General Multicultural Media OMMI Annotated …...2014/06/19 · General Multicultural Media OMMI Annotated Bibliography 5 Reference Derry, A. (2010). In Canada, ethnic press influences

General Multicultural Media OMMI Annotated Bibliography

1

Reference Ahadi, D., & Murray, C. A. (2009). Urban Mediascapes and Multicultural Flows: Assessing Vancouver’s Communication Infrastructure. Canadian Journal of Communication, 34(4).

Source Type Academic Journal

Target Audience Academic

Geographic Scope Vancouver

Data Collection Method

Content Analysis, Comparative Media Analysis

Key Words Multicultural media, Ethno-cultural Diversity, Communication Infrastructure, Multiculturalism, Media Policy

Abstract and Key Findings

This paper adopts a communication infrastructure model in mapping the flow and meaning of ethnic media in Vancouver and their interaction with local, national, and global conceptions of a public commons. A communication infrastructure consists of a “thick” social network of media and organizations, which create and disseminate everyday conversations and news to any given community. Without the existence of a sustainable communication infrastructure, communities cannot form and function. The intersection of social capacity and media infrastructure, then, becomes an important predictor of potential for democratic deliberation and political engagement. Presenting an empirical study of ethnic media in Vancouver, this article asks how well these outlets provide resources to construct inclusion in an urban setting. A more complex infrastructure was mapped than anticipated, but several blind spots were still found. A set of recommendations is made to expand the politics of inclusion and recognition of shared citizenship and civic engagement.

Annotation This academic journal article is intended for researchers, social policy makers,

governments, and anyone with an interest in multicultural media and media policy

in Canada. The geographic scope of the study is Vancouver, British Columbia. The

study employs both content analysis and comparative media analysis to collect

data. It uses a communications infrastructure model to study the dissemination of

ethnic media in Vancouver and their interaction with local, national, and global

communities. The article argues that without a robust communications

infrastructure, communities cannot function and explores how well the various

media outlets facilitate greater social inclusion. It ends with recommendations

intended to improve social inclusion and increase civic engagement.


2

Reference Black, B., Jerome H, & Leithner, C. (1988). Immigrants and Political Involvement in Canada: The Role of the Ethnic Media. Canadian Ethnic Studies/Etudes ethniques au Canada, 20(1), 1–20.

Source Type Academic Article

Target Audience Academic

Geographic Scope Toronto


Meta-analysis, Surveys, Quantitative Methods

Key Words Ethno-cultural Groups, Multicultural Media, Political Involvement, Immigrants


There are two major perspectives on ethnic group institutions, each of which is responsible for producing a different set of expectations about the role of ethnic media in immigrant political involvement. According to an integrative perspective, which envisions those institutions introducing host society norms to the newcomer, it is expected that the ethnic media will facilitate the learning of the norms of Canadian political discourse. An alternative approach, which anticipates negative as opposed to positive correlations between ethnic media and political involvement, is premised on the view that ethnic institutions envelop the immigrant in a web of group-centred information, and restricts messages received from, and about, the new society. According to this non-integrative viewpoint, consumption of the ethnic media would result in less information about Canadian politics and fewer incentives to become involved. These two perspectives are examined in the context of a 1983 Toronto-area survey of immigrants who belong to a number of different ethnic categories. The use of several different ethnic media and political involvement measures characterizes the analysis, as does a concern with methodological problems of causal inference. In general, insignificant correlations are most prevalent. However, there remains some support for the integrative perspective when forms of print media consumption are examined. What is most certain is the lack of support for the non-integrative perspective.

Annotation This academic journal article is intended for researchers and policy makers. It employs meta-analysis, survey data and qualitative methods to explore the role of ethnic media in integrating newcomers into their new society. The study employs data from a 1983 study of Toronto-area immigrants and examines both the integrative and non-integrative perspectives of the role of ethnic media. The integrative perspective predicts that ethnic media will help facilitate newcomer participation in Canadian politics, as opposed to the non-integrative perspective, which perceives ethnic media as an isolating force that disseminates only group-centred information and filters out information about the new society. The study concludes that there is some support for the integrative perspective when print media consumption is examined and that there is nothing to support the non-integrative perspective.


