainital, Almora, Bageshwar, Bhowali, Kot.
The fair is held near the Nanda Devi Temple.
In the fair, one can witness the folk culture of Kumaon region along with the dance and songs.
The whole festival is meant to pay tribute to the Goddess Nanda Devi.
On the final day of the fair, the dola (palanquin) of Nanda and Sunanda Devi is carried out to be submerged in
the water by the devotees.
2. Purnagiri Mela: Purnagiri Mela is organized by Shri Purnagiri Temple.
The Mela takes place every year in Chaitra Navratri over the period of two months.
The Purnagiri Temple is one of the 108 Siddha Peethas and a sacred place to visit for pilgrims throughout the
year.
3. Uttarakhand Holi The auspicious festival of Holi is the most anticipated one in the Kumaon region and is celebrated from the
outset of Basant Panchami.
The festival is a fusion of colours, spirituality and music commemorated at a wide extent for two months.
There are diverse forms of Holi like Mahila Holi, Baithaki Holi, and Khadi Holi.
The food that is prepared on this occasion includes Gujia, fried potatoes namely Aloo Gutuk served with
jamboo, a Himalayan spice.
4. Ganga Dussehra Festival Ganga Dussehra is held for ten days in the month of May/June.
During the festival, devotees take a dip in the holy water of the river to cleanse their soul and all their sins.
In the evening, Aarti takes place, earthen lamps are put to float on the river and reverential melodies are
sung by the devotees.
On the same day, the River Yamuna is also worshiped. Similarly to Ganga, devotees also take a dip in the holy
river Yamuna at places where the stream is flowing.
5. International Yoga Festival Rishikesh The Festival is a mixture of 70 hours of Yoga, spiritually captivating Kirtan and devoting time to spiritual
gurus.
The classes start from 4:00 AM and last till 9:30 PM.
Vinyasa Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, Kundalini Yoga, Raja Yoga, Iyengar Yoga, Ashtanga Yoga, Bharat Yoga, Deep Yoga
and Shintoh Yoga are some of the disciplines proffered through the week.
Along with Yoga, one can also engage themselves in classes conducted on mudras, Sanskrit chanting,
meditation, reiki and many such more.
1.
6. Ghee Sankranti Ghee Sankranti which is also known as Olgia festival is celebrated on the first day of Bhado (the month of
August) in Uttarakhand. It is one of the most important festivals in the state which is celebrated with a lot of
enthusiasm and joy from time immemorial.
Ghee Sankranti is celebrated during the time the crops are growing well and the milk-giving animals are also
healthy.
Gifts are exchanged between landowners and farmers like axes, ghee, vegetable, Binai (Oral harp), metal
caliper, datkhocha (metallic toothpick)
7. Kanwar Yatra
During the Kanwar Yatra, the devotees of Lord Shiva carry the 'Kanwar' on both of their shoulders.
The Yatra happens from mid-July to August. Thus, it is almost a month pilgrim journey in which the devotees
wear saffron colored clothes and walk barefoot from the chosen destination to collect the holy water of
Ganges in Haridwar, Gangotri or Gaumukh.
Some devotees travel the distance on foot while others on their personal vehicle.
Throughout the journey, the Kanwarias chant the slogan of 'Bol Bam' along with the religious bhajans of Lord
Shiva.
There are numbers of NGOs who offer free services like food, water, tea, or medical help to Kanwarias.
8. Bissu Mela
The Bissu Mela is celebrated by the Jaunsari tribe of Chakrata Tehsil to pay gratitude for a good harvest
season.
Locals and the people from the vicinage come together and pray to the Santoora Devi, the incarnation of
divinity Durga and offer her the rhododendron flowers.
Men and women of the Jaunsari tribe sing and dance on the folk music and dress up in vibrant traditional
clothes of their region.
9. Magh Mela
It is believed that the fair is not just restricted to Uttarkashi.
It starts from the date of Makar Sankranti festival.
The fair is a religious and cultural festival.
Devotees take a dip in the holy river, Ganga.
The deities of Kandar God and other Hindu gods and goddesses are taken to Uttarkashi from different villages
in a palanquin.
10. Kumbh Mela Haridwar
Thousands of holy men, women and devotees gather to take a bath in water of Ganga River.
Kumbh Mela is a 3-month festival.
On the bank of River Ganga, a large number of people gather in Haridwar.
Several Sadhus of the varied Akharas arrive in Kumbh Mela and according to the hierarchy, they are given the
chance to bathe.
Uttarakhand Dances
The folk dances of Uttarakhand are very important for the people of this state. It is almost as important as
wearing clothes. According to the people of Uttarakhand, Gods can be influenced by dances. Some of the most
famous dance forms of Uttarakhand are the following:
Choliya Dance
The Choliya dance is a dance form which is more than 1000 years old, and has its origins in the Khasiya Kingdom
of Khasesh. The Rajputs perform this dance at their weddings as a part of the marriage processions.
