GEOE GEOL 362 2011 Magmatic Ni Sulfide - Copia

7/23/2019 GEOE GEOL 362 2011 Magmatic Ni Sulfide - Copia

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(3) YACIMIENTOS DESULFUROS NI-CU (PGE)


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Magmatic Ni-Cu sulphide deposits

Ni-Cu sulphide deposits occur in certainmafic and/or ultramafic intrusions or volcanic

ows

Ni is the main economic commodity and Cu

is byproduct or coproduct; PGE and Co are

. , , , ,Te.


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ypes oypes o -- uu su p esu p e epos sepos sAstrobleme- associated in mafic intrusion (Ni:Cu~ 1)

-- Sudbury: world largest Ni producing campRift- and continental flood basalt and intrusions

various Ni:Cu ratios

Norilsk and Jinchuan: 2nd an 3rd world producers

Komatiitic volcanic flows and intrusions (Ni:Cu >

AlexoAlexo Mine, Ontario; Thompson Nickel belt,Manitoba; KambaldaKambalda and Agnew, Australia)

Gabbro-Anorthosite intrusions (Ni:Cu ~2-3)

Voiseys Bay, Labrador


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Ni-Cu sulphide deposits in the World

X

XXXXX

Naldrett, 1997


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vs.

Tonnage

Eckstrand and

Hulbert, 2005


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,

FIG.2.CartoonsofthegeologicsettingsofNisulfidedeposits.a.Meteorimpact,Sudbury.b.

Feeders

to

flood

basalt,e.g.,

Norilsk.

c.

Feeders

along

a

suture,

Voiseys

Bay.

d.

Thick

crust,

Grenville.


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,

TexturasensulfurosdeNiCuPGEdeorigenmagmtico


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,


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,

Jinchuan

NiCu(PGE)deposit

NWChina.

A)Nettextured

oreinterstitial

to

olivine.B)Patchy

nettextured

orewith

avariation of

interstitial

sulphides

and

altered

silicates. C) Disseminated

ore. D) Massive

ore

incorporating

minor

silicate

and

carbonatematerial.

E)

Massive

sulphide

remobilisation.

F)Small

scale

sulphide

remobilisation

inacarbonatevein.


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Canadian Ni-C s l ide de osits

Eckstrand and Hubert, 2007


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Eckstrand and Hubert, 2007


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*

Voiseys Bay

(1.3-1.4 Ga)

Thompson

Belt (1.88 Ga)

Sudbury

(1.85 Ga)

Location of the Canadian Nickel Deposits and Districts(Eckstrand, 1995)


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Ni-Cusulphidedeposits

inCanada

Eckstrand, 1996


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ASTROBLEME-ASSOCIATED NICKEL-COPPER

- u Near the southern limit of the Archean

uper or rov nce, w c s over a n y eProterozoic Huronian Supergroup

SIC: 1850 Ma

,intrusive rocks (2680 Ma)

South: Mafic and felsic volcanic rocks (2450 Ma)

and felsic intrusives (2388 Ma), and sedimentaryrocks

ewa er roup: se men s an e ero c

breccia


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Sudbur

SIC:1.8 5GaHuronian SG: 2.4 Ga

WG

Eckstrand and Hulbert, 2007


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Sublayer:contains the Ni-Cu sulphide deposits

1in or ad acent to thesubla erand com rise

pyrrhotite as dominated sulphide)

. , ,

2. Levack and Strathcona (North)

3. Copper Clift and Frood Stobie (Apophysis)

. ,


Gabbro-Anorthosite intrusions (Ni:Cu ~2-3)

Voiseys Bay, Labrador


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An igneous suite distinguished bythe resence of ultramafic lavas

commonly exhibing spinifex texture

High Mg content Ni mineralization


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Typical textures of komatiitic flows


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KOMATIITE

ow op w sp n ex ex ure o v ne a es

From Helmtaedt- Geol488-2002-notes, with permission


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-

BELTS ex: Timmins and Kambalda camps

2) KOMATIITES IN RIFTED PROTEROZOICCONTINENTAL MARGINS

ex: Thompson Nickel Belt

At Thompson the deposits occurs in the Hudsonian fold-and-thrust belt in a series ofperidotitic lenses along a particularsediment-volcanic contact in allochtonous, recumbently folded

.


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Komatiites in Archean greenstone belts

Important Ni deposits are in WesternAustralia in the Norseman-Wiluna

greenstone belt of the Yilgarn craton.