3

Reference Black, J. H., & Leithner, C. (1988). Patterns of Ethnic Media Consumption: A Comparative Examination of Ethnic Groupings in Toronto. Canadian Ethnic Studies/Etudes ethniques au Canada, 19(1), 21–39.


Target Audience Academics

Geographic Scope Toronto


Longitudinal Analysis, Correlation Analysis, Empirical Analysis, Survey

Key Words Multicultural Media, Immigrant Adaptation, Broadcast Media, Print Media, Media Consumption


Despite a long-established presence and widespread availability and consumption, the ethnic media in Canada have received surprisingly little systematic attention by researchers. Certainly, what is perhaps the most fundamental of all questions about ethnic media, namely, their role in the immigrant adaptation process, has not been seriously addressed in the Canadian context. As an initial step towards remedying this situation, this essay looks at distinctions between users and non-users, and from two perspectives. The first focuses explicitly on temporal decline in ethnic media usage, as it occurs between the immigrant and Canadian-born generations and among various immigrant groups. The second looks at correlates of consumption which are not necessarily associated with time considerations, such as education, reliance on host society media and the like. The empirical analysis is based on a 1983 Toronto area survey of immigrants and Canadian-born individuals belonging to a number of different ethnic categories, and it permits a separate treatment of broadcast and print media consumption. While the conclusions arrived at are preliminary and thus tentative, a significant one is that the observed decline in ethnic media usage over time may not necessarily prove problematic for media survivability.

Annotation

This academic article is based on a 1983 survey study of Toronto-area immigrants and their ethnic media consumption habits. The intent of the authors in this 1988 article was to bring ethnic media to the attention of academic researchers for more systematic study. Along with using the survey data, the article also employs a longitudinal, correlational and empirical analysis of users and non-users of ethnic media. It studies the temporal decline in the usage of ethnic media between immigrants and Canadian-born generations of various groups. The other study looks at non-temporal factors that influence consumption such as education and reliance on host society media. The study makes a distinction between print and broadcast media to make room for separate treatment of each. One of the significant conclusions of the article is that the observed decline in ethnic media consumption may not affect ethnic media survivability.


4

Reference Cunningham, S. (2001). Popular media as public “sphericules” for diasporic communities. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 4(2), 131–147.



Geographic Scope N/A


N/A

Key Words Diaspora, Ethnic Minorities, Media, Public Sphere


The dynamics of ‘diasporic’ video, television, cinema, music and Internet use - where peoples displaced from homelands by migration, refugee status or business and economic imperative use media to negotiate new cultural identities - offer challenges for how media and culture are understood in our times. Drawing on research published in Floating Lives: The Media and Asian Diasporas, on dynamics that are industrial (the pathways by which these media travel to their multifarious destinations), textual and audience-related (types of diasporic style and practice where popular culture debates and moral panics are played out in culturally divergent circumstances among communities marked by internal difference and external ‘othering’), the article will interrogate further the nature of the public ‘sphericules’ formed around diasporic media.

Annotation This article reimagines Gitlin’s concept of public ‘sphericules,’ which developed out of Habermasian public sphere theory, to discuss how in the contemporary, multicultural world, where nation-state self-containment is no longer a reality, public sphericules emerge not from nationality, but from shared culture and politics. These sphericules may overlap and do no require an institutional or national framework to exist. In such an environment, ethnic medias create transnational sphericules or diasporas. Findings are drawn from the textual analysis and audience studies of Asian immigrants in Australia conducted for the book, Floating Lives: The Media and Asian Diasporas. Ethnic media use and reception by immigrant participants varied according the origin, generation, ethnicity, region, education, class, and the conditions of migration. Asian immigrants in Australia were found to coalesce into media-centric communities that used the ethnic media as a tool for cultural identity expression. This article is mainly about Vietnamese and Fiji Indian immigrants in Australia.

http://ics.sagepub.com/search?fulltext=diaspora&sortspec=date&submit=Submit&andorexactfulltext=phrase&src=selected&journal_set=spics

http://ics.sagepub.com/search?fulltext=ethnic%20minorities&sortspec=date&submit=Submit&andorexactfulltext=phrase&src=selected&journal_set=spics

http://ics.sagepub.com/search?fulltext=media&sortspec=date&submit=Submit&andorexactfulltext=phrase&src=selected&journal_set=spics

http://ics.sagepub.com/search?fulltext=public%20sphere&sortspec=date&submit=Submit&andorexactfulltext=phrase&src=selected&journal_set=spics


