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Genetic Engineering. Chapter 13 Test on Friday 03/13/09 Reviewing Content Due 03/12/09 1-10 and #28. What is Genetic Engineering?. Engineering – science of matter made useful to man Genetics - how traits are passed on through generations . - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Genetic EngineeringChapter 13
Test on Friday 03/13/09Reviewing Content Due 03/12/09
1-10 and #28
What is Genetic Engineering?
• Engineering – science of matter made useful to man
• Genetics - how traits are passed on through generations.
• Genetic Engineering - manipulation of an organism's genetic material to modify the proteins it produces.
Types of genetic engineering:
• Indirect genetic manipulation • Direct genetic manipulation
Indirect Genetic Manipulation
• Selective Breeding - desired characteristics (phenotypes) are allowed to produce
• Hybridization – crossing dissimilar characteristics (phenotypes) to bring together the best
• Inbreeding – continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics
• Induced Mutations – inducing mutations - new genetic combinations - new phenotypes (variation)
Direct Genetic Manipulation:
• Scientists use their knowledge of DNA structure & chemical properties to change (manipulate) DNA.
• DNA RNA Proteins - Phenotypes
How do you Manipulate DNA:
• DNA Extraction – cells are opened and DNA removed
•We will do this in class
Cutting DNA
DNA is cut into small pieces (WHY?) Restriction enzymes - cuts DNA at specific nucleotide sequences Hundreds of restriction enzymes are known
Seperating DNA
• How can DNA fragments be analyzed once extracted and cut,
gel electrophoresis
Use of DNA
• Reading the Sequence – complementary base pairing of fragments of DNA– The nucleotides (A,T,C,G) is color coded – The fragments are separated by gel
electrophoresis – The order of the colors - order of nucleotides
Cut & Pasting
• DNA sequences can be joined together using synthesizers– Recombinant DNA – combining DNA from
different sources, usually in the form a plasmid• Natural DNA Natural DNA • Natural DNA Synthetic DNA (created)
Making Copies
• Polymerase Chain Reaction – makes many copies of DNA fragments for study –Copying of DNA
Review: What was Griffith’s Experiment?
• Griffith’s experiments • he heated the smooth (lethal) pneumonia
strain • mixed it with the rough (non-lethal) strain,• there must have been DNA fragments from
the lethal that were taken in • the non-lethal - lethal
Cell Transformation
• When cells either bacterial, plant, or animal takes in external DNA, that becomes incorporated into the cells DNA.
• This external DNA can be in the form of a plasmid.
Types of Transformation: Bacterial • new gene inserted into the
bacterial plasmid • Recombinant plasmid is
reinserted into the bacteria
Types of Transformation: Plant
• New gene is inserted into the bacterial plasmid
• Bacteria then infects the plant cell. • Successful when recombinant DNA is
integrated into the cells chromosomes (DNA)
Types of Transformations-Animal
• New gene inserted in bacterial plasmid • The plasmid inserted directly into
nucleus of animal cell. • New DNA is incorporated into the
animal chromosomes – transcription translation recombinant protein
production
Diagram – Transformation Bacterial
Transgenic Organisms
• organisms with foreign DNA –Bacteria with foreign genes used to
create medicine • Insulin, growth hormone, clotting
factor
Transgenic Organisms
–Animals – extra genes used to create livestock that can produce more food or study human disease–Plants – extra genes create more food,
resistance to disease, insects, or chemicals for weed control
Applications of Genetic Engineering:
• Biotechnology industry • both commercial & therapeutic • is spurred by genetic engineering techniques.
Cloning
• process of creating exact copies of organisms –Application unclear
Therapeutic applications
New organsReproductive cloning –new individuals
The End