Kambalda camp

In Canada, they occur in Timmins camp-

Alexo, Dundonald, Frederick House Lake


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Comparison of Komatiitic hosts and

n c e ores

c s ran , , p.


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Ni-Cusulphide

depositsin Canada

Eckstrand, 1996


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Houle et al., 2008


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Ni-Cu Mineralization associated with

Dundonald Formation

Houle et al., 2008


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Komatiitic flow and Ni sulphide ore: cross section


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Net-textured Ni ore

spnifex texture

W t A t li l i l


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Western Australia- geological map


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Yilgarn Block

Most of the depositsWestern Australiaare confined to acentral rif t (200Km

wide) which ischaracterized byabundant komatiitesand sulphidic cherts

(deep marineenvironment)


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camp

Important features:

Ultramafic rocks

Sedimentary

Structures

magma con u t

Eckstrand and Hulbert, 2007

P Mi


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Perceverance MineGeneralized Geology (Evans, 1996)

Archean Komatiite-hosted deposits


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m p

Most of the deposits occur at or near the base of an extrusive

sequence

typically in the lowest, thickest, and most magnesian of the flows.

(marginal chilled zone with >20-35% MgO)

The orebodies occupy the depressions in the floors of the flows

The eneral se uence from the base u ward is: massive, matrix (continuous network of sulphides

enclosing olivine crystals), and

Ore minerals: pyrrhotite, pentlandite, pyrite, magnetite,

,

118 Kambalda (Western Australia)


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Panorama de la mine et de lusine de Kambalda, Au premier plan

se s ue e s oc age es caro es e orages e es ernMining. Photographie prise en 1993. Copyright Michel Jbrak.


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119 Kambalda (Western Australia)Sulfures rubans nickel-cuivre Photo ra hie rise en 1993.

Copyright Michel Jbrak.


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117 Kambalda (Western Australia)Sulfures dissmins : pyrrhotine

omininante, pent an ite. P otograp ieprise en 1993. Copyright Michel Jbrak


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Barnes et al. (1999) model

Kambalda schematic cross-section


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Kambalda schematic cross section

In Barnes et al.

(1999)


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Leshers Model

Lesher, 1989


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LeshersModel

(cont)

Lesher, 1989


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(0)= [(Rsample/Rstandard)-1]103

R= moles of heavy isotope/ moles of light isotope = mo es mo es

samp e -

34 32

Standard: Canon Diablo Troilite (CDT)

Guidelines for Ex loration?:


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Guidelines for Ex loration?:


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ypes oypes o -- uu su p esu p e epos sepos sAstrobleme- associated in mafic intrusion (Ni:Cu~ 1)

-- Sudbury: world largest Ni producing camp

Rift- and continental flood basalt and intrusionsvarious Ni:Cu ratios

Norilsk and Jinchuan: 2nd an 3rd world producers

Komatiitic volcanic flows and intrusions (Ni:Cu >


Gabbro-Anorthosite intrusions (Ni:Cu ~2-3) Voiseys Bay, Labrador


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*

Voiseys Bay

(1.3-1.4 Ga)

Thompson

Belt (1.88 Ga)

Sudbury

(1.85 Ga)

Location of the Canadian Nickel Deposits and Districts

(Eckstrand, 1995)


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Regional Geology-Voiseys Bay


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Geolo

In the boundary

and Nain

Provinces

n ga ro-

anorthosite that

cuts Nain gneiss

Eckstrand and

Hulbert, 2005,

(after Naldrett, 1997)

Voise s Ba NW-SE


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Voise s Ba NW SEvertical section

Bacon and Cochrane (2003)


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Eckstrand and

, ,

(after Li and Naldrett, 1999)


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Eckstrand and

Hulbert, 2005

(after Li et al., 2001)


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Massive sulphide ore

(45 cm wide)

Leopard-textured

(45 cm wide)

Disseminated

(45 cm wide)


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1860Ma

-

1350-1290 Ma

Voise s Ba : conce tual model


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What was needed to form a Voiseys Bay


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1) Source of Ni: mafic magma

,

2) Conduit for the magma: major structures

(boundary between Archean Nain and

Paleoproterozoic Churchil l Province)

3) Source of S: country rocks with S

(Tasiuyak gneiss: derived from metamorphism

4) Formation of immiscible sulf ide melt:

accumu a on o su es a e ase o e

intrusion (trap)


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and

Important Features:

auFlood basalts

Sediments

Eckstrand, 1996

Cross-section Talnakh camp


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Norilsl and Talnakh:Three types of mineralization:

. ssem nate re

2. Massive Ore

3. Copper Ore

Distribution of Talnakh ore


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Eckstrand and

,

Massive Ore


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eet- e o es, may a so ntru e t e un er y ng

metassedimentary rock footwall.