Jhora Dance
Jhora is a kind of community dance which is performed in the villages where the higher and lower castes
perform. It is danced at fairs. This kind of dance is generally performed during the morning or evening, at the
coming of spring.
Langvir Nritya
The Langvir Nritya is a famous dance form of the state of Uttarakhand. It is mainly performed in the Tehri
Garhwal region of Uttarakhand.
Ramola Dance
The onset of spring is announced by bards who, roaming from place to place sing of its charms on a sarangi or
dholak. During the Holi festival, forgetting their worries, the people join in the festivity, which lasts more than a
month and hundreds of songs of classical, semi classical, and folk variety are sung by both men and women to the
tune of the Harmonium, tabla, dholak and manzira.
Barada Nati
The Barada Nati folk dance is a famous dance of the Jaunsar Bhawar area of Chakrata Tehsil in Dehradun. This
type of folk dance is mainly performed on the evening of some special religious festival or on the occasion of
some social functions. In this type of dance, both boys and girls take part, dressed in colorful traditional costumes.
Pandva Nritya
Pandva Nritya is mainly related to the story of Mahabharata and is very popular particularly in the Garhwal
Region. It is a simple narration of the story of Mahabharata in the form of dance and music.
It is enacted on the special occasions like 'Dusshera' and 'Diwali'. It is especially popular in the Chamoli and Pauri
Garhwal district of Uttarakhand state.
Highest Peaks of Uttarakhand
1.Nanda Devi(7816m,25,636ft): Nanda Devi is the highest peak wholly in India lies in Kumaon Himalayas
in Uttarakhand. Nanda Devi is a two peak massif forming a 2 kms long east west ridge. Nanda Devi main is
higher and together these peaks are referred as twin peaks of goddess Nanda.
2. Chaukhamba ( 7138m,23412 ft): Chaukhamba meaning four pillars is the highest mountain massif in the
Gangotri group of Himalayas of the Western Garhwal. The four peaks have heights of respectively 7138 and
6854m. On the western slopes lies the head the Gangotri glacier.
3. Trishul (7120m,23353 ft): Trishul massif is a group of three Himalayan mountain peaks which takes the
shape of a trident. Trishul Mountain lies in northern Kumaon region of Uttarakhand in Bageshwar district and is
best viewed from Kausani or during the Roopkund Trek from Bedini Bugyal.
4. Satopanth(7075m, 23206 ft): Satopanth is formed from two Sat means Truth and Panth means path, so
Satopanth means Path of Truth. Mt. Satopanth situated in Garwhal Himalaya and second highest peak in the
Gangotri Group of Garwhal Himalaya range separating the Gangotri and Chaturangi glaciers.
5. Kedarnath (6962 m, 22835 ft): Mount Kedarnath is a part of Gangotri Group of peaks in the western
Garhwal Himalaya in Uttarakhand. Mount Kedarnath has a sub peak called Kedarnath dome and they both were
first climbed together, in 1947, by a Swiss team led by André Roch.
6.Panchachuli Peaks (6905m, 22649 ft): Panchachuli lies in eastern Kumaon Himalayas in Pithoragarh
district of Uttarakhand. It is believed that this is the place ‘Five Chulis’ (cooking hearths) where the Pandavas
cooked their last meal on the way to heaven. They are majestic and form a famous barrier between Darma and
Gauri Valleys. Panchachuli base camp trekking route is one of the exciting basecamp trekking.
7. Thalaysagar (6904m, 22645 ft): Mountain Thalay Sagar is located just north of Gangotri in Western
Garhwal Himalayas. It is one of the most difficult mountains in the Garhwal with no easy ascent route and to be
considered as the test piece of contemporary mountaineering.
8. Neelkanth Peak: Advancing 3474 m above the magnifying and sacred site of Badrinath, Nilkanth is one of
the eminent peaks making its mark in the Garhwal region, Uttarakhand. The peak ascends over the valley of
Alaknanda river and even though it's lower as compared to the highest peaks it is set an elevation of 6595 m
above the sea level.
9. Nanda Kot (6861 m, 22504 ft): Nanda Kot peak lies in Kumaon Himalayas of Uttarakhand just outside of
the ring of peaks enclosing the Nanda Devi Sanctuary. The name Nanda Kot literally means “Nanda’s Fortress”
and refers to the abode of one of the sacred forms of the Hindu Goddess Parvati.
10. Bhagirathi ( 6856 m, 22487 ft): The highest peak of the Bhagirathi Group forms a complex and
topographically complicated massif. Mount Bhagirathi has three major peaks. It stands at and dominates the end
of the valley leading up to Gaumukh which is the end of the Gangotri Glacier and the source of the river Ganga.