5

Reference Derry, A. (2010). In Canada, ethnic press influences multilingual media market. European Journalism Centre. Consulté septembre 1, 2010, de http://www.ejc.net/magazine/article/canada_ethnic_media_fills_in_multilingual_journalism_gaps/

Source Type Magazine

Target Audience Journalists; General public

Geographic Scope Canada


N/A

Key Words Multicultural Media, News Media, Media Market


N/A

Annotation

This article starts by covering a conference held in early late 2009 by the Canadian Journalism Foundation in Toronto entitled “The Rise of Ethnic Media”. The intended audience appears to be journalists and the general public. The article includes a discussion of how the term “ethnic media” is controversial among those who work in the field. Some see it as a feature distinguishing them from the mainstream media which lacks the capacity for cultural outreach, while others see it as a divisive term that reinforces an us vs. them mentality. The article also discusses the growing marketplace of ethnic media and the diversity of the Canadian population and ends with a discussion on the future of ethnic media that suggests that it will continue to flourish.


6

Reference Huang, K., and Jiang, F. (2009). Understanding diaspora cultures in the context of globalization. International Journal of the Humanities, 7(10), 115–130.



Geographic Scope Globe / Chinese Diaspora


Qualitative Analysis

Key Words Globalization, Diaspora Culture, Media Production


The paper explores in what sense diaspora cultures can be understood in the context of globalization theories by discussing with reference to media production. The paper mainly focuses on how the mediascapes and ethnoscapes (based on Appadurai’s five dimensional, non-isomorphic paths’ flow structure) interplay within the globalization framework related to diaspora cultural. It studies the programs (reading) provided to diaspora communities by domestic, global and diaspora media, and points out that most attempts are more surface layers than facilitating the culture identity or adaptation. Some case studies even prove that ‘diaspora culture’ is just a new name brand for media industry or culture imperialism. The paper concluded that true diaspora cultures are demanded by contemporary globalized environment, which is learning to ‘listen to’ and ‘speaking to’ others, rather than ‘for’ or ‘about’ others.

Annotation No access


7

Reference Husband, C. (2005). Minority Ethnic Media As Communities Of Practice: Professionalism and Identity Politics in Interaction. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 31(3), 461.



Geographic Scope International



Key Words Ethno-cultural Groups, Multicultural Media, Communities of Practice


This paper examines the current circumstances of minority ethnic media production. It particularly addresses the tensions that may exist for minority ethnic media workers between their commitment to a professional identity and status, and their negotiation of their own ethnic identity. Through employing a specific model of communities of practice this paper provides an analytic frame which illuminates some of the challenges which may be particularly present in the institutional dynamics and identity politics operating within minority ethnic media enterprises. In noting the synergy between the minority ethnic media activities and the media systems of the dominant ethnic communities this paper argues for a recognition of the role of minority ethnic media in shaping a vigorous public sphere, and advocates a more extensive commitment of research resources to the analysis of their role in the multi-ethnic nation-state and transnationally.

Annotation

This academic journal article argues that there is a need for greater recognition of the importance of ethnic media in shaping a vigorous public sphere. Intended for an academic audience, the author explains that this paper is a reflection drawn from his own experiences as a researcher interested in the media and identity politics. The paper explores the tensions that workers in ethnic media encounter between balancing their professional status with their ethnic identity. The paper also argues that academic needs to pay greater attention to ethnic media and commit more resources to researching it.


