General PathologyReview

Assumptions

• Studying pathology enables us to better treat people

• Normal people participate positively in the society

• Activity of the human is the product of all the body systems

• The organ is the functional unit of the body• The cell is the structural unit of the body

Assumptions

• The human body can be divided into systems and organs based on the Anatomy, and Tissues and cells based on the Histology

Assumptions

• Pathology is any process that is not physiological

• Diseases can be explained by evidence of defects in:– The structure or – The function or– The activity or – The participation of the human

Hypotheses

• There is a limited number of pathological processes: cell injury, cell death, adaptation, inflammation, infectious, Fibrosis, immune mechanism, genetic, developmental, hemodynamics, metabolic, degenerative, and neoplastic

• Each process may involve any system, organ, tissue or cell

Hypotheses

• There are causes for each pathological process

• Clinical presentations can be explained by the underlying pathological process

• Complications arise if the pathology persists

Hypotheses

• We can control (manage) disease by focusing on:– The etiology– The pathological process– The clinical signs and symptoms– The complications

Health and Disease

Pathological Processes

Cell Injury

Cell DeathNecrosis

Apoptosis

Patterns of necrosis

Cellular adaptationin Growth

in differentiation

Injury and Response

Inflammation

Causes of Inflammation

Clinical Features of Inflammation

Acute inflammationOutcome of acute inflammation

Chronic Inflammation

Inflammatory diseases

Granulomatous inflammaioncauses

Lymphatics and lymph nodes

Chemical Mediators

Tissue Repair

RegenerationAbility of cells to proliferate

Fibrosis

Loss of function

Inflammatory diseases

Hemodynamic Disorders

Edema

CongestionHyperemiaIschemia

Hemorrhage

Shock

thrombosis

Virchow triad

Fate of thrombus

Embolism

Infarction

Neoplasia

Transformation

Benign vs Malignant

Rate of growthinvasion

AnaplasiaMetastasis

Dysplasia

Monoclonality

Nomenclature

Genetic Defect

OncogenesTumor suppressor genesApoptosis genes BCL-2

DNA mismatch repair genesaging and Telomerase

Angiogenesis

Mulistep carcinogenesis

Causes of neoplasia:Hereditary

Environmental

Cancer

Preneoplstic disorders

Screening

Presentation of Cancer

Diagnosis of Neoplsm

Tumor markers

Grading of Cancer

Staging of Cancer

Prognosis