Major Rivers of Uttarakhand
1. Alaknanda River: The Alaknanda River flowing in Uttarakhand is one of the two head-streams of holy river
Ganga. The source of Alaknanda river is the confluence of Satopanth Glacier and Bhagirathi Kharak Glacier.
2. Bhagirathi River: The Bhagirathi river is a Himalayan River which flows in Uttarakhand state. It is one of
the two headstreams of the pious Ganga River.
3. Bhilangna River : Bhilangna River in Uttarakhand is a major tributary of Bhagirathi river,which is the source
stream of Ganga River. The length of this river is 80 Km.
4. Dhauliganga River-Kumaon: In the Kumaon division of Uttarakhand,the Dhauliganga river originates
from Govan Khana Himani exists at Tawadhar. Dhauliganga of Kumaon is a tributary of Kali River.
5. Ganga River: The Ganga river also referred to as the Ganges emerges from Devprayag and exists at
Haridwar, in Uttarakhand. The source of Ganga river is Gangotri Glacier,Satopanth Glacier, Khatling Glacier
and the melted water from the snow-clad peaks of Nanda Devi, Trishul, Kedarnath, Nanda Kot and Kamet.
6. Gaula River: The Gaula river is a Himalayan river which flows in India.The source of this river is Paharpani
and the end point is Kichchha. The length of this river is about 103 Km.
7. Gori Ganga River: Gori Ganga River is also referred as Ghori Ganga and Gori Gad is a river in the Munsiyari
tehsil of Pithoragarh district,in Uttarakhand. The source of river Gori Ganga is Milam Glacier.
8. Kali River: The Kali river is also known as “Sharda River”,”Kutiyangdi” or “Mahakali River” is a Himalayan
river, which flows through Uttarakhand.
9. Kosi River: Kosi is a Himalayan river which originates from Dharpani Dhar in Baramandal region of Almora
District in Kumaon, Uttarakhand.
10. Mandakni River: Mandakni river emerges from Chorabari Glacier near Kedarnath in Uttarakhand, India.
This river is a tributary of Alaknanda river and is fed by Vasukiganga river at Sonprayag.
11. Nandakini river: Nandakini is one of the five tributaries of the holy Ganga river. The mighty river originates
from Nanda Ghunghati and exists at Nandprayag.
12. Nayar River: Nayar River is a Tributary of holy Ganga River. It emerges from Dudhatoli ranges of Garhwal in
Pauri district of Uttarakhand.
13. Pindar River: Pindar river also known as Pindari river is a Himalayan river, which emerges from Pindari
Glacier in Bageshwar district of Uttarakhand. The river has a length of 105 km.
14. Ramganga: Ramganga west river emerges from Dudhatoli ranges in Pauri Garhwal district of Uttarakhand.
15. Saryu River: Saryu is a Himalayan river which flow in the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand.The source of this
river is Sarmool and the end point is Pancheshwar. In local dialect,Saryu river is referred to as ‘Sarju’. 16. Tons River: Tons river is a major perennial Himalayan river which flows through Garhwal division of
Uttarakhand and touches Himachal Pradesh. It is the largest tributary of Yamuna River.
17. Yamuna River: The Yamuna is sacred river of india according to Hindu Mythology, Yamuna river isalso
known as Jamuna originates from Yamunotri Glacier,perched at an elevation of 6,387 metres on the
southwestern slopes of Bunderpooch Mountain, in the uppermost region of the lower Himalayas in
Uttarakhand.
Sources of Nutrients and Deficiency Diseases
Nutrients Food Sources Deficiency Diseases
Carbohydrates
Cereal, whole grains,
legumes, potatoes, cheese,
pasta, etc.
Hypoglycaemia and
Ketoacidosis.
Proteins
Almonds, eggs, chicken,
yogurt, cottage cheese,
oats, seafood, beans and
pulses, milk and other dairy
products.
Kwashiorkor and
Marasmus.
Iodine
Eggs, nuts, bread, seaweed,
dairy products, and iodized
table salt.
Goitre, Anaemia,
Hypothyroidism.
Calcium
Dates, spinach, almonds,
soybeans eggs, beans, lentils
milk, and all other dairy
products.
Muscle spasms, low bone
density, and
Hypocalcaemia.
Sodium
Onions, cabbage, sweet
potato, broccoli, pumpkin
seeds, eggs and milk
Gastrointestinal Distress,
the Improper functioning of
nerves and muscles.
Phosphorous
Milk, yogurt, soy products,
beans, whole grain food
products, potatoes, peas,
etc.
Weak bones and muscles,
joint pains, nervous system
disorders, obesity, etc.
Vitamin – A
Green leafy
vegetables, yellow colored
fruits, milk, nuts, tomatoes,
carrots, broccoli, etc.
Night Blindness and other
vision problems.
Vitamin -B
Whole-grain foods,
legumes eggs, green leafy
vegetables milk and milk
products, etc.