8

Reference Karim, K. H. (1998). From Ethnic Media to Global Media: Transnational Communication Networks Among Diasporic Communities ( No. WPTC-99-02). International Comparative Research Group, Strategic Research and Analysis, Canadian Heritage. Canada. Retrieved on April 6, 2012, from http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/working%20papers/karim.pdf

Source Type Report

Target Audience Academics, Researchers, Governments

Geographic Scope Canada, International



Key Words Transborder Communication, Multicultural Media, Globalization, Diasporas, Ethno-cultural Minorities, Migration, Digital Technology, Multiculturalism Policy, Broadcasting Policy


Hamid Mowlana identifies three primary actors in transborder flows of communication: governments, transnational corporations, and individuals (1997: 37). Most commentators on the communication aspects of globalization tend to focus on the first two. However, the aggregate impact of cross-border contact among individuals using means such as mail, telegraph, telephone, facsimile, and digital technologies, has been substantial. The present study examines communication links among members of diasporic communities spread over several continents. Global migration trends have produced transnational groups related by culture, ethnicity, language, and religion. Whereas members of some of these groups had generally operated small media (weekly newspapers, magazines, radio and television programming) to meet the information and entertainment needs of their communities, the emergence of digital technologies is enabling them to expand such communication activities to a global scale. While they remain beyond the scope of this study, it is clear that these developments have implications for official policies on broadcasting and on culture/multiculturalism.

Annotation This article concentrates on globalized transborder communication flows for ethnic diasporas in terms of satellite television and new online media for their uses and effects on individuals. The author concludes, based on a literature review and research on an Islamic website based in Canada that transborder communities, while eager to connect to the wider diaspora, also tend to seek out some local rootedness that provides support for global engagement. Satellite television programming and online communities and services are targeted to relatively small diasporic populations in North America, Europe, and Australia, where immigrants tend to be more affluent and to have access to these technologies that make community building across borders possible. Simultaneously, as these technologies are appealing to new populations and opening up potentially lucrative markets, the ethnic nature of the media is threatened and compromised by host country corporations that are absorbing smaller ethnic service providers.

http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/working%20papers/karim.pdf


9

Reference Karim, K. H. (Éd.). (2003). The Media of Diaspora. Transnationalism. London: Routledge.

Source Type Academic book

Target Audience Academics, Researchers

Geographic Scope International, Transnational



Key Words Media of Diaspora, Transnational Communities, Migration


Are the media of diasporas contributing to an alternative form of globalisation? Are transnational communities’ global networks encouraging the growth of a world citizenship? Are diasporic media a threat to national governments and international security? Do diasporic media contribute to the fragmentation of national communities and international order? The Media of Diaspora examines how diasporic communities have used communications media to maintain and develop community ties on a local and transnational level. This collection of essays explores how transnational communities’ links and identities are maintained through film, television, videotape, Internet chat groups and websites. Contributors to this unique volume discuss critically the uses of media by transnational communities originating and residing in six continents. They address complex historical, social and cultural dynamics within Fiji Indian, Aboriginal, Arab, Armenian, Assyrian, Iranian, Jewish, Hispanic, Kurdish, Turkish, Macedonian, Vietnamese, Muslim, Chinese, Greek, Rhodesian, Tibetan and Ghanaian diaspora groups and their relationships with other groups. Readers interested in the areas of diaspora, ethnicity, community and transnational media, religious communication, globalisation and migration will find the discussions in this volume to be informative and thought-provoking.

Annotation

This book will be of interest to researchers and students alike who are interested in issues regarding globalization, migration, media and identity politics. This anthology focuses on the rise of diasporic media and its role in enabling diasporic communities to form transnational linkages and maintain their identities through a variety of media, including film, internet groups, television, etc... This book is a collection of essays which taken together, are global in scope, and the method of data collection throughout them appears to be qualitative. The essays address several issues regarding the effect of diasporic media on national/international security, whether they lead to the fragmentation of the nation state, or encourage a more global conceptualization of citizenship.


10

Reference Karim, K. H. (2007). Nation and diaspora: Rethinking multiculturalism in a transnational context. International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics, 2(3), 267–282.






Key Words Multiculturalism Policy, Globilisation, Transnational Networks, Diaspora, Media, Transnational Media, Cultural Identity


Multiculturalism has redefined the nation as comprising a culturally pluralist population. However, the increased linkages between countries, produced by accelerated globalisation, have also engendered intricate transnational networks between diasporas residing in several states. The telephone, internet, satellite television and other media help construct a web of connections among these transnations enabling them to maintain and enhance their cultural identities. Diasporas have creatively engaged with transnational media and are participating in a globalisation-from-below. An increasingly cosmopolitan outlook has been fostered by the inter-continental links. But multiculturalism policies tend erroneously to continue viewing members of immigrant communities as having engaged in a one way trajectory that breaks ties with their past. The current conceptualisation of multiculturalism as fixed within the context of the nation-state does not allow for a well-considered response to the transnational contexts in which immigrants live out their lives. Some migrant-producing states have begun to address these circumstances, but those of immigrant-receiving governments have generally been reluctant to acknowledge them.