Form bodies as large as 1.5 km long , several hundred

kilometres wide, and several tens of meters thick

Succession of sulphides:

pyr ot te e 1-x ,pet an te e 9 8 an c a copyr te

(CuFeS2) chalcopyrite--cubanite (CuFe2S3),mooihoekite (Cu9Fe9S16), and talnakhite [Cu9(Fe,Ni)8S16]

C O


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Copper Ore

a disseminated veinlets that form a halo around

the periphery of massive ore and

(b) breccia ores with copper sulfide matrix in the

roofs of some intrusions. PGE contents are higher

in the copper ores.


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E i i I


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Engineering Issues

Mining Ni-Cu sulfide

-

Environmental remediation

Guidelines for Ex loration ( eneral)


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Regional scale

a c an u rama c magma c roc s

Komatiite (Archean-Proterozoic)

S contaminants: sedimentary rocks

Cam scale Selection of intrusions and flow

Depletion in Ni

Distinct S isotope signature (contamination)

Deposit scale

Massive sulphides at the base of the flow or intrusion

The comparison of the S isotope

data frommajormagmaticNiCu

sulfide deposits (Fig 13) shows


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sulfidedeposits

(Fig. 13) showsthat NeboBabel has the

narrowest range of S isotope

values and that they are

consistent with S being entirely

mantlederived.Incontrast,allthe

other deposits show evidence for

at leastsomeadditionofcrustalS

(Fig.13).Ourfindingsindicatethat

increasing Si was the primarycause of sulfide saturation and

furthermore, although clearly

favorable in the ore genesis of

most

other

magmatic

Ni

Cu

PGE

deposits (cf. Naldrett, 2004),

crustal S addition did not play a

role at the NeboBabel deposit.

Consequently,crustalSaddition is

notaubiquitoussulfideoregenesismodel.

Zeat

et al.,2009 Econom

Geology,v.104,pp.521538.

Histograms

of

34S data fro

magmatic

NiCuPGE deposi

References: Norilsk: Grine

(1985), Li et al. (2003);Dulut

Ripley (1981), Ripley and A

Jassar

(1987);Uitkomst:Lieta

(2002); Voiseys

Bay: Ripleyal. (1999); Jinchuan: Ripley

al.(2005)

,


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,

FIG. 14. Mantlenormalized plots of different types of sulfides. T

massiveandmatrixsulfides from (a)NorilskTalnalk, (b)CapeSmi(c)Sudbury,and (d)Pechengashowvariations incomposition.Tho

withPd/Irratio>disseminatedores(dashed lines)areenriched inC

Au,andPt.ThosewithPd/Irratio


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,


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,

FIG.17.Modelof

changes

in

metal

concentrations

asilicatemeltduringcrystalfractionation.Twocurv

areshown forNi,oneassumingno sulfideextractio

(D = 4), and one assuming that olivine and sulfid

have been extracted from the melt in approximate

cotectic proportions (D = 6). Note the additionsulfide extraction does not change the Ni content

themeltsignificantly.Twopossiblecurvesareshow

forPGE,oneassumingtheDPGE/sul is10,000(bulk

=100),andoneassumingDPGE/sul=40,000(bulkD

400).AsmallamountofsulfideextractiondramaticalowersthePGEcontentofthemelt.

FIG. 15. Model of changes in (a) metal

concentrationsand (b)metal ratios in the magma

versus thedegreeofpartialmelting,assuming the

PGEconcentrationsarecontrolledbyacombination

ofmonosulfidesolidsolution(mss)andPGEalloys.

