Genetic Engineering

Restriction Enzymes Cut DNA

sequences at specific repeating patterns.

EcoRI cuts at GAATTC which will appear at different points for different people.

Transgenic

Gene Therapy

Gene Therapy Desired genes are

inserted into viruses Organisms are then

“infected” by the viruses that pass the “cure” for the genetic problem onto the host cells

Transgenic Organisms with foreign DNA inserted into

their own genomes. DNA is cut with restriction enzymes, and

fragments containing desired genes are spliced into the original DNA

Gel Electrophoresis After DNA is cut with

restriction enzymes it will be run on a “gel” to separate the fragments by length.

Longer fragments move more slowly through the gel than short ones

Gel Electrophoresis

Gels

DNA Fingerprinting

Technique of DNA comparison developed by Alec Jeffreys in Leicester England 20 years ago.

% chance of two people having identical DNA Fingerprints is 1 in 9,390,000,000, which is twice the world population

DNA Fragments run on a gel

Paternity Testing The child’s DNA

fragments must be a combination of both parents.

Fragments belonging to the child will be either from mom, dad, or both.

No fragments should simply “appear” in the child

Paternity Testing

Disease Testing—Sickle Cell Anemia Hb A is an allele

that contributes “normal” red blood cells

Hb S is an allele for sickle-shaped red blood cells.

Crime Scene Investigation A woman and her fiancé were sleeping in

their car Woman was raped, both murdered and the

car stolen. The man caught with the stolen car said a

friend had given him the vehicle. Both Chris Reesh and Randall Jones

lacked alibis for the night of the murders.

Crime Scene Investigation The first case in history decided by DNA

fingerprinting. Semen from the victim

Was cut with a restriction

Enzyme and compared

to blood samples from

both suspects

Cloning

Cloning The DNA from the

egg-donor is thrown away

The DNA from the body-cell donor is placed into the egg cell.

Child will be identical to the body-cell donor.