Beriberi.
Vitamin -C Citrus fruits, broccoli, milk,
and chestnuts. Gum bleeding and Scurvy.
Vitamin -D
Fish, liver, egg yolks, cheese,
citrus fruit juices, soy milk,
cereals, etc.
Improper growth of bones
and Rickets.
Vitamin -E
Potatoes, turnip,
pumpkin, avocado, guava,
olives, mango, olives,
milk, nuts, seeds etc.
Heart problems and
Haemolysis.
Vitamin -K
Tomatoes, chestnuts,
broccoli, beef, cashew nuts,
lamb, mangoes, etc.
Haemorrhage.
2.
Indian States on International Boundaries
Country Indian States on International
Boundaries
Afghanistan Jammu and Kashmir (Pakistan-
Occupied- Kashmir)
Bhutan West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal
Pradesh and Assam
Bangladesh West Bengal , Mizoram, Meghalaya,
Tripura and Assam
China Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh,
Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal
Pradesh
Myanmar Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland , Manipur
and Mizoram
Nepal Bihar, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh,
Sikkim and West Bengal
Pakistan Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan
and Gujarat
List of Important National Highways of India:
National Highways Connectivity/Route
NH -1 Delhi to Amritsar (via Ambala and Jalandhar)
NH-1 A Jalandhar to Uri (via Madhavpur, Jammu, Srinagar
and Baramula)
NH-2 Delhi to Kolkata (via Mathura and Varanasi)
NH-3 Agra to Mumbai (via Gwalior, Indore and Nasik)
NH-4 Thane (Mumbai) to Chennai (via Pune, Belgaun,
Hubli, Bangaloru and Ranipet )
NH- 5 Behragoda (Near Kolkata) to Chennai (via Cuttack,
Visakhapatanam and Vijaywada)
NH-6 Hazira to Kolkata (via Nagpur, Raipur and Sambalpur,
Dhule)
NH-7(2400KM)(Longest
highway)
Varanasi to Kanyakumari (via Nagpur, Bangalloru and
Madhurai)
NH-8 Delhi to Mumbai (Jaipur, Ahmadabad and Vadodara)
NH-9 Pune to Machilipatnam (via Sholapur and Hyderabad,
Vijaywada)
NH-10 Delhi to Fazika proceeding to Indo-Pak border
NH-14 Beawar to Radhanpur (Sirohi)
NH-15 Pathankot to Kandla (Near Thar Desert)
NH-24 Delhi to Lucknow
NH-39 Numaligarh to Indo-Myanmar Border
NH-47A (6 KM)(Smallest) Kochi to kerala
3.
4.
Important National Movements In India
Sr. No Name of Movement Year
1 Government of India Act (1858)
2 Indian National Congress (1885)
3 Partition of Bengal (1905)
4 Muslim League (1906)
5 Swadeshi Movement (1905)
6 Morley-Minto Reforms (1909)
7 Lucknow Pact (1916)
8 Home Rule Movement (1916-¬1920)
9 The Gandhian Era (1917-1947)
10 Khilafat Movement (1920)
11 The Rowlatt Act (1919)
12 Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre (1919)
13 Non-Cooperation Movement (1920)
14 Chauri Chaura Incident (1922)
15 Swaraj Party (1923)
16 Simon Commission (1927)
17 Dandi March (1930)
18 Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931)
19 The Government of India Act 1935
20 Quit India Movement (1942)
21 Cabinet Mission Plan (1946)
22 Interim Government (1946)
23 Formation of Constituent Assembly (1946)
24 Mountbatten Plan (1947)
25 The Indian Independence Act 1947
26 Partition of India (1947)
5.
List of Countries and Their Parliaments
Sr.No. Country Parliament
1 Australia Federal Parliament
2 Bangladesh Jatia Parliament
3 Bhutan Tsogdu
4 Brazil National Congress
5 Britain Parliment (House Of Common’s And House Of Lords)
6 Canada Parliament
7 China National People’s Assembly
8 Denmark Folketing
9 Egypt People’s Assembly
10 France National Assembly
11 Germany Bundestag (Lower House) And Bundesrat (Upper House)
12 Greece Chamber Of Deputies
13 Iceland Althing
14 India Sansad
15 Iran Majlis
16 Iraq National Assembly
17 Italy Chamber Of Deputies And Senate
18 Japan Diet
19 Korea(North) Supreme People’s Assembly
20 Korea(South) National Assembly
21 Kuwait National Assembly
22 Libya General People’s Congress
23 Malaysia Majilis
24 Myanmar Pyithu Hluttaw
25 Nepal Rashtriya Panchayat
26 Oman Monarchy
27 Pakistan National Assembly & Senate
28 Russia Duma & Federal Council
29 South Africa Parliament
30 USA Congress
31 Vietnam National Assembly
The Constitution of India
Introduction
The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. It frames fundamental political principles, procedures,
practices, rights, powers, and duties of the government. It imparts constitutional supremacy and not parliamentary
supremacy, as it is not created by the Parliament but, by a constituent assembly, and adopted by its people, with a
declaration in its preamble. Parliament cannot override it. The world’s longest constitution is the Indian’s
constitution. At its commencement, it had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules. It consists of approximately
145,000 words, making it the second largest active constitution in the world. Currently, it has a preamble, 25 parts
with 12 schedules, 5 appendices, 448 articles, and 101 amendments.
