Geography 372 Fall 2003November 4, 2003 1 Remote Sensing of the Land Surface: High Spatial Resolution Michael D. King & Compton J. Tucker Outline Land

Geography 372 Fall 2003 November 4, 20031

Remote Sensing of the Land Surface:

High Spatial Resolution

Remote Sensing of the Land Surface:

High Spatial ResolutionMichael D. King & Compton J. Tucker

Outline Land remote sensing at high spatial resolution Satellite sensors enabling remote sensing of land cover at high

spatial resolution– Landsat RBV, MSS, TM, ETM+– Spot HRV– Terra ASTER

Orbital characteristics Instrument characteristics

– Spacecraft, spatial resolution, swath width, sensor characteristics, and unique characteristics

Land properties as observed by Landsat and ASTER


Characteristics of Landsat Missions

Characteristics of Landsat Missions

Satellite Launched DecommissionedRBV Bands MSS Bands

TM Bands Orbit

Landsat 1 July 23, 1972 January 6, 19781-3(simultaneous images)

4-7 None 18 days/900 km

Landsat 2January 22, 1975February 25, 19821-3(simultaneous images)

4-7 None 18 days/900 km

Landsat 3 March 5, 1978 March 31, 1983A-D(one-band side-by-side images)

4-8* None 18 days/900 km

Landsat 4 July 16, 1982 – None 1-4 1-7 16 days/705 kmLandsat 5 March 1, 1984 – None 1-4 1-7 16 days/705 kmLandsat 6October 5, 1993Failure upon launchNone None 1-7

(plus pan)16 days/705 km

Landsat 7 April 15, 1999 May 31, 2003 None None 1-7(plus pan)

16 days/705 km


The orbital period of a satellite around a planet is given by

where 0 = orbital period (sec)

Rp = planet radius (6380 km for Earth)

H = orbit altitude above planet’s surface (km)gs = acceleration due to gravity (0.00981 km s-2 for

Earth)

Definition of Orbital Period of a Satellite

Definition of Orbital Period of a Satellite

T0=2π(Rp+ ′ H )

Rp+ ′ H

gsRp2


Landsat-1, -2, and -3 Observatory Configuration

Landsat-1, -2, and -3 Observatory Configuration

Solar array

Multispectral Scanner (MSS)

Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) camerasData collection antenna


Spectral Sensitivity of the Four Landsat MSS Bands

Spectral Sensitivity of the Four Landsat MSS Bands

Bands compared with the spectral sensitivity of the three emulsion layers used in color and color infrared film


Landsat MSS Operating Configuration

Landsat MSS Operating Configuration


Ground Resolution Cell Size versus MSS Pixel Size

Ground Resolution Cell Size versus MSS Pixel Size


Landsat 5 TM

EO-1 Hyperion

Landsat 7 ETM+

EO-1 ALI

Green Vegetation

Senescent vegetation

Bare soil

Band 2

Band 3Band 4

Band 5 Band 7

Band 1


Satellite systems and sensorsSatellite systems and sensorsMULTISPECTRAL HYPERSPECTRAL

Landsat 7 EO-1 EO-1

Parameters ETM+ ALI HYPERION LAC

Spectral Range 0.4 - 2.4* μm 0.4 - 2.4 μm 0.4 - 2.5 μm 0.9 - 1.6 μm

Spatial Resolution 30 m 30 m 30 m 250 m

Swath Width 185 Km 37 Km 7.5 Km 185 Km

Spectral Resolution Variable Variable 10 nm 2-6 nm

Spectral Coverage Discrete Discrete Continuous Continuous

Pan Band Resolution 15 m 10 m /N A /N A

Number of Bands 7 10 220 256

* excluding thermal band


Sun-Synchronous Orbit of Landsat-4 and -5

Sun-Synchronous Orbit of Landsat-4 and -5


Successful LaunchSuccessful Launch



Landsat 7 Swathing PatternLandsat 7 Swathing Pattern


Swath Progression PatternSwath Progression Pattern


Landsat-4 and -5 Observatory Configuration

Landsat-4 and -5 Observatory Configuration

High gain antenna


Solar array

Thematic Mapper (TM)S-band antenna


Thematic Mapper Optical Path and Projection of Detector IFOVs on

the Earth’s Surface




Schematic of TM Scan Line Correction Process

Schematic of TM Scan Line Correction Process

(b) Correction for satellite motion

(a) Uncompensated scan lines

(c) Compensated scan lines



Side-LapComposting, no interpolation


Side-LapComposting, no interpolation


Before After

Multi-pass compositing, no Interpolation


Landsat’s BandsLandsat’s Bands

Landsat collects monochrome images in each band by measuring radiance & reflectance in each channel. When viewed individually, these images appear as shades of gray


