General Safety & Health Knowledge Instructors:. Objectives ► Be able to define safety and explain why it is important. ► Be able to identify direct and

General Safety & Health Knowledge

Instructors:

ObjectivesObjectives

►Be able to define safety and explain why it is Be able to define safety and explain why it is important.important.

►Be able to identify direct and indirect costs of Be able to identify direct and indirect costs of accidents.accidents.

►Be able to identify “unsafe conditions” and “at risk Be able to identify “unsafe conditions” and “at risk practices”, to guard against injury and illness.practices”, to guard against injury and illness.

►Have an “awareness level” understanding of Have an “awareness level” understanding of various H&S topics.various H&S topics.

Upon completion of the course, students will:

Introduction to Safe Introduction to Safe Thinking, Safety Thinking, Safety

Awareness, AttitudeAwareness, Attitude► SafetySafety is the Control or Elimination of Recognized is the Control or Elimination of Recognized

Hazards to an Acceptable Level of Risk.Hazards to an Acceptable Level of Risk.►Why have a Safety Program to Prevent Injuries?Why have a Safety Program to Prevent Injuries?

- Companies moral obligation to employeesCompanies moral obligation to employees- Personal cost to employee ( emotional, Personal cost to employee ( emotional,

physical, financial)physical, financial)- Law- OSHA requires it in the workplaceLaw- OSHA requires it in the workplace- Good business- cost of injuries & illnessesGood business- cost of injuries & illnesses

What is an Occupational What is an Occupational Injury/ Illness?Injury/ Illness?

►InjuryInjury- Any injury that happens - Any injury that happens instantaneously from a single exposure or instantaneously from a single exposure or work accident ( cut, fracture, sprain, work accident ( cut, fracture, sprain, amputation, etc.)amputation, etc.)

►IllnessIllness- Any illness that occurs over a - Any illness that occurs over a period of exposures. It includes acute and period of exposures. It includes acute and chronic illnesses or diseases.chronic illnesses or diseases.

The Cost of Injuries and IllnessesThe Cost of Injuries and Illnesses

• Direct costsDirect costs‐ Medical expensesMedical expenses‐ Compensation for lost wagesCompensation for lost wages

• Indirect CostsIndirect Costs• Down time to obtain medical careDown time to obtain medical care• Loss of productionLoss of production• Increased cost of insurance premiumsIncreased cost of insurance premiums• Overtime to cover for employee not availableOvertime to cover for employee not available• Poor morale and attitudesPoor morale and attitudes

What Causes Accidents?What Causes Accidents?► An incident that is an unplanned, An incident that is an unplanned,

uncontrolled event. It may or may not uncontrolled event. It may or may not result in injury or property damage or loss result in injury or property damage or loss of product.of product.

► Unsafe ActsUnsafe Acts- Not using protective - Not using protective equipment, failing to fallow procedures, & equipment, failing to fallow procedures, & horseplay.horseplay.

► Unsafe conditionsUnsafe conditions- Inadequate safety - Inadequate safety devices (guarding), poor housekeeping, & devices (guarding), poor housekeeping, & hazardous conditions (noise or dust).hazardous conditions (noise or dust).

► Both can be attributed to ATTITUDE and Both can be attributed to ATTITUDE and BEHAVIOR!BEHAVIOR!

► Unsafe acts can create unsafe conditions.Unsafe acts can create unsafe conditions.► Severity is matter of luck.Severity is matter of luck.