FIG. 19. Model of metal enrichment (CS/CL) durin

sulfidecollectionvs.theRfactor(theratioofsilicate

sulfide liquid). Curves shown for a range of partitio

coefficients


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,

Cu/Pdvs.CuforNorilsk.Circles=silicaterockswithintheintrusions,crosses=lavasabovetheintrusion

triangles = disseminated and matrix ores. The solid lines represent tie lines between thesilicate liqu

composition(representedbythelavas)andsulfidesformedinequilibriumwiththelavasatRfactorsof10

1,000,and10,000.Thesoliddotsrepresentthecompositionofa rockthatcontainsamixtureof1,10,

100percentsulfides.Mostof theNorilsksulfidesplot in thevicinityofR factorsof1,000 to10,000.Th

dashed lines represent models of the silicate liquid composition as sulfide liquid is removed in cotect

proportions.Manyofthesilicaterocksoverlyingthesulfideoresplotinthisdepletedfield.

FIG.22.

Ratio

plots

of

(a)Ni/Cu

vs.

Pd/Ir,

and (b)Ni/Pd

vs.Cu/Ir(modified

afterS.J.Barnesetal.,

1988) for common rock types. a. The

Perseverance sulfides hosted in komatiites

(circles)plot inthekomatiite field,VoiseysBay

sulfides (squares) plot in the high Mg basalt


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,

sulfides (squares) plot in the high Mg basaltfield, the Norilsk disseminated and massive

sulfides (triangles)plot inthe floodbasalt field.

The Norilsk Curich sulfides (inverted triangle

open) and veins (+) plot in the vein field. Ingeneral, massive sulfides (solid symbols) have

higherNi/Cu ratios and lower Pd/Ir ratios than

the disseminated sulfides, due to mss

accumulation.CurichsulfideshavehigherPd/Ir

andlowerNi/Curatios,duetomssremoval.

b. The effect of sulfide segregation is visible.

Sulfides in equilibrium with magmas that have

previously segregated sulfides (such as the

VoiseysBaysulfides;squares)havehigherNi/Pdand Cu/Ir ratios than the primary magmas. In

contrast, sulfides such as from Norilsk formed

athighRfactorsandhavesimilarNi/PdandCu/Ir

ratiosto

those

of

primary

magmas.

FIG. 16. Cartoon outlining th

processes that lead to th

formation of a Ni sulfide o

deposit. a. The mantle melts

release Ni from olivine and PG

from sulfides. b. Magma

transferred to the crust along cru


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,

transferred to thecrustalongcru

penetrating faults.c.Sulfur isadde

to the magma from sediments

bring about saturation of a sulfid

liquid.

d.

The

sulfide

dropleassimilatechalcophilemetals.e.Th

droplets are transported by th

magmauntilthemagmaflowslow

suchthattheycollectat thebase

the

intrusionor

flow.

f.

The

sulfidliquid undergoes cryst

fractionation to produce an m

cumulate and a Curich liquid th

canbe injected intothefootwall.

In somecases theremaybeaneinjection of magma and the C

sulfide liquidmaybeentrainedan

movedtoanewsitecollectionsit

h.Deformationconcentrates in th

incompetent sulfides, resultingsulfides being displaced from the

arentbod ossibl asbreccias

Fig. 3: Sketch showing how the


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,

Magmatic

Ni

Cu

sulfide

deposits

form

when

immiscible

sulfide

liquid

separates

from

a

mafic

orultramaficmagma.Thetrigger iscommonlyassimilationofwall rocks,whichaddssulfur

and/ordecreasessulfidesolubility.Whenthesegregatedsulfide

interactswithlargevolumes

ofmagma, itscavengeschalcophileelements (Ni,CuandPGE) toproducehightenorores.

Suchprocessesshouldoperate inmostorallmagmaticsystems,butoredepositsarefound

onlyin

restricted

parts

of

certain

magmatic

provinces.

The

restricted

distribution

might

be

explained by the cratonmarginmodel, according towhich deposits formwhen amantle

plumeascendsattheslopingcontactofcratoniclithosphere.Thehypothesisthatoremetals

are derived from metasomatically enriched portions of the subcontinental lithospheric

mantle(SCLM)

receives

little

support

when

the

compositions

of

ore

bearing

magmas

and

samples from the SCLM are examined. A better understanding of the controls on ore

formationwillcomefrommodellingofflowageofmixturesofsilicateandsulfide liquidand

solidphases(crystalsandrockfragments)inthecomplexmagmaticconduitsthatconstitute

containtheoredeposits.

g g

accumulation, slumping and

reinjection of dense crystalsulfide

mushcanexplain some featuresof

magmaticsulfidedeposits.

Fig

1.