History
The constitution of India was adopted on the 26th of November, in the year 1949. However, it came to effect on the
26th of January, 1950. 26th of January is celebrated as the Republic Day of India.
It was adopted by the Constitution Assembly. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, the chairman of the Drafting Committee, is widely
considered to be the architect of the Constitution of India. After, the adoption of the constitution, The Union of India
became the contemporary and modern Republic of India
6.
7.
Fundamental Rights
The Constitution of India provides its citizens with six fundamental rights. These rights are the Right to Freedom, Right
to Equality, Cultural and Educational Rights, Right to Constitutional Remedies, Right against Exploitation, Right
against Exploitation. Recently, the Right to Privacy has also been added to the fundamental rights.
1. Right to Equality (Art.14-18): Right to Equality ensures equal rights for all the citizens. The Right to Equality
prohibits inequality on the basis of caste, religion, place of birth, race or gender.
2. Right to Freedom (Art.19-22): Right to freedom provides us with various rights. These rights are freedom of
speech, freedom of expression, freedom of assembly without arms, freedom of movement throughout the
territory of our country, freedom of association, freedom to practice any profession, freedom to reside in any part
of the country.
3. Right against Exploitation (Art.23-24): Right against Exploitation condemns human trafficking, child labor,
forced labor making it an offense punishable by law, and also prohibit any act of compelling a person to work
without wages where he was legally entitled not to work or to receive remuneration for it.
4. Right to freedom of Religion (Art.25-28): Right to Freedom of Religion guarantees religious freedom and
ensures secular states in India. The Constitutions says that the States should treat all religions equally and
impartially and that no state has an official religion.
5. Cultural and Educational Rights (Art.29-30): Cultural and Educational Rights protects the rights of
cultural, religious and linguistic minorities by enabling them to conserve their heritage and protecting them
against discrimination.
6. Right to Constitutional Remedies (Art.32-35): Right to Constitutional Remedies ensures citizens to go to
the supreme court of Indiato ask for enforcement or protection against violation of their fundamental rights.
The Supreme Court recently added Right To Privacy (Art. 31) in the fundamental rights.
The Fundamental Duties These are defined as the moral obligations of all citizens to help promote a spirit of patriotism and to uphold the unity of India
and concern the individuals and the nation. Included in Part IVA of the Constitution, like the Directive Principles, they are not
enforceable by the law. According to the constitution, following are the duties to be followed by every citizen of India
To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem.
To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom.
To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India.
To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending
religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.
To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.
To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, wildlife and to have compassion
for living creatures.
To safeguard public property and to abjure violence.
Who is a parent or guardian, to provide opportunities for education to his child, or as the case may be, ward
between the age of six to fourteen years.
According to the 86th constitutional amendment in 2002, it is the duty of the people of India to adapt to make
India a safer place to live, to be clean and make the surrounding clean and not to hurt anybody physically and
mentally
Important Awards In India
Sr.No. Category Awards Details
1. Civilian Awards Bharat Ratna This award is the highest civilian award of India and is conferred for achievements
in the fields of: Science,Literature,Arts,Public services,Sports.Mother Teresa was
the first naturalized Indian citizen of Bharat Ratna Award winner in 1980.
Padma Vibhushan The Padma Vibhushan is given for exceptional and distinguished service in any field
including service rendered by the government servants.A few eminent
personalities who received this award are Zakhir Hussain, V K Menon, Sachin
Tendulkar, Shri Sharad Pawar and more.
Padma Bhushan A few well-known people who have received this award are Vishwa Mohan Bhatt,
Devi Prasad Dwivedi, Swami Niranjana Nanda Saraswat and several others.
Padma Shri Padma, meaning lotus in Sanskrit, and Shri, a Sanskrit-derived honorific equivalent
to 'Mr.' or 'Ms.' (ie., "Noble One in Blossom"), appear in Devanagari above and
below a lotus flower.
2. Gallantry
Awards
Param Vir Chakra Param Vir Chakra is awarded for most conspicuous bravery or some daring or pre-
eminent act of valor or self-sacrifice, in the presence of the enemy, whether on
land, at sea, or in the air.The name of the award means the “Wheel of the Ultimate
Brave”.