Annotation

Intended for academics and policy-makers, this article is global in scope and provides a qualitative discussion of multiculturalism and the impact of media such as television, internet, and other communications technology have increased connections between immigrants and their countries of origin. The paper argues that multiculturalism can no longer be understood within the context of a nation state because the media has enabled diasporas to develop strong social linkages to their countries of origin. This article argues that immigrant-producing countries have been quicker to adapt to this reality than immigrant receiving countries, partly because the latter mistakenly see new immigrant communities in a process that distances themselves with their community of origin.


11

Reference Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, B., & Pludowski, T. (2007). The media and international communication. Peter Lang Pub. Inc.

Source Type Book





Key Words Communication Media, International Communication, Intercultural Communication


The twenty-first century is witness to complex social, political, and cultural phenomena transforming the world in which we live. There are numerous aspects to this global process; most of them, however, are related one way or another to the media of communication which foster and accelerate it. The chapters in this book approach media and international/intercultural communication from various global perspectives. The authors provide insight into the impact of media on different contexts, cultures and nations. One theme that weaves its way throughout this collection of essays is an inter-cultural one, broadly defined as the contact point between two cultures that changes both to some degree. Scholars from different places in the world try to understand, explain and/or argue from a variety of traditions, perspectives and values. They examine the contact point between culture and identity, media and culture, art and media, technology and translation, theater and culture, etc., in order to better understand how and to what degree changes occur.

Annotation

This collection of essays by scholars from different parts of the globe discusses the role of communications media on transforming the world of the early twenty-first century. The impact of the media in various cultural and social contexts is explored from variety perspectives, with an emphasis on intercultural change, where contact between two cultures results in changes to both. Contact points between art, and media, theater and culture, as well as other contact points are discussed. This book is intended for researchers and students interested in communication studies, anthropology, cultural or media studies.


12

Reference Lin, W.-Y., & Song, H. (2006). Geo-Ethnic Storytelling An Examination of Ethnic Media Content in Contemporary Immigrant Communities. Journalism, 7(3), 362–388.



Geographic Scope Los Angeles, California, United States


Content Analysis

Key Words Multicultural Media, Globalisation, Immigrant Communities, Communication Technologies, Multicultural Press, Asian Community, Latino Community


This article investigates the content of ethnic media to better understand their roles in contemporary immigrant communities under the forces of globalization, population diversity, and new communication technologies. Drawing upon communication infrastructure theory (CIT), we argue that globalization is always experienced in the local context. We thus investigate the extent to which the ethnic press tells geo-ethnic stories, which are culturally relevant and locally vital information to immigrants in the host society. We analyzed 51 ethnic newspapers in the Asian and Latino neighbourhoods of Los Angeles. The findings showed that these print media outlets in new immigrant communities were very diverse, ranging from small mom-and-pop businesses, to medium-and large-sized enterprises. In terms of the nature of news stories, we found that the news coverage in the ethnic press included a large amount of news related to the home country, in contrast to a relatively small number of geo-ethnic stories that are essential to community building.

Annotation

This academic journal article engages in a content analysis of ethnic media in Los Angeles, California. The authors draw upon communication infrastructure theory to argue that globalization is experienced locally. The authors engage in a content analysis of 51 ethnic newspapers in Asian and Latino neighborhoods in Los Angeles and conclude that the news coverage of the ethnic media papers included stories relating to the country of origin and that there was a low number of geoethnic stories, which the authors argue are necessary for community building. This article appears to be intended for other academics in the field but would be of interest to journalists working within ethnic media enterprises.


13

Reference Matsaganis, M. D. (2011). Understanding Ethnic Media: Producers, Consumers, and Societies. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE.

Source Type Book

Target Audience Academics, Researchers, Students

Geographic Scope N/A


Varied

Key Words Multicultural Media, Media Production, Media Consumption, Ethno-cultural Communities, Identity Formation


This is the first book to provide a comprehensive review and analysis of how media produced by ethnic communities, and for ethnic communities, affect identity and perceived lines of division between “us” and “others,” as well as how the production and consumption of ethnic media affect the character of the larger media and societal landscapes.