THE ACCIDENT PROCESSTHE ACCIDENT PROCESSContributing Causes:Contributing Causes:

LACK OF SAFETY EFFORTS BY SUPERVIOR & LACK OF SAFETY EFFORTS BY SUPERVIOR & ORGANIZATIONORGANIZATION

Setting Poor ExampleSetting Poor Example Lack of TrainingLack of Training

Inadequate Standards & ProceduresInadequate Standards & Procedures Poor Enforcement & Poor Enforcement & FeedbackFeedback

Allowing or Encouraging Risk TakingAllowing or Encouraging Risk Taking

Employee’s Mental Condition

Lack of Knowledge

Poor Motivation

Slow Mental Reaction

Confused, Inattentive

Upset, Angry

EMPLOYEE’S PHYSICAL CONDITION

Fatigued

High Muscle Tension

Ill, Injured

Physical Limitation

Sensory Limitation

ACCIDENTACCIDENT

Immediate CausesImmediate Causes

Unsafe ActsUnsafe Acts Unsafe ConditionsUnsafe ConditionsNot Using Protective EquipmentNot Using Protective Equipment Inadequate Safety Inadequate Safety

DevicesDevicesUsing Broken or Improper ToolsUsing Broken or Improper Tools Inadequate Warning Inadequate Warning

SystemSystemHorseplayHorseplay Poor HousekeepingPoor HousekeepingOperating at Unsafe SpeedOperating at Unsafe Speed Hazardous ConditionsHazardous ConditionsFailing to Follow Safe ProceduresFailing to Follow Safe Procedures

CostsCosts

Major InjuryMajor Injury Property DamageProperty DamageLost TimeLost Time Minor InjuryMinor Injury

Production DelaysProduction Delays

Hazard Recognition MethodsHazard Recognition Methods

A.A. Inspection- Inspections need to be Inspection- Inspections need to be conducted regularly by trained personnel conducted regularly by trained personnel and ensure all items are corrected. Repeat and ensure all items are corrected. Repeat hazards should be seldom found.hazards should be seldom found.

B.B. Expert Survey- In addition to inspections, Expert Survey- In addition to inspections, surveys are conducted periodically and surveys are conducted periodically and drive appropriate corrective action.drive appropriate corrective action.

C.C. Hazard Reporting- Employees must feel Hazard Reporting- Employees must feel comfortable identifying and self-correcting comfortable identifying and self-correcting hazards or initiating the quick response to hazards or initiating the quick response to the hazard.the hazard.

D.D.Job Safety Analysis- A current hazard analysis Job Safety Analysis- A current hazard analysis should exist for all jobs. Employees should have should exist for all jobs. Employees should have input in creating the JSA’s to insure they input in creating the JSA’s to insure they understand all the hazards of their job.understand all the hazards of their job.

E.E. Change Analysis- All planned/ new facilities, Change Analysis- All planned/ new facilities, processes, materials or equipment should be processes, materials or equipment should be reviewed for hazards by a competent team at the reviewed for hazards by a competent team at the planning stage.planning stage.

F.F. Accident/ Incident investigation- All loss-producing Accident/ Incident investigation- All loss-producing incidents and “Near Hits” are investigated quickly incidents and “Near Hits” are investigated quickly and thoroughly for root causes with effective and thoroughly for root causes with effective prevention of reoccurrence.prevention of reoccurrence.

G.G.Injury/Illness analysis- All employees are aware of Injury/Illness analysis- All employees are aware of incident trends, causes and means of preventionincident trends, causes and means of prevention

Hazard Prevention and Hazard Prevention and ControlControl

A.A. Timely Hazard ControlTimely Hazard Control

Hazard controls must be in place Hazard controls must be in place with priority to engineering controls, with priority to engineering controls, safe work procedures, administrative safe work procedures, administrative controls and personal protective controls and personal protective equipment ( in that order).equipment ( in that order).

Break Out SessionBreak Out Session

CASE STUDIESCASE STUDIES

Hazard Communication-Hazard Communication-What is it?What is it?