Ashoka Chakra Ashoka Chakra is awarded for most conspicuous bravery or some act of daring or
pre-eminent act of valor or self-sacrifice otherwise than in the face of the enemy.
Mahavir Chakra Maha Vir Chakra is awarded for acts of conspicuous gallantry in the presence of the
enemy whether on land, at sea or in the air.Also, it replaced the British
Distinguished Service Order (DSO).
Kirti Chakra Kirti Chakra is awarded for conspicuous gallantry otherwise than in the face of the
enemy.the award was known as the Ashoka Chakra, Class II V before 1967.
Vir Chakra Vir Chakra is awarded for acts of gallantry in the presence of the enemy, whether
on land or at sea or in the air.Moreover, it replaced the British Distinguished
Service Cross (DSC), Military Cross (MC) and Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC).
Shaurya Chakra Shaurya Chakra is awarded for gallantry otherwise than in the face of the
enemy.The award was known as Ashoka Chakra, Class III before 1967.
3. Literature
Awards
Jnanpith Award The Jnanpith Award is an Indian literary award presented annually by the Bharatiya
Jnanpith to an author for their "outstanding contribution towards literature".The
nominations for the award are received from various literary experts, teachers,
critics, universities, and numerous literary and language associations.
Sahitya Akademi
Award
The award, India's National Academy of Letters, annually confers on writers of the
most outstanding books of literary merit published in any of the major Indian
languages
Bhasha Samman Like the Sahitya Akademi Awards, Bhasha Samman too comprise a plaque and a
cash prize of Rs. 1,00,000(from 2009).The Sammans are given to 3-4 persons every
year in different languages on the basis of recommendation of experts' committees
constituted for the purpose.
Premchand
Fellowship
Named after Hindi writer Premchand, the fellowship was started in 2005. It is given
to persons of eminence in the field of Culture from SAARC countries.
4. Sports Awards Rajiv Gandhi Khel
Ratna
The Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna is the highest sports award given for most outstanding
performance in the field of sports in India.As of 2017, all Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna
recipients will receive Rs. 7.5 lakhs in cash, a citation and a medal.
Arjuna Award This award is given to a sportsperson who has consistently exhibited outstanding
performance for four years.All Arjuna Awardees receive a cash prize of Rs. 5 lakhs,
a certificate, and statuettes.
Dronacharya Award It is generally said that “Behind every successful man there is a woman”, one can
also say that, “Behind every successful sportsperson there is a coach” Seeing the
valuable contribution that coaches have in the sports field, the government of India
decided to honour the coaches as well.Dronacharya Awardees are offered a cash
prize of 5 lakh, certificate and statuette.
Dyanchand Award The Dyanchand Award is given for lifetime contribution to sports development.This
award is named after Major Dhyan Chand, an Indian hockey player who scored
over 1000 goals during a career span of over 20 years.Dyanchand Awardees are
offered a cash prize of 5 lakh, certificate and statuette.
8.
List of First In India (Male and Female)
List of first in India (Male)
First Prime Minister of free India Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru
First batsman to score double century in One Day
International cricket match Sachin Tendulkar
First man to have climbed Mount Everest twice Nawang Gombu
First President of Indian Republic Dr. Rajendra Prasad
First Indian Pilot J.R.D. Tata
First Indian to win Nobel Prize Rabindranath Tagore
First president of Indian National Congress W.C. Banerjee
First Muslim President of India Dr. Zakir Hussain
First Governor General of free India Lord Mountbatten
First and the last Indian Governer General of free
India C. Rajgopalachari
First man who introduce printing press in India James Hicky
First Indian man in space Rakesh Sharma
First Prime Minister of India who resigned without
completing Full term Morarji Desai
First Indian Commander-in-Chief of India General Cariappa
First President of India who died while in office Dr. Zakir Hussain
First Prime Minister of India who did not face the
Parliament Charan Singh
First Indian to get Nobel Prize in Physics C.V. Raman
First Indian to receive Bharat Ratna award Dr. Radhakrishnan
First Indian to cross English Channel Mihir Sen
First Speaker of the Lok Sabha Ganesh Vasudev
Mavalankar
First Vice-President of India Dr. Radhakrishnan
First Education Minister Abul Kalam Azad
First Home Minister of India Sardar Vallabha Bhai
Patel
First Indian Air Chief Marshal S. Mukharji
First Indian Naval Chief Vice Admiral R.D.
Katari
First judge of International Court of Justice Dr. Nagendra Singh
First person to receive Paramveer Chakra Major Somnath
Sharma
First person to reach Mt. Everest without oxygen Sherpa Anga Dorjee
First Chief Election Commissioner Sukumar Sen
First foreigner to receive Bharat Ratna Khan Abdul Gaffar
Khan
First person to receive Nobel Prize in Economics Amartya Sen
First Chief Justice of Supreme Court Justice Hiralal J. Kania
9.
