General Laboratory Tools Techniques and Methods

Browse through these files to get familiar with equipment, techniques and general

approaches to use in your laboratory work this semester.

This is your ‘toolbox’

‘Toolbox’ content

General techniques- equipment use

Glassware glossary Volume measurement Balances Error analysis Excel for lab work Heating Melting Point pH meters Waste disposal

HOW TO: Determine concentration of

unknown in solution Prepare solutions Mixture separations Identify molecular or ionic

species Identify ions in solution How to measure heat exchange Measure how fast a chemical

reaction proceeds (rates of reactions)

Make buffers and how to use them

General Techniques-Equipment Use

Error AnalysisPROPERTIESAllow user to leave interaction: AnytimeShow ‘Next Slide’ Button: Show upon completionCompletion Button Label: Next Slide

Glossary of Common Laboratory Equipment

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Excel use for lab work

Data and ResultsPROPERTIESAllow user to leave interaction: AnytimeShow ‘Next Slide’ Button: Show upon completionCompletion Button Label: Next Slide

Heating Equipment

Hot PlatePROPERTIESAllow user to leave interaction: AnytimeShow ‘Next Slide’ Button: Show upon completionCompletion Button Label: Next Slide

Bunsen BurnersPROPERTIESAllow user to leave interaction: AnytimeShow ‘Next Slide’ Button: Show upon completionCompletion Button Label: Next Slide

pH meters

Using pH Meters PROPERTIESAllow user to leave interaction: AnytimeShow ‘Next Slide’ Button: Show upon completionCompletion Button Label: Next Slide

Volumetric glassware

Volumetric Equipment and Techniques PROPERTIES

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HOW TODetermine the concentration of unknown species in a solution?

A. Titration-based on aqueous reactions

Acid-base titrations

Complexometric titrations◦Back titration calculation

TitrationPROPERTIESAllow user to leave interaction: AnytimeShow ‘Next Slide’ Button: Don't showCompletion Button Label: Next Slide

Using an EDTA solution to titrate standard calcium solutions, an unknown water sample and tap waterPROPERTIES

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B. Spectroscopy-based on light absorption properties

UV-Vis IRMSNMR

Different kinds of spectroscopyPROPERTIESAllow user to leave interaction: AnytimeShow ‘Next Slide’ Button: Show upon completionCompletion Button Label: Next Slide

HOW TO prepare solutions?

Preparing solutionsPROPERTIESAllow user to leave interaction: AnytimeShow ‘Next Slide’ Button: Show upon completionCompletion Button Label: Next Slide

B. Dilution of available solutionsGoing form a high concentration solution to a low concentration solution• Serial dilution• Parallel dilution

Dilutions PROPERTIESAllow user to leave interaction: AnytimeShow ‘Next Slide’ Button: Show upon completionCompletion Button Label: Next Slide

HOW TO: separate the components in a mixture?

Types of Separations

• Solid-Solid• Solid-Liquid• Liquid-Liquid

SeparationsPROPERTIESAllow user to leave interaction: AnytimeShow ‘Next Slide’ Button: Show upon completionCompletion Button Label: Next Slide

HOW TO: determine whether a solution is ionic or molecular?

A. Solubility

IN polar and non-polar solvents

B. Melting/Boiling Point

Melting and Boiling Point Determination

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C. Conductivity

Does it conduct electricity?◦Conductivity meter

Conductivity simulation PROPERTIESAllow user to leave interaction: AnytimeShow ‘Next Slide’ Button: Show upon completionCompletion Button Label: Next Slide

HOW TO : identify ions in solution?

A. Aqueous chemical reactions

Based on solubility properties

Separating ions from a solution of unknown cationsPROPERTIES

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B. Flame test

What’s the emission spectra?

Flame testPROPERTIESAllow user to leave interaction: AnytimeShow ‘Next Slide’ Button: Show upon completionCompletion Button Label: Next Slide

C. Spectroscopy

Based on energy absorption properties

• UV-Vis• IR• MS• NMR

General Introduction to Spectrophotometry Simulations and Data collection PROPERTIES

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How do you determine the rate of chemical reactions?

HOW TO measure the ‘activity’ of a catalyst?

Chemical Kinetics - Reaction Rates PROPERTIESAllow user to leave interaction: AnytimeShow ‘Next Slide’ Button: Show upon completionCompletion Button Label: Next Slide

A. Example: progression of a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme

◦Spectroscopy

◦Reaction rates

◦pH

HOW TO make and why to use Buffer solutions?

• Why do you need buffers?• How do you prepare a buffer solution?• How do you select a buffer?• How does a buffer work?

How to mix buffer components-calculationsPROPERTIES

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HOW TO measure the heat exchange in a chemical reaction?

Calorimetry

• Constant-pressure calorimetry• Constant-volume calorimetry

CalorimeterPROPERTIESAllow user to leave interaction: AnytimeShow ‘Next Slide’ Button: Show upon completionCompletion Button Label: Next Slide