►OSHA standard, 29 CFR, 1910.1200OSHA standard, 29 CFR, 1910.1200►Became law in 1986, with revision in 1993Became law in 1986, with revision in 1993►Purpose: Ensure hazards of all chemicals Purpose: Ensure hazards of all chemicals

are evaluated and information is are evaluated and information is transmitted to affected employers and transmitted to affected employers and employeesemployees

►This is accomplished by means of a This is accomplished by means of a comprehensive hazard communication comprehensive hazard communication program that includes:program that includes:

•Container Container LabelingLabeling

•Material Safety Data Material Safety Data SheetsSheets

•Employee Employee TrainingTraining

How Can A Hazardous How Can A Hazardous Material Enter The Body?Material Enter The Body?

► InhalationInhalation- breathing the chemical into - breathing the chemical into your lungs (Dust, Fumes, or Gases)your lungs (Dust, Fumes, or Gases)

► IngestionIngestion- swallowing the chemical - swallowing the chemical (Dust, Fumes, or Mists)(Dust, Fumes, or Mists)

►AbsorptionAbsorption- chemical absorbed - chemical absorbed through the skin (Solvents)through the skin (Solvents)

► InjectionInjection- chemical injected through - chemical injected through puncture in skin (Solvents)puncture in skin (Solvents)

Controlling HazardsControlling Hazards

►EngineeringEngineering- Dust collection, - Dust collection, containment, isolation or absorption, containment, isolation or absorption, and ventilationand ventilation

►AdministrationAdministration- Job Rotation- Job Rotation

►Personal Protective EquipmentPersonal Protective Equipment

Personal Protective Personal Protective EquipmentEquipment

Respiratory Protection

Hearing Protection

Personal Protection Equipment Personal Protection Equipment continuedcontinued

Eye and Face Protection

Body Aprons

Personal Protective Personal Protective Equipment continuedEquipment continued

Gloves

Metatarsal Safety Shoes or Boots

VideoVideo

Personal Protective Personal Protective EquipmentEquipment

Respiratory Protection CFR Respiratory Protection CFR OverviewOverview

► Steps should initially be taken to eliminate Steps should initially be taken to eliminate the hazardthe hazard

► Respirators must be selected on the hazard Respirators must be selected on the hazard involvedinvolved

► Training and fit testing should be done Training and fit testing should be done annuallyannually

► Respirators must be cleaned and stored Respirators must be cleaned and stored properlyproperly

► Inspections should be done to ensure Inspections should be done to ensure equipment is effectiveequipment is effective

Industrial HygieneIndustrial Hygiene

► An industrial Hygienist is an individual An industrial Hygienist is an individual trained and certified in the science of the trained and certified in the science of the establishment and maintenance of health establishment and maintenance of health and in monitoring conditions or practices and in monitoring conditions or practices conducive health.conducive health.

► PEL (OSHA) Permissible Exposure LimitsPEL (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limits► TLV (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Values- Values TLV (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Values- Values

go beyond what OSHA recommendsgo beyond what OSHA recommends► TWA- Time Weighted AverageTWA- Time Weighted Average►Dose- Amount of exposure to a hazardous Dose- Amount of exposure to a hazardous

substance averaged over an 8 hour periodsubstance averaged over an 8 hour period

What is a Material Safety What is a Material Safety Data Sheet (aka MSDS)?Data Sheet (aka MSDS)?

►A form that provides a means of describing A form that provides a means of describing all important hazard information on a all important hazard information on a product or substance used on the jobproduct or substance used on the job

►Material Safety Data Sheets must be Material Safety Data Sheets must be available for any material which, when available for any material which, when used without special precautions and used without special precautions and controls, will constitute a hazard.controls, will constitute a hazard.