List of First in India (Female)
First Woman Speaker of Lok Sabha Meira Kumar (2009)
India’s First Woman President Pratiba Patil
India’s First Woman Prime Minister Indira Gandhi
India’s First Woman Governor Sarojini Naidu
India’s First Woman IPS Officer Kiran Bedi
First Woman Chief Minister of State Sucheta Kripalani
First Woman Union Minister Rajkumari Amrita
Kaur
First Woman President of INC Annie Besant
First Woman Judge of Supreme Court Meera Sahib Fatima
Bibi
First Woman to get Ashok Chakra Nirja Bhanot
First Indian Woman Ambassador at UN Vijalakshmi Pandit
First Indian woman who reached Antarctica Mahel Musa
First Indian Woman to get Nobel Prize Mother Teresa
First Indian Woman to swim across English
Channel Arati Saha
First Indian Woman to climb Mt Everest Bachendri Pal
First Indian Woman to become Miss World Miss Reita Faria
First Indian Woman to become Miss Universe Susmita Sen
First Indian Woman to get Bharat Ratna Indira Gandhi
First Indian Woman to win WTA Title Sania Mirza
First Indian Woman Airline Pilot Durga Banerjee
First Indian Woman to Booker Prize Arundhati Roy
First Indian Woman to go to space Kalpana Chawla
List of Indian States, Their Capitals,Governors and Chief Ministers
Sr.No. State Capitals Chief Minister Governor
1. Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad N. Chandrababu Naidu E. S. L. Narasimhan
2 Arunachal
Pradesh
Itanagar
Pema Khandu Brigadier BD Mishra (Retd)
3 Assam Dispur Sarabananda Sonowal Jagdish Mukhi
4 Bihar Patna Nitish Kumar Lalji Tandon
5 Chhattisgarh Raipur Bhupesh Baghel Anandiben Patel (Additional Charge)
6 Delhi (NCR) New Delhi Arvind Kejriwal Anil Baijal (Lt. Governor)
7 Goa Panaji Pramod Sawant Mridula Sinha
8 Gujarat Gandhinagar Vijaybhai R. Rupani Om Prakash Kohli
9 Haryana Chandigarh Manohar Lal Khattar Satyadev Narayan Arya
10 Himachal
Pradesh
Shimla
Jairam Thakur Acharya Dev Vrat
11
Jammu and
Kashmir
Jammu (winter
capital)& Srinagar
(Summer Capital)
(State under Governor’s
Rule) Satya Pal Malik
12 Jharkhand Ranchi Raghuvar Das Draupadi Murmu
13 Karnataka Bengaluru HD Kumaraswamy Vajubhai Rudabhai Vala
14 Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Pinarayi Vijayan P. Sathasivam
15 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Kamal Nath Anandiben Patel
16 Maharashtra Mumbai Devendra Fadnavis Chennamaneni Vidyasagar Rao
17 Manipur Imphal N Biren Singh Najma Heptulla
18 Meghalaya Shillong Conrad Kongkal Sangma Tathagata Roy
19 Mizoram Aizawl Zoramthanga Prof. Jagdish Mukhi
20 Nagaland Kohima Neiphiu Rio Padmanabha Balakrishna Acharya
21 Odisha Bhubaneshwar Naveen Patnaik Professor Ganeshi Lal
22 Puducherry (UT) - V Narayanasamy Kiran Bedi (Lt. Governor)
23 Punjab Chandigarh Amarinder Singh VP Singh Badnore
24 Rajasthan Jaipur Ashok Gehlot Kalyan Singh
25 Sikkim Gangtok Pawan Kumar Chamling Ganga Prasad
26 Tamil Nadu Chennai Edappadi K. Palaniswami Banwarilal Purohit
27 Telangana Hyderabad K. Chandrashekar Rao E. S. L. Narasimhan (Additional Charge)
28 Tripura Agartala Biplab Kumar Deb Kaptan Singh Solanki
29 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Yogi Adityanath Ram Naik
30 Uttarakhand Dehradun Trivendra Singh Rawat Baby Rani Maurya
31 West Bengal Kolkata Mamata Banerjee Keshari Nath Tripathi
10.
Sports
Top 10 most popular sports in India
1.Cricket: It has been the most popular sport in India since decades. IPL (Indian Premiere League) and ICL (Indian
Cricket league) are the two most popular events of Indian Cricket. India’s performance has been wonderful in
Cricket. Our team has won WORLD CUP two times (1983 and 2011), T20 world cup 2007 and ICC Champions
Trophy, 2013.Cricket is being looked after by BCCI, which in fact, is the richest cricket board in the world. The
great players in the history of cricket are from India. Sachin Tendulkar, Saurabh Ganguly, Rahul Dravid, Kapil Dev,
Anil Kumble and so on…
2. Badminton: It is the second most played sport in India after Cricket. Badminton Association of India manages
badminton in India. Prakash Padukone is well known badminton player of India.