Integrating key ethnic media studies with original research, this book makes a unique contribution to the teaching literature by covering both consumers and producers of ethnic media, as well as the history of ethnic media, its role in ethnic communities, the effect of globalization, and the professional challenges faced by ethnic media journalists. A compelling discussion of the future of ethnic media concludes the book and points the way toward further research.

Annotation

Intended for academics, students as well as practitioners in the field of ethnic media, this book claims to be the first of its kind to provide a comprehensive analysis of how ethnic media affect the identity of members of the groups it was produced for. This book also contributes to the teaching literature by discussing both the producers and consumers of ethnic media. Using varied research methods, the author explores how the production and consumption of ethnic media affect the broader media-scape and society. This book also examines the history of ethnic media, the effects of globalization, and the current role/s it plays in ethnic communities. This book is comparative and international in scope and focus.


14

Reference Murray, C. (2008). Media Infrastructure for Multicultural Diversity. Policy Options, 63–66.



Geographic Scope British Columbia, Canada


Content Analysis

Key Words Multicultural Media, Immigrant Integration, Communication Policy, Geographic Focus, Local News, International News, Broadcast Media, Print Media, Media Competition


Do Canada’s ethnic media serve an integrative role? How can communication policy improve the integration process? Catherine Murray reports on a study of British Columbia’s ethnic media conducted by Simon Fraser University. The results show that ethnic media have little national or provincial news focus and little intercultural reporting, but compared with other media elsewhere they do have healthier “translocal” hybrids of local and international news. She observes that the niche strategy segregating ethnic media, which until recently predominated, is unravelling. In terms of policy, she says attention is urgently needed to induce a stronger self-regulatory culture among ethnic print media and to allow more flexibility for ethnic broadcasters, while preserving the level of media competition.

Annotation

Intended for academics, students, and the general public, this article discusses a content analysis of ethnic news media in British Columbia. The guiding question is whether or not Canada`s ethnic media plays an integrative role. The results of this study are that ethnic news media tends to provide very little provincial or national news coverage but seem to have better ``translocal`` news coverage than other media. This paper also suggests that some of these ethnic media providers have grown substantially and can no longer be considered to be filling a small niche, and that the regulatory framework needs to be reconsidered with this in mind.


15

Reference Murray, C., Yu, S., & Ahadi, D. (2007). Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Media in BC. A Report to Department of Canadian Heritage, Western Region. (p. 144). SFU: Center for Policy Studies on Culture and Communities.

Source Type Academic Report




Inventory, Interviews, Literature Review, Case Histories of Media Outlets, Quantitative Content Analysis, Qualitative Content Analysis, Comparative Analysis

Key Words Multicultural Media, Integrations, Media Markets, Media Consumers, Translocality


Simon Fraser University’s School of Communication has undertaken the Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Media in B.C. Study to remedy the information blind spots on the sector in Canada which were identified in an initial dialogue sponsored by Simon Fraser University’s School of Communication and the Department of Canadian Heritage-BC Yukon District on February 28, 2006. The study attempted to map the third language media sector originated in and imported to B.C. The major findings were as follows: 1. the BC ethnic media market is larger than it was believed to be; 2. the market for ethnic media is growing quickly; 3. B.C.’s ethnic print media shows a high rate of churn and turn-over; 4. Korean and Iranian media outlets are the fasted growing; 5. International students represent an important segment of the market; 6. ethnic media are no longer only micro enterprises.

Annotation

This 2006 study of ethnic media in British Columbia was carried out using varied research methods as well as primary and secondary source material. Intended for academic researchers and governments, this study maps out the ``third language`` media and identifies ``blind spots`` in the academic literature on the subject. Some of the major findings of this study are that the ethnic media market is much bigger than was previously estimated, and is growing quickly, and that some ethnic media outlets are no longer small enterprises. This study is one of the most comprehensive and sophisticated studies of ethnic media ever done in Canada.


16

Reference Ojo, T. (2006). Ethnic print media in the multicultural nation of Canada. Journalism, 7(3), 343 –361.