►Review the gasoline MSDS from your Review the gasoline MSDS from your binderbinder

Labels and What They Tell Labels and What They Tell You:You:

► The name of the The name of the substancesubstance

►Name and address Name and address of the supplierof the supplier

►What is the hazardWhat is the hazard►How hazardous it isHow hazardous it is►What to do in the What to do in the

event of an event of an exposureexposure

Occupational Noise Occupational Noise StandardStandard

Hearing ConservationHearing Conservation

►Employers must determine the noise levels employees are exposed to by taking noise surveys in the work environment►A hearing conservation program is required when employees are exposed to noise levels of 85 dBa (Time Weight Average) or higher►Employees must be monitored to determine noise exposure levels (Baseline and Annually) ►Dose= Noise level in decibels, and the length of time of exposure►OSHA- 90dBa (must have a protection program)

Bloodborne Pathogens StandardBloodborne Pathogens Standard

► Blood & Body FluidsBlood & Body Fluids►Hepatitis & HIVHepatitis & HIV► Universal PrecautionsUniversal Precautions► IsolateIsolate► Emergency Emergency

NotificationNotification

CFR 1910.1030

► Be sure all machines are guarded at exposed points of operation, in – going nip points, blades and rotating parts

► Examples: Light curtains, safety mats, interlocked doors, barrier guards,

photo eyes

► Never remove or disable a guard on an operating machine. Check machines before use and report anything that’s missing or not working properly

► Know how to turn power on and off quickly (E – STOP)

► Follow training program instructions on safe and proper machine use. Read and follow the machine manufacturer’s instructions

Machine Guarding Safety Machine Guarding Safety ChecklistChecklist

Electrical SafetyElectrical SafetyQualified Persons- those who have been trained in avoiding electrical hazards of energized parts

Unqualified Persons- have little or no training for avoiding electrical hazards of energized parts.

Electrical Do’s and Don’t checklist

•Do: Match plugs and outlets, obey warning to stay away from electrical circuits, inspect electrical tools before use, report any electrical tool, equipment, or wire problems immediately

•Don’t: Overload motors, circuits, or outlets, run cords along the floor, place cords near heat or water, touch anything electrical with wet hands

Lock Out / Tag Out – Zero Lock Out / Tag Out – Zero Energy StateEnergy State

► Authorized Employee-Authorized Employee-Person who locks or tags Person who locks or tags out a machine or out a machine or equipment in order to equipment in order to perform servicing or perform servicing or maintenance on itmaintenance on it

► Affected Employee-Affected Employee-Person whose job requires Person whose job requires him/her to either use him/her to either use equipment which is being equipment which is being serviced under lockout serviced under lockout conditions, or whose job conditions, or whose job requires him/her to work in requires him/her to work in a area where such a area where such servicing or maintenance servicing or maintenance of equipment is being of equipment is being performedperformed

• Energy Sources

1. Electrical

2. Pneumatic

3. Steam

4. Hydraulic

5. Chemical

6. Thermal

7. Nuclear

8. Spring

9. Suspended Loads (Gravity)

All spaces determined to be All spaces determined to be Confined Spaces shall be Confined Spaces shall be

identified as such by a sign or identified as such by a sign or label near the entry point.label near the entry point.

•Entrants and attendants must be Entrants and attendants must be trained. trained.

Entry Permits are RequiredEntry Permits are Required•60% OF ALL CONFINED SPACE FATALITIES ARE

FROM WOULD-BE RESCUERS

VideoVideo

Confined SpacesConfined Spaces

The owner of MIT Tank Wash Inc. of The owner of MIT Tank Wash Inc. of Savannah, Georgia, pleaded guilty in Savannah, Georgia, pleaded guilty in June to willful violation of an June to willful violation of an Occupational Safety and Health Occupational Safety and Health administration regulation in the death administration regulation in the death of an employee. The company cleans of an employee. The company cleans truck-based tanks of their chemical or truck-based tanks of their chemical or food cargo residues, and apparently the food cargo residues, and apparently the company’s normal procedure for using company’s normal procedure for using one poisonous cleaning substance was one poisonous cleaning substance was merely that the employee would enter merely that the employee would enter the tank, swab the insides with the the tank, swab the insides with the poisonous cleaner while holding his poisonous cleaner while holding his breath, climb a ladder to the top of the breath, climb a ladder to the top of the tank before descending again for more tank before descending again for more cleaning.cleaning.