The human eye is not sensitive to ultraviolet or infrared light– To build a

composite image from remote sensing data that makes sense to our eyes, we must use colors from the visible portion of the EM spectrum—red, green, and blue

Color CompositesColor Composites


This image was produced using the red, green, & blue bands from Landsat’s Thematic Mapper– Note the washed out

appearance of the landscape due to atmospheric effects

‘True Color’ Landsat TM Image‘True Color’ Landsat TM Image

R =0.66 µmG =0.56 µmB =0.48 µm


“False Color” Landsat Image“False Color” Landsat Image

These images were produced using near-infrared, red, and green bands– Notice how vegetation is more clearly distinguished from nonvegetation

Channels 4, 3, 2 Channels 5, 4, 2


San Francisco Onion Skin Animation

San Francisco Onion Skin Animation

QuickTime™ and aCinepak decompressor

are needed to see this picture.


Landsat 7Landsat 7

Launched April 15, 1999


Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+)

Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+)

NASA & USGS, Landsat 7– launched April 15, 1999– 705 km polar orbit,

descending (10:00 a.m.) Sensor Characteristics

– 7 spectral bands ranging from 0.48 to 11.5 µm

– 1 panchromatic band (0.5-0.9 µm)

– cross-track scan mirror with 185 km swath width

– Spatial resolutions:» 15 m (panchromatic)» 30 m (spectral)

– Calibration:» 5% reflectance accuracy» 1% thermal IR accuracy» onboard lamps,

blackbody, and shutter» solar diffuser







Landsat 7 Goals & ObjectivesLandsat 7 Goals & Objectives

Land use and land cover change– Agricultural evaluations, forest management inventories,

water resource estimates, coastal zone appraisals– Growth patterns of urban development, Spring run-off

contaminants in lakes, land use in tropical rainforests, health of temperate conical forests, mapping wildfire hazards in Yosemite

Vegetation patterns– Annual cycle of vegetation dynamics, drought stress, and

flooding– Dune reactivation in the US Great Plains, precision

farming and land management Glaciers and snow cover

– Growth and retreat– Gradual changes in the Antarctic ice sheet

Geological surveys– Volcanic hazards and lava lakes


Chesapeake & Delaware BaysChesapeake & Delaware Bays

R =0.66 µmG =0.56 µmB =0.48 µm Baltimore

Washington

May 28, 1999


Benefits of Landsat 7 over other Missions

Benefits of Landsat 7 over other Missions

Mission Continuity– Spanning 25 years of multispectral imaging of the

Earth’s surface, starting in 1972 Global Survey Mission

– Approximately one quarter of the Earth’s landmass is imaged every 16 days» Every landmass will have seasonal coverage

Affordable Data Products– Landsat 7 data products are available from the EROS

Data Center» Prices dropped from approximately $5,000 (Landsat’s 4

& 5) to $600 (Landsat 7) per scene


Washington, DCWashington, DC

19911991 19991999

Landsat 5Infrared band

Landsat 7panchromatic

band


Washington, DC DetailWashington, DC Detail

19911991 19991999

Landsat 5Infrared band

Landsat 7panchromatic

band


Phoenix Development and Growth:1973-1992

Phoenix Development and Growth:1973-1992


QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video decompressorare needed to see this picture.


San Francisco Bay from Landsat 7San Francisco Bay from Landsat 7

R =0.66 µmG =0.56 µmB =0.48 µm

Golden Gate

Bridge

Bay Bridge

Oakland Airport


Cape CanaveralCape Canaveral

R =0.66 µmG =0.56 µmB =0.48 µm


Flood of the Mississippi River in 1993

Flood of the Mississippi River in 1993

Before the floods After the floodsLandsat 5 TM




Flood of the Limpopo River in Mozambique

Flood of the Limpopo River in Mozambique

The Limpopo River in Mozambique before and after the flooding from Cyclone Eline

About 700 people were killed and thousands were displaced by this event

August 22, 1999 March 2, 2000Landsat 7 ETM+




Cape Town & the Western CapeCape Town & the Western Cape

QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video decompressorare needed to see this picture.


Landsat 7 Data Archived during First 400 Days of Operation

Landsat 7 Data Archived during First 400 Days of Operation


Bolivia from Landsat: 1984-1998Bolivia from Landsat: 1984-1998

Thematic MapperR =2.21 µmG =0.83 µmB =0.56 µm

Colorado College

Garden of the Gods Country

Club



Documents

Geography 372 Fall 2003November 4, 2003 1 Remote Sensing of the Land Surface: High Spatial Resolution Michael D. King & Compton J. Tucker Outline Land