Geographic Scope Montreal Canada, Canada


Case Study, Content Analysis

Key Words Multicultural Multiculturalism Policy, Mainstream Media, Portrayal, Identity, Black Community


This article explores the social and cultural roles of ethnic print media in the country within the prism of Canada’s multicultural policy. Specifically, the article examines how the ethnic groups are framed in the mainstream national media in Canada and then examines how these ethnic media are [re]constructing their own identities in contrast to their framed identities in the mainstream national print media such as the Globe and Mail, National Post and Toronto Sun. In exploring the overall socio-political impacts of these ethnic print media on the social fabrics and cultural identity in Canadian society, Montreal Community Contact, an ethnic newspaper of the black community in Montreal, is used as a case study.

Annotation

Intended for journalists and academics, this journal article examines how ethnic print media functions within the context of Canadian multicultural policy. Drawing from a case study of a black community newspaper in Montreal, this article seeks to demonstrate through content analysis how ethnic media can provide a counter-balance to the mainstream media`s tendency to misrepresent minorities. The author argues that by acting as ``sensitising agents``, the ethnic media plays a critical role that enables visible minorities to reconstruct their identities. The article predicts a growing role for ethnic media due to the growing non-white population in Canada.


17

Reference Riggins, D. S. H. (1992). Ethnic Minority Media: An International Perspective. Sage Publications, Inc.



Geographic Scope International, United States, Great Britain, Ireland, Canada, Australia, Israel, France, Greenland, Chile, Algeria


Case Study, Comparative Method

Key Words Multicultural Media, Empowerment, Print Media, Broadcast Media, Minority Media


This book focuses on the challenge of ethnic survival and empowerment and discusses the positive role that ethnic minority media play in the process. Examining print and broadcast media, as well as linguistic and cultural diversity, the contributors provide a broad international sampling of case studies spanning a variety of ethnic minorities and countries, each representing a different set of cultural, political and economic conditions. Cases studied include the United States (Hispanic and Native), Great Britain (Welsh), Ireland (Irish), Canada (Native), Australia (Aboriginal), Israel (Romanian), France (Occitan and Basque), Greenland (Inuit), Chile (Native) and Algeria (Berber).

Annotation

Intended for academics and students, this book examines the positive role ethnic media plays in helping linguistic and cultural minority communities survive. This comparative study draws on cases from Ireland, Canada, great Britain, Australia, France, Chile, Algeria, Israel, Greenland, and the United States. This book focuses mainly on the roles of print and broadcast media in minority communities in very diverse political, cultural and economic settings.


18

Reference Sherry, S. Y., & Ahadi, D. (2010). Promoting Civic Engagement Through Ethnic Media. Journal of Media and Communication, 2(2).





Comparative Method, Content Analysis

Key Words Multicultural Media, Isolationist Tendencies, Fragmentation, Immigrant Integration, Mainstream Media, English Press, Korean Press


Ethnic media, are emerging to offer new communicative civic spaces to ethno-cultural citizens. Studies, however, suggest that while they may not be completely disconnected from broader society, they remain largely “distinct from the dominant public sphere” (Karim, 2002). The majority is focused on a single ethnic group and develops in isolation of each other to cater to their specific group’s interests. Such an isolationist tendency is a concern in multicultural societies in that it can potentially intensify political, socio-economic, and cultural divides among older and new populations and develop “parallel societies” (Hafez, 2007) and a fragmented citizenship. Whether or not ethnic media will lead to hindering immigrants’ civic integration by raising citizens of communities rather than citizens of the broader society needs to be empirically validated. This paper, therefore, explores the distinction between mainstream and ethnic media through a comparative content analysis on coverage of the October 14 2008 Canadian federal election in English and Korean press in British Colombia, Canada. The findings suggest that in-group orientation is in fact more distinct in English media with significantly low attention given to ethnic minorities either as candidates or voters. Ethnic media, on the other hand, undertake significant citizenship education by delivering step-by-step “how-to” information about the election to immigrants who are less familiar with the Canadian political system to assist them in exercising voting rights.