HousekeepingHousekeepingGood Housekeeping Includes:Good Housekeeping Includes:

Proper storage of toolsProper storage of tools Being careful not to spill, drop or throw materials onto the floorBeing careful not to spill, drop or throw materials onto the floor Disposing of all trashDisposing of all trash Keeping tools, equipment and machinery cleanKeeping tools, equipment and machinery clean Keeping boxes, carts and materials organized and out of the Keeping boxes, carts and materials organized and out of the

aisleaisle

Results of Good Housekeeping:Results of Good Housekeeping:Reduction of accidentsReduction of accidentsImprovements in moraleImprovements in moraleImprovements in efficiency and effectivenessImprovements in efficiency and effectivenessA clean organized workplace for employees, visitors and A clean organized workplace for employees, visitors and customerscustomers

ErgonomicsErgonomics

► Ergonomics is fitting the workstation to the Ergonomics is fitting the workstation to the employeeemployee

► Everyone is DifferentEveryone is Different::Note: Some may develop an ergonomic injury Note: Some may develop an ergonomic injury

with exposure to one ergonomic risk factor. with exposure to one ergonomic risk factor. Some may never develop an ergonomic Some may never develop an ergonomic injury even when exposed to all the injury even when exposed to all the ergonomic risk factorsergonomic risk factors

► The more you reduce the ergonomic risk The more you reduce the ergonomic risk factors, the more success you will have in factors, the more success you will have in reducing ergonomic injuriesreducing ergonomic injuries

Four Major Risk FactorsFour Major Risk Factors

►PosturePosture- Body parts positions that - Body parts positions that have been determined to increase the have been determined to increase the risk of cumulative trauma disorders risk of cumulative trauma disorders

►ForceForce- amount of strength required to - amount of strength required to carry out a taskcarry out a task

►FrequencyFrequency- number of times per - number of times per minute ( or unit) a task in performedminute ( or unit) a task in performed

►DurationDuration- time it takes to complete a - time it takes to complete a task task (ex: lift, grip, or bend)(ex: lift, grip, or bend)

PosturesPostures – Hand / Wrist – Hand / Wrist

Flexiod Extension 45 degrees

Radical Deviation Ulnar Deviation

PosturesPostures – Hand / Wrist – Hand / Wrist

Pinch GripPower Grip

Finger Press

PosturesPostures - Elbow - Elbow

Forearm Rotation Full ExtensionHammering

PosturesPostures - Shoulder - Shoulder

Raised greater than 45 degrees

Arm Behind Body

Posture Posture - Back- Back

TwistedBent Forward greaterThan 20 degrees

Bent Sideways

PosturesPostures - Neck - Neck

Twisted Bent Backwards

Bent Forward greater than 20 degrees Bent Sideways

PosturesPostures - Legs - Legs

Squat

Stand on one leg

kneel

Four Minor Risk FactorsFour Minor Risk Factors

►VibrationVibration

►NoiseNoise

►Light LevelsLight Levels

►Mechanical Stressors / Direct PostureMechanical Stressors / Direct Posture

Identify The Ergonomic Risk Identify The Ergonomic Risk PosturePosture

► AssemblyAssembly


► Assembly – More Assembly – More Neutral PostureNeutral Posture


►MechanicalMechanical


►Mechanical – More Mechanical – More Neutral PostureNeutral Posture


► Spot Welding / Spot Welding / Machining Machining


► Spot Welding / Spot Welding / Machining – More Machining – More Neutral PostureNeutral Posture


►WeldingWelding


►Welding – More Welding – More Neutral PostureNeutral Posture

What is the ‘at risk’ posture?What is the ‘at risk’ posture?

►What needs to be What needs to be done to correct the done to correct the at-risk posture?at-risk posture?


►Neck tilt backwards, Neck tilt backwards, back tilt forward, back tilt forward, shoulder forward shoulder forward greater than 45 greater than 45 degreesdegrees


►What needs to be What needs to be done to correct the done to correct the at-risk posture?at-risk posture?


