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General organization. Sensory neurons Deliver information to CNS Motor neurons Distribute commands to peripheral effectors Interneurons Interpret information and coordinate responses. Neuronal pools. Neuronal Pools - Functional group of interconnected neurons. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Sensory neurons
• Deliver information to CNS
• Motor neurons
• Distribute commands to peripheral effectors
• Interneurons
• Interpret information and coordinate responses
General organization
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Neuronal Pools- Functional group of interconnected neurons.
• There are 5 Neural circuit patterns:• Divergence- Spread of information from one neuron to several neurons,
or from one pool to multiple pools.
• Permits the broad distribution of a specific input.
• Convergence- Several neurons synapse on the same postsynaptic neuron.
• Several patterns of activity in the presynaptic neurons can have the same effect on the postsynaptic neuron.
• The same motor neurons can be subject to both conscious and subconscious control.
• Ex.: Ribs and diaphram motion.
Neuronal pools
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
-Serial processing- Occurs when information is relayed in a stepwise fashion, from one neuron to another or from one neuronal pool to the next.
-Occurs as sensory information in relayed from one part of the brain to
another.
-Parallel processing- Occurs when several neurons or neuronal pools process the same information at one time.
-Divergence must take place first.-Due to parallel processing many responses can occur at the same
time.-Ex.: Stepping on a nail and subsequent, simultaneous
response of moving your foot, shifting your weight, pain, and
yelling.
-Reverberation- A positive feedback along a chain of neurons such that they remain active once stimulated.
-Will continue to function until synaptic fatigue or inhibitory stimuli break the cycle.
-May involve a single neuronal pool or a series of interconnected pools.
5 Neural circuit patterns, continue
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.15
Figure 13.15 The Organization of Neuronal Pools
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Reflexes are rapid automatic responses to stimuli
• Neural reflex involves sensory fibers to CNS and motor fibers to effectors
An introduction to reflexes
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Wiring of a neural reflex
• Five steps
• Arrival of stimulus and activation of receptor
• Activation of sensory neuron
• Information processing
• Activation of motor neuron
• Response by effector
Reflex arc
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Figure 13.16 Components of a Reflex Arc
Figure 13.16
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Reflexes are classified according to:
• 1). Development
• 2). Site of information processing
• 3). Nature of resulting motor response
• 4). Complexity of neural circuit involved
Reflex classification
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Figure 13.17 Methods of Classifying Reflexes
Figure 13.17
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Innate reflexes
• Result from connections that form between neurons during development
• Acquired reflexes
• Learned, and typically more complex motor patterns.
• Ex.: A professional skier makes quick adjustments in body positioning while racing.
reflex classifications
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Cranial reflexes
• Reflexes processed in the brain
• Spinal reflexes
• Interconnections and processing events occur in the spinal cord
More reflex classifications
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Somatic reflexes
• Control skeletal muscle
• Visceral reflexes (autonomic reflexes)
• Control activities of other systems • See chapter 16.
still more reflex classifications
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Monosynaptic reflex• Sensory neuron synapses directly on a motor
neuron
• Polysynaptic reflex
• At least one interneuron between sensory afferent and motor efferent
• Longer delay between stimulus and response
• Length of delay is proportional to the number of synapses involved.
• Can produce far more complicated responses than monosynaptic reflexes as the interneurons can control several muscle groups.
and more reflex classifications
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 13.18 Neural Organization and Simple Reflexes
Figure 13.18
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Range from simple monosynaptic reflexes (single segment of spinal cord) to polysynaptic reflexes that involve many segments
• In the most complicated spinal reflexes, called intersegmental reflex arcs, many segments interact to produce a coordinated, highly variable motor response.
• Many segments interact to form complex response
Spinal Reflexes
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Stretch reflex automatically monitors skeletal muscle length and tone
• Patellar (knee jerk) reflex
• Sensory receptors are muscle spindles
• Postural reflex maintains upright position
Monosynaptic Reflexes
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 13.19 Components of the Stretch Reflex
Figure 13.19
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 13.20 The Patellar Reflex
Figure 13.20
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Figure 13.21 Intrafusal Fibers
Figure 13.21
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Produce more complicated responses
• Tendon reflex
• Withdrawal reflexes
• Flexor reflex
• Crossed extensor reflex
Polysynaptic reflexes
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Figure 13.22 The Flexor and Crossed Extensor Reflexes
Figure 13.22
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Involve pools of interneurons• Occurs in pools of interneurons before motor neurons are activated.
• Result may be excitation or inhibition.
• Are intersegmental in distribution• Interneuron pools extend across spinal segments and may activate
muscle groups in many parts of the body.
• Involve reciprocal inhibition• Coordinates muscular contractions and reduces resistance to movement.
• Have reverberating circuits to prolong the motor response
• Several reflexes may cooperate to produce a coordinated response
Polysynaptic reflexes, continue
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Brain can facilitate or inhibit motor patterns based in spinal cord
• Motor control involves a series of interacting levels
• Monosynaptic reflexes are the lowest level
• Brain centers that modulate or build on motor patterns are the highest
Control of spinal reflexes
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Reinforcement = facilitation that enhances spinal reflexes
• Spinal reflexes can also be inhibited
• Babinski reflex replaced by planter reflex
Reinforcement and inhibition
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Figure 13.23 The Babinski Reflexes
Figure 13.23
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
You should now be familiar with:
• The structure and functions of the spinal cord.
• The three meningeal layers that surround the CNS.
• The major components of a spinal nerve and their distribution in relation to their regions of innervation.
• The significance of neuronal pools.
• The steps in a neural reflex.
• How reflexes interact to produce complicated behaviors.