3.Football: The most popular sport in the world, football remains an enigma in India. Famously called the ‘sleeping
giant’ of the footballing world by former FIFA president Sepp Blatter, football is primarily a spectator sport in India.
4.Hockey: The national sport of India, hockey is still trying to find a way back to the golden years when it brought
back gold medals from every passing Olympic Games. Led by Dhyan Chand, India dominated the hockey world with
over eight Olympic gold medals.
5.Tennis: One of the most popular sports in the world, tennis has a keen following in India. Though we haven’t
seen a large amount of success on the singles circuit, India has been traditionally known for creating top quality
doubles players. Leander Paes and Mahesh Bhupathi together have a number of Grand Slam doubles titles to
their name.
6. Kabaddi: Amongst the traditional Indian sports, kabaddi has returned to the mainstream with the
unforeseen rise of the Pro-Kabaddi League held annually across various cities in India.
7.Wrestling: Like kabaddi, wrestling has a striking undercurrent of rural India to it. Wrestling has brought India
a number of medals from many major tournaments. Wrestling with Indians is synonymous with the akhadda-
style sport. Though professional wrestling differs greatly from the traditional Indian style of wrestling,
the fundamentals of the sport remain the same.
8. Boxing: Most young Indians will have nostalgic memories of associating boxing with WWE. In reality, boxing is a
professional sport very different from the like of WWE and other combat-based shows. The sport shot to fame in
India after Vijender Singh brought home a bronze medal in the 2008 Beijing Games.
9. Motorsports: India sports fans have always had a keen interest in motorsports which has developed steadily
over the years. The main source of this development has been the craze behind Formula One, the biggest
motorsports spectacle in the world. Formula One first sparked interest from the Indian public in 2005 when driver
Narain Karthikeyan became the first Indian to ever compete in the event when he was signed by the Jordan
Formula One team.
10.Basketball : Basketball has always been a key part of Indian sports culture. One of the most popular sports
which is played regularly in schools and colleges, it is strange to see the lack of involvement of Indian
basketball players on the international stage.
11.
Important Crops Of India
Categories of Crops in India
The major crops can all be divided into four main categories depending on their usage.
1.Food Crops (Wheat,Maize,Rice,Millets and Pulses etc.)
2.Cash Crops (Sugarcane, Tobacco, Cotton,Jute nad oilseeds etc.)
3.Plantation Crops (Coffee, Coconut, Tea and Rubber etc.)
4. Horticulture Crops (Fruits and Vegetables)
Major Crops in India
Now let us look at the major crops in Inida in detail.
1. Rice
Rice is a tropical crop that can be grown almost throughout the year.
It depends on atmospheric moisture and rainfall for irrigation.
India is the 2nd
largest producer of rice in the world.
India has largest area in world under rice cultivation.
Productivity is low compared to wheat because Green revolution primarly boosted wheat production in India.
The traditional rice fields are known as paddy fields and require to be flooded with 10-12 cm deep water in
the early stages.
2. Wheat
It is the 2nd
most important food crop in India. It is Rabi crop.
India stands second in production of wheat worldwide.
It is more flexible in terms of climatic and other conditions of growth.
3. Crop
Cotton is a tropical and subtropical Kharif crop.
It is a fiber crop and is klnown as ‘White gold’. India ranks 3
rd in the production of cotton worldwide.
It is a dry crop but roots need timely supply of water at maturity.
4. Jute
Jute is a tropical plant that requires hot and humid climate.
It is one of the most important natural fibres in terms of cultivation and usage.
Almost 85% of the world’s jute is cultivated in the Ganges Delta.
5. Sugarcane
Sugarcane is an important cash crop.India stands at 2nd
position among all countries in the world in its
production.
Sugarcane crop requires long rainy season of at atleast 7-8 months.
Traditional sugarcane production was in North India but it has also shifted to south India.
North India sugarcane are of sub-tropical variety and so have low sugar content.
12.
Also sugar factories have to remain shut in winter seasons in North India.
South India- Tropical Variety and coastal areas hence have high sugar content and high yield.
6. Tea
Tea is an evergreen plant that mainly grows in tropical and subtropical climates.
Tea is a labour intensive crop and 50% of the labourers are women.
It grows faster under light shade. Commercial cultivation of tea started in India from British era.
India is the 2nd
largest producer and the largest consumer of tea in the world.
Tea plants require high rainfall but its roots cannot tolerate water logging. Hence,it requires sloppy areas.
7. Coffee
Coffees are grown in shade and commonly with two tiers of shade.
Growing altitudes of coffee range between 1,000 to 1,500m above sea level for Arabica and 5oo to 1,000 m
for Robusta.
Both varieties are planted in well- drained soil conditions that favour rich organic matter.
Coffee plantation is done along hilly slope.