►Neck tilt sideways, Neck tilt sideways, back tilt forward, back tilt forward, shoulder forward shoulder forward greater than 45 greater than 45 degreesdegrees

Wellness And ErgonomicsWellness And Ergonomics

A healthy person is less likely to develop A healthy person is less likely to develop ergonomic injuries. What con you do?ergonomic injuries. What con you do?

►Quit smokingQuit smoking - it constricts blood flow and - it constricts blood flow and hence, reduces healing of the bodyhence, reduces healing of the body

► Eat a healthy dietEat a healthy diet including 8 glasses of including 8 glasses of water- it is important to keep hydrated. If the water- it is important to keep hydrated. If the body becomes dehydrated, water is pulled body becomes dehydrated, water is pulled form the muscles. This increases the chance form the muscles. This increases the chance of an ergonomic injury of the muscles. A of an ergonomic injury of the muscles. A healthy diet contributes to lowering blood healthy diet contributes to lowering blood pressure and maintaining optimal weight. pressure and maintaining optimal weight. People at optimal weight have a lower chance People at optimal weight have a lower chance of back injuries.of back injuries.

Wellness and ErgonomicsWellness and Ergonomics

A healthy person is less likely to develop A healthy person is less likely to develop ergonomic injuries. What can you do?ergonomic injuries. What can you do?

► Exercise regularly-Exercise regularly- it strengthens the it strengthens the muscles and adds flexibility. Exercise is also muscles and adds flexibility. Exercise is also a great stress- reducer. a great stress- reducer.

► StretchStretch before you begin your ‘working’ before you begin your ‘working’ exercise routine- work is exercise. exercise routine- work is exercise. Exercising ‘cold’ muscles increases the Exercising ‘cold’ muscles increases the chance of a muscle tear. Stretching gets the chance of a muscle tear. Stretching gets the blood flowing and warms up the muscles.blood flowing and warms up the muscles.

► Report Report injuries as soon as they occur- early injuries as soon as they occur- early intervention means a swifter recovery and a intervention means a swifter recovery and a less severe injuryless severe injury

Let’s STRETCH!!Let’s STRETCH!!

►WristsWrists Hold wrist as shown, Hold wrist as shown,

keeping your arm keeping your arm straightstraight►Bend the wrist until Bend the wrist until

you feel a stretchyou feel a stretch►Hold 10-15 secondsHold 10-15 seconds►2-3 repetitions, each 2-3 repetitions, each

sideside

Let’s stretch!!Let’s stretch!!

► ShouldersShoulders Begin with shoulders Begin with shoulders

relaxedrelaxed Pinch shoulder Pinch shoulder

upwards toward earsupwards toward ears Hold 5 secondsHold 5 seconds 10 repetitions10 repetitions


►ShouldersShoulders Stand grasping elbow with other handStand grasping elbow with other hand Pull the elbow and arm across your chest so Pull the elbow and arm across your chest so

that you feel a stretchthat you feel a stretch Hold 10-15 secondsHold 10-15 seconds 2-3 repetitions each side2-3 repetitions each side


►BackBack Place hands firmly against hipsPlace hands firmly against hips Keeping knees straight, bend backward Keeping knees straight, bend backward

until you feel a stretchuntil you feel a stretch Hold 10-15 secondsHold 10-15 seconds 2-3 repetitions 2-3 repetitions


►NeckNeck Stand with good Stand with good

postureposture Turn head to sideTurn head to side Hold 10-15 secondsHold 10-15 seconds 2-3 repetitions, each 2-3 repetitions, each

sideside

Questions?Questions?

Thank you…Thank you…

For your Attention and For your Attention and Participation!Participation!

Documents

General Safety & Health Knowledge Instructors:. Objectives ► Be able to define safety and explain why it is important. ► Be able to identify direct and