Annotation

This academic journal article provides a comparative content analysis of new coverage of the 2008 Canadian federal election in the English and Korean language press in British Columbia. The article seeks to address questions that are of interest to academic researchers about the role of ethnic media and how it operates alongside mainstream media. The main question is to what extent do ethnic media help newcomers engage with the broader society? Do ethnic media outlets play an integrative role or do they intensify societal fragmentation? The findings of this study suggest that ethnic media play an integrative role, and from the findings of the content analysis, it was determined that the Korean language news provided more ``how to`` information, such as how to vote, than English language media. The findings of this study suggest that ethnic media plays a complementary role to other media and helps to fill blind spots left by mainstream news media.


19

Reference Sherry S. Yu, & Catherine A. Murray. (2007). Ethnic Media under a Multicultural Policy: The Case of the Korean Media in British Columbia. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 39(3), 99–124.



Geographic Scope Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada


Content Analysis

Key Words Multicultural Media, Multilingual Television, Korean Community, Korean Media, Citizenship


Vancouver is not only the second most diverse city in Canada, but it is also the site of major ethnic specialty services. It is home to one of the four multilingual television stations in Canada and more than one hundred ethnic media outlets. Together they serve approximately twenty-three language groups. Among British Columbia's top three "mother tongue and home language" groups--Chinese, Punjabi, and Korean--the Korean community offers the largest number of media services. There are nearly thirty outlets for approximately thirty thousand people of Korean origin. That proportion becomes even more impressive when one considers that more than three hundred thousand people of Chinese origin rely on a similar number of outlets. What is the driving force behind this growth? With the increasing demographic changes within the Korean community, mainly as a result of the Business Immigration Programme enacted in 1986, the Korean media have become new business ventures to serve demographically diverse consumers. The intensified competition, however, limits what may be called "social responsibility" on the part of the media. The lack of financial and human capital in the media market further leads to reliance on homebound news and limits a balanced information feed. A hollow in national and provincial civic space and the subsequent development of a skewed sense of belonging to "home," rather than "here," has an impact on the formation of a functioning cultural citizenship.

Annotation

This academic journal article explores the rapid growth of Korean language news outlets in Vancouver, British Columbia. Intended for academic researchers, this paper examines the history of the Korean language news media after 1986 and argues that the Korean news media have become very competitive business enterprises, but the intensity of the competition has had an adverse impact on how these outlets discharge their ``social responsibility``. This paper provides a content analysis that reveals a lack of provincial and national news coverage in the Korean language media and suggests that these news outlets lack sufficient human and financial resources to cover provincial or national news stories and rely heavily on homebound news. The paper argues that this creates problems in the process of developing a sense of belonging and a functional ``cultural citizenship``.


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Reference Sreberny, A. (2005). ‘Not only, but also’: Mixedness and media. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 31(3), 443–459.



Geographic Scope Britain


Critical Literature Review

Key Words Media, Minorities, Multiculturalism, Mixedness, Audiences


Multicultural media policies and practices developed to foster excluded voices may actually work to fix monological minority sub-cultures without developing channels and genres that cross over ethnic divisions and foster dialogic understanding. Conceptually, the study of diasporic media runs the danger of assuming a cultural fixity belied by the social practices of diasporic ethnic groups. Evidence taken from recent research suggests that minority audiences desire far more mixed kinds of representation and manifest quite mixed-up usage, leading to a ‘not only but also’ approach to the study of minority identity positions and media use.

Annotation This article takes issue with notions of ethnic minorities as homogenous, sealed communities and advocates for more flexible notions of cultural belonging, especially for those with hybrid cultural identities who move between two or more cultural identities. The author conducts a literature review of previous studies and uses Baumann’s theory of the dialogical process of sense making and identity to elucidate the argument for the ‘mixedness’ of contemporary identities and how media either supports this diversity or confirms notions of cultural fixedness. The evidence points to an awareness in ethnic communities that medias tend to be too homogenous in their representation of diasporas and the author suggests the need for a more inclusive and diverse multicultural media that can more adequately represent the diverse hybrid identities of ethnic minorities. Insular ethnic (and mainstream) medias constitute a variety of cultures, but are not a multicultural system without interactions between the media.

Documents

General Multicultural Media OMMI Annotated …...2014/06/19 · General Multicultural Media OMMI Annotated Bibliography 5 Reference Derry, A. (2010). In Canada, ethnic press influences