GENETIC ENGINEERING

Scientist use their knowledge of the chemical composition and structure of DNA to study and change DNA

This process is known as genetic engineering.

MODIFYING DNA

Solving crimes or determining paternityModifying foodCloningMaking new organismsMedicine productionMuch, much more!

WHAT CAN WE USE DNA FOR?

1. DNA extraction Cells are opened and the DNA is separated out

2. Cutting DNA Use restriction enzymes, from bacteria, that cut open DNA

in specific areas and allow for modifications3. Analyzing DNA

Separation of fragments due to how they are cut with restriction enzymes

4. Recombinant DNA DNA produced by combining DNA from two or more sources.

WHAT ARE WE ABLE TO DO?

Make a lot of DNA through PCR

Restriction enzymes cut DNA in diff erent places to make specific size pieces

They can be separated using electricity

GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

This produces bars that can be compared.

Used in forensics, paternity suits, and genetic testing.

Organisms that contain genes from other species

TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS

These mice contain genes from jellyfish that cause them to glow in the dark.

These plants contain genes from a bacteria that cause them to produce insecticides.

Two organisms that have identical DNA. Can be natural or man-

made

The “fi rst” cloned organism was made in 1885 when a two-celled embryo of a sea urchin was shaken until the two cells separated.

Using modern techniques, a frog was cloned in 1952.

Dolly the sheep was the fi rst mammal in 1997

CLONING

CLONING EXAMPLES

Copy Cat2001