Temperature

distributions

inplumes rising at the boundary of

an Archean craton, as at the

margin of the Archean craton

where the NorilskTalnakh

deposits are localized. The top


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four diagrams show that the

plume flows laterally towards to

the thinner lithosphere, then

upwards:as

it

ascends

it

partial

melts and magma formation is

thereby focussed near the craton

margin.The lowerdiagram shows

a plume ascending beneath

thinnerlithosphere

beneath

the

West Siberian Basin where the

plume produces highdegree

meltsdispersedoverawidearea.

Diagrams

from

S.

Sobolev(unpublished) using techniques

describedbySobolevetal.(2012)

FIG. 10. Anew

model

for

th

formationofNiCuPGEsulfideore

in the Kharaelakh intrusion. Th

sulfide liquid, segregated inadee

staging chamber from the Nd1d d b h


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,

magmas, was upgraded by th

Morongovskymagma (a), and the

dissolved by a new, Sunsaturate

magmafrom

the

mantle

to

form

PGEenriched magma (b). Reactio

of the PGEenriched magma wit

anhydritebearingevaporitecount

rocks at a higher level produce

immiscible sulfide liquids with hig

PGEtenorsaswellaselevated 34

values. The sulfide liquids becam

lodged inthehydraulictrapsofth

plumbingsystematKharaelakhto form the deposit (c).

Li, C., Riple

E.M.,and

Naldrett,A.J.,(2009).Anew gene

model

for

the

giant

NiCuPGEsulfide

depos

associated

with

the

Siberian

flood

basal

Economic

Geology,104,

291

301.

General References for Magmatic Ni-Cu sulphide deposits

Barnes, S-J and Maier, W.D (1999). The Fractionation of Ni, Cu and the Noble Metals in Silicate and Sulphide

Li id I K R R L h M C Li htf t P C F C E G (1999) D i P i


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Liquids. In Keas, R.R., Lesher, M.C., Lightfoot, P.C., Farrow, C.E.G. (1999). Dynamic Processes in

Magmatic Ore Deposits and Their Applications to Mineral Exploration. GAC- Short Course Notes, v. 13, p.

69-106

Barnes, S-J, Hill, RET , Perring C.S. and Dowling, S.E. Komatiite Flow Fields and Associated Ni-Suphide

Mineralization with Examples form the Yilgarn, Block, Western Australia. In Keas, R.R., Lesher, M.C.,

Lightfoot, P.C., Farrow, C.E.G. (1999). Dynamic Processes in Magmatic Ore Deposits and Their

Applications to Mineral Exploration. GAC- Short Course Notes, v. 13, 159-194

-, . . . .

Eckstrand, WD Sinclair, RI Thorpe) Geological Survey of Canada. Geology of Canada, 8, p. 584-605

Eckstrand and Hubert (2007). Magmatic Ni-Cu-Pt deposits . In Mineral Deposits of Canada, Geological

Association of Canada, special publ ication n.5.

Evans, A., M. (1996) Ore geology and Industrial minerals: An introduction. Backwell Sciences Ltd., 3e edition.

- - -, .

Guilbert, J.M. et Park, C.F, Jr. (1986) The Geology of Ore Deposits. W. H. Freeman and Company, USA, 985 p.

(ISBN 0-7167-1456-6)

Keas, R.R., Lesher, M.C., Lightfoot, P.C., Farrow, C.E.G. (1999). Dynamic Processes in Magmatic Ore Deposits

and Their Applications to Mineral Exploration. GAC- Short Course Notes, v. 13, 477p.

, . . - . , . , . -

101

Naldrett, A.J. (1981). Nickel sulfide deposits: Classification, composition and genesis. Economic Geology,Seventy-fifth anniversary volume. P. 628-685.

Naldrett, A.J. (1989). Ore Associated with flood basalts. Dans Ore deposition associated with magmas. Reviews

. , ., , . - - -

Naldrett, A.J. (1997). Magmatic Sufides:17th Ore Deposit Workshop, University of Toronto, Department of

Geology.

References- complementary


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References complementary

ee a so e re erences n e rs par o e - u su p e epos s e.

Ryan, B., Wardle, R., Gower, C., and Nunn, G. (1985). Nickel-Copper-Sulphide

Mineralization in Labrador: The Voisey Bay Discovery and its Exploration Implication:Geological Survey of Newfoundland and Labrador, Current Research , report 95-1

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GEOE GEOL 362 2011 Magmatic Ni Sulfide - Copia